1
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Jamali SS, Somerville SV, Dief EM, Gooding JJ. Stochastic Electrochemical Measurement of a Biofouling Layer on Gold. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7401-7410. [PMID: 38702865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption of a biofouling layer on the surface of biosensors decreases the electrochemical activity and hence shortens the service life of biosensors, particularly implantable and wearable biosensors. Real-time quantification of the loss of activity is important for in situ assessment of performance while presenting an opportunity to compensate for the loss of activity and recalibrate the sensor to extend the service life. Here, we introduce an electrochemical noise measurement technique as a tool for the quantification of the formation of a biofouling layer on the surface of gold. The technique uniquely affords thermodynamic and kinetic information without applying an external bias (potential and/or current), hence allowing the system to be appraised in its innate state. The technique relies on the analysis of non-faradaic current and potential fluctuations that are intrinsically generated by the interaction of charged species at the electrode surface, i.e., gold. An analytical model is extended to explain the significance of parameters drawn from statistical analysis of the noise signal. This concept is then examined in buffered media in the presence of albumin, a common protein in the blood and a known source of a fouling layer in biological systems. Results indicate that the statistical analysis of the noise signal can quantify the loss of electrochemical activity, which is also corroborated by impedance spectroscopy as a complementary technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina S Jamali
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Samuel V Somerville
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Essam M Dief
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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2
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Godeffroy L, Shkirskiy V, Noël JM, Lemineur JF, Kanoufi F. Fuelling electrocatalysis at a single nanoparticle by ion flow in a nanoconfined electrolyte layer. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:441-465. [PMID: 37427498 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
We explore the possibility of coupling the transport of ions and water in a nanochannel with the chemical transformation of a reactant at an individual catalytic nanoparticle (NP). Such configuration could be interesting for constructing artificial photosynthesis devices coupling the asymmetric production of ions at the catalytic NP, with the ion selectivity of the nanochannels acting as ion pumps. Herein we propose to observe how such ion pumping can be coupled to an electrochemical reaction operated at the level of an individual electrocatalytic Pt NP. This is achieved by confining a (reservoir) droplet of electrolyte to within a few micrometres away from an electrocatalytic Pt NP on an electrode. While the region of the electrode confined by the reservoir and the NP are cathodically polarised, operando optical microscopy reveals the growth of an electrolyte nanodroplet on top of the NP. This suggests that the electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction operates at the NP and that an electrolyte nanochannel is formed - acting as an ion pump - between the reservoir and the NP. We have described here the optically imaged phenomena and their relevance to the characterization of the electrolyte nanochannel linking the NPs to the electrolyte microreservoir. Additionally, we have addressed the capacity of the nanochannel to transport ions and solvent flow to the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, France.
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3
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Majumdar P, Gao R, White HS. Electroprecipitation of Nanometer-Thick Films of Ln(OH) 3 [Ln = La, Ce, and Lu] at Pt Microelectrodes and Their Effect on Electron-Transfer Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8125-8134. [PMID: 35715230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report investigations of the deposition of nanometer-thick Ln(OH)3 films (Ln = La, Ce, and Lu) and their effect on outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron-transfer reactions. Insoluble Ln(OH)3 films are deposited from aqueous solutions of LaCl3 onto the surface of 12.5 μm radius Pt microdisk electrodes during water or oxygen reduction. Both reactions produce interfacial OH-, which complexes with Ln3+, resulting in the precipitation of Ln(OH)3. Surface analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy indicate the formation of a 1-2 nm thick uniform film. Outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions (Ru(NH3)63+ reduction, FcMeOH oxidation, and Fe(CN)64-/3- oxidation/reduction) were investigated at Ln(OH)3-modified electrodes of different film thicknesses. The results demonstrate that the steady-state transport-limited current for these reactions decreases with an increase in the film thickness. Moreover, the degree of blockage depends upon the redox species, suggesting that the Ln(OH)3 films are free from pinholes greater than the size of the redox molecules. This suggests that the films are either ionically conducting or that electron tunneling occurs across these thin layers. A similar blocking effect was observed for the inner-sphere reductions of H2O and O2. We further demonstrate that the thickness of La(OH)3 films can be controlled by anodic dissolution. Additionally, we show that La3+ lowers the supersaturation of dissolved H2 required to nucleate a stable nanobubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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4
