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Toyouchi S, Wolf M, Feng G, Fujita Y, Fortuni B, Inose T, Hirai K, De Feyter S, Uji-I H. All-Optical and One-Color Rewritable Chemical Patterning on Pristine Graphene under Water. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3796-3803. [PMID: 35452245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile all-optical method for spatially resolved and reversible chemical modification of a graphene monolayer. A tightly focused laser on graphene under water introduces an sp3-type chemical defect by photo-oxidation. The sp3-type defects can be reversibly restored to sp2 carbon centers by the same laser with higher intensity. The photoreduction occurs due to laser-induced local heating on the graphene. These optical methods combined with a laser direct writing technique allow photowriting and erasing of a well-defined chemical pattern on a graphene canvas with a spatial resolution of about 300 nm. The pattern is visualized by Raman mapping with the same excitation laser, enabling an optical read-out of the chemical information on the graphene. Here, we successfully demonstrate all-optical Write/Read-out/Erase of chemical functionalization patterns on graphene by simply adjusting the one-color laser intensity. The all-optical method enables flexible and efficient tailoring of physicochemical properties in nanoscale for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Toyouchi
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Wolf
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guilin Feng
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita ward, Sapporo, 001-0020 Hokkaido, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N14W9, Kita ward, Sapporo, 060-0814 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-3-7, Otsu, 520-8567 Shiga, Japan
| | - Beatrice Fortuni
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita ward, Sapporo, 001-0020 Hokkaido, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N14W9, Kita ward, Sapporo, 060-0814 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita ward, Sapporo, 001-0020 Hokkaido, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N14W9, Kita ward, Sapporo, 060-0814 Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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2
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Ho VH, Ho DT, Nguyen CT, Kim SY. Negative out-of-plane Poisson's ratio of bilayer graphane. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:255705. [PMID: 35287123 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5da0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With its excellent mechanical and thermal properties, bilayer graphane is a promising material for realizing future nanoelectromechanical systems. In this study, we focus on the auxetic behavior of bilayer graphane under external loading along various directions through atomistic simulations. We numerically and theoretically reveal the mechanism of the auxeticity in terms of intrinsic interactions between carbon atoms by constructing bilayer graphane. Given that the origin of the auxeticity is intrinsic rather than extrinsic, the work provides a novel technique to control the dimensions of nanoscale bilayer graphane by simply changing the external conditions without the requirement of complex structural design of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Hung Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Tam Ho
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cao Thang Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Youb Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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3
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Khabibrakhmanov AI, Sorokin PB. Electronic properties of graphene oxide: nanoroads towards novel applications. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4131-4144. [PMID: 35175269 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00251e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we suggest an approach to manipulate the electronic properties of graphene oxide in a controllable manner. We study graphene nanoroads paved inside graphene oxide using density functional calculations. We show that this patterning allows transforming an insulator, graphene oxide, into a semiconductor or metal depending on the orientation of the nanoroads and their magnetic state. As a semiconductor, patterned graphene oxide is characterized by notably low effective masses of charge carriers. Additionally, we demonstrate the possibility to force the transition from a semiconducting to a half-metallic state in a controllable manner, by application of an external electric field. We believe that this remarkable opportunity to combine and control the electronic and magnetic properties of a material within a single sheet of graphene oxide paves the way towards new applications of graphene-oxide-based devices in 2D optoelectronics and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almaz I Khabibrakhmanov
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
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4
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Wei T, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Evolution of Graphene Patterning: From Dimension Regulation to Molecular Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104060. [PMID: 34569112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The realization that nanostructured graphene featuring nanoscale width can confine electrons to open its bandgap has aroused scientists' attention to the regulation of graphene structures, where the concept of graphene patterns emerged. Exploring various effective methods for creating graphene patterns has led to the birth of a new field termed graphene patterning, which has evolved into the most vigorous and intriguing branch of graphene research during the past decade. The efforts in this field have resulted in the development of numerous strategies to structure graphene, affording a variety of graphene patterns with tailored shapes and sizes. The established patterning approaches combined with graphene chemistry yields a novel chemical patterning route via molecular engineering, which opens up a new era in graphene research. In this review, the currently developed graphene patterning strategies is systematically outlined, with emphasis on the chemical patterning. In addition to introducing the basic concepts and the important progress of traditional methods, which are generally categorized into top-down, bottom-up technologies, an exhaustive review of established protocols for emerging chemical patterning is presented. At the end, an outlook for future development and challenges is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Bao L, Zhao B, Yang B, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as Versatile Reagents for Extremely Efficient and Reversible Patterning of Graphene with Nanoscale Precision. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101653. [PMID: 34173280 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rational patterning and tailoring of graphene relies on the disclosure of suitable reagents for structuring the target functionalities on the 2D-carbon network. Here, a series of hypervalent iodine compounds, namely, 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-benziodoxole, and 3,3-dimethyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-benziodoxole is reported to be extremely efficient for a diversified graphene patterning. The decomposition of these compounds generates highly reactive Cl, OH, and CF3 radicals exclusively in the irradiated areas, which subsequently attach onto the graphene leading to locally controlled chlorination, hydroxylation, and trifluoromethylation, respectively. This is the first realization of a patterned hydroxylation of graphene, and the degrees of functionalization of the patterned chlorination and trifluoromethylation are both unprecedented. The usage of these mild reagents here is reasonably facile compared to the reported methods using hazardous Cl2 or ICl and allows for sophisticated pattern designs with nanoscale precision, promising for arbitrary nanomanipulation of graphene's properties like hydrophilicity and conductivity by the three distinct functionalities (Cl, OH, and CF3 ). Moreover, the attachment of functional entities to these highly functionalized graphene nanoarchitectures is fully reversible upon thermal annealing, enabling a full writing/storing/reading/erasing control over the chemical information stored within graphene. This work provides an exciting clue for target 2D functionalization and modulation of graphene by using suitable hypervalent iodine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute for Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute for Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Bao L, Zhao B, Assebban M, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalent 2D Patterning, Local Electronic Structure and Polarization Switching of Graphene at the Nanometer Level. Chemistry 2021; 27:8709-8713. [PMID: 33769649 PMCID: PMC8252423 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A very facile and efficient protocol for the covalent patterning and properties tuning of graphene is reported. Highly reactive fluorine radicals were added to confined regions of graphene directed by laser writing on graphene coated with 1-fluoro-3,3-dimethylbenziodoxole. This process allows for the realization of exquisite patterns on graphene with resolutions down to 200 nm. The degree of functionalization, ranging from the unfunctionalized graphene to extremely high functionalized graphene, can be precisely tuned by controlling the laser irradiation time. Subsequent substitution of the initially patterned fluorine atoms afforded an unprecedented graphene nanostructure bearing thiophene groups. This substitution led to a complete switch of both the electronic structure and the polarization within the patterned graphene regions. This approach paves the way towards the precise modulation of the structure and properties of nanostructured graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer Material, Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mhamed Assebban
