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Barbosa-Méndez S, Matus-Ortega M, Hernandez-Miramontes R, Salazar-Juarez A. COT-TT vaccine attenuates cocaine-seeking and cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2299068. [PMID: 38228468 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2299068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination active, promising alternative immunological strategy to treat of CUD. Various models of cocaine vaccines have been evaluated in animals and humans with relative success. In this sense, it is necessary to improve or optimize the cocaine vaccines already evaluated. Our laboratory previously reported the efficacy of the tetanus toxoid-conjugated morphine vaccine (M6-TT). The M6-TT vaccine can generate high titers of antibodies and reduce heroin-induced behavioral effects in rodents. So, it would be plausible to assume that if we modify the M6-TT vaccine by changing the hapten and maintaining the rest of the structural elements of the vaccine, we will maintain the properties of the M6-TT vaccine (high antibody titers). The objective of this study was to determine whether the antibodies generated by a tetanus toxoid-conjugated cocaine vaccine (COC-TT) can recognize and capture cocaine and decrease the cocaine-induced reinforcing effects. Male Wistar rats were immunized with the COC-TT. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. The study used cocaine self-administration and place-preference testing to evaluate the cocaine-reinforcing effects. The COC-TT vaccine could generate high levels of anti-cocaine antibodies. The antibodies reduced the cocaine self-administration and cocaine place preference. In addition, they decreased the cocaine-induced Fos protein expression. These findings suggest that the COC-TT vaccine generates a robust immunogenic response capable of reducing the reinforcing effects of cocaine, which supports its possible future use in clinical trials in patients with CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Neuroquímica de las Adicciones, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Hernandez-Miramontes
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juarez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
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2
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Madge HYR, Alexander S, Azuar A, Zhang J, Koirala P, Burne TH, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Synthetic Anti-Cocaine Nanoaccine Successfully Prevents Cocaine-Induced Hyperlocomotion. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12407-12419. [PMID: 37646732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most widely used and increasingly popular illicit psychoactive drugs. Unlike other commonly used substances of abuse, cocaine has no pharmacological therapies to treat addiction or aid in rehabilitation. Immunopharmacology has long been touted as a possible avenue to develop effective anticocaine therapies; however, lack of efficacy and designs which are not consistent with simple large-scale production have hindered vaccine translation. We have designed and synthesized a peptide-based anti-cocaine immunogen which we have shown is capable of inducing physiologically relevant immune responses in mice as part of a self-adjuvanting delivery system or in combination with the human-approved commercial adjuvant MF59. We have demonstrated that immunization with the reported vaccine elicits high titers of anti-cocaine IgG and prevents cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in an in vivo murine model. This peptide-hapten immunogen along with self-adjuvanting liposomal-based delivery system provides a platform for the development of effective anti-drug vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Y R Madge
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Suzy Alexander
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, 4076, Australia
| | - Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Prashamsa Koirala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, 4076, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Jimenez Ruiz F, Warner NS, Acampora G, Coleman JR, Kohan L. Substance Use Disorders: Basic Overview for the Anesthesiologist. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:508-520. [PMID: 37590795 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a current major public health concern in the United States and around the world. Social and economic stressors secondary to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have likely led to an increase in SUDs around the world. This chronic, debilitating disease is a prevalent health problem, and yet many clinicians do not have adequate training or clinical experience diagnosing and treating SUDs. Anesthesiologists and other perioperative medical staff frequently encounter patients with co-occurring SUDs. By such, through increased awareness and education, physicians and other health care providers have a unique opportunity to positively impact the lives and improve the perioperative outcomes of patients with SUDs. Understanding commonly used terms, potentially effective perioperative screening tools, diagnostic criteria, basics of treatment, and the perioperative implications of SUDs is essential to providing adequate care to patients experiencing this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Jimenez Ruiz
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nafisseh S Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory Acampora
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John R Coleman
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lynn Kohan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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4
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Crouse B, Miller SM, Muelken P, Hicks L, Vigliaturo JR, Marker CL, Guedes AGP, Pentel PR, Evans JT, LeSage MG, Pravetoni M. A TLR7/8 agonist increases efficacy of anti-fentanyl vaccines in rodent and porcine models. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:107. [PMID: 37488109 PMCID: PMC10366150 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorders (OUD) and overdose are public health threats worldwide. Widespread access to highly potent illicit synthetic opioids such as fentanyl is driving the recent rise in fatal overdoses. Vaccines containing fentanyl-based haptens conjugated to immunogenic carrier proteins offer a long-lasting, safe, and cost-effective strategy to protect individuals from overdose upon accidental or deliberate exposure to fentanyl and its analogs. Prophylactic or therapeutic active immunization with an anti-fentanyl vaccine induces the production of fentanyl-specific antibodies that bind the drug in the blood and prevent its distribution to the brain, which reduces its reinforcing effects and attenuates respiratory depression and bradycardia. To increase the efficacy of a lead anti-fentanyl vaccine, this study tested whether the incorporation of synthetic toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR7/8 agonists as vaccine adjuvants would increase vaccine efficacy against fentanyl challenge, overdose, and self-administration in either rats or Hanford miniature pigs. Formulation of the vaccine with a nucleolipid TLR7/8 agonist enhanced its immunogenicity and efficacy in preventing fentanyl-induced respiratory depression, analgesia, bradycardia, and self-administration in either rats or mini-pigs. These studies support the use of TLR7/8 adjuvants in vaccine formulations to improve their clinical efficacy against OUD and potentially other substance use disorders (SUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Crouse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- HealthPartners Institute, Research and Evaluation Division, 8170 33rd Ave S, Bloomington, MN, 55425, USA
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Peter Muelken
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda Hicks
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jennifer R Vigliaturo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cheryl L Marker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Luvo Bioscience, 7500W. Henrietta Road, Rush, NY, 14543, USA
