1
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Semitekolos D, Araújo A, Santos RM, Pernechele C, Panozzo F, Vescovi L, Charitidis C. Design, Manufacturing, and Evaluation of Race and Automotive Prototypal Components Fabricated with Modified Carbon Fibres and Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2062. [PMID: 39065379 PMCID: PMC11281197 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the enhancement of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) for automotive applications through the integration of modified carbon fibres (CF) and epoxy matrices. The research emphasizes the use of block copolymers (BCPs) and electropolymerisation techniques to improve mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion. Incorporating 2.5 wt.% D51N BCPs in the epoxy matrix led to a 64% increase in tensile strength and a 51.4% improvement in interlaminar fracture toughness. The electropolymerisation of CFs further enhanced interlaminar shear strength by 23.2%, reflecting a substantial enhancement in fibre-matrix interaction. A novel out-of-autoclave manufacturing process for an energy absorber prototype was developed, achieving significant reductions in production time and cost while maintaining performance. Compression tests demonstrated that the modified materials attained an energy absorption rate of 93.3 J/mm, comparable to traditional materials. These results suggest that the advanced materials and manufacturing processes presented in this study are promising for the development of lightweight, high-strength automotive components, meeting rigorous performance and safety standards. This research highlights the potential of these innovations to contribute significantly to the advancement of materials used in the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisis Semitekolos
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechnique, GR-15773 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreia Araújo
- Materials and Composite Structures Unit, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M. Santos
- Materials and Composite Structures Unit, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Luca Vescovi
- Dallara Automobili S.p.A, Varano De Melegari, 43040 Parma, Italy
| | - Costas Charitidis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechnique, GR-15773 Athens, Greece
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2
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Jheng LC, Chang TY, Fan CT, Hsieh TH, Hsieh FM, Huang WJ. Toughening of epoxy thermosets by self-assembled nanostructures of amphiphilic comb-like random copolymers. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33484-33494. [PMID: 38025865 PMCID: PMC10646570 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic comb-like random copolymers synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMMA) and stearyl methacrylate (SMA) with PEGMMA contents ranging between 30 wt% and 25 wt% were demonstrated to self-assemble into various well-defined nanostructures, including spherical micelles, wormlike micelles, and vesicle-like nanodomains, in anhydride-cured epoxy thermosets. In addition, the polymer blends of the comb-like random copolymer and poly(stearyl methacrylate) were prepared and incorporated into epoxy thermosets to form irregularly shaped nanodomains. Our research findings indicate that both the comb-like random copolymers and polymer blends are suitable as toughening modifiers for epoxy. When added at a concentration of 5 wt%, both types of modifiers lead to substantial improvements in the tensile toughness (>289%) and fracture toughness of epoxy thermosets, with minor reductions in their elastic modulus (<16%) and glass transition temperature (<6.1 °C). The fracture toughness evaluated in terms of the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and the strain energy release rate (GIC) increased by more than 67% and 131% for the modified epoxy thermosets containing comb-like random copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Jheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC +886 7 3830674 +886 7 3814526 ext.15148
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC
| | - Chin-Ting Fan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC +886 7 3830674 +886 7 3814526 ext.15148
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC
| | - Feng-Ming Hsieh
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu Taiwan ROC
| | - Wan-Ju Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan ROC +886 7 3830674 +886 7 3814526 ext.15148
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3