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer Material, Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Bae G, Song DS, Lim YR, Jeon IS, Jang M, Yoon Y, Jeon C, Song W, Myung S, Lee SS, Park CY, An KS. Chemical Patterning of Graphene via Metal-Assisted Highly Energetic Electron Irradiation for Graphene Homojunction-Based Gas Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47802-47810. [PMID: 32985173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To gain the target functionality of graphene for gas detection, nonfocused and large-scale compatible MeV electron beam irradiation on graphene with Ag patterns is innovatively adopted in air for chemical patterning of graphene. This strategy allows the metal-assisted site-specific oxidation of graphene to realize monolithically integrated graphene-chemically patterned graphene (CPG)-graphene homojunction-based gas sensors. The size-tunable CPG patterns can be mediated by regulating the size of Ag prepatterns. The impacts of highly energetic electron irradiation (HEEI) on graphene are summarized as follows: (i) the selective p-type doping and the defect generation of graphene by the HEEI-induced oxidation, (ii) the resistance of the homojunction devices manipulated by the HEEI dose, (iii) the band gap opening of graphene as well as the lowering of the Fermi level, (iv) the work function values for pristine graphene and CPG corresponding to 4.14 and 4.88 eV, respectively, and (v) graphene-CPG-graphene homojunction for NO2 gas, revealing an 839% enhanced gas response compared with that of the pristine graphene-based gas sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Bae
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Song
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Rang Lim
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Jeon
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjeong Jang
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoheung Yoon
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Jeon
- Advanced Nano Surface Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseok Song
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Myung
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Yun Park
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok An
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cortés-Del Río E, Mallet P, González-Herrero H, Lado JL, Fernández-Rossier J, Gómez-Rodríguez JM, Veuillen JY, Brihuega I. Quantum Confinement of Dirac Quasiparticles in Graphene Patterned with Sub-Nanometer Precision. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001119. [PMID: 32567110 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum confinement of graphene Dirac-like electrons in artificially crafted nanometer structures is a long sought goal that would provide a strategy to selectively tune the electronic properties of graphene, including bandgap opening or quantization of energy levels. However, creating confining structures with nanometer precision in shape, size, and location remains an experimental challenge, both for top-down and bottom-up approaches. Moreover, Klein tunneling, offering an escape route to graphene electrons, limits the efficiency of electrostatic confinement. Here, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is used to create graphene nanopatterns, with sub-nanometer precision, by the collective manipulation of a large number of H atoms. Individual graphene nanostructures are built at selected locations, with predetermined orientations and shapes, and with dimensions going all the way from 2 nm up to 1 µm. The method permits the patterns to be erased and rebuilt at will, and it can be implemented on different graphene substrates. STM experiments demonstrate that such graphene nanostructures confine very efficiently graphene Dirac quasiparticles, both in 0D and 1D structures. In graphene quantum dots, perfectly defined energy bandgaps up to 0.8 eV are found that scale as the inverse of the dot's linear dimension, as expected for massless Dirac fermions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cortés-Del Río
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Pierre Mallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38400, France
- CNRS, Institut Néel, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Héctor González-Herrero
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - José Luis Lado
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Rossier
- QuantaLab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-310, Portugal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, E-03690, Spain
| | - José María Gómez-Rodríguez
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Jean-Yves Veuillen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38400, France
- CNRS, Institut Néel, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Iván Brihuega
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
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Zhao M, Xiao H, Chen S, Hu T, Jia J, Wu H. Temperature-tuned ferromagnetism in hydrogenated multilayer graphene. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13148-13153. [PMID: 35542517 PMCID: PMC9079760 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the ferromagnetism properties of pure carbon-based materials is extremely important for their application in spintronics. Hydrogenation of graphene is an effective way to induce magnetic moment into graphene with the advantage of reversibility. However, little experimental work has been done to prove the effect of hydrogen on the magnetic properties of graphene so far, except for systems containing a large amount of oxygen or plasma-induced vacancy which complicated the magnetic origin. Here we report a facile electrochemical cathodic method to generate hydrogenated multilayer graphene or few-layer graphite using graphite powder as the raw material, and observed hydrogen-induced ferromagnetism in samples annealed at different temperatures. The observed results suggest that ferromagnetism of hydrogenated multilayer graphene can be tuned by high temperature treatment, which is attributed to a changeable relative amount of hydrogen atoms chemisorpted on two different sublattices during thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University Linfen China 041004
- The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University No. 1, Gongyuan Street Linfen China 041004
| | - He Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University Linfen China 041004
- The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University No. 1, Gongyuan Street Linfen China 041004
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Taiyuan China 030001
| | - Tianjun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University Linfen China 041004
- The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University No. 1, Gongyuan Street Linfen China 041004
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University Linfen China 041004
- The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University No. 1, Gongyuan Street Linfen China 041004
| | - Haishun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University Linfen China 041004
- The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University No. 1, Gongyuan Street Linfen China 041004
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10
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Liu F, Wang TC, Tang Q. In-Plane Heterostructures Enable Internal Stress Assisted Strain Engineering in 2D Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703512. [PMID: 29498198 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods to induce strain in 2D materials can hardly catch up with the sharp increase in requirements to design specific strain forms, such as the pseudomagnetic field proposed in graphene, funnel effect of excitons in MoS2 , and also the inverse funnel effect reported in black phosphorus. Therefore, a long-standing challenge in 2D materials strain engineering is to find a feasible scheme that can be used to design given strain forms. In this article, combining the ability of experimentally synthetizing in-plane heterostructures and elegant Eshelby inclusion theory, the possibility of designing strain fields in 2D materials to manipulate physical properties, which is called internal stress assisted strain engineering, is theoretically demonstrated. Particularly, through changing the inclusion's size, the stress or strain gradient can be controlled precisely, which is never achieved. By taking advantage of it, the pseudomagnetic field as well as the funnel effect can be accurately designed, which opens an avenue to practical applications for strain engineering in 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tzu-Chiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Popov I, Đurišić I, Belić MR. Designing topological defects in 2D materials using scanning probe microscopy and a self-healing mechanism: a density