1
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Agrawal A, Leng Q, Imtiyaz Z, Mixson AJ. Exploring the outer limits of polyplexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 678:33-38. [PMID: 37619309 PMCID: PMC10528873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Histidine-containing polymers show promise in their transport of nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo. In addition to the pH-buffering histidine component, the polymer often contains a protonated component at physiological pH, such as lysine. These polyplexes usually accumulate in the tumor by enhanced permeability and retention, which has proved disappointing in clinical trials. We presently compare two histidine-lysine (HK) peptide polyplexes for their neuropilin-1-mediated transport of plasmids in vivo. While the polymerized HK (H2KC-48) polyplex was markedly better than the monomeric HK (H2K) polyplex in vitro, both HK polyplexes were effective in transfecting tumor xenografts over a wide range of peptide and plasmid ratios. Nevertheless, polyplexes of low peptide/DNA ratios gave higher tumor transfection and specificity than those of higher ratios. Surprisingly, there was minimal to no gel retardation of polyplexes made from these low ratios during electrophoresis. These results demonstrate that loosely packed HK polyplexes effectively transfected tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Q Leng
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Z Imtiyaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - A James Mixson
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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2
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Phyo P, Zhao X, Templeton AC, Xu W, Cheung JK, Su Y. Understanding molecular mechanisms of biologics drug delivery and stability from NMR spectroscopy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:1-29. [PMID: 33609600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics carry inherent limitations of membrane impermeability and structural instability, despite their predominant role in the modern pharmaceutical market. Effective formulations are needed to overcome physiological and physicochemical barriers, respectively, for improving bioavailability and stability. Knowledge of membrane affinity, cellular internalization, encapsulation, and release of drug-loaded carrier vehicles uncover the structural basis for designing and optimizing biopharmaceuticals with enhanced delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy. Understanding stabilizing and destabilizing interactions between protein drugs and formulation excipients provide fundamental mechanisms for ensuring the stability and quality of biological products. This article reviews the molecular studies of biologics using solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy on structural attributes pivotal to drug delivery and stability. In-depth investigation of the structure-function relationship of drug delivery systems based on cell-penetrating peptides, lipid nanoparticles and polymeric colloidal, and biophysical and biochemical stability of peptide, protein, monoclonal antibody, and vaccine, as the integrative efforts on drug product design, will be elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xi Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Allen C Templeton
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jason K Cheung
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
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3
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Socia A, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Abend A, Wuelfing WP. Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detection/UV method for the quantitation of linear polyethylenimines in oligonucleotide polyplexes. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3876-3884. [PMID: 32786026 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Linear polyethylenimines are polycationic excipients that have found many pharmaceutical applications, including as a delivery vehicle for gene therapy through formation of polyplexes with oligonucleotides. Accurate quantitation of linear polyethylenimines in both starting solution and formulation containing oligonucleotide/polyethylenimine polyplexes is critical. Existing methods using spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry time-of-flight, or nuclear magnetic resonance are either complex or suffer from low selectivity. Here, the development and performance of a simple analytical method is described whereby linear polyethylenimines are resolved by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified using either a charged aerosol detector or an ultraviolet detector. For formulated oligonucleotide/polyethylenimine polyplexes, sample preparation through decomplexation/digestion by trifluoroacetic acid was necessary to eliminate separation interference. The method can be used not only to support formulation development but also to monitor the synthesis/purification and characterization of linear polyethylenimines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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5
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Tan Z, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Karls L, Lodge TP, Reineke TM. Polycation Architecture and Assembly Direct Successful Gene Delivery: Micelleplexes Outperform Polyplexes via Optimal DNA Packaging. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15804-15817. [PMID: 31553590 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular delivery of biomacromolecules is vital to medical research and therapeutic development. Cationic polymers are promising and affordable candidate vehicles for these precious payloads. However, the impact of polycation architecture and solution assembly on the biological mechanisms and efficacy of these vehicles has not been clearly defined. In this study, four polymers containing the same cationic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (D) block but placed in different architectures have been synthesized, characterized, and compared for cargo binding and biological performance. The D homopolymer and its diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (OD) readily encapsulate pDNA to form polyplexes. Two amphiphilic block polymer variants, poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (DB) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (ODB), self-assemble into micelles, which template pDNA winding around the cationic corona to form micelleplexes. Micelleplexes were found to have superior delivery efficiency compared to polyplexes and detailed physicochemical and biological characterizations were performed to pinpoint the mechanisms by testing hypotheses related to cellular internalization, intracellular trafficking, and pDNA unpackaging. For the first time, we find that the higher concentration of amines housed in micelleplexes stimulates both cellular internalization and potential endosomal escape, and the physical motif of pDNA winding into micelleplexes, reminiscent of DNA compaction by histones in chromatin, preserves the pDNA secondary structure in its native B form. This likely allows greater payload accessibility for protein expression with micelleplexes compared to polyplexes, which tightly condense pDNA and significantly distort its helicity. This work provides important guidance for the design of successful biomolecular delivery systems via optimizing the physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Logan Karls