| | - Alonso G P Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Paul R Pentel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Mark G LeSage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Medication Development for Substance Use Disorders, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Haile CN, Varner KJ, Huijing X, Arora R, Orson FM, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. Active and Passive Immunization with an Anti-Methamphetamine Vaccine Attenuates the Behavioral and Cardiovascular Effects of Methamphetamine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091508. [PMID: 36146588 PMCID: PMC9503672 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a growing health concern with no FDA-approved treatment. The present series of studies build upon our previous work developing an anti-methamphetamine (MA) vaccine for MUD. We determined the effects of a formulation that included tetanus-toxoid (TT) conjugated to succinyl-methamphetamine (TT-SMA) adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide (alum) in combination with the novel Toll-Like Receptor-5 agonist, entolimod. METHODS Mice were vaccinated (0, 3, 6 weeks) with TT-SMA+alum and various doses of entolimod to determine an optimal dose for enhancing immunogenicity against MA. Functional effects were then assessed using MA-induced locomotor activation in mice. Experiments using passive immunization of antibodies generated by the vaccine tested its ability to attenuate MA-induced cardiovascular effects and alter the reinforcing effects of MA in an MA-induced reinstatement of a drug seeking model of relapse in male and female rats. RESULTS Antibody levels peaked at 10 weeks following vaccination with TT-SMA+alum combined with entolimod (1, 3 and 10 μg). MA-induced locomotor activation was significantly attenuated in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated mice and antibody levels significantly correlated with ambulation levels. Passive immunization decreased mean arterial pressure following MA dosing in rats of both sexes but did not alter heart rate. Passive immunization also attenuated the ability of MA to reinstate extinguished drug-seeking behavior in male and female rats. Results support further development of this vaccine for relapse prevention for individuals with MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N. Haile
- Department of Psychology/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Kurt J. Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xia Huijing
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Reetakshi Arora
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank M. Orson
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Therese A. Kosten
- Department of Psychology/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Celik M, Fuehrlein B. A Review of Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Prospects. Immunotargets Ther 2022; 11:55-66. [PMID: 36199734 PMCID: PMC9528911 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s370435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Celik
- Research Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Fuehrlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Correspondence: Brian Fuehrlein, Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, Tel +1-203-932-5711 x4471, Fax +1-203-937-4904, Email
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7
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Kamal Hossain M, Davidson M, Feehan J, Deraos G, Nurgali K, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Development and characterization of a novel conjugated methamphetamine vaccine. Vaccine 2022; 40:5882-5891. [PMID: 36041942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) addiction is a major public health concern globally with limited management options. The development of a METH vaccine through hapten design has received significant attention as a promising platform for the potential treatment of METH addiction and overdose, however there is yet to be a successful candidate in human trials. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we developed a novel conjugated METH vaccine using oxidized mannan (a polymannose) as an immunogenic carrier. A METH hapten was synthesized by using amphetamine and conjugated to mannan with a (Lysine-Glycine-Lysine-Glycine-lysine-Glycine-Lysine-Glycine-Lysine-Glycine) (KG)5 peptide linker. RESULTS The reaction between amphetamine and (KG)5, oxidation of mannan, and conjugation of amphetamine-(KG)5 with oxidized mannan were confirmed by color tests, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Additionally, the ability of the vaccine to generate antibodies was confirmed in C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSIONS The successful development and characterization of the METH-mannan conjugate vaccine, provides a potential therapeutic intervention to curb METH substance use disorders. Each step of vaccine development was characterized to aid in future research on these vaccines, and the immunogenicity shown in the animal models supports future evaluation of the approach. Future studies of the conjugated METH vaccine should evaluate the efficacy in animal models of acute and chronic METH to pave the way for human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Newdrug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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8
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Farshidi H, Farshidi N, Ghaedi T, Hassaniazad M, Eftekhar E, Gouklani H, Asadi Karam MR, Shahbazi B, Kalani M, Ahmadi K. Preparation and pre-clinical evaluation of flagellin-adjuvanted NOM vaccine candidate formulated with Spike protein against SARS-CoV-2 in mouse model. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105736. [PMID: 36030048 PMCID: PMC9400380 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
From December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was started as a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disturbing statistics of SARS-CoV-2 promoted scientists to develop an effective vaccine against this infection. NOM protein is a multi-epitope protein that designed based on Nucleocapsid, ORF3a, and Membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Flagellin is a structural protein that binds to the Toll-like receptor 5 and can enhance the immune response to a particular antigen. In this study, NOM protein as vaccine candidate was linked to the carboxyl and amino terminals of flagellin adjuvant derived from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin. Then, informatics evaluations were performed for both NOM protein and NOM protein linked to flagellin (FNOM). The interaction between the NOM and FNOM proteins with the TLR5 were assessed using docking analysis. The FNOM protein, which compared to the NOM protein, had a more suitable 3D structure and a stronger interaction with TLR5, was selected for experimental study. The FNOM and Spike (S) proteins expressed and then purified by Ni-NTA column as vaccine candidates. For analysis of immune response, anti-FNOM and anti-S proteins total IgG and IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-22 and IL-17 cytokines were evaluated after vaccination of mice with vaccine candidates. The results indicated that the specific antisera (Total IgG) raised in mice that received FNOM protein formulated with S protein were higher than mice that received FNOM and S proteins alone. Also, IFN-γ and TNF-α levels after the spleen cells stimulation were significantly increased in mice that received the FNOM protein formulated with S protein compared to other groups. Immunogenic evaluations showed that, the FNOM chimeric protein could simultaneously elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Finally, it could be concluded that the FNOM protein formulated with S protein could be considered as potential vaccine candidate for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Farshidi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Narges Farshidi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Ghaedi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassaniazad
