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Synthesis of Spherical Composite CMC-LTO-EGDE-ME for Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Water. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6884947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) and melamine (ME) were used to prepare a spherical composite material CMC-LTO-EGDE-ME through the strategy of cross-linking reaction of biodegradable sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with Li2TiO3 (LTO) to improve the cycle stability of the adsorption-desorption for lithium recovery. In the geothermal water at 333.15°K, the adsorption capacity of the spherical composite adsorbent for lithium-ion is 12.02 mg/g, and the adsorption equilibrium time is 8 h. There is a good selectivity of Li+ (Kd = 3.7 × 103) and high separation factors between Li+ and Na+, K+, Cs+ and Ca2+ (between 39.17 and 181.97). Studies on adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm showed that composite material’s adsorption process was obtained from the pseudosecond-order kinetics and the molecular diffusion model. It was found that the composite material has broad applications in lithium recovery from geothermal water.
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Chae S, Xu Y, Yi R, Lim HS, Velickovic D, Li X, Li Q, Wang C, Zhang JG. A Micrometer-Sized Silicon/Carbon Composite Anode Synthesized by Impregnation of Petroleum Pitch in Nanoporous Silicon. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103095. [PMID: 34398477 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon (Si)/carbon nanocomposites have been extensively explored as a promising anode material for high-energy lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs). However, shrinking of the pores and sintering of Si in the nanoporous structure during fabrication often diminishes the full benefits of nanoporous Si. Herein, a scalable method is reported to preserve the porous Si nanostructure by impregnating petroleum pitch inside of porous Si before high-temperature treatment. The resulting micrometer-sized Si/C composite maintains a desired porosity to accommodate large volume change and high conductivity to facilitate charge transfer. It also forms a stable surface coating that limits the penetration of electrolyte into nanoporous Si and minimizes the side reaction between electrolyte and Si during cycling and storage. A Si-based anode with 80% of pitch-derived carbon/nanoporous Si enables very stable cycling of a Si||Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2 (NMC532) battery (80% capacity retention after 450 cycles). It also leads to low swelling in both particle and electrode levels required for the next generation of high-energy LIBs. The process also can be used to preserve the porous structure of other nanoporous materials that need to be treated at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujong Chae
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ran Yi
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Hyung-Seok Lim
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Dusan Velickovic
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Qiuyan Li
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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Microscopic observation of nanoporous Si-Li3PS4 interface in composite anodes with stable cyclability. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Collins GA, Kilian S, Geaney H, Ryan KM. A Nanowire Nest Structure Comprising Copper Silicide and Silicon Nanowires for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes with High Areal Loading. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102333. [PMID: 34263558 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High loading (>1.6 mg cm-2 ) of Si nanowires (NWs) is achieved by seeding the growth from a dense array of Cu15 Si4 NWs using tin seeds. A one-pot synthetic approach involves the direct growth of CuSi NWs on Cu foil that acts as a textured surface for Sn adhesion and Si NW nucleation. The high achievable Si NW loading is enabled by the high surface area of CuSi NWs and bolstered by secondary growth of Si NWs as branches from both Si and CuSi NW stems, forming a dense Si active layer, interconnected with an electrically conducting CuSi array (denoted Si/CuSi). When employed as Li-ion battery anodes, the Si/CuSi nest structure demonstrates impressive rate performance, reaching 4.1 mAh cm-2 at C/20, 3.1 mAh cm-2 at C/5, and 0.8 mAh cm-2 at 6C. Also, Si/CuSi shows remarkable long-term stability, delivering a stable areal capacity of 2.2 mAh cm-2 after 300 cycles. Overall, complete anode fabrication is achieved within a single reaction by employing an inexpensive Sn powder approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gearoid A Collins
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Seamus Kilian
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Guo S, Feng Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Yu Y, Hu X. Architectural Engineering Achieves High-Performance Alloying Anodes for Lithium and Sodium Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005248. [PMID: 33734598 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been dedicated to the development of high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices. The development of lithium- and sodium-ion batteries (LIBs and SIBs) with high energy densities is urgently needed to meet the growing demands for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large-scale smart grids. Anode materials with high theoretical capacities that are based on alloying storage mechanisms are at the forefront of research geared towards high-energy-density LIBs or SIBs. However, they often suffer from severe pulverization and rapid capacity decay due to their huge volume change upon cycling. So far, a wide variety of advanced materials and electrode structures are developed to improve the long-term cyclability of alloying-type materials. This review provides fundamentals of anti-pulverization and cutting-edge concepts that aim to achieve high-performance alloying anodes for LIBs/SIBs from the viewpoint of architectural engineering. The recent progress on the effective strategies of nanostructuring, incorporation of carbon, intermetallics design, and binder engineering is systematically summarized. After that, the relationship between architectural design and electrochemical performance as well as the related charge-storage mechanisms is discussed. Finally, challenges and perspectives of alloying-type anode materials for further development in LIB/SIB applications are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Libin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xianluo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Flexible welding of SiOx nanowire to macroporous carbon film and underlying new insights. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWith the continuous decreasing in sizes of functional materials and devices, people are being asked to perform a flexible, accurate, in-situ and non-thermal welding of nanowires at the nanoscale. In this work, a well deliberated procedure including three typical stages: sharpening, hooking and welding, was carried out in sequence by in-situ TEM to realize the high demand welding of SiOx nanowire to macroporous carbon film. It was found that the brittle SiOx nanowire was non-thermally softened under energetic e-beam irradiation, and the flexibility and accuracy of welding could be achieved by adjusting the beam spot size, irradiation location and irradiation time. It was demonstrated that the nanocurvature effect of SiOx nanowire and the ultra-fast energy deposition effect induced by energetic e-beam irradiation dominated the diffusion, evaporation and plastic flow of atoms and the resulting nanowire re-shaping and nanowelding processes. In contrast, the traditional knock-on mechanism and e-beam heating effect are inadequate to explain these phenomena. Therefore, such a study is crucial not only to the flexible technical controlling but also to the profound fundamental understanding of energetic e-beam-induced nanowire re-shaping and nanowelding.