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Jaugstetter M, Blanc N, Kratz M, Tschulik K. Electrochemistry under confinement. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2491-2543. [PMID: 35274639 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the term 'confinement' regularly appears in electrochemical literature, elevated by continuous progression in the research of nanomaterials and nanostructures, up until today the various aspects of confinement considered in electrochemistry are rather scattered individual contributions outside the established disciplines in this field. Thanks to a number of highly original publications and the growing appreciation of confinement as an overarching link between different exciting new research strategies, 'electrochemistry under confinement' is the process of forming a research discipline of its own. To aid the development a coherent terminology and joint basic concepts, as crucial factors for this transformation, this review provides an overview on the different effects on electrochemical processes known to date that can be caused by confinement. It also suggests where boundaries to other effects, such as nano-effects could be drawn. To conceptualize the vast amount of research activities revolving around the main concepts of confinement, we define six types of confinement and select two of them to discuss the state of the art and anticipated future developments in more detail. The first type concerns nanochannel environments and their applications for electrodeposition and for electrochemical sensing. The second type covers the rather newly emerging field of colloidal single entity confinement in electrochemistry. In these contexts, we will for instance address the influence of confinement on the mass transport and electric field distributions and will link the associated changes in local species concentration or in the local driving force to altered reaction kinetics and product selectivity. Highlighting pioneering works and exciting recent developments, this educational review does not only aim at surveying and categorizing the state-of-the-art, but seeks to specifically point out future perspectives in the field of confinement-controlled electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Jaugstetter
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Niclas Blanc
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Markus Kratz
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Garnica O, Lanchares J, Velasco J, Hidalgo J, Botella M. Noise spectral analysis and error estimation of continuous glucose monitors under real-life conditions of diabetes patients. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Al-Kutubi H, Voci S, Rassaei L, Sojic N, Mathwig K. Enhanced annihilation electrochemiluminescence by nanofluidic confinement. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8946-8950. [PMID: 30647886 PMCID: PMC6301198 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of stable enhanced light emission by electrochemiluminescence in microfabricated nanofluidic electrochemical devices is demonstrated for the first time by exploiting nanogap amplification.
Microfabricated nanofluidic electrochemical devices offer a highly controlled nanochannel geometry; they confine the volume of chemical reactions to the nanoscale and enable greatly amplified electrochemical detection. Here, the generation of stable light emission by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in transparent nanofluidic devices is demonstrated for the first time by exploiting nanogap amplification. Through continuous oxidation and reduction of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ luminophores at electrodes positioned at opposite walls of a 100 nm nanochannel, we compare classic redox cycling and ECL annihilation. Enhanced ECL light emission of attomole luminophore quantities is evidenced under ambient conditions due to the spatial confinement in a 10 femtoliter volume, resulting in a short diffusion timescale and highly efficient ECL reaction pathways at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Al-Kutubi
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Analysis , P.O. Box 196 , 9700 AD Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Silvia Voci
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Rotterdam School of Management , Erasmus University , Burgemeester Oudlaan 50 , 3062 PA Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France .
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Analysis , P.O. Box 196 , 9700 AD Groningen , The Netherlands .
