1
|
Hu X, Lu C, Zhao X, Gu Y, Lu M, Sun D. A multi-parameter tunable plasmon modulator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11483. [PMID: 37460748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-parameter control of light is a key functionality to modulate optical signals in photonic integrated circuits for various applications. However, the traditional optical modulators can only control one or two properties of light at the same time. Herein, we propose a hybrid structure which can modulate the amplitude, wavelength and phase of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) simultaneously to overcome these limitations. The numerical results show that when the Fermi level of graphene changes from 0.3 to 0.9 eV, the variation of optical transmission, wavelength and phase are 32.7 dB, 428 nm and 306°, respectively. The demonstrated structure triggers an approach for the realization of ultracompact modulation and has potential applications in the fields of optical switches, communications and photo-detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Hu
- College of Digital Technology and Engineering, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, Ningbo, 315175, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optical Information Detection and Display Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Changgui Lu
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyue Zhao
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinwei Gu
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengjia Lu
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dechao Sun
- College of Digital Technology and Engineering, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, Ningbo, 315175, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu X, Zhao X, Lu C, Bai Y, Gu Y, Lu M, Zhu Z. Compact plasmon modulator with a high extinction ratio. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7301-7306. [PMID: 36256026 DOI: 10.1364/ao.462443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To keep pace with the demands in optical communications, electro-optic modulators should feature a high extinction ratio, offer a small footprint, and allow for practical detection. Herein, we demonstrate a compact plasmon modulator with a high extinction ratio where a compact modulation region composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) is embedded to the arms of the Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) interferometer. The modulator has a footprint of 20µm×12µm with a modulation region of 4µm×0.5µm. The numerical results show that the extinction ratio is 15.2 dB when the electron concentration of ITO is changed 4×1020cm-3. This type of modulator paves the way for future compact optoelectronic integration and has potential application in the fields of optical communication, photodetection, and sensing.
Collapse
|
3
|
A plasmon modulator by directly controlling the couple of photon and electron. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5229. [PMID: 35347176 PMCID: PMC8960793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of surface plasmon polaritons plays a pivotal role in plasmonic science and technology, however, the modulation efficiency of the traditional method suffers from the weak light-matter interaction. Herein, we propose a new method to overcome this obstacle by directly controlling the couple of photon and electron. In this paper, a hybrid graphene-dielectric- interdigital electrode structure is numerically and experimentally investigated. The plasmon is excited due to the confined carrier which is regulated by the potential wells. The frequency of plasmon can be tuned over a range of ~ 33 cm−1, and the obtained maximum extinction ratio is 8% via changing the confined area and the density of carrier. These findings may open up a new path to design the high efficiency all-optical modulator because the electrons can also be driven optically.
Collapse
|
4
|
Plasmonic Strain Sensors Based on Au-TiO 2 Thin Films on Flexible Substrates. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041375. [PMID: 35214278 PMCID: PMC8963073 DOI: 10.3390/s22041375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at introducing thin films exhibiting the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon with a reversible optical response to repeated uniaxial strain. The sensing platform was prepared by growing gold (Au) nanoparticles throughout a titanium dioxide dielectric matrix. The thin films were deposited on transparent polymeric substrates, using reactive magnetron sputtering, followed by a low temperature thermal treatment to grow the nanoparticles. The microstructural characterization of the thin films’ surface revealed Au nanoparticle with an average size of 15.9 nm, an aspect ratio of 1.29 and an average nearest neighbor nanoparticle at 16.3 nm distance. The plasmonic response of the flexible nanoplasmonic transducers was characterized with custom-made mechanical testing equipment using simultaneous optical transmittance measurements. The higher sensitivity that was obtained at a maximum strain of 6.7%, reached the values of 420 nm/ε and 110 pp/ε when measured at the wavelength or transmittance coordinates of the transmittance-LSPR band minimum, respectively. The higher transmittance gauge factor of 4.5 was obtained for a strain of 10.1%. Optical modelling, using discrete dipole approximation, seems to correlate the optical response of the strained thin film sensor to a reduction in the refractive index of the matrix surrounding the gold nanoparticles when uniaxial strain is applied.