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Stokes K, Kennedy T, Kim GT, Geaney H, Storan D, Laffir F, Appetecchi GB, Passerini S, Ryan KM. Influence of Carbonate-Based Additives on the Electrochemical Performance of Si NW Anodes Cycled in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7011-7019. [PMID: 32648763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Addition of electrolyte additives (ethylene or vinylene carbonate) is shown to dramatically improve the cycling stability and capacity retention (1600 mAh g-1) of Si nanowires (NWs) in a safe ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte (0.1LiTFSI-0.6PYR13FSI-0.3PYR13TFSI). We show, using postmortem SEM and TEM, a distinct difference in morphologies of the active material after cycling in the presence or absence of the additives. The difference in performance is shown by postmortem XPS analysis to arise from a notable increase in irreversible silicate formation in the absence of the carbonate additives. The composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the active material surface was further analyzed using XPS as a function of the IL components revealing that the SEI was primarily made up of N-, F-, and S-containing compounds from the degradation of the TFSI and FSI anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Stokes
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Guk-Tae Kim
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Dylan Storan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Fathima Laffir
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Giovanni Battista Appetecchi
- Materials and Physicochemical Processes Laboratory, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Via Anguillrese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Zhang Z, Liu D, Huo F, Huang S, Cui J, Lu Y, Parkin IP, Guo D. Self-healing on mismatched fractured composite surfaces of SiC with a diameter of 180 nm. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19617-19627. [PMID: 32584359 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing on fractured surfaces of silicon carbide (SiC) is highly desirable, to avoid the catastrophic failure of high-performance devices working at extreme environments. Nevertheless, self-healing on a fractured surface of an amorphous and crystalline (AAC) composite structure of a brittle nanowire (NW) has not been demonstrated. In this study, self-healing is demonstrated on mismatched fractured surfaces of the AAC composite structure of a brittle solid for a SiC NW with a diameter of 187 nm. Fracture strength is 10.18 GPa for the AAC structure, recovering 11.7% after self-healing on its mismatched fractured surfaces. To the best of our knowledge, we firstly report the self-healing on mismatched fractured surfaces of the AAC structure for a brittle NW. This is a breakthrough of the previous prediction that self-healing could not be realized on a brittle NW with a diameter over 150 nm. A growth of 3 nm was found after self-healing on the gap induced by mismatched fractured surfaces, which is different from previous reports for pure amorphous and monocrystalline brittle NWs. To reduce the potential energy, coherent rebonding and debonding were performed to realize the atomic migration to fill the gap, resulting in the growth of gap of 3 nm to perform self-healing. Our findings shed light on the potential of self-healing for design and fabrication of next-generation high-performance SiC devices used in the vacuum and aerospace industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Fengwei Huo
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China
| | - Siling Huang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Dongming Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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9
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Green recovery of low concentration of lithium from geothermal water by a novel FPO/KNiFC ion pump technique. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Design of Silicon Nanowire Array for PEDOT:PSS-Silicon Nanowire-Based Hybrid Solar Cell. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13153797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among various photovoltaic devices, the poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based hybrid solar cell is getting momentum for the next generation solar cell. Although, the power-conversion efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell has already been reported above 13% by many researchers, it is still at a primitive stage and requires comprehensive research and developments. When SiNWs interact with conjugate polymer PEDOT:PSS, the various aspects of SiNW array are required to optimize for high efficiency hybrid solar cell. Therefore, the designing of silicon nanowire (SiNW) array is a crucial aspect for an efficient PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, where PEDOT:PSS plays a role as a conductor with an transparent optical window just-like as metal-semiconductor Schottky solar cell. This short review mainly focuses on the current research trends for the general, electrical, optical and photovoltaic design issues associated with SiNW array for PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cells. The foremost features including the morphology, surface traps, doping of SiNW, which limit the efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, will be addressed and reviewed. Finally, the SiNW design issues for boosting up the fill-factor, short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage will be highlighted and discussed.
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Kong X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zeng J, Zhao J. An effective electrolyte design to improve the high-voltage performance of high-capacity NCM811 / SiOx-Gr batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Stokes K, Geaney H, Sheehan M, Borsa D, Ryan KM. Copper Silicide Nanowires as Hosts for Amorphous Si Deposition as a Route to Produce High Capacity Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8829-8835. [PMID: 31671264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, copper silicide (Cu15Si4) nanowires (NWs) grown in high densities from a metallic Cu substrate are utilized as nanostructured hosts for amorphous silicon (aSi) deposition. The conductive Cu15Si4 NW scaffolds offer an increased surface area, versus planar substrates, and enable the preparation of high capacity Li-ion anodes consisting of a nanostructured active material. The formation method involves a two-step process, where Cu15Si4 nanowires are synthesized from a Cu substrate via a solvent vapor growth (SVG) approach followed by the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of aSi. These binder-free anodes are investigated in half-cell (versus Li-foil) and full-cell (versus LCO) configurations with discharge capacities greater than 2000 mAh/g retained after 200 cycles (half-cell) and reversible capacities of 1870 mAh/g exhibited after 100 cycles (full-cell). A noteworthy rate capability is also attained where capacities of up to 1367 mAh/g and 1520 mAh/g are exhibited at 5C in half-cell and full-cell configurations, respectively, highlighting the active material's promise for fast charging and high power applications. The anode material is characterized prior to cycling and after 1, 25, and 100 charge/discharge cycles, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to track the effects of cycling on the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Stokes
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Martin Sheehan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Dana Borsa
- Smit Thermal Solutions B.V. , Luchthavenweg 10 , Eindhoven NL 5657 , Netherlands
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
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13