functional-based molecular dynamics study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:495706. [PMID: 29076811 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of materials at the atomic level is one of the most important aims of nanotechnology. The unprecedented ability of scanning probe microscopy to address individual atoms opened up the possibilities for nanomanipulation and nanolitography of surfaces and later on of two-dimensional materials. While the state-of-the-art scanning probe lithographic methods include, primarily, adsorption, desorption and repositioning of adatoms and molecules on substrates or tailoring nanoribbons by etching of trenches, the precise modification of the intrinsic atomic structure of materials is yet to be advanced. Here we introduce a new concept, scanning probe microscopy with a rotating tip, for engineering of the atomic structure of membranes based on two-dimensional materials. In order to indicate the viability of the concept, we present our theoretical research, which includes atomistic modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, Fourier analysis and electronic transport calculations. While stretching can be employed for fabrication of atomic chains only, our comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations indicate that nanomanipulation by scanning probe microscopy with a rotating tip is capable of assembling a wide range of topological defects in two-dimensional materials in a rather controllable and reproducible manner. We analyze two possibilities. In the first case the probe tip is retracted from the membrane while in the second case the tip is released beneath the membrane allowing graphene to freely relax and self-heal the pore made by the tip. The former approach with the tip rotation can be achieved experimentally by rotation of the sample, which is equivalent to rotation of the tip, whereas irradiation of the membrane by nanoclusters can be utilized for the latter approach. The latter one has the potential to yield a yet richer diversity of topological defects on account of a lesser determinacy. If successfully realized experimentally the concept proposed here could be an important step toward controllable nanostructuring of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Popov
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia. Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Kumar R, Parashar A. Fracture toughness enhancement of h-BN monolayers via hydrogen passivation of a crack edge. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:165702. [PMID: 28319038 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics-based simulations were performed in conjunction with reactive force-field potential parameters to investigate the effect of crack-edge passivation via hydrogenation on the fracture properties of h-BN nanosheets. In semi-hydrogenated (H is attached to either B or N) and fully hydrogenated (H is attached to both B and N) crack-edge atoms, three hybridisation states-sp2, sp3 and sp2 + sp3-were considered in the simulations. Significant improvement in the fracture toughness of h-BN nanosheets was predicted with semi- and fully hydrogenated crack-edge atoms. An overall improvement in fracture toughness of h-BN in the range of 16%-23% was estimated with the sp3 or sp2 + sp3 hybridisation state of crack-edge atoms. This significant shift in the fracture toughness of h-BN nanosheets was attributed to lowered crack-edge energy, a stress-relieving mechanism and blunting of the crack tip. Semi-hydrogenated crack-edge atoms with hydrogen attached only to N atoms have shown a negative response in terms of fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667, India
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13
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Huynh TMT, Phan TH, Ivasenko O, Mertens SFL, De Feyter S. Nanoconfined self-assembly on a grafted graphitic surface under electrochemical control. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:362-368. [PMID: 27924342 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) can be covalently grafted with aryl radicals generated via the electrochemical reduction of 3,5-bis-tert-butyl-diazonium cations (3,5-TBD). The structure of the grafted layer and its stability under electrochemical conditions were assessed with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Stable within a wide (>2.5 V) electrochemical window, the grafted species can be locally removed using EC-STM-tip nanolithography. Using dibenzyl viologen as an example, we show that the generated nanocorrals of bare graphitic surface can be used to study nucleation and growth of self-assembled structures under conditions of nanoconfinement and electrochemical potential control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Zhang Z, Xie Y, Peng Q, Chen Y. Phonon transport in single-layer boron nanoribbons. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:445703. [PMID: 27669055 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/44/445703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the successful synthesis of three two-dimensional (2D) allotropes, the boron sheet has recently been one of the hottest 2D materials around. However, to date, phonon transport properties of these new materials are still unknown. By using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) combined with the first principles method, we study ballistic phonon transport in three types of boron sheets; two of them correspond to the structures reported in the experiments, while the third one is a stable structure that has not been synthesized yet. At room temperature, the highest thermal conductance of the boron nanoribbons is comparable with that of graphene, while the lowest thermal conductance is less than half of graphene's. Compared with graphene, the three boron sheets exhibit diverse anisotropic transport characteristics. With an analysis of phonon dispersion, bonding charge density, and simplified models of atomic chains, the mechanisms of the diverse phonon properties are discussed. Moreover, we find that many hybrid patterns based on the boron allotropes can be constructed naturally without doping, adsorption, and defects. This provides abundant nanostructures for thermal management and thermoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Physics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Huang D, Webb TA, Song CL, Chang CZ, Moodera JS, Kaxiras E, Hoffman JE. Dumbbell Defects in FeSe Films: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and First-Principles Investigation. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4224-4229. [PMID: 27282020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of iron-based superconductors (Fe-SCs) can be varied dramatically with the introduction of dopants and atomic defects. As a pressing example, FeSe, parent phase of the highest-Tc Fe-SC, exhibits prevalent defects with atomic-scale "dumbbell" signatures as imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). These defects spoil superconductivity when their concentration exceeds 2.5%. Resolving their chemical identity is a prerequisite to applications such as nanoscale patterning of superconducting/nonsuperconducting regions in FeSe as well as fundamental questions such as the mechanism of superconductivity and the path by which the defects destroy it. We use STM and density functional theory to characterize and identify the dumbbell defects. In contrast to previous speculations about Se adsorbates or substitutions, we find that an Fe-site vacancy is the most energetically favorable defect in Se-rich conditions and reproduces our observed STM signature. Our calculations shed light more generally on the nature of Se capping, the removal of Fe vacancies via annealing, and their ordering into a √5 × √5 superstructure in FeSe and related alkali-doped compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana A Webb
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer E Hoffman
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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16
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Rapid Stencil Mask Fabrication Enabled One-Step Polymer-Free Graphene Patterning and Direct Transfer for Flexible Graphene Devices. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24890. [PMID: 27118249 PMCID: PMC4846816 DOI: 10.1038/srep24890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a one-step polymer-free approach to patterning graphene using a stencil mask and oxygen plasma reactive-ion etching, with a subsequent polymer-free direct transfer for flexible graphene devices. Our stencil mask is fabricated via a subtractive, laser cutting manufacturing technique, followed by lamination of stencil mask onto graphene grown on Cu foil for patterning. Subsequently, micro-sized graphene features of various shapes are patterned via reactive-ion etching. The integrity of our graphene after patterning is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. We further demonstrate the rapid prototyping capability of a stretchable, crumpled graphene strain sensor and patterned graphene condensation channels for potential applications in sensing and heat transfer, respectively. We further demonstrate that the polymer-free approach for both patterning and transfer to flexible substrates allows the realization of cleaner graphene features as confirmed by water contact angle measurements. We believe that our new method promotes rapid, facile fabrication of cleaner graphene devices, and can be extended to other two dimensional materials in the future.