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Nguyen HK, Shundo A, Ito M, Pittenger B, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Nakajima K. Insights into Mechanical Dynamics of Nanoscale Interfaces in Epoxy Composites Using Nanorheology Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38029-38038. [PMID: 37499131 PMCID: PMC10416213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial polymer layers with nanoscale size play critical roles in dissipating the strain energy around cracks and defects in structural nanocomposites, thereby enhancing the material's fracture toughness. However, understanding how the intrinsic mechanical dynamics of the interfacial layer determine the toughening and reinforcement mechanisms in various polymer nanocomposites remains a major challenge. Here, by means of a recently developed nanorheology atomic force microscopy method, also known as nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis (nDMA), we report direct mapping of dynamic mechanical responses at the interface of a model epoxy nanocomposite under the transition from a glassy to a rubbery state. We demonstrate a significant deviation in the dynamic moduli of the interface from matrix behavior. Interestingly, the sign of the deviation is observed to be reversed when the polymer changes from a glassy to a rubbery state, which provides an excellent explanation for the difference in the modulus reinforcement between glassy and rubbery epoxy nanocomposites. More importantly, nDMA loss tangent images unambiguously show an enhanced viscoelastic response at the interface compared to the bulk matrix in the glassy state. This observation can therefore provide important insights into the nanoscale toughening mechanism that occurs in epoxy nanocomposites due to viscoelastic energy dissipation at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Atsuomi Shundo
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Bede Pittenger
- Bruker
Nano Surfaces, AFM Unit, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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4
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Remya VP, Parani S, Sakho EHM, Rajendran JV, Maluleke R, Lebepe TC, Masha S, Hameed N, Thomas S, Oluwafemi OS. Highly Toughened Nanostructured Self-Assembled Epoxy-Based Material—Correlation Study between Nanostructured Morphology and Fracture Toughness—Impact Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071689. [PMID: 37050304 PMCID: PMC10097291 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an efficient and effective method for preparing a novel self-assembled nanostructured material with high toughness and impact strength from a blend of di-glycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and epoxidized poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (eSBS55) tri-block copolymer. The field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope results show the nanostructured morphological characteristics of the blends. This study achieved the highest fracture toughness, with a fracture toughness in the form of critical stress intensity factors (KIC) value of 2.54 MPa m1/2, in epoxy/block copolymer blends compared to previous works in the field. The impact strength also increased by 116% compared to neat epoxy. This is a major advancement in epoxy toughening due to the use of a single secondary phase. The resulting highly tough and impact-resistant material is a promising candidate for coating applications in industries such as flooring, building, aerospace, and automobiles.
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Nanostructuring Biobased Epoxy Resin with PEO-PPO-PEO Block Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051216. [PMID: 36904457 PMCID: PMC10007555 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A biobased diglycidyl ether of vanillin (DGEVA) epoxy resin was nanostructured by poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymer. Due to the miscibility/immiscibility properties of the triblock copolymer in DGEVA resin, different morphologies were obtained depending on the triblock copolymer amount. A hexagonally packed cylinder morphology was kept until reaching 30 wt% of PEO-PPO-PEO content, while a more complex three-phase morphology was obtained for 50 wt%, in which large worm-like PPO domains appear surrounded by two different phases, one of them rich in PEO and another phase rich in cured DGEVA. UV-vis measurements show that the transmittance is reduced with the increase in triblock copolymer content, especially at 50 wt%, probably due to the presence of PEO crystals detected by calorimetry.
