1
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Dalal K, Sharma Y. Plasmonic switches based on VO 2as the phase change material. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:142001. [PMID: 38100839 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in the design and development of plasmonic switches based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) is presented. Plasmonic switches are employed in applications such as integrated photonics, plasmonic logic circuits and computing networks for light routing and switching, and are based on the switching of the plasmonic properties under the effect of an external stimulus. In the last few decades, plasmonic switches have seen a significant growth because of their ultra-fast switching speed, wide spectral tunability, ultra-compact size, and low losses. In this review, first, the mechanism of the semiconductor to metal phase transition in VO2is discussed and the reasons for employing VO2over other phase change materials for plasmonic switching are described. Subsequently, an exhaustive review and comparison of the current state-of-the-art plasmonic switches based on VO2proposed in the last decade is carried out. As the phase transition in VO2can be activated by application of temperature, voltage or optical light pulses, this review paper has been categorized into thermally-activated, electrically-activated, and optically-activated plasmonic switches based on VO2operating in the visible, near-infrared, infrared and terahertz frequency regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Dalal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Yashna Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
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2
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Guan J, Park JE, Deng S, Tan MJH, Hu J, Odom TW. Light-Matter Interactions in Hybrid Material Metasurfaces. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15177-15203. [PMID: 35762982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This Review focuses on the integration of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces with emissive or stimuli-responsive materials for manipulating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Metasurfaces, engineered planar structures with rationally designed building blocks, can change the local phase and intensity of electromagnetic waves at the subwavelength unit level and offers more degrees of freedom to control the flow of light. A combination of metasurfaces and nanoscale emitters facilitates access to weak and strong coupling regimes for enhanced photoluminescence, nanoscale lasing, controlled quantum emission, and formation of exciton-polaritons. In addition to emissive materials, functional materials that respond to external stimuli can be combined with metasurfaces to engineer tunable nanophotonic devices. Emerging metasurface designs including surface-functionalized, chemically tunable, and multilayer hybrid metasurfaces open prospects for diverse applications, including photocatalysis, sensing, displays, and quantum information.
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3
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Xuan Z, Li J, Liu Q, Yi F, Wang S, Lu W. Artificial Structural Colors and Applications. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100081. [PMID: 34557736 PMCID: PMC8454771 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural colors are colors generated by the interaction between incident light and nanostructures. Structural colors have been studied for decades due to their promising advantages of long-term stability and environmentally friendly properties compared with conventional pigments and dyes. Previous studies have demonstrated many artificial structural colors inspired by naturally generated colors from plants and animals. Moreover, many strategies consisting of different principles have been reported to achieve dynamically tunable structural colors. Furthermore, the artificial structural colors can have multiple functions besides decoration, such as absorbing solar energy, anti-counterfeiting, and information encryption. In the present work, we reviewed the typical artificial structural colors generated by multilayer films, photonic crystals, and metasurfaces according to the type of structures, and discussed the approaches to achieve dynamically tunable structural colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy-saving Coatings, Shanghai 200083, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Junyu Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy-saving Coatings, Shanghai 200083, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Yi
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy-saving Coatings, Shanghai 200083, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy-saving Coatings, Shanghai 200083, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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4
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Spatially Broadband Coupled-Surface Plasmon Wave Assisted Transmission Effect in Azo-Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Cell. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071357. [PMID: 32664496 PMCID: PMC7407794 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Active tuning on a plasmonic structure is discussed in this report. We examined the transient transmission effects of an azo-dye-doped liquid crystal cell on a metallic surface grating. The transition between isotropic and nematic phases in liquid crystal generated micro-domains was shown to induce the dynamic scattering of light from a He-Ne laser, thereby allowing transmission through a non-transparent aluminum film overlaying a dielectric grating. Various grating pitches were tested in terms of transmission effects. The patterned gratings include stripe ones and circular forms. Our results indicate that surface plasmon polariton waves are involved in the transmission process. We also demonstrated how momentum diagrams of gratings and Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) modes combined with Mie scattering effects could explain the broadband coupling phenomenon. This noteworthy transition process could be applied to the development of spatially broadband surface plasmon polariton coupling devices.
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5
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Optical Properties of Electrically Active Gold Nanoisland Films Enabled with Interfaced Liquid Crystals. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020290. [PMID: 32050418 PMCID: PMC7075124 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A system comprising a gold nanoisland film (Au NIF) covered with a liquid crystal (LC) material is introduced. By applying a voltage across the LC bulk, we demonstrate that changes in the refractive-index and orientation significantly modified the hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonances of the Au NIF. The hybrid structure enabled active control of the spectrum of the resonance wavelength of the metallic nanoisland by means of an externally applied electric field. Our modeling supports the observed results in LC/Au NIF. In a combination of the nanostructured surface with birefringent LCs, nonpolarized wavelength tunability of ~15 nm and absorbance tunability of ~0.024 were achieved in the visible wavelength, opening the door to optical devices and nanoscale sensors.
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6
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Weisman D, Arie A. Dynamic control of plasmonic beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3689-3692. [PMID: 31368944 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate dynamic, electrically controlled shaping of plasmonic beams, propagating at the boundary between a metal and a dielectric, by using the thermo-optic effect. The concept is based on selectively heating a specific region in which the plasmonic beam passes by injecting electrical current to an isolated metal layer. This leads to transverse modulation of the wavefront through the thermal dispersion of the dielectric layer above this metal region. We demonstrate two active plasmonic devices: a plasmonic mode converter between the fundamental and first-order Hermite-Gauss modes and a tunable plasmonic lens with a dynamically varying focal length.
