1
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Identification and Characterization of a Small-Molecule Rabies Virus Entry Inhibitor. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00321-20. [PMID: 32321812 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes a severe and fatal neurological disease, but morbidity is vaccine preventable and treatable prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. However, immunoglobulin (IgG)-based rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is expensive, restricting access to life-saving treatment, especially for patients in low-income countries where the clinical need is greatest, and does not confer cross-protection against newly emerging phylogroup II lyssaviruses. Toward identifying a cost-effective replacement for the IgG component of rabies PEP, we developed and implemented a high-throughput screening protocol utilizing a single-cycle RABV reporter strain. A large-scale screen and subsequent direct and orthogonal counterscreens identified a first-in-class direct-acting RABV inhibitor, GRP-60367, with a specificity index (SI) of >100,000. Mechanistic characterization through time-of-addition studies, transient cell-to-cell fusion assays, and chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) recombinants expressing the RABV glycoprotein (G) demonstrated that GRP-60367 inhibits entry of a subset of RABV strains. Resistance profiling of the chemotype revealed hot spots in conserved hydrophobic positions of the RABV G protein fusion loop that were confirmed in transient cell-to-cell fusion assays. Transfer of RABV G genes with signature resistance mutations into a recombinant VSV backbone resulted in the recovery of replication-competent virions with low susceptibility to the inhibitor. This work outlines a tangible strategy for mechanistic characterization and resistance profiling of RABV drug candidates and identified a novel, well-behaved molecular probe chemotype that specifically targets the RABV G protein and prevents G-mediated viral entry.IMPORTANCE Rabies PEP depends on anti-RABV IgG, which is expensive and in limited supply in geographical areas with the highest disease burden. Replacing the IgG component with a cost-effective and shelf-stable small-molecule antiviral could address this unmet clinical need by expanding access to life-saving medication. This study has established a robust protocol for high-throughput anti-RABV drug screens and identified a chemically well-behaved, first-in-class hit with nanomolar anti-RABV potency that blocks RABV G protein-mediated viral entry. Resistance mapping revealed a druggable site formed by the G protein fusion loops that has not previously emerged as a target for neutralizing antibodies. Discovery of this RABV entry inhibitor establishes a new molecular probe to advance further mechanistic and structural characterization of RABV G that may aid in the design of a next-generation clinical candidate against RABV.
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2
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Esparza M, Mor A, Niederstrasser H, White K, White A, Zhang K, Gao S, Wang J, Liang J, Sho S, Sakthivel R, Sathe AA, Xing C, Muñoz-Moreno R, Shay JW, GarcÃa-Sastre A, Ready J, Posner B, Fontoura BMA. Chemical intervention of influenza virus mRNA nuclear export. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008407. [PMID: 32240278 PMCID: PMC7117665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are human pathogens with limited therapeutic options. Therefore, it is crucial to devise strategies for the identification of new classes of antiviral medications. The influenza A virus genome is constituted of 8 RNA segments. Two of these viral RNAs are transcribed into mRNAs that are alternatively spliced. The M1 mRNA encodes the M1 protein but is also alternatively spliced to yield the M2 mRNA during infection. M1 to M2 mRNA splicing occurs at nuclear speckles, and M1 and M2 mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm for translation. M1 and M2 proteins are critical for viral trafficking, assembly, and budding. Here we show that gene knockout of the cellular protein NS1-BP, a constituent of the M mRNA speckle-export pathway and a binding partner of the virulence factor NS1 protein, inhibits M mRNA nuclear export without altering bulk cellular mRNA export, providing an avenue to preferentially target influenza virus. We performed a high-content, image-based chemical screen using single-molecule RNA-FISH to label viral M mRNAs followed by multistep quantitative approaches to assess cellular mRNA and cell toxicity. We identified inhibitors of viral mRNA biogenesis and nuclear export that exhibited no significant activity towards bulk cellular mRNA at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Among the hits is a small molecule that preferentially inhibits nuclear export of a subset of viral and cellular mRNAs without altering bulk cellular mRNA export. These findings underscore specific nuclear export requirements for viral mRNAs and phenocopy down-regulation of the mRNA export factor UAP56. This RNA export inhibitor impaired replication of diverse influenza A virus strains at non-toxic concentrations. Thus, this screening strategy yielded compounds that alone or in combination may serve as leads to new ways of treating influenza virus infection and are novel tools for studying viral RNA trafficking in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Esparza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amir Mor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hanspeter Niederstrasser
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kris White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shengyan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sei Sho
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramanavelan Sakthivel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adwait A. Sathe
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raquel Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adolfo GarcÃa-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Ready
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruce Posner
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beatriz M. A. Fontoura
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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3
