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Song M, Ma BS, Oh SJ, Kim TS. Plane Stress Fracture Toughness Testing of Freestanding Ultra-Thin Nanocrystalline Gold Films on Water Surface. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301220. [PMID: 38279567 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Fracture toughness, which is the resistance of a material to crack propagation, is a critical material property for ensuring the mechanical reliability of damage-tolerant design. Recently, damage-tolerant design is introduced to flexible electronics by adopting micro-cracked ultra-thin nanocrystalline (NC) gold films as stretchable electrodes in a plane stress state. However, experimental investigation of the plane stress fracture toughness of those films remains challenging due to the intrinsic fragility from their sub-100 nm thicknesses. Here, a quantitative method for systematically evaluating the plane stress fracture toughness of freestanding ultra-thin NC gold film on water surface platform is presented. After effectively fabricating single-edge-notched-tension samples with femtosecond laser, mode I stress intensity factors are measured in the plane stress state on water surface. Moreover, investigation regarding the effect of notch length, notch sharpness, and notch tip plasticity validates this method based on linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. As a demonstration, the thickness-dependent plane stress fracture toughness of ultra-thin NC gold films is qualitatively unveiled. It is revealed that the thickness confinement effect on grain boundary sliding induces a transition in fracture behavior. This method is expected to further clarify the fracture-related properties of various ultra-thin films for next-generation electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Soo Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhao Z, Wang Z, Bie Y, Liu X, Wei Y. The Effect of Impact Load on the Atomistic Scale Fracture Behavior of Nanocrystalline bcc Iron. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:370. [PMID: 38392743 PMCID: PMC10891635 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline metals have many applications in nanodevices, especially nanoscale electronics in aerospace. Their ability to resist fracture under impact produced by environmental stress is the main concern of nanodevice design. By carrying out molecular dynamics simulations under different fast loading rates, this work examines the effect of impact load on the fracture behavior of nanocrystalline bcc iron at an atomistic scale. The results show that a crack propagates with intergranular decohesion in nanocrystalline iron. With the increase in impact load, intergranular decohesion weakens, and plastic behaviors are generated by grain boundary activities. Also, the mechanism dominating plastic deformation changes from the atomic slip at the crack tip to obvious grain boundary activities. The grain boundary activities produced by the increase in impact load lead to an increase in the threshold energy for crack cleavage and enhance nanocrystalline bcc iron resistance to fracture. Nanocrystalline bcc iron can keep a high fracture ductility under a large impact load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yehui Bie
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueguang Wei
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Xue Z, Li X, Chen X, Huang C, Ye H, Li A, Wang T. Mechanical and Tribological Performances Enhanced by Self-Assembled Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002004. [PMID: 32754977 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from natural materials, composite materials can be reinforced by creating matrix architectures that can better accommodate and control internal stresses. Despite the recent success in the synthesis of artificial assemblies for local reinforcement through the introduction of oriented fibers and plates into host multilayered composites, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of the factors that determine mechanical properties. Moreover, designing building blocks and interfaces that facilitate higher resistance and energy dissipation is highly challenging. When the intrinsic material is fixed, the mechanical and tribological properties can be further adjusted. In this study, europium oxide nanosheets are arranged in interlocked-junction superstructures that resist sliding at junction points, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of the nanosheet assemblies compared to those of the conventional face-to-face superstructures formed by parallel nanosheets. Furthermore, the crystalline origin of building blocks is revealed by demonstrating that faulty crystal nanosheets adopting an amorphous structure are different from single-crystal nanosheets, with the former exhibiting superior mechanical reinforcement and improved abrasive resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haochen Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ailin Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, P. R. China
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Kim HT, Pathak M, Rajasekaran K, Gupta AK, Yu M. Thermal deformation of gold nanostructures and its influence on surface plasmon resonance sensing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:1128-1137. [PMID: 36133066 PMCID: PMC9418707 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00714h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures have been recently used in elevated temperature applications such as sensing of high-energy systems and localized heat generation for heat-assisted magnetic recording, thermophotovaltaics, and photothermal therapy. However, plasmonic nanostructures exposed to elevated temperature often experience permanent deformations, which could significantly degrade performance of the plasmonic devices. Therefore, understanding of thermal deformation of plasmonic nanostructures and its influence on the device performance is essential to the development of robust high-performance plasmonic devices. Here, we report thermal deformation of lithographic planar gold nanopatch and nanohole arrays and its influence on surface plasmon resonance sensing. The gold nanostructures are fabricated on a silicon substrate and on the end-face of an optical fiber using electron-beam lithography and focused-ion-beam lithography, respectively. The fabricated gold nanostructures are exposed to cyclic thermal loading in the range of 25 °C to 500 °C. Through experimental and numerical studies, we investigate (i) thermal deformation modes of the gold nanostructures, (ii) influence of the gold nanostructure geometry on the degree and mechanism of the thermal deformation, and (iii) influence of the thermal deformation on performance of surface plasmon resonance sensing. The obtained understanding from these studies is expected to help guide the development of robust high-performance plasmonic sensors for monitoring in elevated temperature environments. Although the current work is focused on gold nanostructures, it can be extended to provide useful insights on thermal deformation of refractory plasmonic nanostructures at extreme temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Mayank Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Keshav Rajasekaran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Ashwani K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