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7
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Lu H, Xiong H, Huang Z, Li Y, Dong H, He D, Dong J, Guan H, Qiu W, Zhang X, Zhu W, Yu J, Luo Y, Zhang J, Chen Z. Electron-plasmon interaction on lithium niobate with gold nanolayer and its field distribution dependent modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19852-19863. [PMID: 31503741 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enables strong field confinement, opening thereby new avenues for device miniaturization and reducing energy consumption. Plasmonic devices with electrical tunability attract tremendous interest for various applications. Most of the current researches achieved SPR modulation with relatively large driving voltages, or by other relatively low-speed tuning approaches, such as thermo-optic, magneto-optic, acousto-optic etc. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an efficiently electrical SPR modulation based on lithium niobate (LN) with gold nanolayer (~81 nm) via electron-plasmon interaction. Efficient intensity modulation and wavelength shift (in visible band) of ~5.7 dB/V and ~36.3 nm/V are respectively obtained with low DC current. More importantly, modulation phenomenon of field distribution dependent is also observed and experimentally unveiled. Further performance is analyzed in terms of AC modulation and polarization characteristics. This key achievement opens up opportunities for applications such as optical interconnection, electric field sensing, electrically plasmonic modulation, etc.
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8
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Xiong K, Tordera D, Jonsson MP, Dahlin AB. Active control of plasmonic colors: emerging display technologies. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:024501. [PMID: 30640724 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aaf844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of plasmonic nanostructures for color generation, a technology that dates back to ancient times. Plasmonic structural colors have several attractive features but once the structures are prepared the colors are normally fixed. Lately, several concepts have emerged for actively tuning the colors, which opens up for many new potential applications, the most obvious being novel color displays. In this review we summarize recent progress in active control of plasmonic colors and evaluate them with respect to performance criteria for color displays. It is suggested that actively controlled plasmonic colors are generally less interesting for emissive displays but could be useful for new types of electrochromic devices relying on ambient light (electronic paper). Furthermore, there are several other potential applications such as images to be revealed on demand and colorimetric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunli Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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9
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Zhu W, Yang R, Fan Y, Fu Q, Wu H, Zhang P, Shen NH, Zhang F. Controlling optical polarization conversion with Ge 2Sb 2Te 5-based phase-change dielectric metamaterials. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12054-12061. [PMID: 29911240 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02587h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the metamaterial-based polarization manipulation of light highlights the promise of novel polarization-dependent optical components and systems. To overcome the limited frequency bandwidth of metamaterials resulting from their resonant nature, it is desirable to incorporate tunability into metamaterial-based polarization manipulations. Here, we propose a dielectric metamaterial for controlling linear polarization conversion using the phase-change characteristic of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), whose refractive index changes significantly when transforming from the amorphous phase to the crystalline phase under external stimuli. The polarization conversion phenomena are systematically studied using different arrangements of GST in this metamaterial. The performance of linear polarization conversion and the tunability are also analyzed and compared in three different designs. It is found that phase-change materials such as GST can be employed in dielectric materials for tunable and switchable linear polarization conversion in the telecom band. The conversion efficiency can be significantly modulated during the phase transition. Our results provide useful insights for incorporating phase-change materials with metamaterials for tunable polarization manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
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10
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Arora P, Talker E, Mazurski N, Levy U. Dispersion engineering with plasmonic nano structures for enhanced surface plasmon resonance sensing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9060. [PMID: 29899340 PMCID: PMC5997993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate numerically and experimentally the enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensing via dispersion engineering of the plasmonic response using plasmonic nanograting. Following their design and optimization, the plasmonic nanograting structures are fabricated using e-beam lithography and lift-off process and integrated into conventional prism based Kretschmann configuration. The presence of absorptive nanograting near the metal film, provides strong field enhancement with localization and allows to control the dispersion relation which was originally dictated by a conventional SPR structure. This contributes to the enhancement in Q factor which is found to be 3–4 times higher as compared to the conventional Kretschmann configuration. The influence of the incident angle on resonance wavelength is also demonstrated both numerically and experimentally, where, only a negligible wavelength shift is observed with increasing the incident angles for plasmonic nanograting configuration. This surprising feature may be helpful for studying and utilizing light-matter interaction between plasmons and narrow linewidth media (e.g. Rb atom or molecule) having nonlocalities in their susceptibility-momentum relation. Finally, we analyze the role of plasmonic nanograting in enhancing the performance of an SPR sensor. Our results indicate that the integrated SPR-nanograting device shows a great promise as a sensor for various types of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Arora
- Department of Applied Physics, The Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Eliran Talker
- Department of Applied Physics, The Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Noa Mazurski
- Department of Applied Physics, The Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Uriel Levy
- Department of Applied Physics, The Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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11
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Xie ZW, Yang JH, Vashistha V, Lee W, Chen KP. Liquid-crystal tunable color filters based on aluminum metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:30764-30770. [PMID: 29221102 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Designing color pixels using plasmonic nanostructures and metasurfaces has become a luring area of research in recent years. Here, we experimentally demonstrated the voltage tunability of a dynamic plasmonic color filter by using an aluminum grating integrated with the nematic liquid crystal (LC). Along with a typical substrate coated with rubbed polyimide film, the aluminum grating itself serves as a molecular alignment layer to form a twisted LC cell. This hybrid structure allows electrically controlled transmission color by applying the voltage. A significant spectral tunability of such a device has been demonstrated by applying the small voltage from 0 to 4 Vrms.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jiang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 852, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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13
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Artificial Structural Color Pixels: A Review. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080944. [PMID: 28805736 PMCID: PMC5578310 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by natural photonic structures (Morpho butterfly, for instance), researchers have demonstrated varying artificial color display devices using different designs. Photonic-crystal/plasmonic color filters have drawn increasing attention most recently. In this review article, we show the developing trend of artificial structural color pixels from photonic crystals to plasmonic nanostructures. Such devices normally utilize the distinctive optical features of photonic/plasmon resonance, resulting in high compatibility with current display and imaging technologies. Moreover, dynamical color filtering devices are highly desirable because tunable optical components are critical for developing new optical platforms which can be integrated or combined with other existing imaging and display techniques. Thus, extensive promising potential applications have been triggered and enabled including more abundant functionalities in integrated optics and nanophotonics.