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6
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Mechanical properties of reactive polyetherimide-modified tetrafunctional epoxy systems. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Wang H, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Nanocomposites of Epoxy with One-dimensional Fibrous Poly(ε-caprolactam) Nanocrystals via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 631:201-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Ellis CE, Garcia-Hernandez JD, Manners I. Scalable and Uniform Length-Tunable Biodegradable Block Copolymer Nanofibers with a Polycarbonate Core via Living Polymerization-Induced Crystallization-Driven Self-assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20525-20538. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | | | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria V8P 5C2, Canada
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9
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Kuehl BW, Hohmann A, Lee TH, Forrester M, Hernandez N, Dietrich H, Smith C, Musselman S, Tran G, Cochran EW. Cavitation-Mediated Fracture Energy Dissipation in Polylactide at Rubbery Soybean Oil-Based Block Copolymer Interfaces Formed via Reactive Extrusion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46912-46919. [PMID: 36201621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, we spearhead a new approach to biopolymer impact modification that demonstrates superior performance while maintaining greater than 99% compostability. Using soybean-based monomers, a virtually untapped resource in terms of commercial volume and overall cost, a series of hyperbranched block copolymers were synthesized and melt-processed with poly(l-lactide) (PLA) to yield impact resistant all-polymer composites. Although PLA impact modification has been treated extensively, to date, the only practical solutions have relied on non-compostable petroleum-based rubbers. This study illustrates the activity of energy dissipation mechanisms such as cavitation, classically relegated to well-entangled petroleum-based rubbers, in poorly entangled hyperbranched soybean-based rubbers. Furthermore, we present a complete study of the mechanical performance and morphology of these impact modified PLA composites. The significance of combining deformation theory with a scalable green alternative to petroleum-based rubbers opens up a potential avenue for cheap compostable engineering thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baker W Kuehl
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Austin Hohmann
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Ting Han Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael Forrester
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nacu Hernandez
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Hannah Dietrich
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Connor Smith
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sam Musselman
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Grayson Tran
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric W Cochran
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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10
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Mei H, Wang H, Li L, Zheng S. Generation of One-Dimensional Fibrous Polyethylene Nanocrystals in Epoxy Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183921. [PMID: 36146068 PMCID: PMC9501422 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The one-dimensional (1D) polyethylene (PE) nanocrystals were generated in epoxy thermosets via crystallization-driven self-assembly. Toward this end, an ABA triblock copolymer composed of PE midblock and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) endblocks was synthesized via the ring opening metathesis polymerization followed by hydrogenation approach. The nanostructured thermosets were obtained via a two-step curing approach, i.e., the samples were cured first at 80 °C and then at 150 °C. Under this condition, the one-dimensional (1D) fibrous PE microdomains with the lengths up to a couple of micrometers were created in epoxy thermosets. In contrast, only the spherical PE microdomains were generated while the thermosets were cured via a one-step curing at 150 °C. By the use of the triblock copolymer, the generation of 1D fibrous PE nanocrystals is attributable to crystallization-driven self-assembly mechanism whereas that of the spherical PE microdomains follows traditional self-assembly mechanism. Compared to the thermosets containing the spherical PE microdomains, the thermosets containing the 1D fibrous PE nanocrystals displayed quite different thermal and mechanical properties. More importantly, the nanostructured thermosets containing the 1D fibrous PE nanocrystals displayed the fracture toughness much higher than those only containing the spherical PE nanocrystals; the KIC value was even three times as that of control epoxy.
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11
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Shi X, Bobrin VA, Yao Y, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Designing Nanostructured 3D Printed Materials by Controlling Macromolecular Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206272. [PMID: 35732587 PMCID: PMC9544629 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured polymeric materials play important roles in many advanced applications, however, controlling the morphologies of polymeric thermosets remains a challenge. This work uses multi-arm macroCTAs to mediate polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) and prepare nanostructured materials via photoinduced 3D printing. The characteristic length scale of microphase-separated domains is determined by the macroCTA arm length, while nanoscale morphologies are controlled by the macroCTA architecture. Specifically, using 2- and 4- arm macroCTAs provides materials with different morphologies compared to analogous monofunctional linear macroCTAs at similar compositions. The mechanical properties of these nanostructured thermosets can also be tuned while maintaining the desired morphologies. Using multi-arm macroCTAs can thus broaden the scope of accessible nanostructures for extended applications, including the fabrication of actuators and potential drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Shi
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Valentin A. Bobrin
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- Electron Microscope UnitMark Wainwright Analytical CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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12
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Mei H, Hu J, Gao Y, Li L, Zheng S. Incorporation of crosslinked polydicyclopentadiene nanoparticles into epoxy thermosets via ring opening metathesis polymerization-induced self-assembly. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Zhu H, Tang B, Lv Y, Huang Y, Yang Q, Li G, Kong M. Synthesis of
poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(propylene glycol)‐b‐poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)
reactive block copolymer with controlled reactivity for toughening multifunctional epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Lv
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
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14
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Shi X, Bobrin VA, Yao Y, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer CAJM. Designing Nanostructured 3D Printed Materials by Controlling Macromolecular Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Shi
- UNSW: University of New South Wales Chemical Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Valentin A. Bobrin
- UNSW: University of New South Wales Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Yin Yao
- UNSW: University of New South Wales Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Jin Zhang
- UNSW: University of New South Wales School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- UNSW: University of New South Wales School of Chemical Engineering UNSWSchool of Chemical Engineering 2031 Sydney AUSTRALIA
| | - Cyrille Andre Jean Marie Boyer
- University of New South Wales Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design High streetApplied science building 2052 Sydney AUSTRALIA
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16
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Abstract
Polymer science is one of the few fundamental research fields where the results can be transferred into real-life products almost immediately. Industries need collaborations with the best researchers (universities or national laboratories) to elevate the field and favor the development of new materials, which will boost the chemical and materials business economy and ensure that innovative and sustainable polymer products are constantly being brought to the market. The mechanisms to ensure a seamless and fruitful collaboration are numerous, but few approaches really manage to incorporate the full range of polymer research from a molecular understanding to a macroscopic control of properties. We review some of the main components of standard industry-academia collaborations and propose to develop polymer open centers that put the business development objective as the starting point of the collaboration and allow those to gather and focus on different scientific fields toward a common objective.