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Lin H, Yu X, Li M, Duo J, Guo Y, Deng T. Synthesis of Polyporous Ion-Sieve and Its Application for Selective Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26364-26372. [PMID: 31268654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of lithium-ion batteries has led to continuously increasing demands for lithium. In order to recover lithium from geothermal water, a novel composite lithium ion-sieve was synthesized and applied in this work. The stability of the material was successfully solved by granulating using acid-alkali resistant polyvinyl chloride as a binder, and its adsorption performances were also improved by using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) as a porogen to obtain a polyporous structure. When the developed material was applied for lithium separation from geothermal water, the adsorption capacity reached 12.84 mg/g at 328.15 K with an equilibrium time of about 12 h. The material can be well regenerated using 0.25 mol/L HCl to realize cycle use. The separation factors between Li+ and other co-existing ions were within the range of 273.58-521.28, and the attenuation of adsorption capacity after five cycles was no more than 2%. The high selectivity and reusability properties of the polyporous ion-sieve make the material a potential candidate for the selective separation and recovery of a low concentration of lithium from geothermal water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Mingli Li
- Central Laboratory of Geological Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau of Tibet Autonomous Region , Tibet 850033 , China
| | - Ji Duo
- Central Laboratory of Geological Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau of Tibet Autonomous Region , Tibet 850033 , China
| | - Yafei Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Tianlong Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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Cui J, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Liu D, Zou L, Guo X, Lu Y, Parkin IP, Guo D. Ultrahigh Recovery of Fracture Strength on Mismatched Fractured Amorphous Surfaces of Silicon Carbide. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7483-7492. [PMID: 31184133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires (NWs) have been envisioned as building blocks of nanotechnology and nanodevices. In this study, NWs were manipulated using a weasel hair and fixed by conductive silver epoxy, eliminating the contaminations and damages induced by conventional beam depositions. The fracture strength of the amorphous silicon carbide was found to be 8.8 GPa, which was measured by in situ transmission electron microscopy nanomechanical testing, approaching the theoretical fracture limit. Here, we report that self-healing of mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces of brittle NWs was discovered. The fracture strength was found to be 5.6 GPa on the mismatched fractured surfaces, recovering 63.6% of that of pristine NWs. This is an ultrahigh recovery, due to the limits of reconstruction of dangling bonds on the fractured amorphous surfaces and the mismatched areas. Simulation by molecular dynamics showed fracture strength recovery of 65.9% on the mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Healing on the mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces is by reorganization of Si-C bonds forming Si-C and Si-Si bonds. The potential energy increases 2.6 eV in the reorganized Si-C bonds and decreases by 3.2 and 1.9 eV, respectively, in the formed Si-C and Si-Si bonds. These findings provide insights for the reliability, design, and fabrication of high performance NW-based devices, to avoid catastrophic failure working in harsh and extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Li Zou
- School of Naval Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS , U.K
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
| | - Dongming Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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Liu Q, Hao Z, Liao X, Pan X, Li S, Xu L, Mai L. Langmuir-Blodgett Nanowire Devices for In Situ Probing of Zinc-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902141. [PMID: 31169975 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ monitoring the evolution of electrode materials in micro/nano scale is crucial to understand the intrinsic mechanism of rechargeable batteries. Here a novel on-chip Langmuir-Blodgett nanowire (LBNW) microdevice is designed based on aligned and assembled MnO2 nanowire quasimonolayer films for directly probing Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) in real-time. With an interdigital device configuration, a splendid Ohmic contact between MnO2 LBNWs and pyrolytic carbon current collector is demonstrated here, enabling a small polarization voltage. In addition, this work reveals, for the first time, that the conductance of MnO2 LBNWs monotonically increases/decreases when the ZIBs are charged/discharged. Multistep phase transition is mainly responsible for the mechanism of the ZIBs, as evidenced by combined high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy. This work provides a new and adaptable platform for microchip-based in situ simultaneous electrochemical and physical detection of batteries, which would promote the fundamental and practical research of nanowire electrode materials in energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xuelei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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16
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Stokes K, Boonen W, Geaney H, Kennedy T, Borsa D, Ryan KM. Tunable Core-Shell Nanowire Active Material for High Capacity Li-Ion Battery Anodes Comprised of PECVD Deposited aSi on Directly Grown Ge Nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19372-19380. [PMID: 31059229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the formation of core@shell nanowires (NWs) comprised of crystalline germanium NW cores with amorphous silicon shells (Ge@aSi) and their performance as a high capacity Li-ion battery anode material. The Ge NWs were synthesized directly from the current collector in a solvent vapor growth (SVG) system and used as hosts for the deposition of the Si shells via a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process utilizing an expanding thermal plasma (ETP) source. The secondary deposition allows for the preparation of Ge@aSi core@shell structures with tunable Ge/Si ratios (2:1 and 1:1) and superior gravimetric and areal capacities, relative to pure Ge. The binder-free anodes exhibited discharge capacities of up to 2066 mAh/g and retained capacities of 1455 mAh/g after 150 cycles (for the 1:1 ratio). The 2:1 ratio showed a minimal ∼5% fade in capacity between the 20th and 150th cycles. Ex situ microscopy revealed a complete restructuring of the active material to an interconnected Si1- xGe x morphology due to repeated lithiation and delithiation. In full-cell testing, a prelithiation step counteracted first cycle Li consumption and resulted in a 2-fold improvement to the capacity of the prelithiated cell versus the unconditioned full-cells. Remarkable rate capability was also delivered where capacities of 750 mAh/g were observed at a rate of 10 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Stokes
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Wil Boonen
- Smit Thermal Solutions B.V. , Luchthavenweg , 105657 EB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Dana Borsa
- Smit Thermal Solutions B.V. , Luchthavenweg , 105657 EB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
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17
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Zhu J, Guo M, Liu Y, Shi X, Fan F, Gu M, Yang H. In Situ TEM of Phosphorus-Dopant-Induced Nanopore Formation in Delithiated Silicon Nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17313-17320. [PMID: 31002223 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Through in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, we report the behaviors of phosphorus (P)-doped silicon nanowires (SiNWs) during electrochemical lithiation/delithiation cycling. Upon lithiation, lithium (Li) insertion causes volume expansion and formation of the crystalline Li15Si4 phase in the P-doped SiNWs. During delithiation, vacancies induced by Li extraction aggregate gradually, leading to the generation of nanopores. The as-formed nanopores can get annihilated with Li reinsertion during the following electrochemical cycle. As demonstrated by our phase-field simulations, such first-time-observed reversible nanopore formation can be attributed to the promoted lithiation/delithiation rate by the P dopant in the SiNWs. Our phase-field simulations further reveal that the delithiation-induced nanoporous structures can be controlled by tuning the electrochemical reaction rate in the SiNWs. The findings of this study shed light on the rational design of high-power performance Si-based anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Zhu
- Department of Mechanics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China
