1
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Abdul Sattar M. Surface Activated Pyrolytic Carbon Black: A Dual Functional Sustainable Filler for Natural Rubber Composites. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301001. [PMID: 37743618 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The significant rise in end-of-life tires (ELTs) globally poses immediate environmental and human health risks. Therefore, to promote ELTs recycling and to reduce tire industry carbon emissions, herein we present a facile approach for fine-tuning the interfacial interactions between pyrolytic carbon black (P-CB) obtained from ELTs and natural rubber (NR) matrix using phosphonium-based ionic liquid (PIL). The reinforcing effect of PIL-activated P-CB was studied by replacing the furnace-grade carbon black (N330-CB) with varying PIL and P-CB loadings. Adding PIL improved the filler dispersion and the cross-linking kinetics with a substantially reduced zinc oxide (ZnO) loading. Considering the cross-linking and viscoelastic properties, it was concluded that the composite, P-CB/N330-CB-PIL (1.5)+ZnO (1) with half substitution of N330-CB with P-CB synergistically works with 1.5 phr PIL and 1 phr of ZnO resulting in improved dynamic-mechanical properties with a minimal loss tangent value at 60 °C (tanδ=0.0689) and improved glass transition temperature (Tg =-38 °C) compared to control composite. The significant drop (~29 % lower) in tanδ could reduce fuel consumption and related CO2 emissions. We envisage that this strategy opens an essential avenue for "Green Tire Technology" towards the substantial pollution abatement from ELTs and reduces the toxic ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- R&D Centre, MRF Limited, Chennai, 600019, India
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2
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Wei YC, Zhu D, Zhang J, Wang HR, Zhou MZ, Liao S. Octylamine regulating the mechanical robustness of natural rubber by involving in the construction of crosslinking network. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126202. [PMID: 37573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of three dimensional network structure is critical in determining mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR). Consequently, it is vital to regulate crosslinking network of NR by controlling vulcanization process. Inspired by our previous studies on contribution of non-rubber components (NRCs) to the excellent properties of NR, we find octylamine in NRCs decreases the activation energy (Ea) of vulcanization from 82.73 kJ/mol to 44.34 kJ/mol, thereby reducing vulcanization time from 18.67 min to 2.71 min. From microscopic perspective, octylamine tends to coordinate with zinc ions to improve dispersion of ZnO in NR. And octylamine promotes ring-opening reaction of S8 to favor formation of polysulfide intermediates. Therefore, the incorporation of octylamine remarkably improves vulcanization efficiency, which contributes to the formation of a more homogeneous network with higher crosslinking density, enhancing remarkably the strength and toughness of NR. As a result, the tensile strength and fracture energy of samples are as high as 31.15 MPa and 68.88 kJ/m2, respectively. In addition, even with a 60 % reduction in ZnO content, the NR samples still maintain high vulcanization efficiency and excellent mechanical properties after the addition of octylamine, which provides a green and feasible way to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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3
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Sattar MA, Patnaik A. Phosphonium Ionic Liquid-Activated Sulfur Vulcanization: A Way Forward to Reduce Zinc Oxide Levels in Industrial Rubber Formulations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202309. [PMID: 36756929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of zinc oxide and accelerators such as diphenyl guanidine (DPG) in the vulcanization of rubber composites entail potential environmental risks. These are pervasive contaminants of roadway runoff originating from tire wear particles (TWPs). Herein, the effect of phosphonium ionic liquids (PILs) in styrene-butadiene rubber compounds was demonstrated with reduced ZnO loading and no DPG to minimize the environmental footprint of the vulcanization process. The structure and chemistry of PILs were found to be the influencing parameters impelling the cross-linking kinetics, enabling shorter induction times. The generation of active Zn2+ sites by PILs was examined through FTIR spectroscopy, calorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. From a tire application perspective, the PILs not only enhanced the cure kinetics but also improved the dynamic-mechanical behavior of the rubber composites. Consequently, the harm caused by TWPs to the atmosphere, fuel intake, and CO2 emissions was minimal, thereby confirming the potential use of PILs in the tire industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- R&D Centre, MRF Limited, Chennai, 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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4