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center، Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hamed Gouklani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Shahbazi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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da Silva Neto L, da Silva Maia AF, Godin AM, de Almeida Augusto PS, Pereira RLG, Caligiorne SM, Alves RB, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Goulart GAC, Martins FT, das Neves MDCL, Garcia FD, de Fátima Â. Calix[ n]arene-based immunogens: A new non-proteic strategy for anti-cocaine vaccine. J Adv Res 2022; 38:285-298. [PMID: 35572397 PMCID: PMC9091763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cocaine use disorder is a significant public health issue without a current specific approved treatment. Among different approaches to this disorder, it is possible to highlight a promising immunologic strategy in which an immunogenic agent may reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug if they are able to yield sufficient specific antibodies capable to bind cocaine and/or its psychoactive metabolites before entering into the brain. Several carriers have been investigated in the anti-cocaine vaccine development; however, they generally present a very complex chemical structure, which potentially hampers the proper assessment of the coupling efficiency between the hapten units and the protein structure. Objectives The present study reports the design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of two novel calix[n]arene-based anti-cocaine immunogens (herein named as V4N2 and V8N2) by the tethering of the hydrolysis-tolerant hapten GNE (15) on calix[4]arene and calix[8]arene moieties. Methods The preclinical assessment corresponded to the immunogenicity and dose-response evaluation of V4N2 and V8N2. The potential of the produced antibodies to reduce the passage of cocaine analogue through the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), modifying its biodistribution was also investigated. Results Both calix[n]arene-based immunogens elicited high titers of cocaine antibodies that modified the biodistribution of a cocaine radiolabeled analogue (99mTc-TRODAT-1) and decreased cocaine-induced behavior, according to an animal model. Conclusion The present results demonstrate the potential of V4N2 and V8N2 as immunogens for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo da Silva Neto
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Angélica Faleiros da Silva Maia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Martins Godin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sordaini Maria Caligiorne
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire Brondi Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Assis Castro Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Terra Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Frederico Duarte Garcia
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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10
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Côté-Cyr M, Zottig X, Gauthier L, Archambault D, Bourgault S. Self-Assembly of Flagellin into Immunostimulatory Ring-like Nanostructures as an Antigen Delivery System. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:694-707. [PMID: 35080372 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous nanoparticles represent attractive antigen carriers for vaccination as their size and repetitive antigen displays that mimic most viral particles enable efficient immune processing. However, these nanocarriers are often unable to stimulate efficiently the innate immune system, requiring coadministration with adjuvants to promote long-lasting protective immunity. The protein flagellin, which constitutes the primary constituent of the bacterial flagellum, has been widely evaluated as an antigen carrier due to its intrinsic adjuvant properties involving activation of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Although flagellin is known for its ability to self-assemble into micron-scale length nanotubes, few studies have evaluated the potential usage of flagellin-based nanostructures as immunostimulatory antigen carriers. In this study, we reported for the first time a strategy to guide the self-assembly of a flagellin protein from Bacillus subtilis, Hag, into lower aspect ratio nanoparticles by hindering non-covalent interactions responsible for its elongation into nanotubes. We observed that addition of an antigenic sequence derived from the influenza A virus (3M2e) at the C-terminus of this flagellin, as opposed to positioning the epitope into mid-sequence, precluded filament elongation and resulted in low aspect ratio ring-like nanostructures upon salting-out-induced self-assembly. These nanostructures displayed the antigen at their surface and shared morphological and structural characteristics with flagellin nanotubes, with a diameter of approximately 12 nm, and an α-helix-rich secondary structure. Flagellin ring-like nanostructures were efficiently internalized by antigen-presenting cells, and avidly activated the TLR5 in vitro as well as the innate and adaptive immune responses. Intranasal immunization of mice with these nanostructures resulted in the potentiation of the antigen-specific antibody response and protection against a lethal infection with the influenza A virus, illustrating the potential of these intrinsically immunostimulatory nanostructures as antigen carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Côté-Cyr
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Ximena Zottig
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Laurie Gauthier
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
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11
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de Almeida Augusto PS, Pereira RLG, Caligiorne SM, Sabato B, Assis BRD, do Espírito Santo LP, Dos Reis KD, Castro Goulart GA, de Fátima Â, de Castro Lourenço das Neves M, Garcia FD. The GNE-KLH anti-cocaine vaccine protects dams and offspring from cocaine-induced effects during the prenatal and lactating periods. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7784-7791. [PMID: 34381172 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protecting children from prenatal cocaine exposure is a significant challenge for physicians and childbearing women with cocaine use disorder. Cocaine use is highly prevalent among reproductive-aged women and prenatal cocaine exposure produces obstetric, foetal neurodevelopmental and long-term behavioural impairments. Cocaine crosses the maternal and foetal blood-brain barrier and the placenta by diffusion. The best approach to prevent prenatal cocaine exposure is to stop cocaine use. However, only 25% of cocaine users can discontinue their use during pregnancy. Anti-cocaine vaccination decreases cocaine passage through the blood-brain barrier. This study describes an innovative approach for preventing prenatal cocaine exposure using the GNE-KLH anti-cocaine vaccine, a novel use for the named anti-drug vaccines. Here, we show that anti-cocaine vaccination with GNE-KLH produced and maintained anti-cocaine IgG antibody titres and avidity during pregnancy. These antibodies protected the pregnant rats and their pups against prenatal cocaine damage during pregnancy until weaning. The present work is the first preclinical evidence of the efficacy of an innovative mechanism to prevent prenatal cocaine exposure damage, a worldwide public health care issue. In the future, this mechanism may be useful in pregnant women with cocaine use disorder. Further studies to understand the mechanisms of how anti-cocaine antibodies exert their protective effects in pregnancy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio de Almeida Augusto
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raissa Lima Gonçalves Pereira
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sordaini Maria Caligiorne
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Brian Sabato
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rodrigues Dias Assis
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pires do Espírito Santo
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karine Dias Dos Reis
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Assis Castro Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Orgânica e Biológica (GEQOB), Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerias (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maila de Castro Lourenço das Neves
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Frederico Duarte Garcia
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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12