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17
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Droplet-Based Microfluidic Tool to Quantify Viscosity of Concentrating Protein Solutions. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1765-1775. [PMID: 34664208 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement of the viscosity of concentrated protein solutions is vital for the manufacture and delivery of protein therapeutics. Conventional methods for viscosity measurements require large solution volumes, creating a severe limitation during the early stage of protein development. The goal of this work is to develop a robust technique that requires minimal sample. METHODS In this work, a droplet-based microfluidic device is developed to quantify the viscosity of protein solutions while concentrating in micrometer-scale droplets. The technique requires only microliters of sample. The corresponding viscosity is characterized by multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT). RESULTS We show that the viscosities quantified in the microfluidic device are consistent with macroscopic results measured by a conventional rheometer for poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) solutions. The technique was further applied to quantify viscosities of well-studied lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. Comparison to both macroscopic measurements and models (Krieger-Dougherty model) demonstrate the validity of the approach. CONCLUSION The droplet-based microfluidic device provides accurate quantitative values of viscosity over a range of concentrations for protein solutions with small sample volumes (~ μL) and high compositional resolution. This device will be extended to study the effect of different excipients and other additives on the viscosity of protein solutions.
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18
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Self-assembled nanostructured viscoelastic and thermally stable high performance epoxy based nanomaterial for aircraft and automobile applications: An experimental and theoretical modeling approach. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Synergy between Phenoxy and CSR Tougheners on the Fracture Toughness of Highly Cross-Linked Epoxy-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152477. [PMID: 34372080 PMCID: PMC8348717 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable synergistic increase in fracture toughness by 130% is demonstrated for a CFRP high performance epoxy composite when adding an equal weight combination of phenoxy thermoplastic and core-shell rubber (CSR) toughening agents, as compared to a single toughener at a comparable total concentration of around 10 wt%. The dual-toughened matrix exhibits an unusual morphological arrangement of the two toughener agents. The interlaminar shear strength of the composites is also synergistically improved by about 75% as compared to the reference while the compression modulus reduction and viscosity increase are significantly smaller than for the single phenoxy toughened system. A partial filtering of the CSR particles by the dense CF fabric during pre-pregging leads to a less than optimum CSR dispersion in the composites, showing that the synergy can be further optimized, possibly to the same level as the unreinforced systems.