| | - Mohan Guo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology, & Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices , No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Yuemei Liu
- Department of Mechanics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China
| | - Xiaobo Shi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology, & Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices , No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | | | - Meng Gu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology, & Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices , No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Mechanics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China
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18
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Wang B, Ryu J, Choi S, Zhang X, Pribat D, Li X, Zhi L, Park S, Ruoff RS. Ultrafast-Charging Silicon-Based Coral-Like Network Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries with High Energy and Power Densities. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2307-2315. [PMID: 30707012 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fast charging rate and large energy storage are becoming key elements for the development of next-generation batteries, targeting high-performance electric vehicles. Developing electrodes with high volumetric and gravimetric capacity that could be operated at a high rate is the most challenging part of this process. Using silicon as the anode material, which exhibits the highest theoretical capacity as a lithium-ion battery anode, we report a binder-free electrode that interconnects carbon-sheathed porous silicon nanowires into a coral-like network and shows fast charging performance coupled to high energy and power densities when integrated into a full cell with a high areal capacity loading. The combination of interconnected nanowires, porous structure, and a highly conformal carbon coating in a single system strongly promotes the reaction kinetics of the electrode. This leads to fast-charging capability while maintaining the integrity of the electrode without structural collapse and, thus, stable cycling performance without using binder and conductive additives. Specifically, this anode shows high specific capacities (over 1200 mAh g-1) at an ultrahigh charging rate of 7 C over 500 charge-discharge cycles. When coupled with a commercial LiCoO2 or LiFePO4 cathode in a full cell, it delivers a volumetric energy density of 1621 Wh L-1 with a LiCoO2 cathode and a power density of 7762 W L-1 with a LiFePO4 cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , PR China
| | - Jaegeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Xinghao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , PR China
| | - Didier Pribat
- Nanomaterials for Energy laboratory, Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746 , Republic of Korea
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM) , Ecole Polytechnique , Palaiseau 91128 , France
| | - Xianglong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , PR China
| | - Linjie Zhi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , PR China
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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19
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Karki K, Wu L, Ma Y, Armstrong MJ, Holmes JD, Garofalini SH, Zhu Y, Stach EA, Wang F. Revisiting Conversion Reaction Mechanisms in Lithium Batteries: Lithiation-Driven Topotactic Transformation in FeF2. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17915-17922. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khim Karki
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ying Ma
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Mark J. Armstrong
- School of Chemistry and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justin D. Holmes
- School of Chemistry and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen H. Garofalini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Eric A. Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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20
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Stokes K, Flynn G, Geaney H, Bree G, Ryan KM. Axial Si-Ge Heterostructure Nanowires as Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5569-5575. [PMID: 30091609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the application of axially heterostructured nanowires consisting of alternating segments of silicon and germanium with a tin seed as lithium-ion battery anodes. During repeated lithiation and delithiation, the heterostructures completely rearrange into a porous network of homogeneously alloyed Si1- xGe x ligaments. The transformation was characterized through ex situ TEM, STEM, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical analysis was conducted on the heterostructure nanowires with discharge capacities in excess of 1180 mAh/g for 400 cycles (C/5) and capacities of up to 613 mAh/g exhibited at a rate of 10 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Stokes
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick , V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Grace Flynn
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick , V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick , V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Gerard Bree
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick , V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick , V94 T9PX Ireland
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21
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Zhang Z, Cui J, Wang B, Jiang H, Chen G, Yu J, Lin C, Tang C, Hartmaier A, Zhang J, Luo J, Rosenkranz A, Jiang N, Guo D. In situ TEM observation of rebonding on fractured silicon carbide. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6261-6269. [PMID: 29461562 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely used in harsh environments and under extreme conditions, including at high-power, high-temperature, high-current, high-voltage and high-frequency. The rebonding and self-matching of stack faults (SFs) is highly desirable to avoid catastrophic failure for SiC devices, especially for specific applications in the aerospace and nuclear power industries. In this study, a novel approach was developed using an eyebrow hair to pick up and transfer nanowires (NWs), in order to obtain in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the rebonding and self-matching of SFs at atomic resolution. During rebonding and healing, the electron beam was shut off. Rebonding on the fractured surfaces of monocrystalline and amorphous SiC NWs was observed by in situ TEM at room temperature. The fracture strength was 1.7 GPa after crack-healing, restoring 12.9% of that of a single crystal NW. Partial recrystallization along the <111> orientation and the self-matching of SFs are responsible for the rebonding of the monocrystalline NW. In comparison, the fracture strengths were 6.7 and 5.5 GPa for the first and second rebonding, respectively recovering 67% and 55% of that of an amorphous NW. Atomic diffusion contributed enormously to the rebonding on fractured surfaces of an amorphous NW, resulting in a healed surface consisting of an amorphous phase and crystallites. This rebonding function provides new insight into the fabrication of high-performance SiC devices for the aerospace, optoelectronic and semiconductor industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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22
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Electrochemical Evaluation and Phase-related Impedance Studies on Silicon-Few Layer Graphene (FLG) Composite Electrode Systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1386. [PMID: 29362384 PMCID: PMC5780504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon-Few Layer Graphene (Si-FLG) composite electrodes are investigated using a scalable electrode manufacturing method. A comprehensive study on the electrochemical performance and the impedance response is measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The study demonstrates that the incorporation of few-layer graphene (FLG) results in significant improvement in terms of cyclability, electrode resistance and diffusion properties. Additionally, the diffusion impedance responses that occur during the phase changes in silicon is elucidated through Staircase Potentio Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (SPEIS): a more comprehensive and straightforward approach than previous state-of-charge based diffusion studies.