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Cox RM, Toots M, Yoon JJ, Sourimant J, Ludeke B, Fearns R, Bourque E, Patti J, Lee E, Vernachio J, Plemper RK. Development of an allosteric inhibitor class blocking RNA elongation by the respiratory syncytial virus polymerase complex. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16761-16777. [PMID: 30206124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents a significant health threat to infants and to elderly or immunocompromised individuals. There are currently no vaccines available to prevent RSV infections, and disease management is largely limited to supportive care, making the identification and development of effective antiviral therapeutics against RSV a priority. To identify effective chemical scaffolds for managing RSV disease, we conducted a high-throughput anti-RSV screen of a 57,000-compound library. We identified a hit compound that specifically blocked activity of the RSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex, initially with moderate low-micromolar potency. Mechanistic characterization in an in vitro RSV RdRp assay indicated that representatives of this compound class block elongation of RSV RNA products after initial extension by up to three nucleotides. Synthetic hit-to-lead exploration yielded an informative 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model and resulted in analogs with more than 20-fold improved potency and selectivity indices (SIs) of >1,000. However, first-generation leads exhibited limited water solubility and poor metabolic stability. A second optimization strategy informed by the 3D-QSAR model combined with in silico pharmacokinetics (PK) predictions yielded an advanced lead, AVG-233, that demonstrated nanomolar activity against both laboratory-adapted RSV strains and clinical RSV isolates. This anti-RSV activity extended to infection of established cell lines and primary human airway cells. PK profiling in mice revealed 34% oral bioavailability of AVG-233 and sustained high drug levels in the circulation after a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg. This promising first-in-class lead warrants further development as an anti-RSV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cox
- From the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Mart Toots
- From the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- From the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Julien Sourimant
- From the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Barbara Ludeke
- the Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, and
| | - Rachel Fearns
- the Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, and
| | | | - Joseph Patti
- Aviragen Therapeutics, Alpharetta, Georgia 30009
| | - Edward Lee
- Aviragen Therapeutics, Alpharetta, Georgia 30009
| | | | - Richard K Plemper
- From the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,
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4
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Tautomeric and non-tautomeric N-substituted 2-iminobenzimidazolines as new lead compounds for the design of anti-influenza drugs: An in vitro study. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5796-5803. [PMID: 27670100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,3-disubstituted 2-iminobenzimidazolines as well as a number of their tautomeric analogs were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against MDCK cells and for inhibiting activity against influenza virus A/California/07/09 (H1N1)pdm09. Based on the results obtained, 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50), 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) and selectivity index (SI) were calculated for each compound. It was found that some of synthesized benzimidazole derivatives (7 of 22, 32%) possess strong virus-inhibiting activity against pandemic influenza virus (IC50's in low micromolar range) with quite moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 in the range of thousands micromoles). Due to their high selectivity (highest SI's=50-83) these compounds are of significant interest for further in vivo experiments as well as for further structural optimization and drug development.
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5
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Weisshaar M, Cox R, Morehouse Z, Kyasa SK, Yan D, Oberacker P, Mao S, Golden JE, Lowen AC, Natchus MG, Plemper RK. Identification and Characterization of Influenza Virus Entry Inhibitors through Dual Myxovirus High-Throughput Screening. J Virol 2016; 90:7368-7387. [PMID: 27252534 PMCID: PMC4984618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00898-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A virus (IAV) infections cause major morbidity and mortality, generating an urgent need for novel antiviral therapeutics. We recently established a dual myxovirus high-throughput screening protocol that combines a fully replication-competent IAV-WSN strain and a respiratory syncytial virus reporter strain for the simultaneous identification of IAV-specific, paramyxovirus-specific, and broad-spectrum inhibitors. In the present study, this protocol was applied to a screening campaign to assess a diverse chemical library with over 142,000 entries. Focusing on IAV-specific hits, we obtained a hit rate of 0.03% after cytotoxicity testing and counterscreening. Three chemically distinct hit classes with nanomolar potency and favorable cytotoxicity profiles were selected. Time-of-addition, minigenome, and viral entry studies demonstrated that these classes block hemagglutinin (HA)-mediated membrane fusion. Antiviral activity extends to an isolate from the 2009 pandemic and, in one case, another group 1 subtype. Target identification through biolayer interferometry confirmed binding of all hit compounds to HA. Resistance profiling revealed two distinct escape mechanisms: primary resistance, associated with reduced compound binding, and secondary resistance, associated with unaltered binding. Secondary resistance was mediated, unusually, through two different pairs of cooperative mutations, each combining a mutation eliminating the membrane-proximal stalk N-glycan with a membrane-distal change in HA1 or HA2. Chemical synthesis of an analog library combined with in silico docking extracted a docking pose for the hit classes. Chemical interrogation spotlights IAV HA as a major druggable target for small-molecule inhibition. Our study identifies novel chemical scaffolds with high developmental potential, outlines diverse routes of IAV escape from entry