1
|
Qu T, Nan G, Ouyang Y, Bieketuerxun B, Yan X, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Structure-Property Relationship, Glass Transition, and Crystallization Behaviors of Conjugated Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4268. [PMID: 37959948 PMCID: PMC10649048 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have gained considerable interest due to their unique structures and promising applications in areas such as optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and flexible electronics. This review focuses on the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. Understanding the relationship between the molecular structure of conjugated polymers and their properties is essential for optimizing their performance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) plays a key role in determining the processability and application of conjugated polymers. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the glass transition phenomenon and explore how side-chain interaction affects Tg. The crystallization behavior of conjugated polymers significantly impacts their mechanical and electrical properties. We investigate the nucleation and growth processes, as well as the factors that influence the crystallization process. The development of the three generations of conjugated polymers in controlling the crystalline structure and enhancing polymer ordering is also discussed. This review highlights advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and thermal analysis, which provide insights into molecular ordering and polymer-crystal interfaces. This review provides an insight of the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. It serves as a foundation for further research and development of conjugated polymer-based materials with enhanced properties and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Qu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Guangming Nan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Bahaerguli. Bieketuerxun
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xiuling Yan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yunpeng Qi
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Q, Li D, Peng J. Interrogating Polymorphism in Conjugated Poly(thieno)thiophene Thin Films for Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dingke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen C, Guo X, Zhao G, Yao Y, Zhu Y. Effects of electron irradiation on structure and bonding of polymer spherulite thin films. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
4
|
Chen S, Zhu S, Lin Z, Peng J. Transforming Polymorphs via Meniscus-Assisted Solution-Shearing Conjugated Polymers for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11194-11203. [PMID: 35776757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tune polymorphs of conjugated polymers affords a robust platform for investigating the processing-structure-property relationship. However, simple and generalizable routes to polymorphs have yet to be realized. Herein, we report a viable meniscus-assisted solution-shearing (MASS) strategy to effectively modulate polymorphs (i.e., polymorphs I and II) of poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) and scrutinize the correlation between the two different polymorphs and charge transport characteristics. Specifically, polymorph II exists solely in drop-cast P3BT films. Intriguingly, confined shearing of P3BT renders efficient transformation of polymorph II to I. The kinetics of polymorph transformation associated with the changes in molecular packing and thus photophysical properties are elucidated. The resulting organic field-effect transistors reveal a strong correlation of device performance to attained polymorphs and crystal orientations of P3BT. Such polymorph transformation via the convenient MASS technique can be readily extended to other conjugated polymers of interest. This study highlights the robustness of MASS in regulating polymorphs of conjugated polymers to interrogate their interdependence of processing, structure, and property for a wide range of optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Casalegno M, Famulari A, Meille SV. Modeling of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Its Oligomer’s Structure and Thermal Behavior with Different Force Fields: Insights into the Phase Transitions of Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mosè Casalegno
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Stefano Valdo Meille
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano (MI), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei N, Zhu B, He J, Shan H, Zhou J, Huo H. Controlling the organization and stretchability of poly(3-butylthiophene) spherulites. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8850-8857. [PMID: 34533557 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a simple strategy to readily prepare poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) films with patterned spherulites by brushing the P3BT film surface and annealing the film with carbon disulfide (CS2) vapor. The spherulites nucleated preferentially at the mechanically scratched areas over the unscratched region of the film. The ridge (formed at the side of the scratch) hinders the diffusion of the P3BT molecules, promoting the aggregation and nucleation of P3BT along the ridge to form spherulites upon the CS2 vapor-annealing. The sizes of the ridge and the scratch have no effect on the nucleation and crystallization of the patterned spherulites. We evaluated the crack formation of the P3BT films with patterned spherulites in response to mechanical stretching along different directions. When the stretching direction was parallel to the scratching direction, cracks appeared preferentially at the boundary between the ordered spherulites. In contrast, cracks occurred first at the boundary of stochastic nucleated spherulites located away from the patterned spherulites, when the stretching direction was perpendicular to the scratching direction. The patterned spherulites with regulated mechanical properties may find applications in the design and fabrication of stretchable organic optoelectronic devices with enhanced stability and durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street No. 