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23
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Stokes K, Geaney H, Flynn G, Sheehan M, Kennedy T, Ryan KM. Direct Synthesis of Alloyed Si 1-xGe x Nanowires for Performance-Tunable Lithium Ion Battery Anodes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10088-10096. [PMID: 28902493 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the formation of high capacity Li-ion battery anodes from Si1-xGex alloy nanowire arrays that are grown directly on stainless steel current collectors, in a single-step synthesis. The direct formation of these Si1-xGex nanowires (ranging from Si0.20Ge0.80 to Si0.67Ge0.33) represents a simple and efficient processing route for the production of Li-ion battery anodes possessing the benefits of both Si (high capacity) and Ge (improved rate performance and capacity retention). The nanowires were characterized through SEM, TEM, XRD and ex situ HRSEM/HRTEM. Electrochemical analysis was conducted on these nanowires, in half-cell configurations, with capacities of up to 1360 mAh/g (Si0.67Ge0.33) sustained after 250 cycles and in full cells, against a commercial cathode, where capacities up to 1364 mAh/g (Si0.67Ge0.33) were retained after 100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Stokes
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Grace Flynn
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Martin Sheehan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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24
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Zhang H, Xu H, Jin H, Li C, Bai Y, Lian K. Flower-like carbon with embedded silicon nano particles as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03576d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 3-dimensional (3D) flower-like silicon/carbon composite was synthesized through spray drying method by using NaCl as the sacrificial reagent and was evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Suzhou Research Institute
- Suzhou 215123
- People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering (Suzhou)
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
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25
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Size-dependent cyclic voltammetry study of silicon microwire anodes for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Kennedy T, Brandon M, Ryan KM. Advances in the Application of Silicon and Germanium Nanowires for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5696-704. [PMID: 26855084 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Li-alloying materials such as Si and Ge nanowires have emerged as the forerunners to replace the current, relatively low-capacity carbonaceous based Li-ion anodes. Since the initial report of binder-free nanowire electrodes, a vast body of research has been carried out in which the performance and cycle life has significantly progressed. The study of such electrodes has provided invaluable insights into the cycling behavior of Si and Ge, as the effects of repeated lithiation/delithiation on the material can be observed without interference from conductive additives or binders. Here, some of the key developments in this area are looked at, focusing on the problems encountered by Li-alloying electrodes in general (e.g., pulverization, loss of contact with current collector etc.) and how the study of nanowire electrodes has overcome these issues. Some key nanowire studies that have elucidated the consequences of the alloying/dealloying process on the morphology of Si and Ge are also considered, in particular looking at the impact that effects such as pore formation and lithium-assisted welding have on performance. Finally, the challenges for the practical implementation of nanowire anodes within the context of the current understanding of such systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Kennedy
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Michael Brandon
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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27
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Li W, Cao K, Wang H, Liu J, Zhou L, Yao H. Carbon coating may expedite the fracture of carbon-coated silicon core-shell nanoparticles during lithiation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5254-5259. [PMID: 26878967 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on silicon (Si) indicate that lithiation-induced fracture of crystalline Si nanoparticles can be greatly inhibited if their diameter is reduced to below a critical scale of around 150 nm. In this paper, in situ lithiation of individual carbon-coated Si nanoparticles (Si@C NPs) is conducted which shows that Si@C NPs will fracture during lithiation even though their diameter is much smaller than 150 nm, implying a deleterious effect of the carbon coating on the integrity of the Si@C NPs during lithiation. To shed light on this effect, finite element analysis is carried out which reveals that the carbon coating, if fractured during lithiation, will induce cracks terminating at the C/Si interface. Such cracks, upon further lithiation, can immediately propagate into the Si core due to the elevated driving force caused by material inhomogeneity between the coating and core. To prevent the fracture of the carbon coating so as to protect the Si core, a design guideline is proposed by controlling the ratio between the diameter of Si core and the thickness of carbon coating. The results in this paper should be of practical value to the design and application of Si-based core-shell structured anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
| | - Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
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28
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Lee H, Kim I, Kim M, Lee H. Moving beyond flexible to stretchable conductive electrodes using metal nanowires and graphenes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1789-1822. [PMID: 26733118 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06851g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and/or flexible electrodes and their associated electronic devices have attracted great interest because of their possible applications in high-end technologies such as lightweight, large area, wearable, and biointegrated devices. In particular, metal nanowires and graphene derivatives are chosen for electrodes because they show low resistance and high mechanical stability. Here, we review stretchable and flexible soft electrodes by discussing in depth the intrinsic properties of metal NWs and graphenes that are driven by their dimensionality. We investigate these properties with respect to electronics, optics, and mechanics from a chemistry perspective and discuss currently unsolved issues, such as how to maintain high conductivity and simultaneous high mechanical stability. Possible applications of stretchable and/or flexible electrodes using these nanodimensional materials are summarized at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanleem Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Ikjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Meeree Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea. and Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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29
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Engineering Heteromaterials to Control Lithium Ion Transport Pathways. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18482. [PMID: 26686655 PMCID: PMC4685276 DOI: 10.1038/srep18482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and efficient operation of lithium ion batteries requires precisely directed flow of lithium ions and electrons to control the first directional volume changes in anode and cathode materials. Understanding and controlling the lithium ion transport in battery electrodes becomes crucial to the design of high performance and durable batteries. Recent work revealed that the chemical potential barriers encountered at the surfaces of heteromaterials play an important role in directing lithium ion transport at nanoscale. Here, we utilize in situ transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that we can switch lithiation pathways from radial to axial to grain-by-grain lithiation through the systematic creation of heteromaterial combinations in the Si-Ge nanowire system. Our systematic studies show that engineered materials at nanoscale can overcome the intrinsic orientation-dependent lithiation, and open new pathways to aid in the development of compact, safe, and efficient batteries.
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30
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Welding of Semiconductor Nanowires by Coupling Laser-Induced Peening and Localized Heating. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16052. [PMID: 26527570 PMCID: PMC4630610 DOI: 10.1038/srep16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that laser peening coupled with sintering of CdTe nanowire films substantially enhances film quality and charge transfer while largely maintaining basic particle morphology. During the laser peening phase, a shockwave is used to compress the film. Laser sintering comprises the second step, where a nanosecond pulse laser beam welds the nanowires. Microstructure, morphology, material content, and electrical conductivities of the films are characterized before and after treatment. The morphology results show that laser peening can decrease porosity and bring nanowires into contact, and pulsed laser heating fuses those contacts. Multiphysics simulations coupling electromagnetic and heat transfer modules demonstrate that during pulsed laser heating, local EM field enhancement is generated specifically around the contact areas between two semiconductor nanowires, indicating localized heating. The characterization results indicate that solely laser peening or sintering can only moderately improve the thin film quality; however, when coupled together as laser peen sintering (LPS), the electrical conductivity enhancement is dramatic. LPS can decrease resistivity up to a factor of ~10,000, resulting in values on the order of ~10(5) Ω-cm in some cases, which is comparable to CdTe thin films. Our work demonstrates that LPS is an effective processing method to obtain high-quality semiconductor nanocrystal films.