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5
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In situ atomic-scale observation of grain size and twin thickness effect limit in twin-structural nanocrystalline platinum. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1167. [PMID: 32127536 PMCID: PMC7054541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin-thickness-controlled plastic deformation mechanisms are well understood for submicron-sized twin-structural polycrystalline metals. However, for twin-structural nanocrystalline metals where both the grain size and twin thickness reach the nanometre scale, how these metals accommodate plastic deformation remains unclear. Here, we report an integrated grain size and twin thickness effect on the deformation mode of twin-structural nanocrystalline platinum. Above a ∼10 nm grain size, there is a critical value of twin thickness at which the full dislocation intersecting with the twin plane switches to a deformation mode that results in a partial dislocation parallel to the twin planes. This critical twin thickness value varies from ∼6 to 10 nm and is grain size-dependent. For grain sizes between ∼10 to 6 nm, only partial dislocation parallel to twin planes is observed. When the grain size falls below 6 nm, the plasticity switches to grain boundary-mediated plasticity, in contrast with previous studies, suggesting that the plasticity in twin-structural nanocrystalline metals is governed by partial dislocation activities. The deformation mechanisms of micron-sized twinned metals are well-understood, but it is not so for twinned nanocrystalline metals. Here, the authors use high resolution microscopy to image the deformation of nanocrystalline twinned platinum and show that grain boundary behaviors dominate plasticity below 6 nm.
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Abstract
Conventional polycrystalline metals become stronger with decreasing grain size, yet softening starts to take over at the nanometer regime, giving rise to the strongest size at which the predominate strengthening mechanism switches to softening. We show that this critical size for the onset of softening can be tuned by tailoring grain size gradient, and raising in the gradient shifts the size toward the smaller value. The decrease in the strongest size is prompted by mitigation of grain boundary-mediated softening processes accompanying by enhanced intragranular plastic deformations. We found that the nanograins smaller than 6 nm, mainly involving intergranular sliding in homogeneous structures, reveal anomalous plastic deformation in gradient systems, which is mediated by partial dislocation nucleation, faulting and twinning activated in a gradient stress field. The results on extended dislocation slip and gradient plasticity, stemming from the structure heterogeneity, shed light on an emerging class of heterogeneous nanostructured materials of improved strength-ductility synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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7
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Li H, Shen J, Wei Q, Li X. Dynamic self-strengthening of a bio-nanostructured armor — conch shell. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Patil SP, Heider Y. A Review on Brittle Fracture Nanomechanics by All-Atom Simulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1050. [PMID: 31336659 PMCID: PMC6669627 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite a wide range of current and potential applications, one primary concern of brittle materials is their sudden and swift collapse. This failure phenomenon exhibits an inability of the materials to sustain tension stresses in a predictable and reliable manner. However, advances in the field of fracture mechanics, especially at the nanoscale, have contributed to the understanding of the material response and failure nature to predict most of the potential dangers. In the following contribution, a comprehensive review is carried out on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of brittle fracture, wherein the method provides new data and exciting insights into fracture mechanism that cannot be obtained easily from theories or experiments on other scales. In the present review, an abstract introduction to MD simulations, advantages, current limitations and their applications to a range of brittle fracture problems are presented. Additionally, a brief discussion highlights the theoretical background of the macroscopic techniques, such as Griffith's criterion, crack tip opening displacement, J-integral and other criteria that can be linked to the fracture mechanical properties at the nanoscale. The main focus of the review is on the recent advances in fracture analysis of highly brittle materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, silicon carbide, amorphous silica, calcium carbonate and silica aerogel at the nanoscale. These materials are presented here due to their extraordinary mechanical properties and a wide scope of applications. The underlying review grants a more extensive unravelling of the fracture behaviour and mechanical properties at the nanoscale of brittle materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep P Patil
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Yousef Heider
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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9