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14
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Wang S, Kang L, Werner DH. Hybrid Resonators and Highly Tunable Terahertz Metamaterials Enabled by Vanadium Dioxide (VO 2). Sci Rep 2017; 7:4326. [PMID: 28659628 PMCID: PMC5489538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid metamaterials that exhibit reconfigurable responses under external stimulus, such as electric fields and light radiation, have only recently been demonstrated by combining active media with patterned metallic structures. Nevertheless, hybrid terahertz (THz) metamaterials whose spectral performance can be dynamically tuned over a large scale remain rare. Compared with most active media (for instance, silicon) that provide limited activity, vanadium dioxide (VO2), which exhibits an insulator-to-metal transition, has been recently explored to facilitate dynamically tunable metamaterials. More importantly, the phase transition yields a three orders of magnitude increase in THz electrical conductivity, which suggests the potential for creating VO2 based hybrid resonators that operate at THz frequencies. Here, we show that an integration of VO2 structures and conventional metallic resonating components can enable a class of highly tunable THz metamaterials. Considering the widely studied phase-transition dynamics in VO2, the proposed hybrid metamaterials are capable of offering ultrafast modulation of THz radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Wang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430073, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Douglas H Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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15
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Lacroix JC, Martin P, Lacaze PC. Tailored Surfaces/Assemblies for Molecular Plasmonics and Plasmonic Molecular Electronics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:201-224. [PMID: 28375704 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular plasmonics uses and explores molecule-plasmon interactions on metal nanostructures for spectroscopic, nanophotonic, and nanoelectronic devices. This review focuses on tailored surfaces/assemblies for molecular plasmonics and describes active molecular plasmonic devices in which functional molecules and polymers change their structural, electrical, and/or optical properties in response to external stimuli and that can dynamically tune the plasmonic properties. We also explore an emerging research field combining molecular plasmonics and molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paris Diderot, ITODYS, Paris 75205, France;
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16
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Franklin D, Frank R, Wu ST, Chanda D. Actively addressed single pixel full-colour plasmonic display. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15209. [PMID: 28488671 PMCID: PMC5436230 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic, colour-changing surfaces have many applications including displays, wearables and active camouflage. Plasmonic nanostructures can fill this role by having the advantages of ultra-small pixels, high reflectivity and post-fabrication tuning through control of the surrounding media. However, previous reports of post-fabrication tuning have yet to cover a full red-green-blue (RGB) colour basis set with a single nanostructure of singular dimensions. Here, we report a method which greatly advances this tuning and demonstrates a liquid crystal-plasmonic system that covers the full RGB colour basis set, only as a function of voltage. This is accomplished through a surface morphology-induced, polarization-dependent plasmonic resonance and a combination of bulk and surface liquid crystal effects that manifest at different voltages. We further demonstrate the system's compatibility with existing LCD technology by integrating it with a commercially available thin-film-transistor array. The imprinted surface interfaces readily with computers to display images as well as video.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Franklin
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Bldg. 430, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.,NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
| | - Russell Frank
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius St, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Debashis Chanda
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Bldg. 430, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.,NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA.,CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius St, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
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17
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Liu L, Kang L, Mayer TS, Werner DH. Hybrid metamaterials for electrically triggered multifunctional control. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13236. [PMID: 27807342 PMCID: PMC5095288 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the exotic material properties that have been demonstrated to date, practical examples of versatile metamaterials remain exceedingly rare. The concept of metadevices has been proposed in the context of hybrid metamaterial composites: systems in which active materials are introduced to advance tunability, switchability and nonlinearity. In contrast to the successful hybridizations seen at lower frequencies, there has been limited exploration into plasmonic and photonic nanostructures due to the lack of available optical materials with non-trivial activity, together with difficulties in regulating responses to external forces in an integrated manner. Here, by presenting a series of proof-of-concept studies on electrically triggered functionalities, we demonstrate a vanadium dioxide integrated photonic metamaterial as a transformative platform for multifunctional control. The proposed hybrid metamaterial integrated with transition materials represents a major step forward by providing a universal approach to creating self-sufficient and highly versatile nanophotonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Theresa S. Mayer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Douglas H. Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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18
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Li X, Jin B, Gao Y, Hayward DW, Winnik MA, Luo Y, Manners I. Monodisperse Cylindrical Micelles of Controlled Length with a Liquid-Crystalline Perfluorinated Core by 1D “Self-Seeding”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- School of Material Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Bixin Jin
- School of Material Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | | | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Material Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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19
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Li X, Jin B, Gao Y, Hayward DW, Winnik MA, Luo Y, Manners I. Monodisperse Cylindrical Micelles of Controlled Length with a Liquid-Crystalline Perfluorinated Core by 1D “Self-Seeding”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11392-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- School of Material Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Bixin Jin
- School of Material Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | | | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Material Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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20
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Shir D, Ballard ZS, Ozcan A. Flexible Plasmonic Sensors. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 22:4600509. [PMID: 27547023 PMCID: PMC4990213 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2015.2507363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical flexibility and the advent of scalable, low-cost, and high-throughput fabrication techniques have enabled numerous potential applications for plasmonic sensors. Sensitive and sophisticated biochemical measurements can now be performed through the use of flexible plasmonic sensors integrated into existing medical and industrial devices or sample collection units. More robust sensing schemes and practical techniques must be further investigated to fully realize the potentials of flexible plasmonics as a framework for designing low-cost, embedded and integrated sensors for medical, environmental, and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering and Surgery Departments, and the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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21