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Atapour A, Ghalamfarsa F, Naderi S, Hatam G. Designing of a Novel Fusion Protein Vaccine Candidate Against Human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) Using Immunoinformatics and Structural Approaches. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:1885-1898. [PMID: 33935610 PMCID: PMC8067785 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. The clinical forms of leishmaniasis differ from cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which depend on the parasite species and the host's immune responses. There are significant challenges to the available anti-leishmanial drug therapy, particularly in severe forms of disease, and the rise of drug resistance has made it more difficult. Currently, no licensed vaccines have been introduced to the market for the control and elimination of VL. A potential target for use in candidate vaccines against leishmaniasis has been shown to be leishmania Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11) antigen. In this study, we chose KMP-11 antigen as target antigen in our vaccine construct. In addition, B-type flagellin (fliC) was used as an adjuvant for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity. The GSGSGSGSGSG linker was applied to link the KMP-11 antigen and fliC (KMP-11-fliC) to construct our fusion protein. Bioinformatics approaches such as; 3D homology modeling, CTL, B-cell, MHC class I and II epitopes prediction, allergenicity, antigenicity evaluations, molecular docking, fast simulations of flexibility of docked complex and in silico cloning were employed to analysis and evaluation of various properties of the designed fusion construct. Computational results showed that our engineered structure has the potential for proper stimulation of cellular and humoral immune responses against VL. Consequently, it could be proposed as a candidate vaccine against VL according to these data and after verifying the efficacy of the candidate vaccine through in vivo and in vitro immunological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Atapour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-14336 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farideh Ghalamfarsa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Naderi
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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13
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Crouse B, Robinson C, Huseby Kelcher A, Laudenbach M, Abrahante JE, Pravetoni M. Mechanisms of interleukin 4 mediated increase in efficacy of vaccines against opioid use disorders. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:99. [PMID: 33101712 PMCID: PMC7578047 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorders (OUD) affect over 27 million people worldwide. Anti-opioid vaccines offer a promising strategy to treat OUD and prevent overdose. Using immunomodulation of cytokine signaling to increase vaccine efficacy, this study found that blocking IL-4 improved the efficacy of vaccines targeting oxycodone and fentanyl in male and female mice. Genetic deletion of the IL-4 receptor, STAT6, or antibody-based depletion of IL-13, did not increase vaccine efficacy against opioids, suggesting the involvement of type I IL-4 receptors. Enhancement of vaccine efficacy with blockade of IL-4 was associated with improved germinal center formation in secondary lymphoid organs and selective transcriptome signatures in the activated CD4+ T cell population subset. These data suggest that IL-4 is both a pharmacological target and a potential biomarker of vaccine efficacy against OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Crouse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455 USA
| | - Christine Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - April Huseby Kelcher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Megan Laudenbach
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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14
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Chiu TW, Peng CJ, Chen MC, Hsu MH, Liang YH, Chiu CH, Fang JM, Lee YC. Constructing conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium using lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:89. [PMID: 32831077 PMCID: PMC7443816 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a nontyphoidal and common foodborne pathogen that causes serious threat to humans. There is no licensed vaccine to prevent the nontyphoid bacterial infection caused by S. Typhimurium. Methods To develop conjugate vaccines, the bacterial lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide (LFPS) is prepared as the immunogen and used to synthesize the LFPS–linker–protein conjugates 6a–9b. The designed bifunctional linkers 1–5 comprising either an o-phenylenediamine or amine moiety are specifically attached to the exposed 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), an α-ketoacid saccharide of LFPS, via condensation reaction or decarboxylative amidation. In addition to bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, the S. Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) is also used as a self-adjuvanting protein carrier. Results The synthesized conjugate vaccines are characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), and their contents of polysaccharides and protein are determined by phenol–sulfuric acid assay and bicinchoninic acid assay, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) shows that immunization of mouse with the LFPS–linker–protein vaccines at a dosage of 2.5 μg is sufficient to elicit serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The straight-chain amide linkers in conjugates 7a–9b do not interfere with the desired immune response. Vaccines 7a and 7b derived from either unfractionated LFPS or the high-mass portion show equal efficacy in induction of IgG antibodies. The challenge experiments are performed by oral gavage of S. Typhimurium pathogen, and vaccine 7c having FliC as the self-adjuvanting protein carrier exhibits a high vaccine efficacy of 74% with 80% mice survival rate at day 28 post the pathogen challenge. Conclusions This study demonstrates that lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide prepared from Gram-negative bacteria is an appropriate immunogen, in which the exposed Kdo is connected to bifunctional linkers to form conjugate vaccines. The decarboxylative amidation of Kdo is a novel and useful method to construct a relatively robust and low immunogenic straight-chain amide linkage. The vaccine efficacy is enhanced by using bacterial flagellin as the self-adjuvanting carrier protein. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jiun Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Hsu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan Chuan Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218-2685, USA
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15
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Zottig X, Côté-Cyr M, Arpin D, Archambault D, Bourgault S. Protein Supramolecular Structures: From Self-Assembly to Nanovaccine Design. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1008. [PMID: 32466176 PMCID: PMC7281494 DOI: 10.3390/nano10051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Life-inspired protein supramolecular assemblies have recently attracted considerable attention for the development of next-generation vaccines to fight against infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune diseases and cancer. Protein self-assembly enables atomic scale precision over the final architecture, with a remarkable diversity of structures and functionalities. Self-assembling protein nanovaccines are associated with numerous advantages, including biocompatibility, stability, molecular specificity and multivalency. Owing to their nanoscale size, proteinaceous nature, symmetrical organization and repetitive antigen display, protein assemblies closely mimic most invading pathogens, serving as danger signals for the immune system. Elucidating how the structural and physicochemical properties of the assemblies modulate the potency and the polarization of the immune responses is critical for bottom-up design of vaccines. In this context, this review briefly covers the fundamentals of supramolecular interactions involved in protein self-assembly and presents the strategies to design and functionalize these assemblies. Examples of advanced nanovaccines are presented, and properties of protein supramolecular structures enabling modulation of the immune responses are discussed. Combining the understanding of the self-assembly process at the molecular level with knowledge regarding the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses will support the design of safe and effective nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Zottig
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada; (X.Z.); (M.C.-C.); (D.A.)