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Lin TC, Yen CC, Lin SY, Huang YC, Tung CH, Hsiao YT, Chang SY. Small-Size-Induced Plasticity and Dislocation Activities on Non-Charge-Balanced Slip System of Ionic MgO Pillars. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4993-5000. [PMID: 29985625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We observed the small-size-induced hardening and plasticity of brittle ionic MgO as a result of abnormally triggered dislocation gliding on a non-charge-balanced slip system. The indentation tests of ⟨111⟩ MgO pillars revealed an increased hardness with decreasing pillar size, and the tips of the pillars that were ≤200 nm were plastically deformed. The in situ compression tests of ⟨111⟩ MgO nanopillars in transmission electron microscopy verified aligned dislocation-mediated plasticity on the {111}⟨110⟩ and {100}⟨110⟩ systems rather than the charge-balanced {110}⟨110⟩ slip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227 , Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yi Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering , National Formosa University , Yunlin 63201 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huan Tung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
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10
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Cunningham WS, Gentile JM, El-Atwani O, Taylor CN, Efe M, Maloy SA, Trelewicz JR. Softening due to Grain Boundary Cavity Formation and its Competition with Hardening in Helium Implanted Nanocrystalline Tungsten. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2897. [PMID: 29440652 PMCID: PMC5811568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique ability of grain boundaries to act as effective sinks for radiation damage plays a significant role in nanocrystalline materials due to their large interfacial area per unit volume. Leveraging this mechanism in the design of tungsten as a plasma-facing material provides a potential pathway for enhancing its radiation tolerance under fusion-relevant conditions. In this study, we explore the impact of defect microstructures on the mechanical behavior of helium ion implanted nanocrystalline tungsten through nanoindentation. Softening was apparent across all implantation temperatures and attributed to bubble/cavity loaded grain boundaries suppressing the activation barrier for the onset of plasticity via grain boundary mediated dislocation nucleation. An increase in fluence placed cavity induced grain boundary softening in competition with hardening from intragranular defect loop damage, thus signaling a new transition in the mechanical behavior of helium implanted nanocrystalline tungsten.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Streit Cunningham
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gentile
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Osman El-Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Chase N Taylor
- Fusion Safety Program, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Mert Efe
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Stuart A Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jason R Trelewicz
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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11
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Ferdous SF, Adnan A. Mode-I Fracture Toughness Prediction of Diamond at the Nanoscale. JOURNAL OF NANOMECHANICS AND MICROMECHANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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12
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Wu CD, Tsai HW. Atomistic simulation study of tensile deformation in nanocrystalline and single-crystal Au. J Mol Model 2017; 23:114. [PMID: 28289955 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of notch size (r) on nanocrystalline (NC) and single-crystal (SC) Au at a temperature of 300 K under tension testing is studied using molecular dynamics simulations based on the many-body embedded-atom potential. The effect is investigated in terms of atomic trajectories, common neighbor analysis, and the stress-strain curve. The simulation results show that for the NC samples, stacking faults nucleate at grain boundaries (GBs), propagate inside grains, and eventually are terminated by GBs or transect them. For tensile-deformed NC and SC samples with larger r values, necking and breaking occur faster, which indicates that ductility decreases. SC samples exhibit larger yield strength and ultimate strength than those of NC samples. SC samples have a longer elastic deformation period due to their lack of GBs. For NC samples, increasing the r value increases Young's modulus but decreases the yield point; in addition, it decreases mechanical strength and speeds up the formation of necking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Da Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200, Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Wei Tsai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200, Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
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13
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Hypothesis: bones toughness arises from the suppression of elastic waves. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7538. [PMID: 25518898 PMCID: PMC4269876 DOI: 10.1038/srep07538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and other natural material exhibit a combination of strength and toughness that far exceeds that of synthetic structural materials. Bone's toughness is a result of numerous extrinsic and intrinsic toughening mechanisms that operate synergistically at multiple length scales to produce a tough material. At the system level however no theory or organizational principle exists to explain how so many individual toughening mechanisms can work together. In this paper, we utilize the concept of phonon localization to explain, at the system level, the role of hierarchy, material heterogeneity, and the nanoscale dimensions of biological materials in producing tough composites. We show that phonon localization and attenuation, using a simple energy balance, dynamically arrests crack growth, prevents the cooperative growth of cracks, and allows for multiple toughening mechanisms to work simultaneously in heterogeneous materials. In turn, the heterogeneous, hierarchal, and multiscale structure of bone (which is generic to biological materials such as bone and nacre) can be rationalized because of the unique ability of such a structure to localize phonons of all wavelengths.