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Liu H, Yang L, Liu J. Three-dimensional SERS hot spots for chemical sensing: Towards developing a practical analyzer. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Lozano G, Rodriguez SRK, Verschuuren MA, Gómez Rivas J. Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16080. [PMID: 30167168 PMCID: PMC6059959 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are driving a shift toward energy-efficient illumination. Nonetheless, modifying the emission intensities, colors and directionalities of LEDs in specific ways remains a challenge often tackled by incorporating secondary optical components. Metallic nanostructures supporting plasmonic resonances are an interesting alternative to this approach due to their strong light-matter interaction, which facilitates control over light emission without requiring external secondary optical components. This review discusses new methods that enhance the efficiencies of LEDs using nanostructured metals. This is an emerging field that incorporates physics, materials science, device technology and industry. First, we provide a general overview of state-of-the-art LED lighting, discussing the main characteristics required of both quantum wells and color converters to efficiently generate white light. Then, we discuss the main challenges in this field as well as the potential of metallic nanostructures to circumvent them. We review several of the most relevant demonstrations of LEDs in combination with metallic nanostructures, which have resulted in light-emitting devices with improved performance. We also highlight a few recent studies in applied plasmonics that, although exploratory and eminently fundamental, may lead to new solutions in illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lozano
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla (CSIC-US), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Said RK Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | | | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- COBRA Research Institute, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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23
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Chen K, Razinskas G, Feichtner T, Grossmann S, Christiansen S, Hecht B. Electromechanically Tunable Suspended Optical Nanoantenna. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2680-2685. [PMID: 27002492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coupling mechanical degrees of freedom with plasmonic resonances has potential applications in optomechanics, sensing, and active plasmonics. Here we demonstrate a suspended two-wire plasmonic nanoantenna acting like a nanoelectrometer. The antenna wires are supported and electrically connected via thin leads without disturbing the antenna resonance. As a voltage is applied, equal charges are induced on both antenna wires. The resulting equilibrium between the repulsive Coulomb force and the restoring elastic bending force enables us to precisely control the gap size. As a result the resonance wavelength and the field enhancement of the suspended optical nanoantenna can be reversibly tuned. Our experiments highlight the potential to realize large bandwidth optical nanoelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Nano-Optics and Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074, Germany
| | - Gary Razinskas
- Nano-Optics and Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074, Germany
| | - Thorsten Feichtner
- Nano-Optics and Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074, Germany
- Christiansen Research Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute Nano-Architectures for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Swen Grossmann
- Nano-Optics and Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Christiansen Research Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute Nano-Architectures for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bert Hecht
- Nano-Optics and Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074, Germany
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24
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Lee E, Xia Y, Ferrier RC, Kim HN, Gharbi MA, Stebe KJ, Kamien RD, Composto RJ, Yang S. Fine Golden Rings: Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance from Assembled Nanorods in Topological Defects of Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2731-6. [PMID: 26853906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented, reversible, and dynamic control over an assembly of gold nanorods dispersed in liquid crystals (LC) is demonstrated. The LC director field is dynamically tuned at the nanoscale using microscale ring confinement through the interplay of elastic energy at different temperatures, thus fine-tuning its core replacement energy to reversibly sequester nanoscale inclusions at the microscale. This leads to shifts of 100 nm or more in the surface plasmon resonance peak, an order of magnitude greater than any previous work with AuNR composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Lee
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert C Ferrier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hye-Na Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed A Gharbi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Randall D Kamien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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25
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Wang X, Kim YK, Bukusoglu E, Zhang B, Miller DS, Abbott NL. Experimental Insights into the Nanostructure of the Cores of Topological Defects in Liquid Crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:147801. [PMID: 27104727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.147801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscopic structure of the cores of topological defects in anisotropic condensed matter is an unresolved issue, although a number of theoretical predictions have been reported. In the experimental study reported in this Letter, we template the assembly of amphiphilic molecules from the cores of defects in liquid crystals and thereby provide the first experimental evidence that the cores of singular defects that appear optically to be points (with strength m=+1) are nanometer-sized closed-loop, disclination lines. We also analyze this result in the context of a model that describes the influence of amphiphilic assemblies on the free energy and stability of the defects. Overall, our experimental results and theoretical predictions reveal that the cores of defects with opposite strengths (e.g., m=+1 vs m=-1) differ in ways that profoundly influence processes of molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Daniel S Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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26
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Nishiyama H, Saito Y. Electrostatically tunable plasmonic devices fabricated on multi-photon polymerized three-dimensional microsprings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:637-644. [PMID: 26832293 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatically tunable plasmonic devices on three-dimensional (3D) microsprings were fabricated using multi-photon polymerization followed by metal deposition. These plasmonic devices comprised a nanostructured Au microplate and two 3D microsprings. The maximum plasmon excitation efficiency was 35%, a value achieved with incident light of wavelength 632.8 nm. The efficiency could be continuously changed from almost zero to maximum by inclining the microplates with the application of DC voltage up to 50 V. Such dynamic functionality is useful for the realization of highly integrated optoelectronic devices and tunable metamaterials.