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Wang Z, Hou Z, Liu X, Gu Z, Li H, Chen Q. Preparation of Zinc Oxide with Core-Shell Structure and Its Application in Rubber Products. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102353. [PMID: 37242928 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide is a crucial component in rubber products, but its excessive usage can lead to environmental damage. As a result, reducing the amount of zinc oxide in products has become a critical issue that many researchers aim to address. This study employs a wet precipitation method to prepare ZnO particles with different nucleoplasmic materials, resulting in ZnO with a core-shell structure. The prepared ZnO underwent XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis, indicating that some of the ZnO particles were loaded onto the nucleosomal materials. Specifically, ZnO with a silica core-shell structure demonstrated 11.9% higher tensile strength, 17.2% higher elongation at break, and 6.9% higher tear strength compared to the indirect method of ZnO preparation. The core-shell structure of ZnO also helps reduce its application in rubber products, thereby achieving the dual objective of protecting the environment and improving the economic efficiency of rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhanfeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xianzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhaolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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5
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Zhang X, Wei F, Wang Z, Li G, Yang S, Feng J. Comparative investigation of the structural evolution of zinc stearate and calcium stearate in a polypropylene random copolymer upon heating and cooling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Vislavath P, Billa S, S P, Bahadur J, Sudarshan K, Patro TU, Rath SK, Ratna D. Heterogeneous Coordination Environment and Unusual Self-Assembly of Ionic Aggregates in a Model Ionomeric Elastomer: Effect of Curative Systems. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vislavath
- Polymer Division, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath, Maharashtra 421506, India
| | - Srikanth Billa
- Polymer Division, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath, Maharashtra 421506, India
| | - Praveen S
- Polymer Division, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath, Maharashtra 421506, India
| | - Jitendra Bahadur
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Kathi Sudarshan
- Radio Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - T. Umasankar Patro
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, Maharashtra 411025, India
| | - Sangram K. Rath
- Polymer Division, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath, Maharashtra 421506, India
| | - Debdatta Ratna
- Polymer Division, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath, Maharashtra 421506, India
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7
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Ikeda Y, Miyaji K, Sakaki Y, Ohashi T, Kobayashi H. Ingenious Material Design of the Vulcanization of Isoprene Rubber: Electron-Transfer and Dispersion Effects. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Research Institute for Production Development,
Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
- Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kobayashi
- Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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8
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Liu S, Quan XY, Wang HR, Liao S, Luo MC. Toward Mechanically Robust Crosslinked Elastomers through Phase Transfer Agent Tuning the Solubility of Zn 2+ in the Organic Phase. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1234. [PMID: 35335564 PMCID: PMC8949273 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO), which is toxic to aquatic organisms, is widely used as an activator in the rubber industry. The reduction of ZnO content is one of the efficient ways to tackle ecological environment impacts induced by ZnO. However, the incompatibility between Zn2+ and organic matrix inhibits the solubility and activity of Zn2+ in the organic matrix, causing the heavy use of ZnO. This work develops a phase transfer agent with Zn2+-philic structure and oleophilic structure to increase the solubility of Zn2+ in the organic matrix. The phase transfer agent and Zn2+ form coordination interactions, while the hydrophobic chains of phase transfer agent and organic matrix form hydrophobic interactions. The above two interactions improve the solubility and activity of Zn2+ in the organic matrix, contributing to the formation of crosslinking network. Through the phase transfer agent strategy, we obtain the mechanically robust elastomers, and the samples with low ZnO content still maintain the superior properties. This work provides an efficient way to reduce ZnO content without sacrificing the performance of elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.L.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.-R.W.)
| | - Xin-Yao Quan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.L.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.-R.W.)
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.L.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.-R.W.)