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17
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Gao L, Pal PP, Seideman T, Guisinger NP, Guest JR. Current-Driven Hydrogen Desorption from Graphene: Experiment and Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:486-494. [PMID: 26787160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electron-stimulated desorption of hydrogen from the graphene/SiC(0001) surface at room temperature was investigated with ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy and ab initio calculations in order to elucidate the desorption mechanisms and pathways. Two different desorption processes were observed. In the high electron energy regime (4-8 eV), the desorption yield is independent of both voltage and current, which is attributed to the direct electronic excitation of the C-H bond. In the low electron energy regime (2-4 eV), however, the desorption yield exhibits a threshold dependence on voltage, which is explained by the vibrational excitation of the C-H bond via transient ionization induced by inelastic tunneling electrons. The observed current independence of the desorption yield suggests that the vibrational excitation is a single-electron process. We also observed that the curvature of graphene dramatically affects hydrogen desorption. Desorption from concave regions was measured to be much more probable than desorption from convex regions in the low electron energy regime (∼2 eV), as would be expected from the identified desorption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University , Northridge, California 91330, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Partha Pratim Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tamar Seideman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan P Guisinger
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Guest
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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18
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Zhu S, Stroscio JA, Li T. Programmable Extreme Pseudomagnetic Fields in Graphene by a Uniaxial Stretch. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:245501. [PMID: 26705640 PMCID: PMC4711939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.245501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many of the properties of graphene are tied to its lattice structure, allowing for tuning of charge carrier dynamics through mechanical strain. The graphene electromechanical coupling yields very large pseudomagnetic fields for small strain fields, up to hundreds of Tesla, which offer new scientific opportunities unattainable with ordinary laboratory magnets. Significant challenges exist in investigation of pseudomagnetic fields, limited by the nonplanar graphene geometries in existing demonstrations and the lack of a viable approach to controlling the distribution and intensity of the pseudomagnetic field. Here we reveal a facile and effective mechanism to achieve programmable extreme pseudomagnetic fields with uniform distributions in a planar graphene sheet over a large area by a simple uniaxial stretch. We achieve this by patterning the planar graphene geometry and graphene-based heterostructures with a shape function to engineer a desired strain gradient. Our method is geometrical, opening up new fertile opportunities of strain engineering of electronic properties of 2D materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuze Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph A. Stroscio
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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19
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Smith D, Howie RT, Crowe IF, Simionescu CL, Muryn C, Vishnyakov V, Novoselov KS, Kim YJ, Halsall MP, Gregoryanz E, Proctor JE. Hydrogenation of Graphene by Reaction at High Pressure and High Temperature. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8279-8283. [PMID: 26256819 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical reaction between hydrogen and purely sp(2)-bonded graphene to form graphene's purely sp(3)-bonded analogue, graphane, potentially allows the synthesis of a much wider variety of novel two-dimensional materials by opening a pathway to the application of conventional chemistry methods in graphene. Graphene is currently hydrogenated by exposure to atomic hydrogen in a vacuum, but these methods have not yielded a complete conversion of graphene to graphane, even with graphene exposed to hydrogen on both sides of the lattice. By heating graphene in molecular hydrogen under compression to modest high pressure in a diamond anvil cell (2.6-5.0 GPa), we are able to react graphene with hydrogen and propose a method whereby fully hydrogenated graphane may be synthesized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Smith
- School of Computing, Science & Engineering, University of Salford , Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Ross T Howie
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Iain F Crowe
- Photon Science Institute and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina L Simionescu
- School of Computing, Science & Engineering, University of Salford , Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Muryn
- Photon Science Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Vishnyakov
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Halsall
- Photon Science Institute and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Gregoryanz
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - John E Proctor
- School of Computing, Science & Engineering, University of Salford , Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom
- Photon Science Institute and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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20
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Peng Q, Dearden AK, Chen XJ, Huang C, Wen X, De S. Peculiar pressure effect on Poisson ratio of graphone as a strain damper. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9975-9979. [PMID: 25853996 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07665f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenation is an effective way to modify the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene. The semi-hydrogenated graphene, known as "graphone", has promising applications in nanoelectronics including field-effect transistors. However, the elastic limit of this two-dimensional material remains unknown despite its importance in applications as well as strain engineering to tailor functions and properties. Here we report using first-principles calculations an abnormal increase in the Poisson ratio of graphone in response to an increase in pressure. This peculiar behavior is proposed to originate from the asymmetry of hydrogenation and could be used to design a nanodevice of strain damper to reduce harmful strains in graphene-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Peng
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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21
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Greenwood J, Phan TH, Fujita Y, Li Z, Ivasenko O, Vanderlinden W, Van Gorp H, Frederickx W, Lu G, Tahara K, Tobe Y, Uji-I H, Mertens SFL, De Feyter S. Covalent modification of graphene and graphite using diazonium chemistry: tunable grafting and nanomanipulation. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5520-35. [PMID: 25894469 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We shine light on the covalent modification of graphite and graphene substrates using diazonium chemistry under ambient conditions. We report on the nature of the chemical modification of these graphitic substrates, the relation between molecular structure and film morphology, and the impact of the covalent modification on the properties of the substrates, as revealed by local microscopy and spectroscopy techniques and electrochemistry. By careful selection of the reagents and optimizing reaction conditions, a high density of covalently grafted molecules is obtained, a result that is demonstrated in an unprecedented way by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient conditions. With nanomanipulation, i.e., nanoshaving using STM, surface structuring and functionalization at the nanoscale is achieved. This manipulation leads to the removal of the covalently anchored molecules, regenerating pristine sp(2) hybridized graphene or graphite patches, as proven by space-resolved Raman microscopy and molecular self-assembly studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Greenwood
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thanh Hai Phan
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhi Li
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willem Vanderlinden
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Gorp
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Frederickx
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gang Lu
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- §Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- §Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn F L Mertens
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- ‡Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven De Feyter
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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22
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P D, Ramaprabhu S. Hydrogen storage in platinum decorated hydrogen exfoliated graphene sheets by spillover mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:26725-9. [PMID: 25379779 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04214j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of lightweight materials with high hydrogen storage capacities is a great challenge for the hydrogen economy. Here, we report high pressure hydrogen adsorption-desorption studies of platinum-decorated hydrogen-exfoliated graphene sheets (Pt-HEG). Pt-HEG shows a maximum hydrogen uptake capacity of 1.4 wt% at 25 °C and 3 MPa. Analysis of the isosteric heat of adsorption provides evidence of spillover mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya P
- Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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23