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7
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Sokolov SV, Eloul S, Kätelhön E, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Electrode-particle impacts: a users guide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:28-43. [PMID: 27918031 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive guide to nano-impact experiments, in which we introduce newcomers to this rapidly-developing field of research. Central questions are answered regarding required experimental set-ups, categories of materials that can be detected, and the theoretical frameworks enabling the analysis of experimental data. Commonly-encountered issues are considered and presented alongside methods for their solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav V Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Shaltiel Eloul
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Enno Kätelhön
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
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8
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Wolfrum B, Kätelhön E, Yakushenko A, Krause KJ, Adly N, Hüske M, Rinklin P. Nanoscale Electrochemical Sensor Arrays: Redox Cycling Amplification in Dual-Electrode Systems. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2031-40. [PMID: 27602780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanofabriation technologies have a tremendous potential for the development of powerful sensor array platforms for electrochemical detection. The ability to integrate electrochemical sensor arrays with microfluidic devices nowadays provides possibilities for advanced lab-on-a-chip technology for the detection or quantification of multiple targets in a high-throughput approach. In particular, this is interesting for applications outside of analytical laboratories, such as point-of-care (POC) or on-site water screening where cost, measurement time, and the size of individual sensor devices are important factors to be considered. In addition, electrochemical sensor arrays can monitor biological processes in emerging cell-analysis platforms. Here, recent progress in the design of disease model systems and organ-on-a-chip technologies still needs to be matched by appropriate functionalities for application of external stimuli and read-out of cellular activity in long-term experiments. Preferably, data can be gathered not only at a singular location but at different spatial scales across a whole cell network, calling for new sensor array technologies. In this Account, we describe the evolution of chip-based nanoscale electrochemical sensor arrays, which have been developed and investigated in our group. Focusing on design and fabrication strategies that facilitate applications for the investigation of cellular networks, we emphasize the sensing of redox-active neurotransmitters on a chip. To this end, we address the impact of the device architecture on sensitivity, selectivity as well as on spatial and temporal resolution. Specifically, we highlight recent work on redox-cycling concepts using nanocavity sensor arrays, which provide an efficient amplification strategy for spatiotemporal detection of redox-active molecules. As redox-cycling electrochemistry critically depends on the ability to miniaturize and integrate closely spaced electrode systems, the fabrication of suitable nanoscale devices is of utmost importance for the development of this advanced sensor technology. Here, we address current challenges and limitations, which are associated with different redox cycling sensor array concepts and fabrication approaches. State-of-the-art micro- and nanofabrication technologies based on optical and electron-beam lithography allow precise control of the device layout and have led to a new generation of electrochemical sensor architectures for highly sensitive detection. Yet, these approaches are often expensive and limited to clean-room compatible materials. In consequence, they lack possibilities for upscaling to high-throughput fabrication at moderate costs. In this respect, self-assembly techniques can open new routes for electrochemical sensor design. This is true in particular for nanoporous redox cycling sensor arrays that have been developed in recent years and provide interesting alternatives to clean-room fabricated nanofluidic redox cycling devices. We conclude this Account with a discussion of emerging fabrication technologies based on printed electronics that we believe have the potential of transforming current redox cycling concepts from laboratory tools for fundamental studies and proof-of-principle analytical demonstrations into high-throughput devices for rapid screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Neuroelectronics,
IMETUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Enno Kätelhön
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kay J. Krause
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nouran Adly
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Hüske
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics,
IMETUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Krause KJ, Adly N, Yakushenko A, Schnitker J, Mayer D, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Influence of Self-Assembled Alkanethiol Monolayers on Stochastic Amperometric On-Chip Detection of Silver Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3632-7. [PMID: 26901267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers at the surface of platinum microelectrode arrays on the stochastic amperometric detection of citrate-stabilized silver nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. The measurements were performed using a microelectrode array featuring 64 individually addressable electrodes that are recorded in parallel with a sampling rate of 10 kHz for each channel. We show that both the functional end group and the total length of the alkanethiol influence the charge transfer. Three different terminal groups, an amino, a hydroxyl, and a carboxyl, were investigated using two different molecule lengths of 6 and 11 carbon atoms. Finally, we show that a monolayer of alkanethiols with a length of 11 carbon atoms and a carboxyl terminal group can efficiently block the charge transfer of free nanoparticles in an aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay J Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nouran Adly
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Schnitker
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Neuroelectronics, IMETUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Boltzmannstrasse 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
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10
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Tan SY, Zhang J, Bond AM, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Impact of Adsorption on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Voltammetry and Implications for Nanogap Measurements. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3272-80. [PMID: 26877069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sze-yin Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Partel S, Dincer C, Kasemann S, Kieninger J, Edlinger J, Urban G. Lift-Off Free Fabrication Approach for Periodic Structures with Tunable Nano Gaps for Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1086-1092. [PMID: 26625012 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple, low-cost and lift-off free fabrication approach for periodic structures with adjustable nanometer gaps for interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs). It combines an initial structure and two deposition process steps; first a dielectric layer is deposited, followed by a metal evaporation. The initial structure can be realized by lithography or any other structuring technique (e.g., nano imprint, hot embossing or injection molding). This method allows the fabrication of nanometer sized gaps and completely eliminates the need for a lift-off process. Different substrate materials like silicon, Pyrex or polymers can be used. The electrode gap is controlled primarily by sputter deposition of the initial structure, and thus, adjustable gaps in the nanometer range can be realized independently of the mask or stamp pattern. Electrochemical characterizations using redox cycling in ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) demonstrate signal amplification factors of more than 110 together with collection factors higher than 99%. Furthermore, the correlation between the gap width and the amplification factor was studied to obtain an electrochemical performance assessment of the nano gap electrodes. The results demonstrate an exponential relationship between amplification factor and gap width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Partel