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Multimode optomechanics exhibiting several intriguing phenomena, such as coherent wavelength conversion, optomechanical synchronization, and mechanical entanglements, has garnered considerable research interest for realizing a new generation of information processing devices and exploring macroscopic quantum effect. In this study, we proposed and designed a hetero-optomechanical crystal (OMC) zipper cavity comprising double OMC nanobeams as a versatile platform for multimode optomechanics. Herein, the heterostructure and breathing modes with high mechanical frequency ensured the operation of the zipper cavity at the deep-sideband-resolved regime and the mechanical coherence. Consequently, the mechanical breathing mode at 5.741 GHz and optical odd mode with an intrinsic optical Q factor of 3.93 × 105 were experimentally demonstrated with an optomechanical coupling rate g0 = 0.73 MHz between them, which is comparable to state-of-the-art properties of the reported OMC. In addition, the hetero-zipper cavity structure exhibited adequate degrees of freedom for designing multiple mechanical and optical modes. Thus, the proposed cavity will provide a playground for studying multimode optomechanics in both the classical and quantum regimes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee S, Seo MK. Full three-dimensional wavelength-scale plasmomechanical resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1317-1320. [PMID: 33720176 DOI: 10.1364/ol.416695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmomechanical systems have received considerable interest in mediating the strong interaction between the optical field and mechanical motion. However, typical plasmomechanical systems based on mechanical oscillators that are significantly larger than the wavelength of light do not take full advantage of the optical field concentration beyond the optical diffraction limit of the employed plasmonic resonators. Here we present a full three-dimensional wavelength-scale plasmomechanical resonator consisting of a plasmonic nano-antenna and a hydrogen silsesquioxane nano-wall. The experimental results demonstrated the precise detection of longitudinal mechanical oscillation on a picometer scale, and we investigated the tunability and thermoelastic effect of the mechanical resonance.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mehrzad H, Habibimoghaddam F, Mohajerani E, Mohammadimasoudi M. Accurate quantification of photothermal heat originating from a plasmonic metasurface. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2355-2358. [PMID: 32287232 DOI: 10.1364/ol.387789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal effect in plasmonic nanostructures (thermoplasmonic), as a nanoscale heater, has been widely used in biomedical technology and optoelectronic devices. However, the big challenge in this effect is the quantitative characterization of the delivered heat to the surrounding environment. In this work, a plasmonic metasurface (as a nanoheater), and a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity including liquid crystal (as a thermometer element) are integrated. The metasurface is manufactured through a bottom-up deposition method and has a near perfect absorption that causes an efficient temperature rising in the photothermal experiment under a low intensity of irradiation ($0.25\; {\rm W}/{{\rm cm}^2}$0.25W/cm2). Generated heat from the metasurface dissipates to the liquid crystal (LC) layer and makes a spectral shift of FP modes. More than 50°C temperature elevation with accuracy of 1.3°C are measured based on the consistency of anisotropic thermo-tropic data of the LC and a spectral shift of FP modes. The calculated figure of merit (FoM) of the constructed device, which indicates the temperature sensitivity, is 22. The FoM is four times more than other reported thermometry devices with broad spectral width. The device can be also used as an all-optical device to control the plasmonic resonance spectrum.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cazier N, Sadeghi P, Chien MH, Shawrav MM, Schmid S. Spectrally broadband electro-optic modulation with nanoelectromechanical string resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:12294-12301. [PMID: 32403727 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a shutter-based electro-optical modulator made of two parallel nanoelectromechanical silicon nitride string resonators. These strings are covered with electrically connected gold electrodes and actuated either by Lorentz or electrostatic forces. The in-plane string vibrations modulate the width of the gap between the strings. The gold electrodes on both sides of the gap act as a mobile mirror that modulate the laser light that is focused in the middle of this gap. These electro-optical modulators can achieve an optical modulation depth of almost 100% for a driving voltage lower than 1 mV at a frequency of 314 kHz. The frequency range is determined by the string resonance frequency, which can take values of the order of a few hundred kilohertz to several megahertz. The strings are driven in the strongly nonlinear regime, which allows a frequency tuning of several kilohertz without significant effect on the optical modulation depth.