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Dvorak M, Wu Z. Dirac point movement and topological phase transition in patterned graphene. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3645-3650. [PMID: 25636026 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The honeycomb lattice of graphene is characterized by linear dispersion and pseudospin chirality of fermions on the Dirac cones. If lattice anisotropy is introduced, the Dirac cones stay intact but move in reciprocal space. Dirac point movement can lead to a topological transition from semimetal to semiconductor when two inequivalent Dirac points merge, an idea that has attracted significant research interest. However, such movement normally requires unrealistically high lattice anisotropy. Here we show that anisotropic defects can break the C3 symmetry of graphene, leading to Dirac point drift in the Brillouin zone. Additionally, the long-range order in periodically patterned graphene can induce intervalley scattering between two inequivalent Dirac points, resulting in a semimetal-to-insulator topological phase transition. The magnitude and direction of Dirac point drift are predicted analytically, which are consistent with our first-principles electronic structure calculations. Thus, periodically patterned graphene can be used to study the fascinating physics associated with Dirac point movement and the corresponding phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dvorak
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
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24
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Nebogatikova NA, Antonova IV, Prinz VY, Kurkina II, Vdovin VI, Aleksandrov GN, Timofeev VB, Smagulova SA, Zakirov ER, Kesler VG. Fluorinated graphene dielectric films obtained from functionalized graphene suspension: preparation and properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13257-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorinated graphene suspension films were found to have excellent characteristics and be cheap, practically feasible and easy to produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Nebogatikova
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics
- Russian Academy of Science
- Siberian Division
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | - I. V. Antonova
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics
- Russian Academy of Science
- Siberian Division
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | - V. Ya. Prinz
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics
- Russian Academy of Science
- Siberian Division
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | - I. I. Kurkina
- Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University
- Yakutsk
- Russian Federation
| | - V. I. Vdovin
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics
- Russian Academy of Science
- Siberian Division
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | | | - V. B. Timofeev
- Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University
- Yakutsk
- Russian Federation
| | - S. A. Smagulova
- Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University
- Yakutsk
- Russian Federation
| | - E. R. Zakirov
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics
- Russian Academy of Science
- Siberian Division
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
| | - V. G. Kesler
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics
- Russian Academy of Science
- Siberian Division
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
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25
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González JW, Rosales L, Pacheco M, Ayuela A. Electron confinement induced by diluted hydrogen-like ad-atoms in graphene ribbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24707-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the electronic properties of two-dimensional systems, which are patterned with ad-atoms in two separated regions. By applying band-folding procedures we are able to predict the energies and the spatial distribution of those impurity-induced states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. González
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Center (MPC)
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Fac. Químicas UPV/EHU
- San Sebastián
| | - L. Rosales
- Departamento de Física
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - M. Pacheco
- Departamento de Física
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - A. Ayuela
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Center (MPC)
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Fac. Químicas UPV/EHU
- San Sebastián
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26
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Merino P, Švec M, Martínez JI, Mutombo P, Gonzalez C, Martín-Gago JA, de Andres PL, Jelinek P. Ortho and para hydrogen dimers on G/SiC(0001): combined STM and DFT study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:233-239. [PMID: 25486105 DOI: 10.1021/la504021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen (H) dimer structures formed upon room-temperature H adsorption on single layer graphene (SLG) grown on SiC(0001) are addressed using a combined theoretical-experimental approach. Our study includes density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the full (6√3 × 6√3)R30° unit cell of the SLG/SiC(0001) substrate and atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy images determining simultaneously the graphene lattice and the internal structure of the H adsorbates. We show that H atoms normally group in chemisorbed coupled structures of different sizes and orientations. We make an atomic scale determination of the most stable experimental geometries, the small dimers and ellipsoid-shaped features, and we assign them to hydrogen adsorbed in para dimers and ortho dimers configuration, respectively, through comparison with the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Merino
- Centro de Astrobiología INTA-CSIC, Carretera de Ajalvir, km. 4, ES-28850 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Martínez-Galera AJ, Brihuega I, Gutiérrez-Rubio A, Stauber T, Gómez-Rodríguez JM. Towards scalable nano-engineering of graphene. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7314. [PMID: 25472802 PMCID: PMC4255185 DOI: 10.1038/srep07314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By merging bottom-up and top-down strategies we tailor graphene's electronic properties within nanometer accuracy, which opens up the possibility to design optical and plasmonic circuitries at will. In a first step, graphene electronic properties are macroscopically modified exploiting the periodic potential generated by the self assembly of metal cluster superlattices on a graphene/Ir(111) surface. We then demonstrate that individual metal clusters can be selectively removed by a STM tip with perfect reproducibility and that the structures so created are stable even at room temperature. This enables one to nanopattern circuits down to the 2.5 nm only limited by the periodicity of the Moiré-pattern, i.e., by the distance between neighbouring clusters, and different electronic and optical properties should prevail in the covered and uncovered regions. The method can be carried out on micro-meter-sized regions with clusters of different materials permitting to tune the strength of the periodic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Martínez-Galera
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Brihuega
- 1] Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain [2] Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gutiérrez-Rubio
- 1] Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain [2] Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Stauber
- 1] Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain [2] Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain [3] Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Gómez-Rodríguez
- 1] Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain [2] Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Fugallo G, Cepellotti A, Paulatto L, Lazzeri M, Marzari N, Mauri F. Thermal conductivity of graphene and graphite: collective excitations and mean free paths. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6109-14. [PMID: 25343716 DOI: 10.1021/nl502059f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the thermal conductivity of graphite, monolayer graphene, graphane, fluorographane, and bilayer graphene, solving exactly the Boltzmann transport equation for phonons, with phonon-phonon collision rates obtained from density functional perturbation theory. For graphite, the results are found to be in excellent agreement with experiments; notably, the thermal conductivity is 1 order of magnitude larger than what found by solving the Boltzmann equation in the single mode approximation, commonly used to describe heat transport. For graphene, we point out that a meaningful value of intrinsic thermal conductivity at room temperature can be obtained only for sample sizes of the order of 1 mm, something not considered previously. This unusual requirement is because collective phonon excitations, and not single phonons, are the main heat carriers in these materials; these excitations are characterized by mean free paths of the order of hundreds of micrometers. As a result, even Fourier's law becomes questionable in typical sample sizes, because its statistical nature makes it applicable only in the thermodynamic limit to systems larger than a few mean free paths. Finally, we discuss the effects of isotopic disorder, strain, and chemical functionalization on thermal performance. Only chemical functionalization is found to play an important role, decreasing the conductivity by a factor of 2 in hydrogenated graphene, and by 1 order of magnitude in fluorogenated graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Fugallo
- IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ. Paris 06 , MNHN, IRD, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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29
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Kong L, Enders A, Rahman TS, Dowben PA. Molecular adsorption on graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:443001. [PMID: 25287516 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/44/443001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Current studies addressing the engineering of charge carrier concentration and the electronic band gap in epitaxial graphene using molecular adsorbates are reviewed. The focus here is on interactions between the graphene surface and the adsorbed molecules, including small gas molecules (H(2)O, H(2), O(2), CO, NO(2), NO, and NH(3)), aromatic, and non-aromatic molecules (F4-TCNQ, PTCDA, TPA, Na-NH(2), An-CH(3), An-Br, Poly (ethylene imine) (PEI), and diazonium salts), and various biomolecules such as peptides, DNA fragments, and other derivatives. This is followed by a discussion on graphene-based gas sensor concepts. In reviewing the studies of the effects of molecular adsorption on graphene, it is evident that the strong manipulation of graphene's electronic structure, including p- and n-doping, is not only possible with molecular adsorbates, but that this approach appears to be superior compared to these exploiting edge effects, local defects, or strain. However, graphene-based gas sensors, albeit feasible because huge adsorbate-induced variations in the relative conductivity are possible, generally suffer from the lack of chemical selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Kong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, Theodore Jorgensen Hall, 855 North 16th Street, University of Nebraska, PO Box 880299, Lincoln, NE 68588-0299, USA