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, CRIPA, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mélanie Côté-Cyr
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada; (X.Z.); (M.C.-C.); (D.A.)
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, CRIPA, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Dominic Arpin
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada; (X.Z.); (M.C.-C.); (D.A.)
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, CRIPA, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, CRIPA, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada; (X.Z.); (M.C.-C.); (D.A.)
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, CRIPA, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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16
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Zhao Y, Li Z, Zhu X, Cao Y, Chen X. Improving immunogenicity and safety of flagellin as vaccine carrier by high-density display on virus-like particle surface. Biomaterials 2020; 249:120030. [PMID: 32315864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flagellin is a protein-based adjuvant that activates toll-like receptor (TLR) 5. Flagellin has been actively explored as vaccine adjuvants and carriers. Preclinical and clinical studies find flagellin-based vaccines have a risk to induce systemic adverse reactions potentially due to its overt activation of TLR5. To improve safety and immunogenicity of flagellin as vaccine carriers, FljB was displayed at high densities on hepatitis b core (HBc) virus-like particle (VLP) surface upon c/e1 loop insertion. FljB-HBc (FH) VLPs showed significantly reduced ability to activate TLR5 or induce systemic interleukin-6 release as compared to FljB. FH VLPs also failed to significantly increase rectal temperature of mice, while FljB could significantly increase rectal temperature of mice. These data indicated systemic safety of FljB could be significantly improved by high-density display on HBc VLP surface. Besides improved safety, FH VLPs and FljB similarly boosted co-administered ovalbumin immunization and FH VLPs were found to induce two-fold higher anti-FljB antibody titer than FljB. These data indicated preserved adjuvant potency and improved immunogenicity after high-density display of FljB on HBc VLP surface. Consistent with the high immunogenicity, FH VLPs were found to be more efficiently taken up by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and stimulate more potent dendritic cell maturation than FljB. Lastly, FH VLPs were found to be a more immunogenic carrier than FljB, HBc VLPs, or the widely used keyhole limpet hemocyanin for nicotine vaccine development with a good local and systemic safety. Our data support FH VLPs to be a potentially safer and more immunogenic carrier than FljB for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhao
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Zhuofan Li
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Yan Cao
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
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17
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Xu A, Kosten TR. Current status of immunotherapies for addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1489:3-16. [PMID: 32147860 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of substance use disorders has always been challenging because multiple neurotransmitters mediate addiction. However, with smoking being the leading cause of preventable death and the recent opioid epidemic in the United States, the search for novel solutions becomes more imperative. In this review, we discuss the use of antibodies to treat addictions and highlight areas of success and areas that require improvement, using examples from cocaine, nicotine, and opioid vaccines. Through each example, we examine creative problem-solving strategies for developing future vaccines, such as using an adenovirus vector as a carrier, designing bivalent vaccines, stimulating Toll-like receptors for adjuvant effects, and altering the route of administration. Our review also covers passive immunization alone to override or prevent drug toxicity as well as in combination with vaccines for more rapid and potentially greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Xu
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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18
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Psychopharmacology: neuroimmune signaling in psychiatric disease-developing vaccines against abused drugs using toll-like receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2899-2907. [PMID: 30726515 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since substance use disorders have few or no effective pharmacotherapies, researchers have developed vaccines as immune-therapies against nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids including fentanyl. OBJECTIVES We focus on enhancing antibody (AB) production through stimulation of toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) during active vaccination. The stimulating adjuvant is Entolimod, a novel protein derivative of flagellin. We review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Entolimod's actions on TLR5. RESULTS Entolimod shows excellent efficacy for increasing AB levels to levels well beyond those produced by anti-addiction vaccines alone in animal models and humans. These ABs also significantly block the behavioral effects of the targeted drug of abuse. The TLR5 stimulation involves a wide range of immune cell types such as dendritic, antigen presenting, T and B cells. Entolimod binding to TLR5 initiates an intracellular signaling cascade that stimulates cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor and two interleukins (IL-6 and IL-12). While cytokine release can be catastrophic in cytokine storm, Entolimod produces a modulated release with few side effects even at doses 30 times greater than doses needed in these vaccine studies. Entolimod has markedly increased AB responses to all of our anti-addiction vaccines in rodent models, and in normal humans. CONCLUSIONS Entolimod and TLR5 stimulation has broad application to vaccines and potentially to other psychiatric disorders like depression, which has critical inflammatory contributions that Entolimod could reduce.