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Kennedy T, Bezuidenhout M, Palaniappan K, Stokes K, Brandon M, Ryan KM. Nanowire Heterostructures Comprising Germanium Stems and Silicon Branches as High-Capacity Li-Ion Anodes with Tunable Rate Capability. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7456-7465. [PMID: 26125966 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the rational design of a high-capacity Li-ion anode material comprising Ge nanowires with Si branches. The unique structure provides an electrode material with tunable properties, allowing the performance to be tailored for either high capacity or high rate capability by controlling the mass ratio of Si to Ge. The binder free Si-Ge branched nanowire heterostructures are grown directly from the current collector and exhibit high capacities of up to ∼1800 mAh/g. Rate capability testing revealed that increasing the Ge content within the material boosted the performance of the anode at fast cycling rates, whereas a higher Si content was optimal at slower rates of charge and discharge. Using ex-situ electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping, the composition of the material is shown to be transient in nature, transforming from a heterostructure to a Si-Ge alloy as a consequence of repeated lithiation and delithiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Kennedy
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Bezuidenhout
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kumaranand Palaniappan
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Killian Stokes
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Brandon
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- †Materials and Surface Science Institute, and ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Ma Y, Martinez de la Hoz JM, Angarita I, Berrio-Sanchez JM, Benitez L, Seminario JM, Son SB, Lee SH, George SM, Ban C, Balbuena PB. Structure and Reactivity of Alucone-Coated Films on Si and Li(x)Si(y) Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11948-11955. [PMID: 25985821 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coating silicon particles with a suitable thin film has appeared as a possible solution to accommodate the swelling of silicon upon lithiation and its posterior cracking and pulverization during cycling of Li-ion batteries. In particular, aluminum alkoxide (alucone) films have been recently deposited over Si anodes, and the lithiation and electrochemical behavior of the system have been characterized. However, some questions remain regarding the lithium molecular migration mechanisms through the film and the electronic properties of the alucone film. Here we use density functional theory, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and Green's function theory to examine the film formation, lithiation, and reactivity in contact with an electrolyte solution. It is found that the film is composed of Al-O complexes with 3-O or 4-O coordination. During lithiation, Li atoms bind very strongly to the O atoms in the most energetically favorable sites. After the film is irreversibly saturated with Li atoms, it becomes electronically conductive. The ethylene carbonate molecules in liquid phase are found to be reduced at the surface of the Li-saturated alucone film following similar electron transfer mechanisms as found previously for lithiated silicon anodes. The theoretical results are in agreement with those from morphology and electrochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Seoung-Bum Son
- ∥National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Se-Hee Lee
- ⊥University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven M George
- ⊥University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chunmei Ban
- ∥National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Ge M, Kim S, Nie A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mecklenburg M, Lu Y, Fang X, Shen C, Rong J, Yi Park S, Suk Kim D, Young Kim J, Zhou C. Capacity retention behavior and morphology evolution of SixGe1-x nanoparticles as lithium-ion battery anode. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:255702. [PMID: 26023725 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/25/255702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Engineering silicon into nanostructures has been a well-adopted strategy to improve the cyclic performance of silicon as a lithium-ion battery anode. Here, we show that the electrode performance can be further improved by alloying silicon with germanium. We have evaluated the electrode performance of SixGe1-x nanoparticles (NPs) with different compositions. Experimentally, SixGe1-x NPs with compositions approaching Si50Ge50 are found to have better cyclic retention than both Si-rich and Ge-rich NPs. During the charge/discharge process, NP merging and Si-Ge homogenization are observed. In addition, a distinct morphology difference is observed after 100 cycles, which is believed to be responsible for the different capacity retention behavior. The present study on SixGe1-x alloy NPs sheds light on the development of Si-based electrode materials for stable operation in lithium-ion batteries (e.g., through a comprehensive design of material structure and chemical composition). The investigation of composition-dependent morphology evolution in the delithiated Li-SiGe ternary alloy also significantly broadens our understanding of dealloying in complex systems, and it is complementary to the well-established understanding of dealloying behavior in binary systems (e.g., Au-Ag alloys).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Ge
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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He Y, Piper DM, Gu M, Travis JJ, George SM, Lee SH, Genc A, Pullan L, Liu J, Mao SX, Zhang JG, Ban C, Wang C. In situ transmission electron microscopy probing of native oxide and artificial layers on silicon nanoparticles for lithium ion batteries. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11816-23. [PMID: 25347792 DOI: 10.1021/nn505523c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of silicon nanoparticles via molecular layer deposition (MLD) has been recently proved to be an effective way for dramatically enhancing the cyclic performance in lithium ion batteries. However, the fundamental mechanism of how this thin layer of coating functions is not known, which is complicated by the inevitable presence of native oxide of several nanometers on the silicon nanoparticle. Using in situ TEM, we probed in detail the structural and chemical evolution of both uncoated and coated silicon particles upon cyclic lithiation/delithation. We discovered that upon initial lithiation, the native oxide layer converts to crystalline Li2O islands, which essentially increases the impedance on the particle, resulting in ineffective lithiation/delithiation and therefore low Coulombic efficiency. In contrast, the alucone MLD-coated particles show extremely fast, thorough, and highly reversible lithiation behaviors, which are clarified to be associated with the mechanical flexibility and fast Li(+)/e(-) conductivity of the alucone coating. Surprisingly, the alucone MLD coating process chemically changes the silicon surface, essentially removing the native oxide layer, and therefore mitigates side reactions and detrimental effects of the native oxide. This study provides a vivid picture of how the MLD coating works to enhance the Coulombic efficiency, preserves capacity, and clarifies the role of the native oxide on silicon nanoparticles during cyclic lithiation and delithiation. More broadly, this work also demonstrates that the effect of the subtle chemical modification of the surface during the coating process may be of equal importance to the coating layer itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Oleshko VP, Lam T, Ruzmetov D, Haney P, Lezec HJ, Davydov AV, Krylyuk S, Cumings J, Talin AA. Miniature all-solid-state heterostructure nanowire Li-ion batteries as a tool for engineering and structural diagnostics of nanoscale electrochemical processes. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11756-68. [PMID: 25157420 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Complex interfacial phenomena and phase transformations that govern the operation of Li-ion batteries require detailed nanoscale 3D structural and compositional characterization that can be directly related to their capacity and electrical transport properties. For this purpose, we have designed model miniature all solid-state radial heterostructure Li-ion batteries composed of LiCoO2 cathode, LiPON electrolyte and amorphous Si anode shells, which were deposited around metallized high-aspect-ratio Si nanowires as a scaffolding core. Such diagnostic batteries, the smallest, complete secondary Li-ion batteries realized to date, were specifically designed for in situ electrical testing in a field-emission scanning electron microscope and/or transmission electron microscope. The results of electrochemical testing were described in detail in a previous publication (Nano Lett., 2012, 12, 505-511). The model Li-ion batteries allow analysis of the correlations between electrochemical properties and their structural evolution during cycling in various imaging, diffraction and spectroscopic modes down to the atomic level. Employing multimode analytical scanning/transmission electron microscopy imaging coupled with correlative multivariate statistical analysis and tomography, we have analyzed and quantified the 3D morphological and structural arrangement of the batteries, including textured platelet-like LiCoO2 nanocrystallites, buried electrode-electrolyte interfaces and hidden internal defects to clarify effects of scaling on a battery's electrochemical performance. Characterization of the nanoscale interfacial processes using model heterostructure nanowire-based Li-ion batteries provides useful guidelines for engineering of prospective nano-sized building blocks in future electrochemical energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Oleshko