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30
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Kan X, Su B, Jiang L. Precisely patterning graphene sheets through a liquid-bridge induced strategy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2570-2577. [PMID: 24678030 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Kan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic Solids and Laboratory of New Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing, 100190, China
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31
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Mondal T, Bhowmick AK, Krishnamoorti R. Stress generation and tailoring of electronic properties of expanded graphite by click chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:7244-7253. [PMID: 24812102 DOI: 10.1021/am500471q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The generation of stress in expanded graphite (E-GPT) due to covalent attachment of bulky side groups connected via a hetero atom is reported. Specifically, E-GPT is modified at different levels of grafting using "click" chemistry to graft 1-ethynyl-4-fluoro benzene onto graphene sheets via a triazole ring. In the range of grafting densitites examined, Raman spectroscopy indicates that the stress generated in graphene is linearly dependent on the extent of grafting. The functionalized graphene platelets with 6% functionalization transform from semi-metal behavior of the pristine material to semi-conductor behavior and indicates the ability of functionalization to change optical and electronic properties of graphene platelets similar to the deposition of thin layers of top gate oxides onto graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titash Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna , Patna, Bihar 800013, India
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32
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Peng Q, Dearden AK, Crean J, Han L, Liu S, Wen X, De S. New materials graphyne, graphdiyne, graphone, and graphane: review of properties, synthesis, and application in nanotechnology. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2014; 7:1-29. [PMID: 24808721 PMCID: PMC3998860 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s40324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plenty of new two-dimensional materials including graphyne, graphdiyne, graphone, and graphane have been proposed and unveiled after the discovery of the “wonder material” graphene. Graphyne and graphdiyne are two-dimensional carbon allotropes of graphene with honeycomb structures. Graphone and graphane are hydrogenated derivatives of graphene. The advanced and unique properties of these new materials make them highly promising for applications in next generation nanoelectronics. Here, we briefly review their properties, including structural, mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, as well as their synthesis and applications in nanotechnology. Graphyne is better than graphene in directional electronic properties and charge carriers. With a band gap and magnetism, graphone and graphane show important applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics. Because these materials are close to graphene and will play important roles in carbon-based electronic devices, they deserve further, careful, and thorough studies for nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Peng
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Albert K Dearden
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jared Crean
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Institute for Microsystems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China ; Synfuels China Co, Ltd, Huairou, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suvranu De
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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33
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Biswas HS, Datta J, Sen P, Ghosh UC, Ray NR. Raman spectra of electrochemically hydrogenated diamond like carbon surface. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Chernozatonskii LA, Sorokin PB, Artukh AA. Novel graphene-based nanostructures: physicochemical properties and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n03abeh004367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Zhu S, Li T. Hydrogenation-assisted graphene origami and its application in programmable molecular mass uptake, storage, and release. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2864-2872. [PMID: 24564284 DOI: 10.1021/nn500025t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The malleable nature of atomically thin graphene makes it a potential candidate material for nanoscale origami, a promising bottom-up nanomanufacturing approach to fabricating nanobuilding blocks of desirable shapes. The success of graphene origami hinges upon precise and facile control of graphene morphology, which still remains as a significant challenge. Inspired by recent progresses on functionalization and patterning of graphene, we demonstrate hydrogenation-assisted graphene origami (HAGO), a feasible and robust approach to enabling the formation of unconventional carbon nanostructures, through systematic molecular dynamics simulations. A unique and desirable feature of HAGO-enabled nanostructures is the programmable tunability of their morphology via an external electric field. In particular, we demonstrate reversible opening and closing of a HAGO-enabled graphene nanocage, a mechanism that is crucial to achieve molecular mass uptake, storage, and release. HAGO holds promise to enable an array of carbon nanostructures of desirable functionalities by design. As an example, we demonstrate HAGO-enabled high-density hydrogen storage with a weighted percentage exceeding the ultimate goal of US Department of Energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuze Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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36
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Cao TF, Huang LF, Zheng XH, Zhou WH, Zeng Z. Adsorption configurations and scanning voltage determined STM images of small hydrogen clusters on bilayer graphene. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:194708. [PMID: 24320345 DOI: 10.1063/1.4832040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By density functional theory calculations, the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of various hydrogen clusters adsorbed on bilayer-graphene are systematically simulated. The hydrogen configurations of the STM images observed in the experiments have been thoroughly figured out. In particular, two kinds of hydrogen dimers (ortho-dimer, para-dimer) and two kinds of tetramers (tetramer-A, -B) are determined to be the hydrogen configurations corresponding to the ellipsoidal-like STM images with different structures and sizes. One particular hexamer (hexamer-B) is the hydrogen configuration generating the star-like STM images. For each hydrogen cluster, the simulated STM images show unique voltage-dependent features, which provides a feasible way to determine hydrogen adsorption states on graphene or graphite surface in the experiments by varying-voltage measurements. Stability analysis proves that the above determined hydrogen configurations are quite stable on graphene, hence they are likely to be detected in the STM experiments. Consequently, through systematic analysis of the STM images and the stability of hydrogen clusters on bilayer graphene, many experimental observations have been consistently explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Schofield SR, Studer P, Hirjibehedin CF, Curson NJ, Aeppli G, Bowler DR. Quantum engineering at the silicon surface using dangling bonds. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1649. [PMID: 23552064 PMCID: PMC3644071 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual atoms and ions are now routinely manipulated using scanning tunnelling microscopes or electromagnetic traps for the creation and control of artificial quantum states. For applications such as quantum information processing, the ability to introduce multiple atomic-scale defects deterministically in a semiconductor is highly desirable. Here we use a scanning tunnelling microscope to fabricate interacting chains of dangling bond defects on the hydrogen-passivated silicon (001) surface. We image both the ground-state and the excited-state probability distributions of the resulting artificial molecular orbitals, using the scanning tunnelling microscope tip bias and tip-sample separation as gates to control which states contribute to the image. Our results demonstrate that atomically precise quantum states can be fabricated on silicon, and suggest a general model of quantum-state fabrication using other chemically passivated semiconductor surfaces where single-atom depassivation can be achieved using scanning tunnelling microscopy. The ability to add and move individual atoms on a surface with a scanning tunnelling microscope enables precise control over the electronic quantum states of the surface. Schofield et al. show that removing hydrogen atoms from a passivated silicon surface can be used to generate and control such states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Schofield
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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38
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Eder F, Kotakoski J, Holzweber K, Mangler C, Skakalova V, Meyer JC. Probing from both sides: reshaping the graphene landscape via face-to-face dual-probe microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:1934-1940. [PMID: 23547751 PMCID: PMC3652282 DOI: 10.1021/nl3042799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In two-dimensional samples, all atoms are at the surface and thereby exposed for probing and manipulation by physical or chemical means from both sides. Here, we show that we can access the same point on both surfaces of a few-layer graphene membrane simultaneously, using a dual-probe scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) setup. At the closest point, the two probes are separated only by the thickness of the graphene membrane. This allows us for the first time to directly measure the deformations induced by one STM probe on a free-standing membrane with an independent second probe. We reveal different regimes of stability of few-layer graphene and show how the STM probes can be used as tools to shape the membrane in a controlled manner. Our work opens new avenues for the study of mechanical and electronic properties of two-dimensional materials.