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19
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Pravetoni M, Comer SD. Development of vaccines to treat opioid use disorders and reduce incidence of overdose. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107662. [PMID: 31173759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines offer a promising therapeutic strategy to treat substance use disorders (SUD). Vaccines have shown extensive preclinical proof of selectivity, safety, and efficacy against opioids, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and designer drugs. Despite clinical evaluation of vaccines targeting nicotine and cocaine showing proof of concept for this approach, no vaccine for SUD has yet reached the market. This review first discusses how vaccines for treatment of opioid use disorders (OUD) and reduction of opioid-induced fatal overdoses fit within the current medication assisted treatment (MAT) portfolio, and then summarizes ongoing efforts toward translation of vaccines targeting heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioids. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pravetoni
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Sandra D Comer
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Arora R, Haile CN, Kosten TA, Wu Y, Ramakrishnan M, Hawkins LD, Orson FM, Kosten TR. Preclinical efficacy of an anti-methamphetamine vaccine using E6020 adjuvant. Am J Addict 2019; 28:119-126. [PMID: 30701618 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine (MA) substance use disorder (SUD) does not have an efficacious pharmacotherapy. We developed a MA vaccine and investigated its potential to attenuate MA induced responses. METHODS We examined a novel adjuvant, E6020, a Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) agonist combined with tetanus-toxoid conjugated to succinyl-methamphetamine (TT-SMA) adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide (alum). Adult BALB/c female mice received the vaccine and booster injections at weeks 0, 3, and 6. The efficacy of the vaccine was assessed by the level and affinity of anti-MA antibodies elicited, its ability to attenuate MA induced locomotor activation and its reduction in the amount of MA entering the brains of vaccinated mice. RESULTS The TT-SMA vaccine containing alum and E6020 adjuvant produced anti-MA antibodies with nanomolar affinities and showed threefold greater peak titer levels than without E6020 (700 vs 250 μg/ml). These antibodies significantly decreased MA-induced locomotor activation (p < .05), and reduced the brain (p < .005) MA levels following MA administration in actively immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this anti-MA vaccine formulated with E6020 demonstrated effective functional protection against behavioral disruptions induced by MA. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Together, anti-MA vaccine showing a promising improvement in the efficacy of the vaccine that could be an effective candidate vaccine for methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). Furthermore, combinations of adjuvants may be a tool to design vaccines for MA dependence in humans. (Am J Addict 2019;XX:1-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetakshi Arora
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,The Michael E DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Colin N Haile
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,The Michael E DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Therese A Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,The Michael E DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yan Wu
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,The Michael E DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Muthu Ramakrishnan
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Frank M Orson
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,The Michael E DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
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Hwang CS, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Heat shock proteins: A dual carrier-adjuvant for an anti-drug vaccine against heroin. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:125-132. [PMID: 30497790 PMCID: PMC6442938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is a highly abused opioid that has reached epidemic status within the United States. Yet, existing therapies to treat addiction are inadequate and frequently result into rates of high recidivism. Vaccination against heroin offers a promising alternative therapeutic option but requires further development to enhance the vaccine's performance. Hsp70 is a conserved protein with known immunomodulatory properties and is considered an excellent immunodominant antigen. Within an antidrug vaccine context, we envisioned Hsp70 as a potential dual carrier-adjuvant, wherein immunogenicity would be increased by co-localization of adjuvant and antigenic drug hapten. Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70 was appended with heroin haptens and the resulting immunoconjugate granted anti-heroin antibody production and blunted heroin-induced antinociception. Moreover, Hsp70 as a carrier protein surpassed our benchmark Her-KLH cocktail through antibody-mediated blockade of 6-acetylmorphine, the main mediator of heroin's psychoactivity. The work presents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-Hsp70 conjugates to elicit anti-drug immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy S Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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Myagkova MA, Morozova VS. Vaccines for substance abuse treatment: new approaches in the immunotherapy of addictions. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Smith LC, Lin L, Hwang CS, Zhou B, Kubitz DM, Wang H, Janda KD. Lateral Flow Assessment and Unanticipated Toxicity of Kratom. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:113-121. [PMID: 30380840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of the Mitragynine speciosia tree (also known as Kratom) have long been chewed, smoked, or brewed into a tea by people in Southeastern Asian countries, such as Malaysia and Thailand. Just this past year, the plant Kratom gained popularity in the United States as a "legal opioid" and scheduling it as a drug of abuse is currently pending. The primary alkaloid found in Kratom is a μ-opioid receptor agonist, mitragynine, whose structure contains a promising scaffold for immunopharmacological use. Although Kratom is regarded as a safe opioid alternative, here we report the LD50 values determined for its two main psychoactive alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, as comparable to heroin in mice when administered intravenously. Given Kratom's recent emergence in the U.S., there is currently no diagnostic test available for law enforcement or health professionals, so we sought to design such an assay. Mitragynine was used as a starting point for hapten design, resulting in a hapten with an ether linker extending from the C9 position of the alkaloid. Bacterial flagellin (FliC) was chosen as a carrier protein for active immunization in mice, yielding 32 potential monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for assay development. Antimitragynine mAbs in the range of micro- to nanomolar affinities were uncovered and their utility in producing a convenient lateral flow detection assay of human fluid samples was examined. Antibodies were screened for binding to mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and performance in lateral flow assays. Two monoclonal antibodies were subcloned and further purified with 93 and 362 nM affinity to mitragynine. Test strip assays were optimized with a detection cut off of 0.5 μg/mL for mitragynine in buffer and urine (reflecting projected clinically relevant levels of drug in urine), which could be beneficial to law enforcement agencies and health professionals as the opioid epidemic in America continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huiying Wang
- ABiox Company, 720 East First Street , Newberg , Oregon 97132 , United States
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24
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Wang S, Wang Y, Cai Y, Kelly CP, Sun X. Novel Chimeric Protein Vaccines Against Clostridium difficile Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2440. [PMID: 30405630 PMCID: PMC6204379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of world-wide nosocomial acquired diarrhea in adults. Active vaccination is generally accepted as a logical and cost-effective approach to prevent CDI. In this paper, we have generated two novel chimeric proteins; one designated Tcd169, comprised of the glucosyltransferase domain (GT), the cysteine proteinase domain (CPD), and receptor binding domain (RBD) of TcdB, and the RBD of TcdA; the other designated Tcd169FI, which contains Salmonella typhimurium flagellin (sFliC) and Tcd169. Both proteins were expressed in and purified from Bacillus megaterium. Point mutations were made in the GT (W102A, D288N) and CPD (C698) of TcdB to ensure that Tcd169 and Tcd169FI were atoxic. Immunization with Tcd169 or Tcd169Fl induced protective immunity against TcdA/TcdB challenge through intraperitoneal injection, also provided mice full protection against infection with a hyper-virulent C. difficile strain (BI/NAP1/027). In addition, inclusion of sFlic in the fusion protein (Tcd169Fl) enhanced its protective immunity against toxin challenge, reduced C. difficile numbers in feces from Tcd169Fl-immunized mice infected C. difficile. Our data show that Tcd169 and Tcd169FI fusion proteins may represent alternative vaccine candidates against CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ciaran P. Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xingmin Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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25