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Bingyan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street No. 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaxin He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street No. 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Hongtao Shan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street No. 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street No. 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street No. 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Armas JA, Reynolds KJ, Marsh ZM, Fernández-Blázquez JP, Ayala D, Cronin AD, Del Aguila J, Fideldy R, Abdou JP, Bilger DW, Vilatela JJ, Stefik M, Scott GE, Zhang S. Supramolecular Assembly of Oriented Spherulitic Crystals of Conjugated Polymers Surrounding Carbon Nanotube Fibers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900098. [PMID: 31328312 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The directed assembly of conjugated polymers into macroscopic organization with controlled orientation and placement is pivotal in improving device performance. Here, the supramolecular assembly of oriented spherulitic crystals of poly(3-butylthiophene) surrounding a single carbon nanotube fiber under controlled solvent evaporation of solution-cast films is reported. Oriented lamellar structures nucleate on the surface of the nanotube fiber in the form of a transcrystalline interphase. The factors influencing the formation of transcrystals are investigated in terms of chemical structure, crystallization temperature, and time. Dynamic process measurements exhibit the linear growth of transcrystals with time. Microstructural analysis of transcrystals reveals individual lamellar organization and crystal polymorphism. The form II modification occurs at low temperatures, while both form I and form II modifications coexist at high temperatures. A possible model is presented to interpret transcrystallization and polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Armas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Karina J Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Zachary M Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Denzel Ayala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Adam D Cronin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Jeremy Del Aguila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Rikki Fideldy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - John P Abdou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - David W Bilger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | | | - Morgan Stefik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gregory E Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Shanju Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Impact of polymorphism on the optoelectronic properties of a low-bandgap semiconducting polymer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2867. [PMID: 31253772 PMCID: PMC6599012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism of organic semiconducting materials exerts critical effects on their physical properties such as optical absorption, emission and electrical conductivity, and provides an excellent platform for investigating structure–property relations. It is, however, challenging to efficiently tune the polymorphism of conjugated polymers in aggregated, semi-crystalline phases due to their conformational freedom and anisotropic nature. Here, two distinctly different semi-crystalline polymorphs (β1 and β2) of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer are formed through controlling the solvent quality, as evidenced by spectroscopic, structural, thermal and charge transport studies. Compared to β1, the β2 polymorph exhibits a lower optical band gap, an enhanced photoluminescence, a reduced π-stacking distance, a higher hole mobility in field-effect transistors and improved photocurrent generation in polymer solar cells. The β1 and β2 polymorphs provide insights into the control of polymer self-organization for plastic electronics and hold potential for developing programmable ink formulations for next-generation electronic devices. Tuning polymorphism of conjugated polymers, though a promising method for studying and controlling the structure-property relations in these materials remains a challenge. Here, the authors identify two aggregated semi-crystalline polymorphs of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, Xue M, Xue N, Li H, Zhang L, Ren Z, Yan S, Sun X. Highly Anisotropic P3HT Film Fabricated via Epitaxy on an Oriented Polyethylene Film and Solvent Vapor Treatment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7841-7847. [PMID: 31082249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve the epitaxial crystallization ability of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on a highly oriented polyethylene (PE) substrate, controlled solvent vapor treatment (CSVT) is employed. The anisotropic structures and related optical properties depend not only on the solvent used to prepare the film but also on the subsequent solvent vapor treatment pressure and time. A highly oriented PE film facilitates the "side-on" chain orientation of P3HT with its c axis parallel to the drawing direction of the PE film. The dichroic ratio (DR) of the P3HT film reflected by UV-vis spectra can reach as high as 7.1, which is much larger than the value treated by thermal annealing. Moreover, the excitation bandwidth W, indicating the effective conjugation length and molecular order, shows significant anisotropic features. Solvent used for solution processing with a high boiling point is more favorable for inducing anisotropic multiscale structures. In particular, the oriented structures lead to obvious anisotropic carrier mobility. The carrier mobility of P3HT after CSVT along the PE molecular chain direction is 7.5 times higher than that measured perpendicular to the PE chain direction. This is of great importance in fabricating anisotropic thin films of conjugated polymeric semiconductors with enhanced performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Meiling Xue