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Rodríguez-Pérez L, Herranz MÁ, Martín N. The chemistry of pristine graphene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3721-35. [PMID: 23539514 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38950b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is a unique material with outstanding mechanical and electronic properties. For solution processes graphene layers have to be stabilized by means of molecular or supramolecular chemical derivatization, prior to their transfer to solid substrates. The most common chemical methodology for the preparation of graphene involves the formation of graphene oxide under highly oxidizing conditions, which even after reduction, lacks the electronic quality of pristine graphene. Presently, there is increasing concern in the chemical community about the starting material quality, and recent efforts are directed to wet chemical approaches toward high-quality graphene flakes which encompass the use of graphite as initial material. In addition, epitaxial growth of graphene on metallic surfaces is becoming a powerful technique for the production of pristine graphene with a control on its electronic properties, somehow due to the supramolecular interaction with the metallic surface. Current approaches for the preparation of modified pristine graphene are the aim of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Huang LF, Zhang GR, Zheng XH, Gong PL, Cao TF, Zeng Z. Understanding and tuning the quantum-confinement effect and edge magnetism in zigzag graphene nanoribbon. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:055304. [PMID: 23300171 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/5/055304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of zigzag graphene nanoribbon (ZGNR) is studied using density functional theory. The mechanisms underlying the quantum-confinement effect and edge magnetism in ZGNR are systematically investigated by combining the simulated results and some useful analytic models. The quantum-confinement effect and the inter-edge superexchange interaction can be tuned by varying the ribbon width, and the spin polarization and direct exchange splitting of the edge states can be tuned by varying their electronic occupations. The two edges of ZGNR can be equally or unequally tuned by charge doping or Li adsorption, respectively. The Li adatom has a site-selective adsorption on ZGNR, and it is a nondestructive and memorable approach to effectively modify the edge states in ZGNR. These systematic understanding and effective tuning of ZGNR electronics presented in this work are helpful for further investigation and application of ZGNR and other magnetic graphene systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
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41
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Grüneis A. Synthesis and electronic properties of chemically functionalized graphene on metal surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:043001. [PMID: 23257769 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/4/043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A review on the electronic properties, growth and functionalization of graphene on metals is presented. Starting from the derivation of the electronic properties of an isolated graphene layer using the nearest neighbor tight-binding (TB) approximation for π and σ electrons, the TB model is then extended to third-nearest neighbors and interlayer coupling. The latter is relevant to few-layer graphene and graphite. Next, the conditions under which epitaxial graphene can be obtained by chemical vapor deposition are reviewed with a particular emphasis on the Ni(111) surface. Regarding functionalization, I first discuss the intercalation of monolayer Au into the graphene/Ni(111) interface, which renders graphene quasi-free-standing. The Au intercalated quasi-free-standing graphene is then the basis for chemical functionalization. Functionalization of graphene is classified into covalent, ionic and substitutional functionalization. As archetypical examples for these three possibilities I discuss covalent functionalization by hydrogen, ionic functionalization by alkali metals and substitutional functionalization by nitrogen heteroatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grüneis
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
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42
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Bang J, Meng S, Sun YY, West D, Wang Z, Gao F, Zhang SB. Regulating energy transfer of excited carriers and the case for excitation-induced hydrogen dissociation on hydrogenated graphene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:908-11. [PMID: 23277576 PMCID: PMC3549080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210313110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling of excited carrier dynamics is of fundamental and practical importance, particularly in photochemistry and solar energy applications. However, theory of energy relaxation of excited carriers is still in its early stage. Here, using ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) coupled with time-dependent density functional theory, we show a coverage-dependent energy transfer of photoexcited carriers in hydrogenated graphene, giving rise to distinctively different ion dynamics. Graphene with sparsely populated H is difficult to dissociate due to inefficient transfer of the excitation energy into kinetic energy of the H. In contrast, H can easily desorb from fully hydrogenated graphane. The key is to bring down the H antibonding state to the conduction band minimum as the band gap increases. These results can be contrasted to those of standard ground-state MD that predict H in the sparse case should be much less stable than that in fully hydrogenated graphane. Our findings thus signify the importance of carrying out explicit electronic dynamics in excited-state simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeok Bang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Sheng Meng
- Laboratory for Surface Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; and
| | - Yi-Yang Sun
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Damien West
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Interfacial Chemistry and Engineering, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Fei Gao
- Interfacial Chemistry and Engineering, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - S. B. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
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Abstract
Although graphene's physical structure is a single atom thick, two-dimensional, hexagonal crystal of sp(2) bonded carbon, this simple description belies the myriad interesting and complex physical properties attributed to this fascinating material. Because of its unusual electronic structure and superlative properties, graphene serves as a leading candidate for many next generation technologies including high frequency electronics, broadband photodetectors, biological and gas sensors, and transparent conductive coatings. Despite this promise, researchers could apply graphene more routinely in real-world technologies if they could chemically adjust graphene's electronic properties. For example, the covalent modification of graphene to create a band gap comparable to silicon (∼1 eV) would enable its use in digital electronics, and larger band gaps would provide new opportunities for graphene-based photonics. Toward this end, researchers have focused considerable effort on the chemical functionalization of graphene. Due to its high thermodynamic stability and chemical inertness, new methods and techniques are required to create covalent bonds without promoting undesirable side reactions or irreversible damage to the underlying carbon lattice. In this Account, we review and discuss recent theoretical and experimental work studying covalent modifications to graphene using gas phase atomic radicals. Atomic radicals have sufficient energy to overcome the kinetic and thermodynamic barriers associated with covalent reactions on the basal plane of graphene but lack the energy required to break the C-C sigma bonds that would destroy the carbon lattice. Furthermore, because they are atomic species, radicals substantially reduce the likelihood of unwanted side reactions that confound other covalent chemistries. Overall, these methods based on atomic radicals show promise for the homogeneous functionalization of graphene and the production of new classes of two-dimensional materials with fundamentally different electronic and physical properties. Specifically, we focus on recent studies of the addition of atomic hydrogen, fluorine, and oxygen to the basal plane of graphene. In each of these reactions, a high energy, activating step initiates the process, breaking the local π structure and distorting the surrounding lattice. Scanning tunneling microscopy experiments reveal that substrate mediated interactions often dominate when the initial binding event occurs. We then compare these substrate effects with the results of theoretical studies that typically assume a vacuum environment. As the surface coverage increases, clusters often form around the initial distortion, and the stoichiometric composition of the saturated end product depends strongly on both the substrate and reactant species. In addition to these chemical and structural observations, we review how covalent modification can extend the range of physical properties that are achievable in two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Johns