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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36
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Mai L, Tian X, Xu X, Chang L, Xu L. Nanowire Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11828-62. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Mai
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and
Processing, WUT-Harvard Joint Nano Key Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaocong Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and
Processing, WUT-Harvard Joint Nano Key Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and
Processing, WUT-Harvard Joint Nano Key Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States
| | - Lin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and
Processing, WUT-Harvard Joint Nano Key Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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37
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Sandu G, Brassart L, Gohy JF, Pardoen T, Melinte S, Vlad A. Surface coating mediated swelling and fracture of silicon nanowires during lithiation. ACS NANO 2014; 8:9427-9436. [PMID: 25133525 DOI: 10.1021/nn503564r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface passivation of silicon anodes is an appealing design strategy for the development of reliable, high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. However, the structural stability of the coating layer and its influence on the lithiation process remain largely unclear. Herein, we show that surface coating mediates the swelling dynamics and the fracture pattern during initial lithiation of crystalline silicon nanopillars. We choose conformally nickel coated silicon architectures as a model system. Experimental findings are interpreted based on a chemomechanical model. Markedly different swelling and fracture regimes have been identified, depending on the coating thickness and silicon nanopillar diameter. Nanopillars with relatively thin coating display anisotropic swelling similar to pristine nanopillars, but with different preferred fracture sites. As the coating thickness increases, the mechanisms become isotropic, with one randomly oriented longitudinal crack that unzips the core-shell structure. The morphology of cracked pillars resembles that of a thin-film electrode on a substrate, which is more amenable to cyclic lithiation without fracture. The knowledge provided here helps clarify the cycling results of coated nanosilicon electrodes and further suggests design rules for better performance electrodes through proper control of the lithiation and fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Sandu
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, ‡Institute of Mechanics, Materials, and Civil Engineering, and §Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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38
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Kennedy T, Mullane E, Geaney H, Osiak M, O'Dwyer C, Ryan KM. High-performance germanium nanowire-based lithium-ion battery anodes extending over 1000 cycles through in situ formation of a continuous porous network. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:716-23. [PMID: 24417719 DOI: 10.1021/nl403979s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the formation of high-performance and high-capacity lithium-ion battery anodes from high-density germanium nanowire arrays grown directly from the current collector. The anodes retain capacities of ∼ 900 mAh/g after 1100 cycles with excellent rate performance characteristics, even at very high discharge rates of 20-100C. We show by an ex situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy study that this performance can be attributed to the complete restructuring of the nanowires that occurs within the first 100 cycles to form a continuous porous network that is mechanically robust. Once formed, this restructured anode retains a remarkably stable capacity with a drop of only 0.01% per cycle thereafter. As this approach encompasses a low energy processing method where all the material is electrochemically active and binder free, the extended cycle life and rate performance characteristics demonstrated makes these anodes highly attractive for the most demanding lithium-ion applications such as long-range battery electric vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Kennedy
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , Ireland
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40
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Mesoscale origin of the enhanced cycling-stability of the Si-conductive polymer anode for Li-ion batteries. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3684. [PMID: 24418812 PMCID: PMC3891020 DOI: 10.1038/srep03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrode used in lithium-ion battery is invariably a composite of multifunctional components. The performance of the electrode is controlled by the interactive function of all components at mesoscale. Fundamental understanding of mesoscale phenomenon sets the basis for innovative designing of new materials. Here we report the achievement and origin of a significant performance enhancement of electrode for lithium ion batteries based on Si nanoparticles wrapped with conductive polymer. This new material is in marked contrast with conventional material, which exhibit fast capacity fade. In-situ TEM unveils that the enhanced cycling stability of the conductive polymer-Si composite is associated with mesoscale concordant function of Si nanoparticles and the conductive polymer. Reversible accommodation of the volume changes of Si by the conductive polymer allows good electrical contact between all the particles during the cycling process. In contrast, the failure of the conventional Si-electrode is probed to be the inadequate electrical contact.
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41
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Chen J, Liu M, Sun J, Xu F. Templated magnesiothermic synthesis of silicon nanotube bundles and their electrochemical performances in lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05907g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon nanotube bundles (Si NBs) have been synthesized on a large scale via a templated magnesiothermic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, PR China
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42
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Nguyen SH, Lim JC, Lee JK. Improving the performance of silicon anode in lithium-ion batteries by Cu2O coating layer. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-013-0648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Cho JH, Picraux ST. Enhanced lithium ion battery cycling of silicon nanowire anodes by template growth to eliminate silicon underlayer islands. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5740-5747. [PMID: 24144166 DOI: 10.1021/nl4036498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that one-dimensional nanostructures reduce pulverization of silicon (Si)-based anode materials during Li ion cycling because they allow lateral relaxation. However, even with improved designs, Si nanowire-based structures still exhibit limited cycling stability for extended numbers of cycles, with the specific capacity retention with cycling not showing significant improvements over commercial carbon-based anode materials. We have found that one important reason for the lack of long cycling stability can be the presence of milli- and microscale Si islands which typically form under nanowire arrays during their growth. Stress buildup in these Si island underlayers with cycling results in cracking, and the loss of specific capacity for Si nanowire anodes, due to progressive loss of contact with current collectors. We show that the formation of these parasitic Si islands for Si nanowires grown directly on metal current collectors can be avoided by growth through anodized aluminum oxide templates containing a high density of sub-100 nm nanopores. Using this template approach we demonstrate significantly enhanced cycling stability for Si nanowire-based lithium-ion battery anodes, with retentions of more than ~1000 mA·h/g discharge capacity over 1100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Cho
- The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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44