Collapse
|
9
|
Balogun O. Optically Detecting Acoustic Oscillations at the Nanoscale: Exploring Techniques Suitable for Studying Elastic Wave Propagation. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2019.2905021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
10
|
Ramos D, Malvar O, Davis ZJ, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Nanomechanical Plasmon Spectroscopy of Single Gold Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7165-7170. [PMID: 30339403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the effect of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a single gold nanoparticle (AuNP) of 100 nm in diameter on the mechanical resonance frequency of a free-standing silicon nitride membrane by means of optomechanical transduction. We discover that a key effect to explain the coupling in these systems is the extinction cross section enhancement due to the excitation of the LSPR at selected wavelengths. In order to validate this coupling, we have developed a fixed wavelength interferometric readout system with an integrated tunable laser source, which allows us to perform the first experimental demonstration of nanomechanical spectroscopy of deposited AuNPs onto the membrane, discerning in between single particles and dimers by the mechanical frequency shift. We have also introduced three-axis mechanical scanners with nanometer-scale resolution in our experimental setup to selectively study single nanoparticles or small clusters. Whereas the single particles are polarization-insensitive, the gold dimers have a clearly defined polarization angle dependency as expected by theory. Finally, we found an unexpected long-distance (∼200 nm) coupling of the LSPR of separated AuNPs coming out from the guided light by the silicon nitride membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ramos
- Bionanomechanics Lab , Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC) , Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid , Spain
| | - Oscar Malvar
- Bionanomechanics Lab , Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC) , Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid , Spain
| | - Zachary J Davis
- Danish Technological Institute , Gregersensvej 1 , 2630 Taastrup , Denmark
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab , Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC) , Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid , Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab , Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC) , Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mohr DA, Yoo D, Chen C, Li M, Oh SH. Waveguide-integrated mid-infrared plasmonics with high-efficiency coupling for ultracompact surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:23540-23549. [PMID: 30184853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.023540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Waveguide-integrated plasmonics is a growing field with many innovative concepts and demonstrated devices in the visible and near-infrared. Here, we extend this body of work to the mid-infrared for the application of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), a spectroscopic method to probe molecular vibrations in small volumes and thin films. Built atop a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide platform, two key plasmonic structures useful for SEIRA are examined using computational modeling: gold nanorods and coaxial nanoapertures. We find resonance dips of 90% in near diffraction-limited areas due to arrays of our structures and up to 50% from a single resonator. Each of the structures is evaluated using the simulated SEIRA signal from poly(methyl methacrylate) and an octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayer. The platforms we present allow for a compact, on-chip SEIRA sensing system with highly efficient waveguide coupling in the mid-IR.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ji H, Trevino J, Tu R, Knapp E, McQuade J, Yurkiv V, Mashayek F, Vuong LT. Long-Range Self-Assembly via the Mutual Lorentz Force of Plasmon Radiation. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2564-2570. [PMID: 29584938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-range interactions often proceed as a sequence of hopping through intermediate, statistically favored events. Here, we demonstrate predictable mechanical dynamics of particles that arise from the Lorentz force between plasmons. Even if the radiation is weak, the nonconservative Lorentz force produces stable locations perpendicular to the plasmon oscillation; over time, distinct patterns emerge. Experimentally, linearly polarized light illumination leads to the formation of 80 nm diameter Au nanoparticle chains, perpendicularly aligned, with lengths that are orders of magnitude greater than their plasmon near-field interaction. There is a critical intensity threshold and optimal concentration for observing self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Ji
- Department of Physics , Queens College of the City University of New York , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Jacob Trevino
- Department of Physics , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
- Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center at the City University of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Raymond Tu
- Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center at the City University of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Ellen Knapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering , City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - James McQuade
- Department of Physics , Queens College of the City University of New York , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Vitaliy Yurkiv
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Farzad Mashayek
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Luat T Vuong
- Department of Physics , Queens College of the City University of New York , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