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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6
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Phillips HR, Tolstyka ZP, Hall BC, Hexum JK, Hackett PB, Reineke TM. Glycopolycation–DNA Polyplex Formulation N/P Ratio Affects Stability, Hemocompatibility, and in Vivo Biodistribution. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1530-1544. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haley R. Phillips
- Center for Genome Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zachary P. Tolstyka
- Center for Genome Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bryan C. Hall
- Center for Genome Engineering and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K. Hexum
- Center for Genome Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Perry B. Hackett
- Center for Genome Engineering and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Center for Genome Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Li X, Cooksey TJ, Kidd BE, Robertson ML, Madsen LA. Mapping Coexistence Phase Diagrams of Block Copolymer Micelles and Free Unimer Chains. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Li
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tyler J. Cooksey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Bryce E. Kidd
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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8
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Zhang W, Meng X, Liu H, Xie L, Liu J, Xu H. Ratio of Polycation and Serum Is a Crucial Index for Determining the RNAi Efficiency of Polyplexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43529-43537. [PMID: 29144122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report that the mass ratio of the polycation to serum in the medium determines the (RNA interference) RNAi efficiency in vitro by using spermine-modified pullulan (Ps) and spermine-modified dextran (Ds) as polycation models. The high ratio of Ps to serum protein (Ps/Pr) mediated the formation of larger polyplexes, which led to the promoted cellular uptake, enhanced lysosomal escape, and elevated RNAi efficiency. In addition, the supplementary of free Ps also enhanced small interfering RNA transfection because of the elevation of Ps/Pr. Similar results were obtained with Ds. Compared with the adjustment of the nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio in the polyplex, these findings revealed a more applicable strategy to tune the polycation-mediated RNAi efficiency in the serum-containing culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Xianghui Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Huike Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Xie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
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9
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Temprana CF, Prieto MJ, Igartúa DE, Femia AL, Amor MS, Alonso SDV. Diacetylenic lipids in the design of stable lipopolymers able to complex and protect plasmid DNA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186194. [PMID: 29020107 PMCID: PMC5636127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Different viral and non-viral vectors have been designed to allow the delivery of nucleic acids in gene therapy. In general, non-viral vectors have been associated with increased safety for in vivo use; however, issues regarding their efficacy, toxicity and stability continue to drive further research. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of the polymerizable diacetylenic lipid 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC) as a strategy to formulate stable cationic lipopolymers in the delivery and protection of plasmid DNA. Cationic lipopolymers were prepared following two different methodologies by using DC8,9PC, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and the cationic lipids (CL) 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), stearylamine (SA), and myristoylcholine chloride (MCL), in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.2 (DMPC:DC8,9PC:CL). The copolymerization methodology allowed obtaining cationic lipopolymers which were smaller in size than those obtained by the cationic addition methodology although both techniques presented high size stability over a 166-day incubation period at 4°C. Cationic lipopolymers containing DOTAP or MCL were more efficient in complexing DNA than those containing SA. Moreover, lipopolymers containing DOTAP were found to form highly stable complexes with DNA, able to resist serum DNAses degradation. Furthermore, neither of the cationic lipopolymers (with or without DNA) induced red blood cell hemolysis, although metabolic activity determined on the L-929 and Vero cell lines was found to be dependent on the cell line, the formulation and the presence of DNA. The high stability and DNA protection capacity as well as the reduced toxicity determined for the cationic lipopolymer containing DOTAP highlight the potential advantage of using lipopolymers when designing novel non-viral carrier systems for use in in vivo gene therapy. Thus, this work represents the first steps toward developing a cationic lipopolymer-based gene delivery system using polymerizable and cationic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Facundo Temprana
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - M. Jimena Prieto
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Grupo vinculado GBEyB, IMBICE, CICPBA, CCT, La Plata – CONICET
| | - Daniela E. Igartúa
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Grupo vinculado GBEyB, IMBICE, CICPBA, CCT, La Plata – CONICET
| | - A. Lis Femia