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20
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Reactive Core-Shell Bottlebrush Copolymer as Highly Effective Additive for Epoxy Toughening. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Zhu Z, Chen H, Chen Q, Liu C, Noh K, Yao H, Kotaki M, Sue HJ. Fracture behavior of hybrid epoxy nanocomposites based on multi-walled carbon nanotube and core-shell rubber. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Qin X, Ge W, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Toughness improvement of epoxy thermosets with cellulose nanocrystals. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Qin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wenming Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Honggang Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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23
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Hajiali F, Tajbakhsh S, Marić M. Epoxidized Block and Statistical Copolymers Reinforced by Organophosphorus-Titanium-Silicon Hybrid Nanoparticles: Morphology and Thermal and Mechanical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11679-11692. [PMID: 34056323 PMCID: PMC8153999 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and a mixture of alkyl methacrylates (average chain length of 13 carbons; termed C13MA; derived from vegetable oils) were copolymerized by nitroxide-mediated polymerization to form epoxidized statistical and block copolymers with similar compositions (F GMA ∼0.8), which were further cross-linked by a bio-based diamine. Hybrid plate-like nanoparticles containing organophosphorus-titanium-silicon (PTS) with an average size of ∼130 nm and high decomposition temperature (485 °C) were synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction to serve as additives to simultaneously enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the blend. Nanocomposites filled with PTS were prepared at different filler-loading levels (0.5, 2, 4 wt %). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the cured block copolymer displayed reaction-induced macrophase-separated domains. TEM also showed an effective dispersion of PTS hybrids in the matrix without intense agglomeration. Thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates revealed the activation energy of poly (GMA-stat-C13MA) at maximum decomposition increased from 143.5 to 327.2 kJ mol-1 with 4 wt % PTS. Decomposition temperature and char residue improved 12 °C and ∼7 wt %, respectively, and T g increased 12 °C by adding 4 wt % PTS. Targeting various PTS concentrations enabled tuning of the tensile modulus (up to 75%), tensile strength (up to 46%), and storage modulus in both glassy state (up to 59%) and rubbery plateau regions (up to 88%). Oscillatory frequency sweeps indicated that PTS makes the storage modulus frequency dependent, suggesting that the inclusion of the nanoparticles alters the relaxation of the surrounding matrix polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeid Tajbakhsh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Milan Marić
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
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24
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Nano-cavitation structure toughness mechanism and optical properties of amphiphilic acrylate block copolymer modified epoxy system. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Liu DY, Krogstad DV. Self-Assembly and Phase Transformation of Block Copolymer Nanostructures in Ionic Liquid-Cured Epoxy. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Y. Liu
- Applied Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820-0910, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820-0910, United States
| | - Daniel V. Krogstad
- Applied Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820-0910, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820-0910, United States
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26
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Dorsman IR, Derry MJ, Cunningham VJ, Brown SL, Williams CN, Armes SP. Tuning the vesicle-to-worm transition for thermoresponsive block copolymer vesicles prepared via polymerisation-induced self-assembly. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01713b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Does statistical copolymerization of n-butyl methacrylate with benzyl methacrylate lower the critical temperature required for vesicle-to-worm and worm-to-sphere transitions for diblock copolymer nano-objects in mineral oil?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- South Yorkshire
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- South Yorkshire
- UK
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27
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Gao W, Cao X, Chen M, Chen K, Li S, Han B. Tertiary‐amine‐terminated polybutadiene and butadiene acrylonitrile: Synthesis and application in the modification of epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing China
| | - Xiao Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
| | - Menghan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
| | - Shuhang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing China
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28
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Henry MM, Thomas S, Alberts M, Estridge CE, Farmer B, McNair O, Jankowski E. General-Purpose Coarse-Grained Toughened Thermoset Model for 44DDS/DGEBA/PES. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112547. [PMID: 33143261 PMCID: PMC7693565 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work is to predict the morphology and material properties of crosslinking polymers used in aerospace applications. We extend the open-source dybond plugin for HOOMD-Blue to implement a new coarse-grained model of reacting epoxy thermosets and use the 44DDS/DGEBA/PES system as a case study for calibration and validation. We parameterize the coarse-grained model from atomistic solubility data, calibrate reaction dynamics against experiments, and check for size-dependent artifacts. We validate model predictions by comparing glass transition temperatures measurements at arbitrary degree of cure, gel-points, and morphology predictions against experiments. We demonstrate for the first time in molecular simulations the cure-path dependence of toughened thermoset morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Henry
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.M.H.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Stephen Thomas
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.M.H.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Mone’t Alberts
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.M.H.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
| | | | | | - Olivia McNair
- The Boeing Company, St. Louis, MO 63134, USA; (C.E.E.); (O.M.)