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.L.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.-R.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ming-Chao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.L.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.-R.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100000, China
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9
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Hermans J, Zuidgeest L, Iedema P, Woutersen S, Keune K. The kinetics of metal soap crystallization in oil polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22589-22600. [PMID: 34591054 PMCID: PMC8514046 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03479k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of metal soaps in oil paint is an important chemical phenomenon that affects the appearance and structural stability of many works of art. A deep understanding of the structural transitions that occur during crystallization and their kinetics will help to support conservation decisions that minimize future detrimental change to paintings. We have used a method based on attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and detailed spectrum analysis to quantitatively monitor all relevant metal soap structures during crystallization in a linseed oil matrix with varying degrees of polymerization. It was found that zinc soap crystallization behaviour is strongly influenced by the properties of the oil matrix, slowing down drastically with increasing polymerization, forming crystalline polymorphs in varying ratios, and demonstrating two-stage kinetics. In contrast, lead soap crystallization was invariably fast, but the degree of disorder in the crystallized phases was increasing with matrix polymerization. Besides fundamental insight into the mechanisms of metal soap crystallization, the results lay foundations for improved risk assessment during conservation treatment of oil paintings. The kinetics of metal soap crystallization and the structures that form are highly dependent on polymer matrix properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen Hermans
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Conservation & Science, Rijksmuseum, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Zuidgeest
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Piet Iedema
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Conservation & Science, Rijksmuseum, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Yue Y, Sha X, Wang F, Gao Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Feng J. The effect of β-nucleating agent on the self-nucleation of isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Armelao L, Rancan M, Dirè S, Callone E, Donetti R, Susanna A, Scotti R. Design of a Zn Single-Site Curing Activator for a More Sustainable Sulfur Cross-Link Formation in Rubber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:10180-10192. [PMID: 34483477 PMCID: PMC8411846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ZnO is a worldwide used activator for a rubber vulcanization process, which promotes fast curing kinetics and high cross-linking densities of rubber nanocomposites (NCs). However, its extended use together with leaching phenomena occurring during the production and life cycle of rubber products, especially tires, entails potential environmental risks, as ecotoxicity toward aquatic organisms. Pushed by this issue, a novel activator was developed, which introduces highly dispersed and active zinc species in the vulcanization process, reducing the amount of employed ZnO and keeping high the curing efficiency. The activator is constituted by Zn(II) single sites, anchored on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through the coordination with functionalizing amino silane groups. It behaves as a double-function material, acting at the same time as a rubber reinforcing filler and a curing activator. The higher availability and reactivity of the single-site Zn(II) centers toward curative agents impart faster kinetics and higher efficiency to the vulcanization process of silica/isoprene NCs, compared to conventionally used ZnO activators. Moreover, the NCs show a high cross-linking degree and improved dynamic mechanical properties, despite the remarkably lower amount of zinc employed than that normally used for rubber composites in tires. Finally, the structural stability of Zn(II) single sites during the curing reactions and in the final materials may represent a turning point toward the elimination of zinc leaching phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mostoni
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Lidia Armelao
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, DSCTM-CNR, Piazzale A. Moro 7, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Marzio Rancan
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Sandra Dirè
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Emanuela Callone
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Scotti
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
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12