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences , 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Can Dincer
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kasemann
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences , 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Urban
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Oja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Chadd M. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Peter Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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13
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Byers JC, Paulose Nadappuram B, Perry D, McKelvey K, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Single Molecule Electrochemical Detection in Aqueous Solutions and Ionic Liquids. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10450-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Alex W. Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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14
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Krause KJ, Yakushenko A, Wolfrum B. Stochastic On-Chip Detection of Subpicomolar Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7321-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay J. Krause
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future
Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future
Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future
Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Neuroelectronics,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
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15
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Batchelor-McAuley C, Kätelhön E, Barnes EO, Compton RG, Laborda E, Molina A. Recent Advances in Voltammetry. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:224-60. [PMID: 26246984 PMCID: PMC4522172 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the theory and practice of voltammetry is surveyed and evaluated. The transformation over the last decade of the level of modelling and simulation of experiments has realised major advances such that electrochemical techniques can be fully developed and applied to real chemical problems of distinct complexity. This review focuses on the topic areas of: multistep electrochemical processes, voltammetry in ionic liquids, the development and interpretation of theories of electron transfer (Butler-Volmer and Marcus-Hush), advances in voltammetric pulse techniques, stochastic random walk models of diffusion, the influence of migration under conditions of low support, voltammetry at rough and porous electrodes, and nanoparticle electrochemistry. The review of the latter field encompasses both the study of nanoparticle-modified electrodes, including stripping voltammetry and the new technique of 'nano-impacts'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Enno Kätelhön
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Edward O Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Eduardo Laborda
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Universidad de Murcia30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angela Molina
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Universidad de Murcia30100, Murcia, Spain
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16
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Mathwig K, Albrecht T, Goluch ED, Rassaei L. Challenges of Biomolecular Detection at the Nanoscale: Nanopores and Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5470-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Mathwig
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington
Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Edgar D. Goluch
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 313SN, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Liza Rassaei
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan
136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
Digital simulations are a commonly used tool in electrochemical and electroanalytical research. However, even though the employed computational methods often feature significant complexity, testing routines are rarely specified or discussed in literature. In this work, we address this topic and describe approaches towards testing electrochemical simulation software. While focussing on simple systems featuring Nernstian reactions in 1 : 1 stoichiometries, we guide through rigorous testing processes of one- and two dimensional simulations with regard to applications in cyclic voltammetry. To this end, we compile expressions for the calculation of key values as references, discuss the conduction of convergence studies, and suggest approaches to automated software testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Kätelhön
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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18
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Haywood DG, Saha-Shah A, Baker LA, Jacobson SC. Fundamental studies of nanofluidics: nanopores, nanochannels, and nanopipets. Anal Chem 2014; 87:172-87. [PMID: 25405581 PMCID: PMC4287834 DOI: 10.1021/ac504180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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19
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Krause KJ, Kätelhön E, Lemay SG, Compton RG, Wolfrum B. Sensing with nanopores--the influence of asymmetric blocking on electrochemical redox cycling current. Analyst 2014; 139:5499-503. [PMID: 25237677 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01401d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous redox cycling devices are highly efficient tools for the electrochemical sensing of redox-active molecules. By using a redox-active mediator, this concept can be exploited for the detection of molecular binding events via blocking of the redox cycling current within the nanopores. Here, we investigate the influence of different blocking scenarios inside a nanopore on the resulting redox cycling current. Our analysis is based on random walk simulations and finite element calculations. We distinguish between symmetric and asymmetric pore blocking and show that the current decrease is more pronounced in the case of asymmetric blocking reflecting the diffusion-driven pathway of the redox-active molecules. Using random walk simulations, we further study the impact of pore blocking in the frequency domain and identify relevant features of the power spectral density, which are of particular interest for sensing applications based on fluctuation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay J Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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