| | - Eric Jankowski
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.M.H.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Remya VPR, Jose Varghese R, Parani S, Sakho EHM, Oluwafemi OS, Thomas S. Compatibilization of epoxidized triblock copolymer on the generation of self‐assembled nanostructured epoxies and their surface wettability. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Pillai R. Remya
- Department of Chemical Sciences (formerly Applied Chemistry) University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Rajendran Jose Varghese
- Department of Chemical Sciences (formerly Applied Chemistry) University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Sundararajan Parani
- Department of Chemical Sciences (formerly Applied Chemistry) University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - El Hadji Mamour Sakho
- Department of Chemical Sciences (formerly Applied Chemistry) University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences (formerly Applied Chemistry) University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Energy Materials Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
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30
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Zhang P, Zhao Y, Yu R, Liao J. Confined crystallization and degradation of six-arm star PCL with core of cyclotriphosphazene in epoxy thermosets. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Nishimura T, Sumi N, Mukai SA, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Supramacromolecular injectable hydrogels by crystallization-driven self-assembly of carbohydrate-conjugated poly(2-isopropyloxazoline)s for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:6362-6369. [PMID: 31642846 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00918c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An approach for the preparation of self-healing and injectable hydrogels based on the crystallization-driven self-assembly of carbohydrate-conjugated poly(2-isopropyloxazoline)s is reported. Hydrogelation does not require any organic solvents, as the polymers dissolve in water below their lower critical solution temperatures. The transplanted hydrogels cause no significant foreign-body response. Considering the simplicity of the method and the biocompatibility of the resulting injectable hydrogels, crystallization-driven hydrogelation of poly(oxazoline)-based polymers may potentially be used in a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Naoki Sumi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Sada-Atsu Mukai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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32
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Ji F, Liu X, Sheng D, Yang Y. Epoxy-vitrimer composites based on exchangeable aromatic disulfide bonds: Reprocessibility, adhesive, multi-shape memory effect. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Jiang Z, Wang Q, Liu L, Zhang Y, Du F, Pang A. Dual-Functionalized Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Curing Agents for Epoxy Resins. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingchen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Long Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Zhongke Langfang Institute of Process Engineering, Langfang 065001, China
| | - Yanqiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fang Du
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Hemotechnology, Xiangyang, Hubei 441003, China
| | - Aimin Pang
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Hemotechnology, Xiangyang, Hubei 441003, China
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34
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Darmau B, Rymaruk MJ, Warren NJ, Bening R, Armes SP. RAFT dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate in non-polar media using hydrogenated polybutadiene as a steric stabilizer block. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined spheres, worms or vesicles are prepared via RAFT dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate in n-dodecane at 90 °C using hydrogenated polybutadiene as a macro-RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Darmau
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Matthew J. Rymaruk
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Robert Bening
- Kraton Polymers LLC
- a subsidiary of Kraton Corporation
- Houston
- USA
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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35
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Zhou P, Zou L, Zha S, Yang A, Jiang S, Guan R. Compatibility and thermal decomposition behavior of acrylic block copolymer modified epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Wang J, Zhang X, Jiang L, Qiao J. Advances in toughened polymer materials by structured rubber particles. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Ding H, Zhao B, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Toughening of epoxy thermosets with polystyrene‐