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27
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Yin A, He Q, Lin Z, Luo L, Liu Y, Yang S, Wu H, Ding M, Huang Y, Duan X. Plasmonic/Nonlinear Optical Material Core/Shell Nanorods as Nanoscale Plasmon Modulators and Optical Voltage Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Wang X, Miller DS, Bukusoglu E, de Pablo JJ, Abbott NL. Topological defects in liquid crystals as templates for molecular self-assembly. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:106-12. [PMID: 26390324 PMCID: PMC8919957 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Topological defects in liquid crystals (LCs) have been widely used to organize colloidal dispersions and template polymerization, leading to a range of assemblies, elastomers and gels. However, little is understood about molecular-level assembly processes within defects. Here, we report that nanoscopic environments defined by LC topological defects can selectively trigger processes of molecular self-assembly. By using fluorescence microscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and super-resolution optical microscopy, we observed signatures of molecular self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules in topological defects, including cooperativity, reversibility and controlled growth. We also show that nanoscopic o-rings synthesized from Saturn-ring disclinations and other molecular assemblies templated by defects can be preserved by using photocrosslinkable amphiphiles. Our results reveal that, in analogy to other classes of macromolecular templates such as polymer-surfactant complexes, topological defects in LCs are a versatile class of three-dimensional, dynamic and reconfigurable templates that can direct processes of molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691 USA
| | - Daniel S. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691 USA
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691 USA
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691 USA
- To whom correspondence may be addressed:
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29
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Hsiao YC, Su CW, Yang ZH, Cheypesh YI, Yang JH, Reshetnyak VY, Chen KP, Lee W. Electrically active nanoantenna array enabled by varying the molecular orientation of an interfaced liquid crystal. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11428h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An electro-optical cell comprising a gold nanoantenna array covered with high-birefringence liquid crystal permits tunability in wavelength of surface plasmonic resonance up to 90 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Hsiao
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics
- College of Photonics
- National Chiao Tung University
- Tainan 71150
- Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Su
- Institute of Photonic System
- College of Photonics
- National Chiao Tung University
- Tainan 71150
- Taiwan
| | - Zong-Han Yang
- Institute of Photonic System
- College of Photonics
- National Chiao Tung University
- Tainan 71150
- Taiwan
| | | | - Jhen-Hong Yang
- Institute of Photonic System
- College of Photonics
- National Chiao Tung University
- Tainan 71150
- Taiwan
| | | | - Kuo-Ping Chen
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics
- College of Photonics
- National Chiao Tung University
- Tainan 71150
- Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics
- College of Photonics
- National Chiao Tung University
- Tainan 71150
- Taiwan
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30
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Qu C, Ma S, Hao J, Qiu M, Li X, Xiao S, Miao Z, Dai N, He Q, Sun S, Zhou L. Tailor the Functionalities of Metasurfaces Based on a Complete Phase Diagram. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:235503. [PMID: 26684124 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.235503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces in a metal-insulator-metal configuration have been widely used in photonics, with applications ranging from perfect absorption to phase modulation, but why and when such structures can realize what functionalities are not yet fully understood. Here, we establish a complete phase diagram in which the optical properties of such systems are fully controlled by two simple parameters (i.e., the intrinsic and radiation losses), which are, in turn, dictated by the geometrical or material properties of the underlying structures. Such a phase diagram can greatly facilitate the design of appropriate metasurfaces with tailored functionalities demonstrated by our experiments and simulations in the terahertz regime. In particular, our experiments show that, through appropriate structural or material tuning, the device can be switched across the phase boundaries yielding dramatic changes in optical responses. Our discoveries lay a solid basis for realizing functional and tunable photonic devices with such structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Hao
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dai
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People' Republic of China
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photonics and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People' Republic of China
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31
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Yin A, He Q, Lin Z, Luo L, Liu Y, Yang S, Wu H, Ding M, Huang Y, Duan X. Plasmonic/Nonlinear Optical Material Core/Shell Nanorods as Nanoscale Plasmon Modulators and Optical Voltage Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:583-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Benetou MI, Bouillard JS, Segovia P, Dickson W, Thomsen BC, Bayvel P, Zayats AV. Boundary effects in finite size plasmonic crystals: focusing and routing of plasmonic beams for optical communications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:444001. [PMID: 26469205 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/44/444001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic crystals, which consist of periodic arrangements of surface features at a metal-dielectric interface, allow the manipulation of optical information in the form of surface plasmon polaritons. Here we investigate the excitation and propagation of plasmonic beams in and around finite size plasmonic crystals at telecom wavelengths, highlighting the effects of the crystal boundary shape and illumination conditions. Significant differences in broad plasmonic beam generation by crystals of different shapes are demonstrated, while for narrow beams, the propagation from a crystal onto the smooth metal film is less sensitive to the crystal boundary shape. We show that by controlling the boundary shape, the size and the excitation beam parameters, directional control of propagating plasmonic modes and their behaviour such as angular beam splitting, focusing power and beam width can be efficiently achieved. This provides a promising route for robust and alignment-independent integration of plasmonic crystals with optical communication components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Benetou