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Qin X, Xu H, Zhang G, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Tan T, Bockstaller MR, Zhang L, Matyjaszewski K. Enhancing the Performance of Rubber with Nano ZnO as Activators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48007-48015. [PMID: 33040537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vulcanization of rubber is a chemical process to improve the mechanical properties by cross-linking unsaturated polymer chains. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as an activator, boosting the rubbers' sulfur vulcanization. Maintaining the level of ZnO content in the rubber compounds as low as possible is desirable, not only for economic reasons but also to reduce the environmental footprint of the process. In this contribution, octylamine (OA) capped ZnO nanoparticles (5 nm diameter), prepared through a thermal decomposition method, were demonstrated to be efficient activators for the sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber, enabling the reduction of the required amount of ZnO as compared to commercial systems. The effect of different ZnO activators (OA capped ZnO/commercial indirect process ZnO) on the curing characteristics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical performance, as well as the thermal behavior of rubber compounds, were investigated. Compared to the commercial indirect process ZnO, OA capped ZnO nanoparticles not only effectively enhanced the curing efficiency of natural rubber but also improved the mechanical performance of the composites after vulcanization. This was interpreted as, by applying the OA capped ZnO nanoparticles, the ZnO levels in rubber compounding were significantly reduced under the industrial vulcanization condition (151 °C, 30 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Haoshu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ganggang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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13
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Miyaji K, Sugiyama T, Ohashi T, Saalwächter K, Ikeda Y. Study on Homogeneity in Sulfur Cross-Linked Network Structures of Isoprene Rubber by TD-NMR and AFM – Zinc Stearate System. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik—NMR, Martin-Luther Universtität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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14
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15
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Junkong P, Morimoto R, Miyaji K, Tohsan A, Sakaki Y, Ikeda Y. Effect of fatty acids on the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of rubber by active zinc/carboxylate complexes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4772-4785. [PMID: 35495229 PMCID: PMC9049146 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of fatty acids with different aliphatic chain lengths on the accelerated vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was investigated through the generation of new intermediates composed of dinuclear bridging bidentate zinc/carboxylate complexes. Using the combination of in situ time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and in situ time-resolved zinc K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, the essential complex structure of the intermediates formed during the vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was determined to be independent of the aliphatic chain length of fatty acids. However, the reactivity of arachidic acid with ZnO was found to be low, which prolonged the induction period and curing time, and slowed down the curing rate in the vulcanization of isoprene rubber. These results help to understand the complicated vulcanization reaction of rubber, especially natural rubber, which inherently contains various fatty acids. The results obtained in this study are important for developing well-designed high-performance natural rubber products in the future. The effect of fatty acids with different aliphatic chain lengths on the accelerated vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was investigated through the generation of new intermediates composed of dinuclear bridging bidentate zinc/carboxylate complexes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Rie Morimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Atitaya Tohsan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok 1518 Pracharat 1 Rd, Wongsawang, Bangsue Bangkok 10800 Thailand
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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16
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Zinc-Based Curing Activators: New Trends for Reducing Zinc Content in Rubber Vulcanization Process. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of sulfur vulcanization reaction in rubber industry is generally improved thanks to the combined use of accelerators (as sulphenamides), activators (inorganic oxides), and co-activators (fatty acids). The interaction among these species is responsible for the formation of intermediate metal complexes, which are able to increase the reactivity of sulfur towards the polymer and to promote the chemical cross-links between the rubber chains. The high number of species and reactions that are involved contemporarily in the process hinders the complete understanding of its mechanism despite the long history of vulcanization. In this process, ZnO is considered to be the most efficient and major employed activator and zinc-based complexes that formed during the first steps of the reaction are recognized to play a main role in determining both the kinetic and the nature of the cross-linked products. However, the low affinity of ZnO towards the rubber entails its high consumption (3–5 parts per hundred, phr) to achieve a good distribution in the matrix, leading to a possible zinc leaching in the environment during the life cycle of rubber products (i.e., tires). Thanks to the recent recognition of ZnO ecotoxicity, especially towards the aquatic environment, these aspects gain a critical importance in view of the urgent need to reduce or possibly substitute the ZnO employed in rubber vulcanization. In this review, the reactivity of ZnO as curing activator and its role in the vulcanization mechanism are highlighted and deeply discussed. A complete overview of the recent strategies that have been proposed in the literature to improve the vulcanization efficiency by reducing the amount of zinc that is used in the process is also reported.