block
‐polybutadiene‐
block
‐ polystyrene triblock copolymer via formation of nanostructures. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
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38
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Uhlig C, Kahle O, Schäfer O, Ewald D, Oswaldbauer H, Bauer J, Bauer M. Blends of tri-block copolymers and addition curing resins: Influence of block copolymer-resin compatibility on toughness and matrix properties on toughenability. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Kishi H, Yamada K, Kimura J. Control of nanostructures and fracture toughness of epoxy/acrylic block copolymer blends using in situ manipulation of the epoxy matrix reaction type. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Effect of Different Types of Block Copolymers on Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture Mechanisms of Bisphenol-F Based Epoxy System. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of adding different types of soft block copolymer on the tensile properties, fracture mechanic properties, and thermo-mechanical properties of bisphenol F based epoxy resin were studied. Two different self-assembling block copolymers, (a) constituting of a center block of poly (butyl acrylate) and two side blocks of poly (methyl) methacrylate-co-polar co-monomer (BCP 1) and (b) poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide) (PEO-PBO) diblock copolymer (BCP 2), were used with an epoxy-hardener system. The maximum fracture toughness and fracture energy were measured as KIc = 2.75 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 2.37 kJ/m2 for the 10 wt % of BCP 1 modified system, which were 366% and 2270% higher in comparison to reference epoxy system, and a 63% reduction in tensile strength was also observed. Similarly, for BCP2 modified systems, the maximum value of KIc = 1.65 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 1.10 kJ/m2 was obtained for epoxy modified with 12 wt % of BCP2 and a reduction of 32% in tensile strength. The fracture toughness and fracture energy were co-related to the plastic zone size for all the modified systems. Finally, the analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed the toughening micro-mechanisms of the nanocomposites.
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41
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Kong M, Liu C, Tang B, Xu W, Huang Y, Li G. Improved Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Trifunctional Epoxy Resins through Controlling Molecular Networks by Ionic Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Chengjun Liu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Bing Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Wenqing Xu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
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42
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Rohde BJ, Culp TE, Gomez ED, Ilavsky J, Krishnamoorti R, Robertson ML. Nanostructured Thermoset/Thermoset Blends Compatibilized with an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Rohde
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Tyler E. Culp
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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43
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One‐dimensional growth kinetics for formation of cylindrical crystalline micelles of block copolymers. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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44
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A New Way of Toughening of Thermoset by Dual-Cured Thermoplastic/Thermosetting Blend. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030548. [PMID: 30759815 PMCID: PMC6384865 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The work aims at establishing the optimum conditions for dual thermal and electron beam curing of thermosetting systems modified by styrene/butadiene (SB)-based triblock copolymers in order to develop transparent and toughened materials. The work also investigates the effects of curing procedures on the ultimate phase morphology and mechanical properties of these thermoset–SB copolymer blends. It was found that at least 46 mol% of the epoxidation degree of the SB copolymer was needed to enable the miscibility of the modified block copolymer into the epoxy resin. Hence, an electron beam curing dose of ~50 kGy was needed to ensure the formation of micro- and nanostructured transparent blends. The micro- and nanophase-separated thermosets obtained were analyzed by optical as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the blends were enhanced as shown by their impact strengths, indentation, hardness, and fracture toughness analyses, whereby the toughness values were found to mainly depend on the dose. Thus, we have developed a new route for designing dual-cured toughened micro- and nanostructured transparent epoxy thermosets with enhanced fracture toughness.