- Optical Networks Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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33
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Dickson W, Beckett S, McClatchey C, Murphy A, O'Connor D, Wurtz GA, Pollard R, Zayats AV. Hyperbolic polaritonic crystals based on nanostructured nanorod metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5974-5980. [PMID: 26315672 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon polaritons usually exist on a few suitable plasmonic materials; however, nanostructured plasmonic metamaterials allow a much broader range of optical properties to be designed. Here, bottom-up and top-down nanostructuring are combined, creating hyperbolic metamaterial-based photonic crystals termed hyperbolic polaritonic crystals, allowing free-space access to the high spatial frequency modes supported by these metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Dickson
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Stephen Beckett
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Christina McClatchey
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Antony Murphy
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | | | - Gregory A Wurtz
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Robert Pollard
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
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Polarization-independent actively tunable colour generation on imprinted plasmonic surfaces. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7337. [PMID: 26066375 PMCID: PMC4490413 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural colour arising from nanostructured metallic surfaces offers many benefits compared to conventional pigmentation based display technologies, such as increased resolution and scalability of their optical response with structure dimensions. However, once these structures are fabricated their optical characteristics remain static, limiting their potential application. Here, by using a specially designed nanostructured plasmonic surface in conjunction with high birefringence liquid crystals, we demonstrate a tunable polarization-independent reflective surface where the colour of the surface is changed as a function of applied voltage. A large range of colour tunability is achieved over previous reports by utilizing an engineered surface which allows full liquid crystal reorientation while maximizing the overlap between plasmonic fields and liquid crystal. In combination with imprinted structures of varying periods, a full range of colours spanning the entire visible spectrum is achieved, paving the way towards dynamic pixels for reflective displays. Plasmonic nanostructures are a promising alternative to conventional pixels, where their characteristics at the nanoscale offer many benefits. Franklin et al. combine plasmonic surfaces with liquid crystals to create voltage-tunable polarization-independent color pixels for reflective displays.
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35
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He X, Wang H, Li Z, Chen D, Liu J, Zhang Q. Ultrasensitive SERS detection of trinitrotoluene through capillarity-constructed reversible hot spots based on ZnO-Ag nanorod hybrids. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8619-26. [PMID: 25899553 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient self-approach strategy was used to apply ultrasensitivity and self-revive ZnO-Ag hybrid surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors for the highly sensitive and selective detection of explosive TNT in both solution and vapour conditions. The good ultrasensitive sensing performance is a result of the abundant Raman hot spots, which were spontaneously formed in a reversible way by the self-approaching of flexible ZnO-Ag hybrid nanorods driven by the capillary force of solvent evaporation. Moreover, the enhancement effect was repeatedly renewed by the reconstruction of molecular bridges, which could selectively detect TNT with a lower limit of 4 × 10(-14) M. In addition, TNT vapor was also tested under this sensor, whereby once the ZnO-Ag NRs hybrid substrate was dipped in TNT, this substrate could detect the existence of TNT even in 5 detection cycles via a capillarity-constructed reversible hot spots approach. Compared with other pure Ag-based SERS sensors, this ZnO-Ag hybrid SERS sensor could rapidly self-revive SERS-activity by simple UV light irradiation and could retain stable SERS sensitivity for one month when used for TNT detection. This stable and ultrasensitive SERS substrate demonstrates a new route to eliminate the oxidized inactive problem of traditional Ag-based SERS substrates and suggests promising use in the applications of such hybrids as real-time online sensors for explosives detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
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36
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Quint MT, Delgado S, Paredes JH, Nuno ZS, Hirst LS, Ghosh S. All-optical switching of nematic liquid crystal films driven by localized surface plasmons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:6888-6895. [PMID: 25836908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.006888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated an all-optical technique for reversible in-plane and out-of-plane switching of nematic liquid crystal molecules in few micron thick films. Our method leverages the highly localized electric fields ("hot spots") and plasmonic heating that are generated in the near-field region of densely packed gold nanoparticle layers optically excited on-resonance with the localized surface plasmon absorption. Using polarized microscopy and transmission measurements, we observe this switching from homeotropic to planar over a temperature range starting at room temperature to just below the isotropic transition, and at on-resonance excitation intensity less than 0.03 W/cm(2). In addition, we controllably vary the in-plane directionality of the liquid crystal molecules in the planar state by altering the linear polarization of the incident excitation. Using discrete dipole simulations and control measurements, we establish spectral selectivity in this new and interesting perspective for photonic application using low light power.