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Moulahoum H, Zihnioglu F, Timur S, Coskunol H. Novel technologies in detection, treatment and prevention of substance use disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:22-31. [PMID: 30648574 PMCID: PMC9298618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a widely recognized problem, which affects various levels of communities and influenced the world socioeconomically. Its source is deeply embedded in the global population. In order to fight against such an adversary, governments have spared no efforts in implementing substance abuse treatment centers and funding research to develop treatments and prevention procedures. In this review, we will discuss the use of immunological-based treatments and detection kit technologies. We will be detailing the steps followed to produce performant antibodies (antigens, carriers, and adjuvants) focusing on cocaine and methamphetamine as examples. Furthermore, part of this review is dedicated to substance use detection. Owing to novel technologies such as bio-functional polymeric surfaces and biosensors manufacturing, detection has become a more convenient method with the fast and on-site developed devices. Commercially available devices are able to test substance use disorders in urine, saliva, hair, and sweat. This improvement has had a tremendous impact on the prevention of driving under influence and other illicit behaviors. Lastly, substance abuse became a major issue involving the cooperation of experts on all levels to devise better treatment programs and prevent abuse-based accidents, injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Addiction Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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27
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Il Kim M, Lee C, Park J, Jeon BY, Hong M. Crystal structure of Bacillus cereus flagellin and structure-guided fusion-protein designs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5814. [PMID: 29643437 PMCID: PMC5895748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a major component of the flagellar filament. Flagellin also functions as a specific ligand that stimulates innate immunity through direct interaction with Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in the host. Because flagellin activates the immune response, it has been of interest to develop as a vaccine adjuvant in subunit vaccines or antigen fusion vaccines. Despite the widespread application of flagellin fusion in preventing infectious diseases, flagellin-antigen fusion designs have never been biophysically and structurally characterized. Moreover, flagellin from Salmonella species has been used extensively despite containing hypervariable regions not required for TLR5 that can cause an unexpected immune response. In this study, flagellin from Bacillus cereus (BcFlg) was identified as the smallest flagellin molecule containing only the conserved TLR5-activating D0 and D1 domains. The crystal structure of BcFlg was determined to provide a scheme for fusion designs. Through homology-based modeling and comparative structural analyses, diverse fusion strategies were proposed. Moreover, cellular and biophysical analysis of an array of fusion constructs indicated that insertion fusion at BcFlg residues 178–180 does not interfere with the protein stability or TLR5-stimulating capacity of flagellin, suggesting its usefulness in the development and optimization of flagellin fusion vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meong Il Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongdeok Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Hong
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Peng CJ, Chen HL, Chiu CH, Fang JM. Site-Selective Functionalization of Flagellin by Steric Self-Protection: A Strategy To Facilitate Flagellin as a Self-Adjuvanting Carrier in Conjugate Vaccine. Chembiochem 2018; 19:805-814. [PMID: 29377518 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin (FliC) can act as a carrier protein in the preparation of conjugate vaccines to elicit a T-cell-dependent immune response and as an intrinsic adjuvant to activate the toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) to enhance vaccine potency. To enable the use of FliC as a self-adjuvanting carrier, an effective method for site-selective modification (SSM) of pertinent amino-acid residues in the D2 and D3 domains of FliC is explored without excessive modification of the D0 and D1 domains, which are responsible for activating and binding with TLR5. In highly concentrated Na2 SO4 solution, FliC monomers form flagellar filaments, in which the D0 and D1 domains are situated inside the tubular structure. Thus, the lysine residues (K219, K224, K324, and K331) in the D2 and D3 domains of flagellin are selectively modified by a diazo-transfer reaction with imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide. The sites with azido modification are confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS, ESI-TOF-MS, and LC-MS/MS analyses along with label-free quantitation. The azido-modified filament dissolves to give FliC monomers, which can conjugate with alkyne-hinged saccharides by the click reaction. Transmission electron microscopy imaging, dynamic light scattering measurements, and the secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase reporter assay indicate that the modified FliC monomers retain the ability either to bind with TLR5 or to reassemble into filaments. Overall, this study establishes a feasible method for the SSM of FliC by steric self-protection of the D0 and D1 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jiun Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Targeting pattern-recognition receptors to discover new small molecule immune modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Heekin RD, Shorter D, Kosten TR. Current status and future prospects for the development of substance abuse vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1067-1077. [PMID: 28918668 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1378577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance use disorders (SUD) are a significant threat to both individual and public health. To date, SUD pharmacotherapy has focused primarily on agonist medications (i.e. nicotine replacement therapy for tobacco use disorder; methadone and buprenorphine for opioid use disorder), antagonist medications (i.e. naltrexone for opioid use disorder), and aversive therapy (i.e. disulfiram for alcohol use disorder). Pharmacotherapeutic approaches utilizing an immunological framework for medication development represent an important focus of study for treatment of these illnesses. Areas covered: This review discusses vaccines for treatment of substance use disorders. Using PubMed ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ), we searched both preclinical and human clinical trials of vaccines for treatment of nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid use disorders. In addition, we searched for recently developed strategies for enhancement of the immunologic response through alteration of conjugate molecules and adjuvants. Expert commentary: Despite challenges in human clinical trials of SUD vaccines, a number of strategies have been introduced which may ultimately improve efficacy. These challenges, as well as their implications for vaccine development, are discussed. Additionally, the optimal conditions for research study and treatment are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R David Heekin
- a Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Daryl Shorter
- a Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,b Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- a Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,b Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
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María RR, Arturo CJ, Alicia JA, Paulina MG, Gerardo AO. The Impact of Bioinformatics on Vaccine Design and Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Bacterial flagellin-a potent immunomodulatory agent. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e373. [PMID: 28860663 PMCID: PMC5628280 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a subunit protein of the flagellum, a whip-like appendage that enables bacterial motility. Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the adhesion and invasion of host cells, but now it has emerged as a potent immune activator, shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity during microbial infections. In this review, we summarize our understanding of bacterial flagellin and host immune system interactions and the role flagellin as an adjuvant, anti-tumor and radioprotective agent, and we address important areas of future research interests.