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Ning Xue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Casalegno M, Nicolini T, Famulari A, Raos G, Po R, Meille SV. Atomistic modelling of entropy driven phase transitions between different crystal modifications in polymers: the case of poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:28984-28989. [PMID: 30457608 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05820b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism and related solid-state phase transitions affect the structure and morphology and hence the properties of materials, but they are not-so-well understood. Atomistic computational methods can provide molecular-level insights, but they have rarely proven successful for transitions between polymorphic forms of crystalline polymers. In this work, we report atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs), widely used organic semiconductors to explore the experimentally observed, entropy-driven transition from form II to more common form I type polymorphs, or, more precisely, to form I mesophases. The transition is followed continuously, also considering X-ray diffraction evidence, for poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT), evidencing three main steps: (i) loss of side chain interdigitation, (ii) partial disruption of the original stacking order and (iii) reorganization of polymer chains into new, tighter, main-chain stacks and new layers with characteristic form I periodicities, substantially larger than those in the original form II. The described approach, likely applicable to other important transitions in polymers, provides previously inaccessible insight into the structural organization and disorder features of form I structures of P3ATs, not only in their development from form II structures but also from melts or solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosè Casalegno
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano (MI), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dingler C, Dirnberger K, Ludwigs S. Semiconducting Polymer Spherulites-From Fundamentals to Polymer Electronics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800601. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dingler
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Klaus Dirnberger
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Armas JA, Reynolds KJ, Marsh ZM, Stefik M, Scott GE, Zhang S. Ring‐Banded Spherulitic Crystals of Poly(3‐butylthiophene) via Controlled Solvent Evaporation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Armas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Karina J. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Zachary M. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Morgan Stefik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Gregory E. Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Shanju Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Cui H, Zhu M, Qiu F, Peng J, Lin Z. Tailoring Phase Transition in Poly(3-hexylselenophene) Thin Films and Correlating Their Crystalline Polymorphs with Charge Transport Properties for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huina Cui
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingjing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kobayashi T, Kinoshita K, Niwa A, Nagase T, Naito H. Photoluminescence Properties of Polymorphic Modifications of Low Molecular Weight Poly(3-hexylthiophene). NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:368. [PMID: 28545262 PMCID: PMC5442032 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The structural and photoluminescence (PL) properties of thin films of poly(3-hexylthophene) (P3HT) with molecular weights (MWs) of 3000 and 13,300 have been investigated. Although high MW P3HT always self-organizes into one packing structure (form I), low MW P3HT forms two different packing structures (forms I and II) depending on the fabrication conditions. In this work, several fabrication techniques have been examined to obtain form II samples with little inclusion of a form I component. It is found that drop-cast thin films of low MW P3HT (form II) exhibit a PL spectrum that is different from that of form I and does not contain the form I component. The PL spectrum can thus be attributed to form II. The differences in PL properties between forms I and II can be understood in terms of weakened interchain interactions due to the longer interchain distance in form II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
- The Research Institute of Molecular Electronic Devices, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Keita Kinoshita
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akitsugu Niwa
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagase
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
- The Research Institute of Molecular Electronic Devices, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Naito
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
- The Research Institute of Molecular Electronic Devices, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bohle A, Dudenko D, Koenen N, Sebastiani D, Allard S, Scherf U, Spiess HW, Hansen MR. A Generalized Packing Model for Bulk Crystalline Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) with Extended Side Chains. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bohle
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dmytro Dudenko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nils Koenen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Daniel Sebastiani
- Department of Chemistry; Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Preparation of poly(3-butylthiophene) form II crystal by low-temperature aging and a proposal for form II-to-form I transition mechanism. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Rouhi M, Mansour Lakouraj M, Baghayeri M, Hasantabar V. Novel conductive magnetic nanocomposite based on poly (indole-co-thiophene) as a hemoglobin diagnostic biosensor: Synthesis, characterization and physical properties. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1180615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Rouhi
- Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Moslem Mansour Lakouraj
- Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Vahid Hasantabar
- Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bai W, Wu C, Shang X, Liu X, Chen K, Lin J. Self-assembly of poly(p-phenylene)-based flower-like 3D micro-nanostructures. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Wang F, Hashimoto K, Tajima K. Optical anisotropy and strong H-aggregation of poly(3-alkylthiophene) in a surface monolayer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6014-6020. [PMID: 26310575 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Slab optical waveguide absorption spectra reveal that surface segregated monolayers of a vertically oriented poly(3-buthylthiophene) derivative have large optical anisotropy, and that confinement of the polymer chains in the isolated monolayer causes strong H-aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jaymand M, Hatamzadeh M, Omidi Y. Modification of polythiophene by the incorporation of processable polymeric chains: Recent progress in synthesis and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
21
|
Liu J, Wang Q, Liu C, Chang H, Tian H, Geng Y, Yan D. Melt-crystallized α phase nanofibril films of monodisperse poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Noguchi Y, Saeki A, Fujiwara T, Yamanaka S, Kumano M, Sakurai T, Matsuyama N, Nakano M, Hirao N, Ohishi Y, Seki S. Pressure Modulation of Backbone Conformation and Intermolecular Distance of Conjugated Polymers Toward Understanding the Dynamism of π-Figuration of their Conjugated System. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7219-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Noguchi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takenori Fujiwara
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Yamanaka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masataka Kumano
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsuyama
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohisa Hirao
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohishi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu R, Li K, Liu M, Liu Y, Liu H. Free poly(l-lactic acid) spherulites grown from thermally induced phase separation and crystallization kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilai Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University; Fujian 350007 China
- College of Ecological and Resources Engineering; Wuyi University; Fujian 354300 China
| | - Kaina Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University; Fujian 350007 China
| | - Min Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University; Fujian 350007 China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University; Fujian 350007 China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials; College of Material Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University; Fujian 350007 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of solvent annealing temperature on crystal modifications and phase transition behavior of regioregular poly(3-octylthiophene). CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Martín J, Campoy-Quiles M, Nogales A, Garriga M, Alonso MI, Goñi AR, Martín-González M. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanowires in porous alumina: internal structure under confinement. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3335-3346. [PMID: 24637713 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the structure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) subjected to nanoscale confinement in two dimensions (2D) as imposed by the rigid walls of nanopore anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. P3HT nanowires with aspect ratios (length-to-diameter) above 1000 and diameters ranging between 15 nm and 350 nm are produced in the pores of the AAO templates via two processing routes. These are, namely, drying a solution or cooling from the melt. Our study focuses on the effects of nanoconfinement on the semicrystalline nature of the nanowires, the orientation of crystals, and the evolution of the structures that P3HT might develop under confinement, which we investigate by combining imaging (SEM), spectroscopic (FTIR, photoluminescence) and structural characterization (WAXS, DSC) techniques. Solution-processed P3HT nanowires are essentially amorphous and porous, whereas melt-processed nanowires are semicrystalline, and present a more compact morphology and smoother surfaces. In the latter case, the orientation of crystals was found to strongly depend on the pore diameter. In large diameter nanowires (250 nm and 120 nm), crystals are oriented laying the π-π stacking direction parallel to the nanowire axis. In contrast, in small diameter nanowires, the π-π stacking direction is mainly perpendicular to the nanowires, as crystals are likely to nucleate at pore walls. The structural evolution of P3HT upon heating into weakly (250 nm in diameter) and strongly (15 nm in diameter) confining pores has been studied. A complex set of structures is observed, i.e., crystals, a solid layered mesophase, a nematic/smectic mesophase, and the isotropic melt. Interestingly, a rare crystal polymorph (form II) is also observed under strong confinement conditions together with the usual lamellar crystal form I. Furthermore, we show that nanoconfinement stabilizes form II: such crystals are still present at 210 °C while in the bulk they get converted to form I crystals at around 50 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid (IMM-CSIC), Calle de Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guo Y, Wang L, Han Y, Geng Y, Su Z. Influence of molecular weight on polymorphs and temperature-induced structure evolution of regioregular poly(3-dodecylthiophene). Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Hatamzadeh M, Jaymand M. Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-graft-polythiophene via a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and Grignard reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01228c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-graft-polythiopheneviaa combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and Grignard reaction is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz, I. R. Iran
- Student Research Committee