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Liu Y, Liu XH, Nguyen BM, Yoo J, Sullivan JP, Picraux ST, Huang JY, Dayeh SA. Tailoring lithiation behavior by interface and bandgap engineering at the nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4876-83. [PMID: 24000810 DOI: 10.1021/nl4027549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the transport of lithium (Li) ions and their reaction with electrodes is central in the design of Li-ion batteries for achieving high capacity, high rate, and long lifetime. The flexibility in composition and structure enabled by tailoring electrodes at the nanoscale could drastically change the ionic transport and help meet new levels of Li-ion battery performance. Here, we demonstrate that radial heterostructuring can completely suppress the commonly observed surface insertion of Li ions in all reported nanoscale systems to date and to exclusively induce axial lithiation along the [111] direction in a layer-by-layer fashion. The new lithiation behavior is achieved through the deposition of a conformal, epitaxial, and ultrathin silicon (Si) shell on germanium (Ge) nanowires, which creates an effective chemical potential barrier for Li ion diffusion through and reaction at the nanowire surface, allowing only axial lithiation and volume expansion. These results demonstrate for the first time that interface and bandgap engineering of electrochemical reactions can be utilized to control the nanoscale ionic transport/insertion paths and thus may be a new tool to define the electrochemical reactions in Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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45
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Karki K, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Sun CF, Hu L, Wang Y, Wang C, Cumings J. Hoop-strong nanotubes for battery electrodes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8295-8302. [PMID: 23987736 DOI: 10.1021/nn403895h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of hollow nanostructures is a promising approach to addressing instabilities in silicon-based electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Previous studies showed that a SiOx coating on silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) could function as a constraining layer and enhance capacity retention in electrodes with low mass loading, but we show here that similarly produced electrodes having negligible SiOx coating and significantly higher mass loading show relatively low capacity retention, fading quickly within the early cycles. We find that the SiNT performance can still be enhanced, even in electrodes with high mass loading, by the use of Ni functional coatings on the outer surface, leading to greatly enhanced capacity retention in a manner that could scale better to industrially relevant battery capacities. In situ transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the Ni coatings suppress the Si wall from expanding outward, instead carrying the large hoop stress and forcing the Si to expand inward toward the hollow inner core. Evidence shows that these controlled volume changes in Ni-coated SiNTs, accompanied by the electrochemically inert nature of Ni coatings, unlike SiOx, may enhance the stability of the electrolyte at the outer surface against forming a thick solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. These results provide useful guidelines for designing nanostructured silicon electrodes for viable lithium-ion battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khim Karki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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46
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Delbecq F, Kono F, Kawai T. Preparation of PVP–PVA–exfoliated graphite cross-linked composite hydrogels for the incorporation of small tin nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Gregorczyk KE, Liu Y, Sullivan JP, Rubloff GW. In situ transmission electron microscopy study of electrochemical lithiation and delithiation cycling of the conversion anode RuO2. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6354-6360. [PMID: 23782274 DOI: 10.1021/nn402451s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conversion-type electrodes represent a broad class of materials with a new Li(+) reactivity concept. Of these materials, RuO2 can be considered a model material due to its metallic-like conductivity and its high theoretical capacity of 806 mAh/g. In this paper, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy to study the reaction between single-crystal RuO2 nanowires and Li(+). We show that a large volume expansion of 95% occurs after lithiation, 26% of which is irreversible after delithiation. Significant surface roughening and lithium embrittlement are also present. Furthermore, we show that the initial reaction from crystalline RuO2 to the fully lithiated mixed phase of Ru/Li2O is not fully reversible, passing through an intermediate phase of LixRuO2. In subsequent cycles, the phase transitions are between amorphous RuO2 in the delithiated state and a nanostructured network of Ru/Li2O in the fully lithiated phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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48
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Sun CF, Karki K, Jia Z, Liao H, Zhang Y, Li T, Qi Y, Cumings J, Rubloff GW, Wang Y. A beaded-string silicon anode. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2717-2724. [PMID: 23402623 DOI: 10.1021/nn4001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial instability is a fundamental issue in heterostructures ranging from biomaterials to joint replacement and electronic packaging. This challenge is particularly intriguing for lithium ion battery anodes comprising silicon as the ion storage material, where ultrahigh capacity is accompanied by vast mechanical stress that threatens delamination of silicon from the current collectors at the other side of the interface. Here, we describe Si-beaded carbon nanotube (CNT) strings whose interface is controlled by chemical functionalization, producing separated amorphous Si beads threaded along mechanically robust and electrically conductive CNT. In situ transmission electron microscopy combined with atomic and continuum modeling reveal that the chemically tailored Si-C interface plays important roles in constraining the Si beads, such that they exhibit a symmetric "radial breathing" around the CNT string, remaining crack-free and electrically connected throughout lithiation-delithiation cycling. These findings provide fundamental insights in controlling nanostructured interfaces to effectively respond to demanding environments such as lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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49
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Wang B, Li X, Zhang X, Luo B, Jin M, Liang M, Dayeh SA, Picraux ST, Zhi L. Adaptable silicon-carbon nanocables sandwiched between reduced graphene oxide sheets as lithium ion battery anodes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1437-1445. [PMID: 23281801 DOI: 10.1021/nn3052023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has been touted as one of the most promising anode materials for next generation lithium ion batteries. Yet, how to build energetic silicon-based electrode architectures by addressing the structural and interfacial stability issues facing silicon anodes still remains a big challenge. Here, we develop a novel kind of self-supporting binder-free silicon-based anodes via the encapsulation of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with dual adaptable apparels (overlapped graphene (G) sheaths and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) overcoats). In the resulted architecture (namely, SiNW@G@RGO), the overlapped graphene sheets, as adaptable but sealed sheaths, prevent the direct exposure of encapsulated silicon to the electrolyte and enable the structural and interfacial stabilization of silicon nanowires. Meanwhile, the flexible and conductive RGO overcoats accommodate the volume change of embedded SiNW@G nanocables and thus maintain the structural and electrical integrity of the SiNW@G@RGO. As a result, the SiNW@G@RGO electrodes exhibit high reversible specific capacity of 1600 mAh g⁻¹ at 2.1 A g⁻¹, 80% capacity retention after 100 cycles, and superior rate capability (500 mAh g⁻¹ at 8.4 A g⁻¹) on the basis of the total electrode weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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McDowell MT, Lee SW, Harris JT, Korgel BA, Wang C, Nix WD, Cui Y. In situ TEM of two-phase lithiation of amorphous silicon nanospheres. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:758-64. [PMID: 23323680 DOI: 10.1021/nl3044508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To utilize high-capacity Si anodes in next-generation Li-ion batteries, the physical and chemical transformations during the Li-Si reaction must be better understood. Here, in situ transmission electron microscopy is used to observe the lithiation/delithiation of amorphous Si nanospheres; amorphous Si is an important anode material that has been less studied than crystalline Si. Unexpectedly, the experiments reveal that the first lithiation occurs via a two-phase mechanism, which is contrary to previous understanding and has important consequences for mechanical stress evolution during lithiation. On the basis of kinetics measurements, this behavior is suggested to be due to the rate-limiting effect of Si-Si bond breaking. In addition, the results show that amorphous Si has more favorable kinetics and fracture behavior when reacting with Li than does crystalline Si, making it advantageous to use in battery electrodes. Amorphous spheres up to 870 nm in diameter do not fracture upon lithiation; this is much larger than the 150 nm critical fracture diameter previously identified for crystalline Si spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T McDowell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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