inhibition, and establishes a path toward structure-aided lead development. IMPORTANCE This study is one of the first to apply a fully replication-competent third-generation IAV reporter strain to a large-scale high-throughput screen (HTS) drug discovery campaign, allowing multicycle infection and screening in physiologically relevant human respiratory cells. A large number of potential druggable targets was thus chemically interrogated, but mechanistic characterization, positive target identification, and resistance profiling demonstrated that three chemically promising and structurally distinct hit classes selected for further analysis all block HA-mediated membrane fusion. Viral escape from inhibition could be achieved through primary and secondary resistance mechanisms. In silico docking predicted compound binding to a microdomain located at the membrane-distal site of the prefusion HA stalk that was also previously suggested as a target site for chemically unrelated HA inhibitors. This study identifies an unexpected chemodominance of the HA stalk microdomain for small-molecule inhibitors in IAV inhibitor screening campaigns and highlights a novel mechanism of cooperative resistance to IAV entry blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Weisshaar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary Morehouse
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shiva K Kyasa
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dan Yan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Phil Oberacker
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuli Mao
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Golden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Derivatives containing both coumarin and benzimidazole potently induce caspase-dependent apoptosis of cancer cells through inhibition of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:667-77. [PMID: 25811964 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins are a large family of compounds derived from a wide range of plants, fungi, and bacteria, and coumarin derivatives can have extremely variable structures and consequently diverse biological properties including antitumor activity. Compounds that bear a benzimidazole moiety are known to possess antitumor activity and a variety of other biological activities. High-throughput screening of a compound library identified a coumarin-containing and a benzimidazole-containing compound [#32, 7-(diethylamino)-3-(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one] that has potent anticancer activity. Evaluation of 17 additional analogs further identified three compounds with anticancer activity in 14 different human cancer cell lines. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and western blotting analyses suggested that these compounds can induce caspase-dependent apoptosis. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analyses of 26 cancer-related genes revealed that seven genes (NPPB, ATF3, DDIT4, CDH10, TSPAN14, TXNIP, and AXL) were significantly upregulated and nine genes (PAGE4, LRP8, SNCAIP, IGFBP5, SLCO2A1, CLDN2, ESRRG, D2HGDH, and PDGFRA) were significantly downregulated. The most upregulated gene is natriuretic peptide precursor B (NPPB) or brain natriuretic peptide, which is increased by 7-, 27-, and 197-fold at 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. The second most upregulated gene is ATF3, which is increased by 23-fold at the 48 h timepoint. PAGE4 and IGFBP5 are the two most downregulated genes, with a 17-fold reduction in both genes. The expression of several genes (DDIT4, PDGFRA, LRP8, IGFBP5) and western blotting data on key signaling proteins indicate that compound #32 significantly inhibits the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, an intracellular signaling pathway critical in cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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7
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Wang Z, Niu JL, Zhang LZ, Guo JW, Hao XQ, Song MP. Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of the pincer platinum(II) complexes with m-bis(benzimidazol-2′-yl)benzene ligand. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Grimmer C, Moore TW, Padwa A, Prussia A, Wells G, Wu S, Sun A, Snyder JP. Antiviral atropisomers: conformational energy surfaces by NMR for host-directed myxovirus blockers. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2214-23. [PMID: 25058809 DOI: 10.1021/ci500204j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active organic molecules characterized by a high single bond torsional barrier generate isolable isomers (atropisomers) and offer a unique stereochemical component to the design of selective therapeutic agents. The present work presents a nanomolar active inhibitor of myxoviruses, which most likely acts by blocking one or more cellular host proteins but also, serendipitously, exhibits axial chirality with an energy barrier of ΔG((++)) ≥30 kcal/mol. The latter has been probed by variable temperature NMR and microwave irradiation and by high level DFT transition state analysis and force field calculations. Full conformational profiles of the corresponding (aR,S) and (aS,S) atropisomers at ambient temperature were derived by conformer deconvolution with NAMFIS (NMR Analysis by Molecular Flexibility In Solution) methodology to generate seven and eight individual conformations, each assigned a % population. An accurate evaluation of a key torsion angle at the center of the molecules associated with a (3)JC-S-C-H coupling constant was obtained by mapping the S-C bond rotation with the MPW1PW91/6-31G-d,p DFT method followed by fitting the resulting dihedral angles and J-values to a Karplus expression. Accordingly, we have developed a complete conformational profile of diastereomeric atropisomers consistent with both high and low rotational barriers. We expect this assessment to assist the rationalization of the selectivity of the two (aR,S) and (aS,S) forms against host proteins, while offering insights into their divergent toxicity behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Grimmer
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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9