- Departments of Materials Science, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Departments of Materials Science, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
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44
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Abstract
Hydrogen-based fuel cells are promising solutions for the efficient and clean delivery of electricity. Since hydrogen is an energy carrier, a key step for the development of a reliable hydrogen-based technology requires solving the issue of storage and transport of hydrogen. Several proposals based on the design of advanced materials such as metal hydrides and carbon structures have been made to overcome the limitations of the conventional solution of compressing or liquefying hydrogen in tanks. Nevertheless none of these systems are currently offering the required performances in terms of hydrogen storage capacity and control of adsorption/desorption processes. Therefore the problem of hydrogen storage remains so far unsolved and it continues to represent a significant bottleneck to the advancement and proliferation of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies. Recently, however, several studies on graphene, the one-atom-thick membrane of carbon atoms packed in a honeycomb lattice, have highlighted the potentialities of this material for hydrogen storage and raise new hopes for the development of an efficient solid-state hydrogen storage device. Here we review on-going efforts and studies on functionalized and nanostructured graphene for hydrogen storage and suggest possible developments for efficient storage/release of hydrogen under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tozzini
- NEST-Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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45
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Abstract
We investigate the effects of two-dimensional (2D) periodic patterns of functional groups on the thermal transport in a graphene monolayer by employing molecular and lattice dynamics simulations. Our calculations show that the use of patterned 2D shapes on graphene reduces the room temperature thermal conductivity, by as much as 40 times lower than that of the pristine monolayer, due to a combination of boundary and clamping effects. Lattice dynamics calculations elucidate the correlation between this large reduction in thermal conductivity and two dynamical properties of the main heat carrying phonon modes: (1) decreased phonon lifetimes by an order of magnitude due to scattering, and (2) direction-dependent group velocities arising from phonon confinement. Taken together, these results suggest that patterned graphene nanoroads provide a method for tuning the thermal conductivity of graphene without the introduction of defects in the lattice, opening an important possibility for thermoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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46
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Penev ES, Artyukhov VI, Ding F, Yakobson BI. Unfolding the fullerene: nanotubes, graphene and poly-elemental varieties by simulations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4956-4976. [PMID: 22893442 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent research progress in nanostructured carbon has built upon and yet advanced far from the studies of more conventional carbon forms such as diamond, graphite, and perhaps coals. To some extent, the great attention to nano-carbons has been ignited by the discovery of the structurally least obvious, counterintuitive, small strained fullerene cages. Carbon nanotubes, discovered soon thereafter, and recently, the great interest in graphene, ignited by its extraordinary physics, are all interconnected in a blend of cross-fertilizing fields. Here we review the theoretical and computational models development in our group at Rice University, towards understanding the key structures and behaviors in the immense diversity of carbon allotropes. Our particular emphasis is on the role of certain transcending concepts (like elastic instabilities, dislocations, edges, etc.) which serve so well across the scales and for chemically various compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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47
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Deshpande A, Sham CH, Alaboson JMP, Mullin JM, Schatz GC, Hersam MC. Self-assembly and photopolymerization of sub-2 nm one-dimensional organic nanostructures on graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16759-64. [PMID: 22928587 DOI: 10.1021/ja307061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While graphene has attracted significant attention from the research community due to its high charge carrier mobility, important issues remain unresolved that prevent its widespread use in technologically significant applications such as digital electronics. For example, the chemical inertness of graphene hinders integration with other materials, and the lack of a bandgap implies poor switching characteristics in transistors. The formation of ordered organic monolayers on graphene has the potential to address each of these challenges. In particular, functional groups incorporated into the constituent molecules enable tailored chemical reactivity, while molecular-scale ordering within the monolayer provides sub-2 nm templates with the potential to tune the electronic band structure of graphene via quantum confinement effects. Toward these ends, we report here the formation of well-defined one-dimensional organic nanostructures on epitaxial graphene via the self-assembly of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Molecular resolution UHV scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images confirm the one-dimensional ordering of the as-deposited PCDA monolayer and show domain boundaries with symmetry consistent with the underlying graphene lattice. In an effort to further stabilize the monolayer, in situ ultraviolet photopolymerization induces covalent bonding between neighboring PCDA molecules in a manner that maintains one-dimensional ordering as verified by UHV STM and ambient atomic force microscopy (AFM). Further quantitative insights into these experimental observations are provided by semiempirical quantum chemistry calculations that compare the molecular structure before and after photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Deshpande
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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48
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Abstract
Two-dimensional atomic sheets of carbon (graphene, graphane, etc.) are amenable to unique patterning schemes such as cutting, bending, folding and fusion that are predicted to lead to interesting properties. In this review, we present theoretical understanding and processing routes for patterning graphene and highlight potential applications. With more precise and scalable patterning, the prospects of integrating flat carbon (graphene) with curved carbon (nanotubes and half nanotubes) and programmable graphene folding are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Feng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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49
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Linden S, Zhong D, Timmer A, Aghdassi N, Franke JH, Zhang H, Feng X, Müllen K, Fuchs H, Chi L, Zacharias H. Electronic structure of spatially aligned graphene nanoribbons on Au(788). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:216801. [PMID: 23003288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.216801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on a bottom-up approach of the selective and precise growth of subnanometer wide straight and chevron-type armchair nanoribbons (GNRs) on a stepped Au(788) surface using different specific molecular precursors. This process creates spatially well-aligned GNRs, as characterized by STM. High-resolution direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy of occupied and unoccupied states allows the determination of the energetic position and momentum dispersion of electronic states revealing the existence of band gaps of several electron volts for straight 7-armchair, 13-armchair, and chevron-type GNRs in the electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Linden
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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50
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Reddy CD, Zhang YW, Shenoy VB. Patterned graphone--a novel template for molecular packing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:165303. [PMID: 22469652 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/16/165303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Precise positioning and packing of nanoscale building blocks is essential for the fabrication of many nanoelectro-mechanical devices. Carrying out such manipulations at the nanoscale still remains a challenge. Here we propose the use of graphone domain arrays embedded in a graphene sheet as a template to precisely position and pack molecules. Our atomistic simulations show that a graphone domain is able to adopt well-defined three-dimensional geometries, which in turn create 'energy wells' to trap molecules by means of physisorption. Using the C60 molecule as a model block, the stable trapping conditions are identified. The present work presents a novel route to position and pack molecules for nanoengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Reddy
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 138632, Singapore.
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