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Understanding the Structure and Crystallization of Regioregular Poly (3-hexylthiophene) from the Perspective of Epitaxy. P3HT REVISITED – FROM MOLECULAR SCALE TO SOLAR CELL DEVICES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
29
|
Tremel K, Ludwigs S. Morphology of P3HT in Thin Films in Relation to Optical and Electrical Properties. P3HT REVISITED – FROM MOLECULAR SCALE TO SOLAR CELL DEVICES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
30
|
Wang H, Liu J, Xu Y, Yu X, Xing R, Han Y. Ordered fibrillar morphology of donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers at multiple scales via blending with flexible polymers and solvent vapor annealing: insight into photophysics and mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1441-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Structure and Morphology Control in Thin Films of Conjugated Polymers for an Improved Charge Transport. Polymers (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/polym5041272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
32
|
Jabbour M, Man CS, Paroni R. Spherulitic crystallization in binary thin films under solvent-vapor annealing. I. A sharp-interface theory. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:144704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4823739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
33
|
Koch FPV, Heeney M, Smith P. Thermal and Structural Characteristics of Oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s (3HT)n, n = 4–36. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13699-709. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405792b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Peter Vinzenz Koch
- Department of
Materials, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Smith
- Department of
Materials, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu C, Wang Q, Tian H, Liu J, Geng Y, Yan D. Control of Crystal Morphology in Monodisperse Polyfluorenes by Solvent and Molecular Weight. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8880-6. [PMID: 23819829 DOI: 10.1021/jp401261u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
| | - Donghang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ma X, Guo Y, Wang T, Su Z. Scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of self-assembled poly(3-hexylthiophene) monolayer. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:014701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4811236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
36
|
Ma J, Hashimoto K, Koganezawa T, Tajima K. End-on orientation of semiconducting polymers in thin films induced by surface segregation of fluoroalkyl chains. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9644-7. [PMID: 23782104 DOI: 10.1021/ja4051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the orientation of highly anisotropic structures of polymers is important because the majority of their mechanical, electronic, and optical properties depend on the orientation of the polymer backbone. In thin films, the polymer chains tend to adopt an orientation parallel to the substrate; therefore, forcing the chains to stand perpendicular to the substrate is challenging. We have developed a simple way to achieve this end-on orientation. We functionalized one end of a poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) chain with a 1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluoroundecyl group, which caused spontaneous self-segregation of the polymer (P3BT-F17) to the surface of the polymer film. In P3BT-F17/polystyrene (PS) blend films, a highly ordered end-on orientation of the conjugated backbone was observed in the surface-segregated layer of the crystalline P3BT-F17. Furthermore, when the film was spin-coated from a mixture of P3BT-F17 and P3BT, the chain orientation of P3BT-F17 at the surface forced the P3BT in the bulk of the film to adopt the end-on orientation because of the high crystallinity of P3BT. The electronic conductivity measured perpendicular to the film surface also reflected the end-on orientation in the bulk, resulting in a more than 30-fold enhancement of the hole mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jusha Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang H, Liu J, Xu Y, Han Y. Fibrillar Morphology of Derivatives of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s by Solvent Vapor Annealing: Effects of Conformational Transition and Conjugate Length. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:5996-6006. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics
and Chemistry,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics
and Chemistry,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yaozhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics
and Chemistry,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics
and Chemistry,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu C, Wang Q, Tian H, Liu J, Geng Y, Yan D. Insight into lamellar crystals of monodisperse polyfluorenes – Fractionated crystallization and the crystal's stability. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
39
|
Zhou X, Chen Z, Qu Y, Su Q, Yang X. Fabricating graphene oxide/poly(3-butylthiophene) hybrid materials with different morphologies and crystal structures. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra00032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
40
|
Vapor-assisted imprinting to pattern poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) film with oriented arrangement of nanofibrils and flat-on conformation of P3HT chains. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
41
|
Qu Y, Su Q, Li S, Lu G, Zhou X, Zhang J, Chen Z, Yang X. H-Aggregated Form II Spherulite of Poly(3-butylthiophene) Grown from Solution. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1274-1278. [PMID: 35607155 DOI: 10.1021/mz300430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