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37
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Wang H, Fang J, Xu J, Wang F, Sun B, He S, Sun G, Liu H. A hanging plasmonic droplet: three-dimensional SERS hotspots for a highly sensitive multiplex detection of amino acids. Analyst 2015; 140:2973-8. [PMID: 25799000 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
3D hotspots in a hanging plasmonic droplet result in an ultrahigh Raman Scattering for the ultratrace and multiplex identification of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- Department of Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
- Hefei 230022
- P.R. China
| | - Jinmei Fang
- Department of Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
- Hefei 230022
- P.R. China
| | - Jifei Xu
- Department of Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
- Hefei 230022
- P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
- Hefei 230022
- P.R. China
| | - Bai Sun
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- P.R. China
| | - Shengnan He
- No. 38 Research Institute of China Electronics
- Technology Group Corporation
- Hefei 230088
- P.R. China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Department of Oncology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
- Hefei 230022
- P.R. China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- P.R. China
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38
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Bouillard JS, Segovia P, Dickson W, Wurtz GA, Zayats AV. Shaping plasmon beams via the controlled illumination of finite-size plasmonic crystals. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7234. [PMID: 25429786 PMCID: PMC4246211 DOI: 10.1038/srep07234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic crystals provide many passive and active optical functionalities, including enhanced sensing, optical nonlinearities, light extraction from LEDs and coupling to and from subwavelength waveguides. Here we study, both experimentally and numerically, the coherent control of SPP beam excitation in finite size plasmonic crystals under focussed illumination. The correct combination of the illuminating spot size, its position relative to the plasmonic crystal, wavelength and polarisation enables the efficient shaping and directionality of SPP beam launching. We show that under strongly focussed illumination, the illuminated part of the crystal acts as an antenna, launching surface plasmon waves which are subsequently filtered by the surrounding periodic lattice. Changing the illumination conditions provides rich opportunities to engineer the SPP emission pattern. This offers an alternative technique to actively modulate and control plasmonic signals, either via micro- and nano-electromechanical switches or with electro- and all-optical beam steering which have direct implications for the development of new integrated nanophotonic devices, such as plasmonic couplers and switches and on-chip signal demultiplexing. This approach can be generalised to all kinds of surface waves, either for the coupling and discrimination of light in planar dielectric waveguides or the generation and control of non-diffractive SPP beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Bouillard
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - P Segovia
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - W Dickson
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - G A Wurtz
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - A V Zayats
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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39
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Abass A, Rodriguez SRK, Ako T, Aubert T, Verschuuren M, Van Thourhout D, Beeckman J, Hens Z, Gómez Rivas J, Maes B. Active liquid crystal tuning of metallic nanoantenna enhanced light emission from colloidal quantum dots. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5555-5560. [PMID: 25237822 DOI: 10.1021/nl501955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A system comprising an aluminum nanoantenna array on top of a luminescent colloidal quantum dot waveguide and covered by a thermotropic liquid crystal (LC) is introduced. By heating the LC above its critical temperature, we demonstrate that the concomitant refractive index change modifies the hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonances in the system. This enables active control of the spectrum and directionality of the narrow-band (∼6 nm) enhancement of quantum dot photoluminescence by the metallic nanoantennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi Abass
- Solar Cells Group, Department of Electronic and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University , Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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40
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Bavil MA, Deng Q, Zhou Z. Extraordinary transmission through gain-assisted silicon-based nanohole arrays in telecommunication regimes. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:4506-4509. [PMID: 25078214 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extraordinary gain-assisted transmission in telecommunication regimes through circular nanohole arrays drilled on a metallic film is investigated theoretically. Silicon-compatible Er-Yb silicate, which has a photoluminescence peak in the telecommunication regime, was selected for optical amplification purposes. Geometrical parameters were optimized analytically in order to present transmission resonances at telecommunication regions. The required gain value for lossless propagation was determined by considering the surface-plasmon dispersion relation. Simulation results show that the predicted gain for lossless propagation cannot completely compensate the loss. By increasing gain value, absorption becomes zero and transmission approaches unit through a laser with a pumping power of 372 mW at 1480 nm.