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A novel annulation reaction of N-substituted-2-nitrosoanilines with esters of α-isocyano acids. A one-pot, two-step route to 2-benzimidazole-substituted esters of α-amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wang Z, Sun Z, Hao XQ, Niu JL, Wei D, Tu T, Gong JF, Song MP. Neutral and Cationic NCN Pincer Platinum(II) Complexes with 1,3-Bis(benzimidazol-2′-yl)benzene Ligands: Synthesis, Structures, and Their Photophysical Properties. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om400946n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering,
Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheming Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220
Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering,
Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering,
Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering,
Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Tu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220
Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fang Gong
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering,
Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering,
Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Moore T, Sana K, Yan D, Krumm SA, Thepchatri P, Snyder JP, Marengo J, Arrendale R, Prussia AJ, Natchus MG, Liotta DC, Plemper R, Sun A. Synthesis and Metabolic Studies of Host Directed Inhibitors for Anti Viral Therapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:762-767. [PMID: 23956816 PMCID: PMC3743129 DOI: 10.1021/ml400166b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting host cell factors required for virus replication provides an alternative to targeting pathogen components and represents a promising approach to develop broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. High-throughput screening (HTS) identified two classes of inhibitors (2 and 3) with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against ortho- and paramyxoviruses including influenza A virus (IAV), measles virus (MeV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). Hit-to-lead optimization delivered inhibitor, 28a, with EC50 values of 0.88 and 0.81 μM against IAV strain WSN and MeV strain Edmonston, respectively. It was also found that compound 28a delivers good stability in human liver S9 fractions with a half-life of 165 minutes. These data establish 28a as a promising lead for antiviral therapy through a host-directed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry
W. Moore
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Kasinath Sana
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Dan Yan
- University Center for Inflammation,
Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Stefanie A. Krumm
- University Center for Inflammation,
Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Pahk Thepchatri
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - James P. Snyder
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia
30322, United States
| | - José Marengo
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Richard
F. Arrendale
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Andrew J. Prussia
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Michael G. Natchus
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia
30322, United States
| | - Richard
K. Plemper
- University Center for Inflammation,
Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate
Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Aiming Sun
- Emory Institute
for Drug Development,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
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12
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Moore TW, Sana K, Yan D, Thepchatri P, Ndungu JM, Saindane MT, Lockwood MA, Natchus MG, Liotta DC, Plemper RK, Snyder JP, Sun A. Asymmetric synthesis of host-directed inhibitors of myxoviruses. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:197-203. [PMID: 23400228 PMCID: PMC3566758 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) previously identified benzimidazole 1 (JMN3-003) as a compound with broad antiviral activity against different influenza viruses and paramyxovirus strains. In pursuit of a lead compound from this series for development, we sought to increase both the potency and the aqueous solubility of 1. Lead optimization has achieved compounds with potent antiviral activity against a panel of myxovirus family members (EC50 values in the low nanomolar range) and much improved aqueous solubilities relative to that of 1. Additionally, we have devised a robust synthetic strategy for preparing 1 and congeners in an enantio-enriched fashion, which has allowed us to demonstrate that the (S)-enantiomers are generally 7- to 110-fold more potent than the corresponding (R)-isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moore
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Ndungu JM, Krumm SA, Yan D, Arrendale RF, Reddy GP, Evers T, Howard R, Natchus MG, Saindane MT, Liotta DC, Plemper RK, Snyder JP, Sun A. Non-nucleoside inhibitors of the measles virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4220-30. [PMID: 22480182 DOI: 10.1021/jm201699w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The measles virus (MeV), a member of the paramyxovirus family, is an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. In an effort to provide therapeutic treatments for improved measles management, we previously identified a small, non-nucleoside organic inhibitor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by means of high-throughput screening. Subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around the corresponding pyrazole carboxamide scaffold led to the discovery of 2 (AS-136a), a first generation lead with low nanomolar potency against life MeV and attractive physical properties suitable for development. However, its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (F) in rat suggested that the lead could benefit from further SAR studies to improve the biophysical characteristics of the compound. Optimization of in vitro potency and aqueous solubility led to the discovery of 2o (ERDRP-00519), a potent inhibitor of MeV (EC(50) = 60 nM) with an aqueous solubility of approximately 60 μg/mL. The agent shows a 10-fold exposure (AUC/C(max)) increase in the rat model relative to 2, displays near dose proportionality in the range of 10-50 mg/kg, and exhibits good oral bioavailability (F = 39%). The significant solubility increase appears linked to the improved oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maina Ndungu
- Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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