- Department of Physics , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
- Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center at the City University of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roxworthy BJ, Vangara S, Aksyuk VA. Sub-diffraction spatial mapping of nanomechanical modes using a plasmomechanical system. ACS PHOTONICS 2018; 5:10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00604. [PMID: 30984799 PMCID: PMC6459204 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmomechanical systems - formed by introducing a mechanically compliant gap between metallic nanostructures - produce large optomechanical interactions that can be localized to deep subwavelength volumes. This unique ability opens a new path to study optomechanics in nanometer-scale regimes inaccessible by other methods. We show that the localized optomechanical interactions produced by plasmomechanics can be used to spatially map the displacement modes of a vibrating nanomechanical system with a resolution exceeding the diffraction limit. Furthermore, we use white light illumination for motion transduction instead of a monochromatic laser, and develop a semi-analytical model matching the changes in optomechanical coupling constant and motion signal strength observed in a broadband transduction experiment. Our results clearly demonstrate the key benefit of localized and broadband performance provided by plasmomechanical systems, which may enable future nano-scale sensing and wafer-scale metrology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Roxworthy
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | | | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Midolo L, Schliesser A, Fiore A. Nano-opto-electro-mechanical systems. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:11-18. [PMID: 29317788 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-017-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new class of hybrid systems that couple optical, electrical and mechanical degrees of freedom in nanoscale devices is under development in laboratories worldwide. These nano-opto-electro-mechanical systems (NOEMS) offer unprecedented opportunities to control the flow of light in nanophotonic structures, at high speed and low power consumption. Drawing on conceptual and technological advances from the field of optomechanics, they also bear the potential for highly efficient, low-noise transducers between microwave and optical signals, in both the classical and the quantum domains. This Perspective discusses the fundamental physical limits of NOEMS, reviews the recent progress in their implementation and suggests potential avenues for further developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Midolo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Andrea Fiore
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deacon WM, Lombardi A, Benz F, Del Valle-Inclan Redondo Y, Chikkaraddy R, de Nijs B, Kleemann ME, Mertens J, Baumberg JJ. Interrogating Nanojunctions Using Ultraconfined Acoustoplasmonic Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:023901. [PMID: 28753345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single nanoparticles are shown to develop a localized acoustic resonance, the bouncing mode, when placed on a substrate. If both substrate and nanoparticle are noble metals, plasmonic coupling of the nanoparticle to its image charges in the film induces tight light confinement in the nanogap. This yields ultrastrong "acoustoplasmonic" coupling with a figure of merit 7 orders of magnitude higher than conventional acousto-optic modulators. The plasmons thus act as a local vibrational probe of the contact geometry. A simple analytical mechanical model is found to describe the bouncing mode in terms of the nanoscale structure, allowing transient pump-probe spectroscopy to directly measure the contact area for individual nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Deacon
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Lombardi
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Benz
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Elena Kleemann
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Mertens
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kouh T, Hanay MS, Ekinci KL. Nanomechanical Motion Transducers for Miniaturized Mechanical Systems. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6189927 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taejoon Kouh
- Department of Physics, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-910-4873
| | - M. Selim Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and the National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Kamil L. Ekinci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Buchnev O, Podoliak N, Frank T, Kaczmarek M, Jiang L, Fedotov VA. Controlling Stiction in Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems Using Liquid Crystals. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11519-11524. [PMID: 28024385 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stiction is one of the major reliability issues limiting practical application of nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS), an emerging device technology that exploits mechanical movements on the scale of an integrated electronic circuit. We report on a discovery that stiction can be eliminated by infiltrating NEMS with nematic liquid crystals. We demonstrate this experimentally using a NEMS-based tunable photonic metamaterial, where reliable switching of optical response was achieved for the entire range of nanoscopic structural displacements admitted by the metamaterial design. Being a more straightforward and easy-to-implement alternative to the existing antistiction solutions, our approach also introduces an active mechanism of stiction control, which enables toggling between stiction-free and the usual (stiction-limited) regimes of NEMS operation. It is expected to greatly expand the functionality of electro-mechanical devices and enable the development of adaptive and smart nanosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Buchnev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, ‡Physics and Astronomy, and §Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Nina Podoliak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, ‡Physics and Astronomy, and §Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Thomas Frank