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - M. Silvia Amor
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Silvia del Valle Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Grupo vinculado GBEyB, IMBICE, CICPBA, CCT, La Plata – CONICET
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10
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Jung S, Lodge TP, Reineke TM. Complexation between DNA and Hydrophilic-Cationic Diblock Copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2230-2243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Jung
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Kayitmazer AB. Thermodynamics of complex coacervation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 239:169-177. [PMID: 27497750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry has routinely been used to understand the thermodynamic characteristics of complexation and coacervation. Most commonly, built-in models that assume independent binding sites have been employed in these studies. However, the non-covalent nature of interactions and steric effects accompanying macromolecules require (i) usage of new models such as overlapping binding sites and Satake-Yang's two-state binding models and (ii) reformed interpretations of the data as two-stage structuring. Fitting data with these models, forces driving the interaction of polyelectrolytes with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, surfactants, and proteins have been identified as electrostatics and/or counterion release with possible contributions from hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, for surfactant-polyelectrolyte coacervation, ITC signals indicated separate regions for formation of polymer-induced micelles and free micelles. Regardless of the type of the coacervation system, thermodynamics of coacervation is affected by the following parameters: pH and ionic strength of the medium, charge density, molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte, concentration, and mixing order of macroions. Lastly, we present a brief comparison between ITC on one hand and surface plasmon resonance or capillary electrophoresis on the other regarding their application in coacervation.
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12
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Wang X, Chen Y, Xue L, Pothayee N, Zhang R, Riffle JS, Reineke TM, Madsen LA. Diffusion of Drug Delivery Nanoparticles into Biogels Using Time-Resolved MicroMRI. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3825-3830. [PMID: 26278755 DOI: 10.1021/jz501929u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based therapeutic agents can in some cases provide selective delivery to tumors, yet this field would greatly benefit from more detailed understanding of particle transport into and within tumor tissue. To provide fundamental information for optimizing interstitial transport of polymeric nanoparticles, we have developed a quantitative approach employing real-time analysis of nanoparticle diffusion into bulk biological hydrogels using microMRI. We use two distinct imaging approaches to probe the migration of two novel "theranostic" polymeric agents (combining drug delivery and contrast agent functions) into bulk hydrogels. Theranostic agent diffusion measured using time-resolved MRI agrees well with diffusion measured for simple probe particles using fluorescence spectroscopies. Furthermore, compared with established fluorescence techniques, which are restricted by sample thickness, our approach provides a three-dimensional diffusion rate and concentration distribution of nanoparticles over macroscopic distances in biological media. These results carry implications for in vivo tracking of theranostic nanoparticles into tumor interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- †Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- †Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lian Xue
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nipon Pothayee
- †Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- §The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Rui Zhang
- †Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Judy S Riffle
- †Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Louis A Madsen
- †Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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13
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Kelkar SS, Xue L, Turner SR, Reineke TM. Lanthanide-Containing Polycations for Monitoring Polyplex Dynamics via Lanthanide Resonance Energy Transfer. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1612-24. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401870z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha S. Kelkar
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Lian Xue
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - S. Richard Turner
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Zhang J, Ye Y, Chen Y, Pregot C, Li T, Balasubramaniam S, Hobart DB, Zhang Y, Wi S, Davis RM, Madsen LA, Morris JR, LaConte SM, Yee GT, Dorn HC. Gd3N@C84(OH)x: a new egg-shaped metallofullerene magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2630-6. [PMID: 24432974 DOI: 10.1021/ja412254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble derivatives of gadolinium-containing metallofullerenes have been considered to be excellent candidates for new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents because of their high relaxivity and characteristic encapsulation of the lanthanide ions (Gd(3+)), preventing their release into the bioenvironment. The trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerenes (TNT EMFs) have further advantages of high stability, high relative yield, and encapsulation of three Gd(3+) ions per molecule as illustrated by the previously reported nearly spherical, Gd3N@I(h)-C80. In this study, we report the preparation and functionalization of a lower-symmetry EMF, Gd3N@C(s)-C84, with a pentalene (fused pentagons) motif and an egg-shaped structure. The Gd3N@C84 derivative exhibits a higher (1)H MR relaxivity compared to that of the Gd3N@C80 derivative synthesized the same way, at low (0.47 T), medium (1.4 T), and high (9.4 T) magnetic fields. The Gd3N@C(s)-C84 derivative exhibits a higher hydroxyl content and aggregate size, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments, which could be the main reasons for the higher relaxivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Zhang
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute , Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States
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