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17
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Hermans JJ, Baij L, Koenis M, Keune K, Iedema PD, Woutersen S. 2D-IR spectroscopy for oil paint conservation: Elucidating the water-sensitive structure of zinc carboxylate clusters in ionomers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3592. [PMID: 31245541 PMCID: PMC6588360 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure around metal ions in polymer materials has puzzled researchers for decades. This question has acquired new relevance with the discovery that aged oil paint binders can adopt an ionomer structure when metal ions leached from pigments bind to carboxylate groups on the polymerized oil network. The characteristics of the metal-polymer structure are expected to have important consequences for the rate of oil paint degradation reactions such as metal soap formation and oil hydrolysis. Here, we use two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy to demonstrate that zinc carboxylates formed in paint films containing zinc white pigment adopt either a coordination chain- or an oxo-type cluster structure. Moreover, it was found that the presence of water governs the relative concentration of these two types of zinc carboxylate coordination. The results pave the way for a molecular approach to paintings conservation and the application of 2D-IR spectroscopy to the study of polymer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen. J. Hermans
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, PO Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lambert Baij
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, PO Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Koenis
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, PO Box 74888, 1070 DN Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Piet D. Iedema
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Ikeda Y, Sakaki Y, Yasuda Y, Junkong P, Ohashi T, Miyaji K, Kobayashi H. Roles of Dinuclear Bridging Bidentate Zinc/Stearate Complexes in Sulfur Cross-Linking of Isoprene Rubber. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoritaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Research Strategy Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kobayashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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19
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Wu X, Smith JA, Petcher S, Zhang B, Parker DJ, Griffin JM, Hasell T. Catalytic inverse vulcanization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:647. [PMID: 30733431 PMCID: PMC6367372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of inverse vulcanization has allowed stable polymers to be made from elemental sulfur, an unwanted by-product of the petrochemicals industry. However, further development of both the chemistry and applications is handicapped by the restricted choice of cross-linkers and the elevated temperatures required for polymerisation. Here we report the catalysis of inverse vulcanization reactions. This catalytic method is effective for a wide range of crosslinkers reduces the required reaction temperature and reaction time, prevents harmful H2S production, increases yield, improves properties, and allows crosslinkers that would be otherwise unreactive to be used. Thus, inverse vulcanization becomes more widely applicable, efficient, eco-friendly and productive than the previous routes, not only broadening the fundamental chemistry itself, but also opening the door for the industrialization and broad application of these fascinating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jessica A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Samuel Petcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Douglas J Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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20
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Ohashi T, Sato T, Nakajima T, Junkong P, Ikeda Y. Necessity of two-dimensional visualization of validity in the nanomechanical mapping of atomic force microscopy for sulphur cross-linked rubber. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32930-32941. [PMID: 35547720 PMCID: PMC9086381 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06669h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the two-dimensional (2D) visualization of validity for nanomechanical mapping in atomic force microscopy (AFM) for sulphur cross-linked rubber is emphasized for accurately interpreting the nanoscale physical properties on the surface of the soft material. The “R-factor,” evaluated to be the difference between the experimental and theoretical force–deformation curves, was considered to be the reliability index of the AFM analysis for all data points on the sample surface. A small R-factor corresponds to high accuracy. The advantage of the R-factor mapping method is demonstrated using nanomechanical mapping data of the inhomogeneous isoprene rubber network by the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts and the Derjaguin, Muller, and Toporov contact mechanics models. The 2D R-factor mapping clearly and correctly supported the roles of sulphur cross-linking reagents to control the network morphology of vulcanizates. Additionally, the blanket effect, which is induced by the rubber layer on the hard part and influences experimental force–deformation curves, is firstly proposed in this study. Nanomechanical mapping with 2D reliability indexes is expected to contribute to an advance in AFM studies on soft matter such as rubber materials, leading to a more accurate understanding of the structural characteristics of the rubber networks. Thus, this validity confirmation method is necessary for developing rubber science and technology. The two-dimensional visualization of validity for nanomechanical mapping in atomic force microscopy for sulphur cross-linked rubber is emphasized for accurately interpreting the nanoscale physical properties on the surface of the soft material.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ohashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Taichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Research Strategy Promotion Center
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
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21