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Guo F, Liu Y, Zhang C, Wang Q, Wang L, Gao Y, Bi J, Wang H, Su Z. Prompt and Robust Humoral Immunity Elicited by a Conjugated Chimeric Malaria Antigen with a Truncated Flagellin. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:761-770. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxia Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lianyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuhui Gao
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Heng Wang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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Augmenting the efficacy of anti-cocaine catalytic antibodies through chimeric hapten design and combinatorial vaccination. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3666-3668. [PMID: 28709828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Given the need for further improvements in anti-cocaine vaccination strategies, a chimeric hapten (GNET) was developed that combines chemically-stable structural features from steady-state haptens with the hydrolytic functionality present in transition-state mimetic haptens. Additionally, as a further investigation into the generation of an improved bifunctional antibody pool, sequential vaccination with steady-state and transition-state mimetic haptens was undertaken. While GNET induced the formation of catalytically-active antibodies, it did not improve overall behavioral efficacy. In contrast, the resulting pool of antibodies from GNE/GNT co-administration demonstrated intermediate efficacy as compared to antibodies developed from either hapten alone. Overall, improved antibody catalytic efficiency appears necessary to achieve the synergistic benefits of combining cocaine hydrolysis with peripheral sequestration.
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Kimishima A, Wenthur CJ, Eubanks LM, Sato S, Janda KD. Cocaine Vaccine Development: Evaluation of Carrier and Adjuvant Combinations That Activate Multiple Toll-Like Receptors. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3884-3890. [PMID: 27717287 PMCID: PMC6381837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although cocaine abuse and addiction continue to cause serious health and societal problems, an FDA-approved medication to treat cocaine addiction has yet to be developed. Employing a pharmacokinetic strategy, an anticocaine vaccine provides an attractive avenue to address these issues; however, current vaccines have shown varying degrees of efficacy, indicating that further formulation is necessary. As a means to improve vaccine efficacy, we examined the effects of varying anticocaine vaccine formulations by combining a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist with a TLR5 agonist in the presence of alum. The TLR9 agonist used was cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG 1826), while the TLR5 agonist was flagellin (FliC). Formulations with the TLR9 agonist elicited superior anticocaine antibody titers and blockade of hyperlocomotor effects compared to vaccines without CpG 1826. This improvement was seen regardless of whether the TLR5 agonist, FliC, or the nonadjuvanting Tetanus Toxoid (TT) was used as the carrier protein. Additional insights into the value of FliC as a carrier versus adjuvant was also investigated by generating two unique formats of the protein, wild-type and mutated flagellin (mFliC). While the mFliC conjugate retained its ability to stimulate mTLR5, it yielded reduced cocaine sequestration and functional blockade relative to FliC and TT. Overall, this work indicates that activation of TLR9 can improve the function of cocaine vaccines in the presence of TLR5 activation by FliC, with any potential additive effects limited by the inefficiency of FliC as a carrier protein as compared to TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimishima
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Cody J Wenthur
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Shun Sato
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
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Pravetoni M. Biologics to treat substance use disorders: Current status and new directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3005-3019. [PMID: 27441896 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1212785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and genetically modified enzymes) offer a promising class of therapeutics to treat substance use disorders (SUD) involving abuse of opioids and stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. In contrast to small molecule medications targeting brain receptors, biologics for SUD are larger molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but target the drug itself, preventing its distribution to the brain and blunting its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive immunization approaches rely on antibodies (Ab) that bind drugs of abuse in serum and block their distribution to the brain, preventing the rewarding effects of drugs and addiction-related behaviors. Alternatives to vaccines and anti-drug mAb are genetically engineered human or bacterial enzymes that metabolize drugs of abuse, lowering the concentration of free active drug. Pre-clinical and clinical data support development of effective biologics for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pravetoni
- a Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology , Center for Immunology , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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Jacob NT, Lockner JW, Schlosburg JE, Ellis BA, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Investigations of Enantiopure Nicotine Haptens Using an Adjuvanting Carrier in Anti-Nicotine Vaccine Development. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2523-9. [PMID: 26918428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts to produce suitable smoking cessation aids, addiction to nicotine continues to carry a substantive risk of recidivism. An attractive alternative to current therapies is the pharmacokinetic strategy of antinicotine vaccination. A major hurdle in the development of the strategy has been to elicit a sufficiently high antibody concentration to curb nicotine distribution to the brain. Herein, we detail investigations into a new hapten design, which was able to elicit an antibody response of significantly higher specificity for nicotine. We also explore the use of a mutant flagellin carrier protein with adjuvanting properties. These studies underlie the feasibility of improvement in antinicotine vaccine formulations to move toward clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Jacob
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonathan W Lockner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly A Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Wang G, Shi B, Li T, Zuo T, Wang B, Si W, Xin J, Yang K, Shi X, Liu S, Liu H. Linear antigenic mapping of flagellin (FliC) from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with yeast surface expression system. Vet Microbiol 2016; 184:20-6. [PMID: 26854340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major cause of food-borne illness around the world and can have significant health implications in humans, poultry and other animals. Flagellin (FliC) is the primary component of bacterial flagella. It has been shown that the FliC of S. Enteritidis is a significant antigenic structure and can elicit strong humoral responses against S. Enteritidis infection in chickens. Here, we constructed a FliC antigen library using a yeast surface expression system. Yeast cells expressing FliC peptide antigens were labeled with chicken sera against S. Enteritidis and sorted using FACS. The analyses of FliC peptides revealed that the FliC linear antigenicity in chickens resided on three domains which were able to elicit strong humoral responses in vivo. Animal experiments further revealed that the antibodies elicited by these antigenic domains were able to significantly inhibit the invasion of S. Enteritidis into the liver and spleen of chickens. These findings will facilitate our better understanding of the humoral responses elicited by FliC in chickens upon infection by S. Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bingtian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Teng Zuo
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kongbin Yang
- Neurosurgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xuanlin Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Henggui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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