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, ‡Physics and Astronomy, and §Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Malgosia Kaczmarek
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, ‡Physics and Astronomy, and §Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Liudi Jiang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, ‡Physics and Astronomy, and §Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Vassili A Fedotov
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, ‡Physics and Astronomy, and §Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dong B, Chen X, Zhou F, Wang C, Zhang HF, Sun C. Gigahertz All-Optical Modulation Using Reconfigurable Nanophotonic Metamolecules. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7690-7695. [PMID: 27960459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of reconfigurable metamolecules consisting a large array of nanowire featuring U-shaped cross section. These nanoscale metamolecules support colocalized electromagnetic resonance at optical frequencies and mechanical resonance at GHz frequencies with a deep-subdiffraction-limit spatial confinement (∼λ2/100). The coherent coupling of those two distinct resonances manifests a strong optical force, which is fundamentally different from the commonly studied forms of radiation forces, gradient forces, or photothermal induced deformation. The strong optical force acting upon the built-in compliance further sets the stage for allowing the metamolecules to dynamically change their optical properties upon the incident light. The all-optical modulation at the frequency at 1.8 GHz has thus been demonstrated experimentally using a monolayer of metamolecules. The metamolecules were conveniently fabricated using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible metal deposition and nanoimprinting processes and thus offer promising potential in developing integrated all-optical modulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biqin Dong
- Mechanical Engineering Department and ‡Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Mechanical Engineering Department and ‡Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fan Zhou
- Mechanical Engineering Department and ‡Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Mechanical Engineering Department and ‡Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering Department and ‡Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cheng Sun
- Mechanical Engineering Department and ‡Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roxworthy BJ, Aksyuk VA. Nanomechanical motion transduction with a scalable localized gap plasmon architecture. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13746. [PMID: 27922019 PMCID: PMC5150643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic structures couple oscillating electromagnetic fields to conduction electrons in noble metals and thereby can confine optical-frequency excitations at nanometre scales. This confinement both facilitates miniaturization of nanophotonic devices and makes their response highly sensitive to mechanical motion. Mechanically coupled plasmonic devices thus hold great promise as building blocks for next-generation reconfigurable optics and metasurfaces. However, a flexible approach for accurately batch-fabricating high-performance plasmomechanical devices is currently lacking. Here we introduce an architecture integrating individual plasmonic structures with precise, nanometre features into tunable mechanical resonators. The localized gap plasmon resonators strongly couple light and mechanical motion within a three-dimensional, sub-diffraction volume, yielding large quality factors and record optomechanical coupling strength of 2 THz·nm−1. Utilizing these features, we demonstrate sensitive and spatially localized optical transduction of mechanical motion with a noise floor of 6 fm·Hz−1/2, representing a 1.5 orders of magnitude improvement over existing localized plasmomechanical systems. Flexible approaches are required for building plasmomechanical devices for tunable optical devices. Here, Roxworthy et al. introduce a plasmonic-nanoelectromechanical systems device where gap plasmon resonators are embedded into arrays of moving silicon nitride nanostructures, yielding thousands of devices per chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Roxworthy
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Vladimir A Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cencillo-Abad P, Ou JY, Plum E, Valente J, Zheludev NI. Random access actuation of nanowire grid metamaterial. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:485206. [PMID: 27811391 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/48/485206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
While metamaterials offer engineered static optical properties, future artificial media with dynamic random-access control over shape and position of meta-molecules will provide arbitrary control of light propagation. The simplest example of such a reconfigurable metamaterial is a nanowire grid metasurface with subwavelength wire spacing. Recently we demonstrated computationally that such a metadevice with individually controlled wire positions could be used as dynamic diffraction grating, beam steering module and tunable focusing element. Here we report on the nanomembrane realization of such a nanowire grid metasurface constructed from individually addressable plasmonic chevron nanowires with a 230 nm × 100 nm cross-section, which consist of gold and silicon nitride. The active structure of the metadevice consists of 15 nanowires each 18 μm long and is fabricated by a combination of electron beam lithography and ion beam milling. It is packaged as a microchip device where the nanowires can be individually actuated by control currents via differential thermal expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cencillo-Abad