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41
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Kang M, Kim JJ, Oh YJ, Park SG, Jeong KH. A deformable nanoplasmonic membrane reveals universal correlations between plasmon resonance and surface enhanced Raman scattering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4510-4. [PMID: 24668875 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative correlation between plasmon resonance and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals is revealed by using a novel active plasmonic method, that is, a deformable nanoplasmonic membrane. A single SERS peak has the maximum gain at the corresponding plasmon resonance wavelength, which has the maximum extinction product of an excitation and the corresponding Raman scattering wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Optical Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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42
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Dai WH, Lin FC, Huang CB, Huang JS. Mode conversion in high-definition plasmonic optical nanocircuits. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3881-3886. [PMID: 24885198 DOI: 10.1021/nl501102n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Symmetric and antisymmetric guided modes on a plasmonic two-wire transmission line have distinct properties and are suitable for different circuit functions. Being able to locally convert the guided modes is important for realizing multifunctional optical nanocircuits. Here, we experimentally demonstrate successful local conversion between the symmetric and the antisymmetric modes in a single-crystalline gold plasmonic nanocircuit with an optimally designed mode converter for optical signals at 194.2 THz. Mode conversion may find applications in controlling nanoscale light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Dai
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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43
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Jiang N, Shao L, Wang J. (Gold nanorod core)/(polyaniline shell) plasmonic switches with large plasmon shifts and modulation depths. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3282-3289. [PMID: 24591117 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
(Gold nanorod core)/(polyaniline shell) nanostructures are prepared for functioning as active plasmonic switches. The single core/shell nanostructures exhibit a remarkable switching performance, with the modulation depth and scattering peak shift reaching 10 dB and 100 nm, respectively. The nanostructures are also deposited on substrates to form macroscale monolayers with remarkable ensemble plasmonic switching performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jiang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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44
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Liu H, Yang Z, Meng L, Sun Y, Wang J, Yang L, Liu J, Tian Z. Three-Dimensional and Time-Ordered Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Hotspot Matrix. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5332-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501951v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Liu
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhilin Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingyan Meng
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yudie Sun
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Institute
of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhongqun Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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45
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Bouillard JSG, Dickson W, Wurtz GA, Zayats AV. Near-field hyperspectral optical imaging. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:619-29. [PMID: 24677625 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview presents an overview of near-field hyperspectral imaging and discusses its applications. Based on a fibre-tip probe, the hyperspectral near-field optical microscope allows the simultaneous acquisition of near-field images over a broad spectral range (400 to 1000 nm), enabling the recovery of local spectroscopic information, which is essential for understanding the resonant interaction of light with nanostructured objects because the far-field and near-field spectral responses can differ significantly, as is the case for plasmonic nanostructures. The optical information is collected through local interactions with the evanescent fields at the surface of the sample; therefore, the approach provides spectroscopic information with nanoscale spatial resolution. Several applications of spectroscopic near-field microscopy are described for the visualisation of plasmonic modes in metallic nanostructures and near-field fluorescence spectroscopy.
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46
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Matsui T, Yoshida H, Miura A, Kobashi J, Ikeda N, Sugimoto Y, Ozaki M. Tunable enhanced 0th-order transmission in a metal-dielectric hole array covered with a subwavelength liquid crystal layer. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:1262-1265. [PMID: 24690722 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate tunable, enhanced 0th-order transmission through a metal-dielectric nanohole array device with a subwavelength-thick liquid crystal (LC) layer. The LC filled the nanoholes and formed a subwavelength covering layer, which is then capped by a top cover layer. The wavelength where the transmittance dip associated with the LC occurs is determined by the anisotropic refractive-index component of the LC, which is normal to the surface of the hole array. A low-refractive-index cover layer suppresses unwanted higher-order diffraction, which results in an enhancement of the 0th-order transmission, which is closely related to laterally propagating surface plasmon polaritons. The proposed design is expected to help realize tunable plasmonic devices with high optical transmittance.
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47
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Liquid-Crystal-Enabled Active Plasmonics: A Review. MATERIALS 2014; 7:1296-1317. [PMID: 28788515 PMCID: PMC5453087 DOI: 10.3390/ma7021296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals are a promising candidate for development of active plasmonics due to their large birefringence, low driving threshold, and versatile driving methods. We review recent progress on the interdisciplinary research field of liquid crystal based plasmonics. The research scope of this field is to build the next generation of reconfigurable plasmonic devices by combining liquid crystals with plasmonic nanostructures. Various active plasmonic devices, such as switches, modulators, color filters, absorbers, have been demonstrated. This review is structured to cover active plasmonic devices from two aspects: functionalities and driven methods. We hope this review would provide basic knowledge for a new researcher to get familiar with the field, and serve as a reference for experienced researchers to keep up the current research trends.
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48
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Najiminaini M, Vasefi F, Kaminska B, Carson JJL. Nanohole-array-based device for 2D snapshot multispectral imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2589. [PMID: 24005065 PMCID: PMC3763253 DOI: 10.1038/srep02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a two-dimensional (2D) snapshot multispectral imager that utilizes the optical transmission characteristics of nanohole arrays (NHAs) in a gold film to resolve a mixture of input colors into multiple spectral bands. The multispectral device consists of blocks of NHAs, wherein each NHA has a unique periodicity that results in transmission resonances and minima in the visible and near-infrared regions. The multispectral device was illuminated over a wide spectral range, and the transmission was spectrally unmixed using a least-squares estimation algorithm. A NHA-based multispectral imaging system was built and tested in both reflection and transmission modes. The NHA-based multispectral imager was capable of extracting 2D multispectral images representative of four independent bands within the spectral range of 662 nm to 832 nm for a variety of targets. The multispectral device can potentially be integrated into a variety of imaging sensor systems.
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49
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Wen X, Zhang Q, Chai J, Wong LM, Wang S, Xiong Q. Near-infrared active metamaterials and their applications in tunable surface-enhanced Raman scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:2989-2995. [PMID: 24663590 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.002989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
By utilizing the phase change properties of vanadium dioxide (VO2), we have demonstrated the tuning of the electric and magnetic modes of split ring resonators (SRRs) simultaneously within the near IR range. The electric resonance wavelength is blue-shift about 73 nm while the magnetic resonance mode is red-shifted about 126 nm during the phase transition from insulating to metallic phases. Due to the hysteresis phenomenon of VO2 phase transition, both the electric and magnetic modes shifts are hysteretic. In addition to the frequency shift, the magnetic mode has a trend to vanish due to the fact that the metallic phase VO2 has the tendency to short the gap of SRR. We have also demonstrated the application of this active metamaterials in tunable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), for a fixed excitation laser wavelength, the Raman intensity can be altered significantly by tuning the electric mode frequency of SRR, which is accomplished by controlling the phase of VO2 with an accurate temperature control.
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50
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