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Sakaki Y, Usami R, Tohsan A, Junkong P, Ikeda Y. Dominant formation of disulfidic linkages in the sulfur cross-linking reaction of isoprene rubber by using zinc stearate as an activator. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10727-10734. [PMID: 35541538 PMCID: PMC9078901 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A linear combination fitting in sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (S-XANES) measurements reveals each fraction of monosulfidic, disulfidic and polysulfidic linkages in solvent extracted sulfur cross-linked isoprene rubbers. The sulfidic linkage of a disulfidic type is found for the first time to be dominant when zinc stearate and N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)cyclohexanamine are used as the activator and accelerator, respectively, for the sulfur cross-linking reaction at 140 °C. The presence of the bridging bidentate zinc/stearate complex as an intermediate for the sulfur cross-linking reaction is supposed to induce the generation of abundant disulfidic linkages in the rubber networks. This unexpected observation is of use for the material design of high performance rubber products with anti-aging and thermal stabilities. S-XANES is a powerful tool that was used to reveal the characteristics of the sulfur cross-linking of rubber. These results will contribute to the development of rubber science and technology. The bridging bidentate zinc/stearate complex, an intermediate for the sulfur cross-linking reaction, supposedly induces an abundance of disulfidic linkages in the rubber network.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sakaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Ryota Usami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Atitaya Tohsan
- Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok
- Bangkok 10800
- Thailand
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Research Strategy Promotion Center
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
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22
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Susanna A, D'Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Giannini L, Hanel T, Grandori R, Morazzoni F, Mostoni S, Santambrogio C, Scotti R. Catalytic effect of ZnO anchored silica nanoparticles on rubber vulcanization and cross-link formation. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Das A, Le HH, Vuorinen J, Heinrich G. Comment on "Monitoring Network and Interfacial Healing Processes by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy: A Case Study on Natural Rubber". ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14547-14551. [PMID: 28135062 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 6, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Hai Hong Le
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Jyrki Vuorinen
- Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 6, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
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24
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Lian Q, Li Y, Li K, Cheng J, Zhang J. Insights into the Vulcanization Mechanism through a Simple and Facile Approach to the Sulfur Cleavage Behavior. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Lian
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Hermans JJ, Keune K, van Loon A, Iedema PD. The crystallization of metal soaps and fatty acids in oil paint model systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:10896-905. [PMID: 27039879 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00487c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation and crystallization of metal soaps in oil paint layers is an important issue in the conservation of oil paintings. The chemical reactions and physical processes that are involved in releasing metal ions from pigments and fatty acids from the oil binder to form crystalline metal soap deposits have so far remained poorly understood. We have used a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) on model mixtures of palmitic acid, lead palmitate or zinc palmitate and linseed oil to study the transition from amorphous material to crystalline fatty acid or metal soap. This transition forms the final stage in the cascade of processes leading to metal soap-related oil paint degradation. Palmitic acid as well as the metal soaps showed nearly ideal solubility behavior. However, it was found that, near room temperature, both lead and zinc palmitate are practically insoluble in both liquid and partially polymerized linseed oil. Interestingly, the rate of metal soap and fatty acid crystallization decreased rapidly with the degree of linseed oil polymerization, possibly leading to systems where metal soaps are kinetically trapped in a semi-crystalline state. To explain the various morphologies of metal soap aggregates observed in oil paint layers, it is proposed that factors affecting the probability of crystal nucleation and the rate of crystal growth play a crucial role, like exposure to heat or cleaning solvents and the presence of microcracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen J Hermans
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. and Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, PO box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies van Loon
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Piet D Iedema
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Ikeda Y, Junkong P, Ohashi T, Phakkeeree T, Sakaki Y, Tohsan A, Kohjiya S, Cornish K. Strain-induced crystallization behaviour of natural rubbers from guayule and rubber dandelion revealed by simultaneous time-resolved WAXD/tensile measurements: indispensable function for sustainable resources. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22455e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Guayule and rubber dandelion natural rubbers are useful alternatives forHeveanatural rubber in terms of their strain-induced crystallization behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Treethip Phakkeeree
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Atitaya Tohsan
- Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok
- Bangkok 10800
- Thailand
| | - Shinzo Kohjiya
- Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-0925
- Japan
| | - Katrina Cornish
- Departments of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Horticulture and Crop Science
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC)
- The Ohio State University
- Wooster
- USA
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