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomas PA, Marshall OP, Rodriguez FJ, Auton GH, Kravets VG, Kundys D, Su Y, Grigorenko AN. Nanomechanical electro-optical modulator based on atomic heterostructures. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13590. [PMID: 27874003 PMCID: PMC5121424 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional atomic heterostructures combined with metallic nanostructures allow one to realize strong light–matter interactions. Metallic nanostructures possess plasmonic resonances that can be modulated by graphene gating. In particular, spectrally narrow plasmon resonances potentially allow for very high graphene-enabled modulation depth. However, the modulation depths achieved with this approach have so far been low and the modulation wavelength range limited. Here we demonstrate a device in which a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructure is suspended over a gold nanostripe array. A gate voltage across these devices alters the location of the two-dimensional crystals, creating strong optical modulation of its reflection spectra at multiple wavelengths: in ultraviolet Fabry–Perot resonances, in visible and near-infrared diffraction-coupled plasmonic resonances and in the mid-infrared range of hexagonal boron nitride's upper Reststrahlen band. Devices can be extremely subwavelength in thickness and exhibit compact and truly broadband modulation of optical signals using heterostructures of two-dimensional materials. Van der Waals heterostructures can be combined with metallic nanostructures to enable enhanced light–matter interaction. Here, the authors fabricate a broadband mechanical electro-optical modulator using a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride vertical heterojunction, suspended over a gold nanostripe array.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Thomas
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - O P Marshall
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F J Rodriguez
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - G H Auton
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - V G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D Kundys
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y Su
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A N Grigorenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cencillo-Abad P, Zheludev NI, Plum E. Metadevice for intensity modulation with sub-wavelength spatial resolution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37109. [PMID: 27857221 PMCID: PMC5114571 DOI: 10.1038/srep37109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectively continuous control over propagation of a beam of light requires light modulation with pixelation that is smaller than the optical wavelength. Here we propose a spatial intensity modulator with sub-wavelength resolution in one dimension. The metadevice combines recent advances in reconfigurable nanomembrane metamaterials and coherent all-optical control of metasurfaces. It uses nanomechanical actuation of metasurface absorber strips placed near a mirror in order to control their interaction with light from perfect absorption to negligible loss, promising a path towards dynamic diffraction and focusing of light as well as holography without unwanted diffraction artefacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cencillo-Abad
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Valley DT, Ferry VE, Flannigan DJ. Imaging Intra- and Interparticle Acousto-plasmonic Vibrational Dynamics with Ultrafast Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7302-7308. [PMID: 27797209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report real-space, time-resolved imaging of coherently excited acoustic phonon modes in plasmonic nanoparticles via femtosecond electron imaging with an ultrafast electron microscope. The particles studied were cetyl trimethylammonium bromide stabilized Au nanorods (40 × 120 nm), and the particular specimen configurations for which photoinduced vibrational modes were visualized consisted of a single, isolated nanocrystal and a cluster of four irregularly arranged and randomly oriented particles, all supported on an amorphous Si3N4 membrane. In both configurations, we are able to resolve discrete intraparticle acoustic phonon modes via diffraction-contrast modulation with bright-field femtosecond electron imaging. For the single nanorod, we spatiotemporally mapped the intraparticle vibrational energy distribution and decay times. With Fourier filtering, acoustic phonons ranging from 4 to 30 GHz (250 to 33 ps periods, respectively) were visualized, corresponding to bending, extensional, and higher-order modes. Furthermore, heterogeneously distributed intraparticle decay times, ranging from 3 to 10 ns, were spatially mapped, indicating a strong dependence on coupling of the mode to the underlying substrate. For a cluster of four randomly oriented nanorods, we are able to image acoustic phonon modes that are strongly localized to particular particle-particle contact regions within the aggregate. A vibrational mode occurring at 27 GHz (37 ps period) was observed to occur at a 10 nm side-to-end contact region, with other intraparticle points at distances of 20 and 50 nm from the region showing no such dynamics, although the initial few-picosecond diffraction-contrast response was observed changing sign in moving from the end to the center of the particle. Excellent agreement is found between the spatiotemporally mapped vibrational-mode symmetries and finite-element simulations of supported modes in a polymer-coated Au nanorod supported on a Si3N4 membrane. This experiment resolves both the structure and dynamic properties of the plasmonic assembly, providing insight into the characteristics of complex plasmonic assemblies that