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14
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Grain rotation mediated by grain boundary dislocations in nanocrystalline platinum. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4402. [PMID: 25030380 PMCID: PMC4109021 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain rotation is a well-known phenomenon during high (homologous) temperature deformation and recrystallization of polycrystalline materials. In recent years, grain rotation has also been proposed as a plasticity mechanism at low temperatures (for example, room temperature for metals), especially for nanocrystalline grains with diameter d less than ~15 nm. Here, in tensile-loaded Pt thin films under a high-resolution transmission electron microscope, we show that the plasticity mechanism transitions from cross-grain dislocation glide in larger grains (d>6 nm) to a mode of coordinated rotation of multiple grains for grains with d<6 nm. The mechanism underlying the grain rotation is dislocation climb at the grain boundary, rather than grain boundary sliding or diffusional creep. Our atomic-scale images demonstrate directly that the evolution of the misorientation angle between neighbouring grains can be quantitatively accounted for by the change of the Frank-Bilby dislocation content in the grain boundary.
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15
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Hosseinian E, Pierron ON. Quantitative in situ TEM tensile fatigue testing on nanocrystalline metallic ultrathin films. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12532-12541. [PMID: 24173603 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A unique technique to perform quantitative in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) fatigue testing on ultrathin films and nanomaterials is demonstrated. The technique relies on a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device to actuate a nanospecimen and measure its mechanical response. Compared to previously demonstrated MEMS-based in situ TEM techniques, the technique takes advantage of two identical capacitive sensors on each side of the specimen to measure electronically elongation (with nm resolution) and applied force (with μN resolution). Monotonic and fatigue tests were performed on nanocrystalline gold ultrathin film specimens that were manipulated and fixed onto the MEMS device without the use of a focused ion-beam microscope (and therefore, importantly, without any associated surface damage). The major advantage of the technique is its capability to use TEM imaging solely for high magnification microstructural observations while the MEMS device provides continuous tracking of the material's response, thereby expanding the capabilities of MEMS-based techniques towards more complex in situ TEM nanomechanical tests, such as fatigue tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hosseinian
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA.
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16
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Gu XW, Wu Z, Zhang YW, Srolovitz DJ, Greer JR. Microstructure versus flaw: mechanisms of failure and strength in nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5703-5709. [PMID: 24168654 DOI: 10.1021/nl403453h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding failure in nanomaterials is critical for the design of reliable structural materials and small-scale devices with nanoscale components. No consensus exists on the effect of flaws on fracture at the nanoscale, but proposed theories include nanoscale flaw tolerance and maintaining macroscopic fracture relationships at the nanoscale with scarce experimental support. We explore fracture in nanomaterials using nanocrystalline Pt nanocylinders with prefabricated surface notches created using a "paused" electroplating method. In situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tension tests demonstrate that the majority of these samples failed at the notches, but that tensile failure strength is independent of whether failure occurred at or away from the flaw. Molecular dynamics simulations verify these findings and show that local plasticity is able to reduce stress concentration ahead of the notch to levels comparable with the strengths of microstructural features (e.g., grain boundaries). Thus, failure occurs at the stress concentration with the highest local stress whether this is at the notch or a microstructural feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wendy Gu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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17
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Fracture mechanics of hydroxyapatite single crystals under geometric confinement. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 20:184-91. [PMID: 23500480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Geometric confinement to the nanoscale, a concept that refers to the characteristic dimensions of structural features of materials at this length scale, has been shown to control the mechanical behavior of many biological materials or their building blocks, and such effects have also been suggested to play a crucial role in enhancing the strength and toughness of bone. Here we study the effect of geometric confinement on the fracture mechanism of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals that form the mineralized phase in bone. We report a series of molecular simulations of HAP crystals with an edge crack on the (001) plane under tensile loading, and we systematically vary the sample height whilst keeping the sample and the crack length constant. We find that by decreasing the sample height the stress concentration at the tip of the crack disappears for samples with a height smaller than 4.15nm, below which the material shows a different failure mode characterized by a more ductile mechanism with much larger failure strains, and the strength approaching that of a flaw-less crystal. This study directly confirms an earlier suggestion of a flaw-tolerant state that appears under geometric confinement and may explain the mechanical stability of the reinforcing HAP platelets in bone.
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Zhang T, Li X, Kadkhodaei S, Gao H. Flaw insensitive fracture in nanocrystalline graphene. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:4605-10. [PMID: 22889375 DOI: 10.1021/nl301908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We show from a series of molecular dynamics simulations that the tensile fracture behavior of a nanocrystalline graphene (nc-graphene) nanostrip can become insensitive to a pre-existing flaw (e.g., a hole or a notch) below a critical length scale in the sense that there exists no stress concentration near the flaw, the ultimate failure does not necessarily initiate at the flaw, and the normalized strength of the strip is independent of the size of the flaw. This study is a first direct atomistic simulation of flaw insensitive fracture in high-strength nanoscale materials and provides significant insights into the deformation and failure mechanisms of nc-graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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