New large-size poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) spherulites are obtained by solution aging. These P3BT spherulites are composed of nanoribbons, and the P3BT molecules arrange into Form II structure with a backbone π-stacking distance of 0.47 nm. P3BT lamellae adopt "flat-on" orientation at the edge of the spherulite, and the spherulite preferentially grows along the π-π stacking direction. These spherulites could be obtained in bulk solution or at the top or bottom of the solution, depending on the competition of gravity and Brownian motion. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra demonstrate that the polymer chains are arranged in H-aggregation model. The 0-0 transition in UV-visible absorption spectra blue shifts from 2.03 eV (610 nm, Form I) to 2.11 eV (589 nm, Form II). These results provide a further understanding of the crystallization and photophysical properties of poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT), and the preparation method of large size and pure P3AT spherulites shows potential in applications of organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Qu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | | | - Sijun Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xun Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Casalegno M, Baggioli A, Famulari A, Meille SV, Nicolini T, Po R, Raos G. Materials for organic photovoltaics: insights from detailed structural models and molecular simulations. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20123302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
43
|
Qu Y, Li L, Lu G, Zhou X, Su Q, Xu W, Li S, Zhang J, Yang X. A novel melting behavior of poly(3-alkylthiophene) cocrystals: premelting and recrystallization of component polymers. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20400b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
44
|
Yuan Y, Zhang J, Sun J, Hu J, Zhang T, Duan Y. Polymorphism and Structural Transition around 54 °C in Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) with High Crystallinity As Revealed by Infrared Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2017106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brinkmann M. Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
46
|
Yuan Y, Zhang J, Sun J. Effect of Solvent Evaporation Rate on Order-to-Disorder Phase Transition Behavior of Regioregular Poly(3-butylthiophene). Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200945j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xu W, Li L, Tang H, Li H, Zhao X, Yang X. Solvent-Induced Crystallization of Poly(3-dodecylthiophene): Morphology and Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6412-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligui Li
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowei Tang
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu J, Sun Y, Gao X, Xing R, Zheng L, Wu S, Geng Y, Han Y. Oriented poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofibril with the π-π stacking growth direction by solvent directional evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4212-4219. [PMID: 21401059 DOI: 10.1021/la105109t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the uniaxial alignment of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibrils with a π-π stacking growth direction in which P3HT chains adopt a flat-on conformation was obtained by solvent directional evaporation using a glass cover slide and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheet to press the P3HT film in a carbon disulfide (CS(2)) atmosphere. By controlling the CS(2) vapor pressure during the film-forming process, we got a well-oriented P3HT film whose order parameter reached as high as 0.97. The orientation of the film was induced by the crystallization nucleation of P3HT and the directional evaporation of the solvent. Under a CS(2) vapor atmosphere, P3HT crystals preferred to adopt the form II modification, which started by nucleation. Owing to the solvent directional evaporation from the center to the margin, P3HT at the center of the sample would precipitate first to induce nucleation. Then the peripheral P3HT would directly diffuse, precipitate, and then adhere to the nucleus to form the uniaxial alignment of P3HT nanofibrils along the direction of solvent evaporation. Furthermore, in the P3HT nanofibrils, the π-π stacking direction of P3HT lamellae was parallel to the crystal growth direction, which would provide an effective path for charge transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ren G, Wu PT, Jenekhe SA. Solar cells based on block copolymer semiconductor nanowires: effects of nanowire aspect ratio. ACS NANO 2011; 5:376-384. [PMID: 21230007 DOI: 10.1021/nn1017632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The solution-phase self-assembly of nanowires (NWs) from diblock copolymer semiconductors, poly(3-butylthiophene)-block-poly(3-octylthiophene), of different block compositions gave crystalline NWs of similar width (13-16 nm) but a tunable average aspect ratio (length/width) of 50-260. The power conversion efficiency of bulk heterojunction solar cells comprising the diblock copolythiophene NWs and PC(71)BM was found to increase with increasing aspect ratio, reaching 3.4% at the highest average aspect ratio of 260. The space charge limited current mobility of holes in neat films of the copolymer NWs and in copolymer NWs/PC(71)BM films (∼1.0 × 10(-4) cm(2)/(V s)) was invariant with aspect ratio, reflecting the parallel orientation of the NWs to the substrate. The enhancement of photovoltaic efficiency with increasing aspect ratio of NWs was explained in terms of increased exciton and charge photogeneration and collection in the bulk heterojunction solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Meersman F, Geukens B, Wübbenhorst M, Leys J, Napolitano S, Filinchuk Y, Van Assche G, Van Mele B, Nies E. Dynamics of the Crystal to Plastic Crystal Transition in the Hydrogen Bonded N-Isopropylpropionamide. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:13944-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Meersman
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Barbara Geukens
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Michael Wübbenhorst
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Jan Leys
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Bruno Van Mele
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| | - Erik Nies
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, F-38043 Grenoble, France, Research Unit Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Laboratory of
| |
Collapse
|