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45
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Wang W, Zhang K, Chen D. From Tunable DNA/Polymer Self-Assembly to Tailorable and Morphologically Pure Core-Shell Nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15350-15359. [PMID: 30427695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In reported experimental studies, DNA/polymer self-assemblies are usually kinetically trapped, leading to the encapsulation and irregular collapse of DNA chains within the resultant assemblies. In striking contrast, eukaryotic cells use tetrasome-to-nucleosome pathways to escape possible kinetic trapping for the formation of well-defined 10 nm chromatin fibers. Here, we report a novel pathway for DNA and amphiphilic diblock copolymer self-assembly inspired by the tetrasome pathway with highly controllable kinetics. The polymer is an A- b-B diblock copolymer with a hydrophilic and noninteractive block A and a hydrophobic and interactive block B. Below the critical water content for the micellization, B blocks wrap the backbone of a DNA chain by weak electrostatic interactions to form a linear DNA/polymer complex. With a gradual increase in the water content, the diblock copolymer unimers in the bulk solution tend to aggregate on the linear DNA/polymer complex, which induces the originally wrapped DNA chain, to change its conformation to wrap around the polymer aggregate, guiding and tailoring the self-assembly. Highly controllable kinetics is achieved via the reduced DNA/polymer electrostatic interactions and the high dynamics of the polymer chains in the system. DNA/polymer self-assembly leads to tailorable and morphologically pure core-shell nanofibers. Compared to the DNA/micelle self-assembly pathway described in our previous study, the present self-assembly pathway exhibits advantages for the fabrication of flexible nanofibers with lengths in micrometers and the potential for unique applications in preparing not only 2D networks at extremely low percolation thresholds but also chemiresistors with large on/off current ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , P.R. China
| | - Kaka Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , P.R. China
| | - Daoyong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , P.R. China
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46
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Polyether Sulfone-Based Epoxy Toughening: From Micro- to Nano-Phase Separation via PES End-Chain Modification and Process Engineering. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101960. [PMID: 30322057 PMCID: PMC6213164 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The toughness of a high-performance thermosetting epoxy network can be greatly improved by generating polyether sulfone-based macro- to nano-scale morphologies. Two polyethersulfones (PES) which only differ by their chain-end nature have been successively investigated as potential tougheners of a high-Tg thermoset matrix based on a mixture of trifunctional and difunctional aromatic epoxies and an aromatic diamine. For a given PES content, morphologies and toughness of the resulting matrices have been tuned by changing curing conditions and put into perspective with PES chain-end nature.
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Li S, Wang H, Liu M, Peng C, Wu Z. Epoxy-functionalized polysiloxane reinforced epoxy resin for cryogenic application. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Li
- Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Minjing Liu
- Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Cong Peng
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Materials and Energy, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Zhanjun Wu
- Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
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Li M, Heng Z, Chen Y, Zou H, Liang M. High Toughness Induced by Wormlike-Nanostructure in Epoxy Thermoset Containing Amphiphilic PDMS–PCL Block Copolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muxuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhengguang Heng
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mei Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Zhang K, Yeung MCL, Leung SYL, Yam VWW. Energy Landscape in Supramolecular Coassembly of Platinum(II) Complexes and Polymers: Morphological Diversity, Transformation, and Dilution Stability of Nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9594-9605. [PMID: 30040413 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of energy landscape has emerged as an efficient pathway for improved understanding and manipulation of both thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors of complicated supramolecular systems. Herein, we report the establishment of energy landscapes of supramolecular coassembly of platinum(II) complexes and polymers, as well as the fabrication of nanostructures with enhanced complexity and intriguing properties from the coassembly systems. In the energy landscape, coassembly at room temperature has been found to only allow the longitudinal growth of platinum(II) complexes and block copolymers into core-shell nanofibers that are the kinetically trapped products. Thermal annealing can switch on the transverse growth of platinum(II) complexes and block copolymers to produce core-shell nanobelts that are the thermodynamically stable nanostructures. The extents of the transverse growth are found to increase with thermal annealing temperatures, leading to nanobelts with larger widths. Besides, rapid quenching of a hot coassembly mixture to room temperature can capture intermediate nanobelt- block-nanofiber nanostructures that are metastable and capable of converting to nanobelts upon further incubation at room temperature. Moreover, sonication treatment has been found to couple with the energy landscape of the coassembly system and open a unique energy-driven pathway to activate the kinetically forbidden nanofiber-to-nanobelt morphological transformation. Furthermore, based on the established energy landscapes, nanosphere- block-nanobelt nanostructures with distinct segmented architectures have been fabricated by thermal annealing of the ternary mixture of platinum(II) complexes, block copolymers, and polymer brushes in a one-pot and single-step procedure. Finally, the nanobelts and nanosphere- block-nanobelt nanostructures are found to possess intriguing morphological stability against acid and dilution, exhibiting characteristics that are important for promising biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaka Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China
| | - Margaret Ching-Lam Yeung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China
| | - Sammual Yu-Lut Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China
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