ultimately determine their response to ultrafast excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T Valley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vivian E Ferry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cencillo-Abad P, Plum E, Rogers ETF, Zheludev NI. Spatial optical phase-modulating metadevice with subwavelength pixelation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:18790-18798. [PMID: 27505842 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.018790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control over optical wavefronts enables focusing, diffraction and redirection of light on demand, however, sub-wavelength resolution is required to avoid unwanted diffracted beams that are present in commercial spatial light modulators. Here we propose a realistic metadevice that dynamically controls the optical phase of reflected beams with sub-wavelength pixelation in one dimension. Based on reconfigurable metamaterials and nanomembrane technology, it consists of individually moveable metallic nanowire actuators that control the phase of reflected light by modulating the optical path length. We demonstrate that the metadevice can provide on-demand optical wavefront shaping functionalities of diffraction gratings, beam splitters, phase-gradient metasurfaces, cylindrical mirrors and mirror arrays - with variable focal distance and numerical aperture - without unwanted diffraction.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ou JY, Plum E, Zhang J, Zheludev NI. Giant Nonlinearity of an Optically Reconfigurable Plasmonic Metamaterial. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:729-33. [PMID: 26619205 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterial nanostructures actuated by light give rise to a large optical nonlinearity. Plasmonic metamolecules on a flexible support structure cut from a dielectric membrane of nanoscale thickness are rearranged by optical illumination. This changes the optical properties of the strongly coupled plasmonic structure and therefore results in modulation of light with light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637378, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Im SJ, Ho GS, Yang DJ, Hao ZH, Zhou L, Kim NC, Kim IG, Wang QQ. Plasmonic phase modulator based on novel loss-overcompensated coupling between nanoresonator and waveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18660. [PMID: 26733338 PMCID: PMC4702084 DOI: 10.1038/srep18660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present that surface plasmon polariton, side-coupled to a gain-assisted nanoresonator where the absorption is overcompensated, exhibits a prominent phase shift up to π maintaining the flat unity transmission across the whole broad spectra. Bandwidth of this plasmonic phase shift can be controlled by adjusting the distance between the plasmonic waveguide and the nanoresonator. For a moderate distance, within bandwidth of 100 GHz, the phase shift and transmission are constantly maintained. The plasmonic phase can be shift-keying-modulated by a pumping signal in the gain-assisted nanoresonator. A needed length in our approach is of nanoscale while already suggested types of plasmonic phase modulator are of micrometer scale in length. The energy consumption per bit, which benefits from the nano size of this device, is ideally low on the order of 10 fJ/bit. The controllable plasmonic phase shift can find applications in nanoscale Mach-Zehnder interferometers and other phase-sensitive devices as well as directly in plasmonic phase shift keying modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Jin Im
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.,School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Gum-Song Ho
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Jie Yang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.,The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Hua Hao
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Nam-Chol Kim
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.,School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Il-Gwang Kim
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Qu-Quan Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.,The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheludev NI, Plum E. Reconfigurable nanomechanical photonic metamaterials. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:16-22. [PMID: 26740040 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The changing balance of forces at the nanoscale offers the opportunity to develop a new generation of spatially reconfigurable nanomembrane metamaterials in which electromagnetic Coulomb, Lorentz and Ampère forces, as well as thermal stimulation and optical signals, can be engaged to dynamically change their optical properties. Individual building blocks of such metamaterials, the metamolecules, and their arrays fabricated on elastic dielectric membranes can be reconfigured to achieve optical modulation at high frequencies, potentially reaching the gigahertz range. Mechanical and optical resonances enhance the magnitude of actuation and optical response within these nanostructures, which can be driven by electric signals of only a few volts or optical signals with power of only a few milliwatts. We envisage switchable, electro-optical, magneto-optical and nonlinear metamaterials that are compact and silicon-nanofabrication-technology compatible with functionalities surpassing those of natural media by orders of magnitude in some key design parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tsvirkun V, Surrente A, Raineri F, Beaudoin G, Raj R, Sagnes I, Robert-Philip I, Braive R. Integrated III-V Photonic Crystal--Si waveguide platform with tailored optomechanical coupling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16526. [PMID: 26567535 PMCID: PMC4644963 DOI: 10.1038/srep16526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optomechanical systems, in which the vibrations of a mechanical resonator are coupled to an electromagnetic radiation, have permitted the investigation of a wealth of novel physical effects. To fully exploit these phenomena in realistic circuits and to achieve different functionalities on a single chip, the integration of optomechanical resonators is mandatory. Here, we propose a novel approach to heterogeneously integrate arrays of two-dimensional photonic crystal defect cavities on top of silicon-on-insulator waveguides. The optomechanical response of these devices is investigated and evidences an optomechanical coupling involving both dispersive and dissipative mechanisms. By controlling the optical coupling between the waveguide and the photonic crystal, we were able to vary and understand the relative strength of these couplings. This scalable platform allows for an unprecedented control on the optomechanical coupling mechanisms, with a potential benefit in cooling experiments, and for the development of multi-element optomechanical circuits in the framework of optomechanically-driven signal-processing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Tsvirkun
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Alessandro Surrente
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Fabrice Raineri
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Grégoire Beaudoin
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Rama Raj
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Isabelle Sagnes
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Isabelle Robert-Philip
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Rémy Braive
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dennis BS, Czaplewski DA, Haftel MI, Lopez D, Blumberg G, Aksyuk V. Diffraction limited focusing and routing of gap plasmons by a metal-dielectric-metal lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:21899-21908. [PMID: 26368166 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.021899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive optical elements can play key roles in photonic applications such as plasmonic integrated circuits. Here we experimentally demonstrate passive gap-plasmon focusing and routing in two-dimensions. This is accomplished using a high numerical-aperture metal-dielectric-metal lens incorporated into a planar-waveguide device. Fabrication via metal sputtering, oxide deposition, electron- and focused-ion- beam lithography, and argon ion-milling is reported on in detail. Diffraction-limited focusing is optically characterized by sampling out-coupled light with a microscope. The measured focal distance and full-width-half-maximum spot size agree well with the calculated lens performance. The surface plasmon polariton propagation length is measured by sampling light from multiple out-coupler slits.
Collapse
|
30
|
Thijssen R, Kippenberg TJ, Polman A, Verhagen E. Plasmomechanical Resonators Based on Dimer Nanoantennas. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3971-3976. [PMID: 25938170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators are highly suitable as sensors of minute forces, displacements, or masses. We realize a single plasmonic dimer antenna of subwavelength size, integrated with silicon nitride nanobeams. The sensitive dependence of the antenna response on the beam displacement creates a plasmomechanical system of deeply subwavelength size in all dimensions. We use it to demonstrate transduction of thermal vibrations to scattered light fields and discuss the noise properties and achievable coupling strengths in these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutger Thijssen
- †Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Polman
- †Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- †Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Thijssen R, Kippenberg T, Polman A, Verhagen E. Parallel Transduction of Nanomechanical Motion Using Plasmonic Resonators. ACS PHOTONICS 2014; 1:1181-1188. [PMID: 25642442 PMCID: PMC4307941 DOI: 10.1021/ph500262b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate parallel transduction of thermally driven mechanical motion of an array of gold-coated silicon nitride nanomechanical beams, by using near-field confinement in plasmonic metal-insulator-metal resonators supported in the gap between the gold layers. The free-space optical readout, enabled by the plasmonic resonances, allows for addressing multiple mechanical resonators in a single measurement. Light absorbed in the metal layer of the beams modifies their mechanical properties, allowing photothermal tuning of the eigenfrequencies. The appearance of photothermally driven parametric amplification indicates the possibility of plasmonic mechanical actuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutger Thijssen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Polman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schmid S, Wu K, Larsen PE, Rindzevicius T, Boisen A. Low-power photothermal probing of single plasmonic nanostructures with nanomechanical string resonators. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2318-21. [PMID: 24697597 DOI: 10.1021/nl4046679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the direct photothermal probing and mapping of single plasmonic nanostructures via the temperature-induced detuning of nanomechanical string resonators. Single Au nanoslits and nanorods are illuminated with a partially polarized focused laser beam (λ = 633 nm) with irradiances in the range of 0.26-38 μW/μm(2). Photothermal heating maps with a resolution of ∼375 nm are obtained by scanning the laser over the nanostructures. Based on the string sensitivities, absorption efficiencies of 2.3 ± 0.3 and 1.1 ± 0.7 are extracted for a single nanoslit (53 nm × 1 μm) and nanorod (75 nm × 185 nm). Our results show that nanomechanical resonators are a unique and robust analysis tool for the low-power investigation of thermoplasmonic effects in plasmonic hot spots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Schmid
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech , DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|