Lemnalosides A-D, decalin-type bicyclic diterpene glycosides from the marine soft coral Lemnalia sp

Lemneolemnanes A-D, Four Uncommon Sesquiterpenoids from the Soft Coral Lemnalia sp

Four undescribed sesquiterpenoids, lemneolemnanes A-D (1-4), have been isolated from the marine soft coral Lemnalia sp. The absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons of 1-4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 are epimers at C-3 and have an unusual skeleton with a formyl group on C-6. Compound 3 possesses an uncommonly rearranged carbon skeleton, while 4 has a 6/5/5 tricyclic system. Compound 1 showed significant anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activity in a humanized Caenorhabditis elegans AD pathological model.

The application and sustainable development of coral in traditional medicine and its chemical composition, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research

This review discusses the variety, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and clinical research of corals used in traditional medicine in the past two decades. At present, several types of medicinal coral resources are identified, which are used in 56 formulas such as traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, and Uyghur medicine. A total of 34 families and 99 genera of corals are involved in medical research, with the Alcyoniidae family and Sarcophyton genus being the main research objects. Based on the structural types of compounds and the families and genera of corals, this review summarizes the compounds primarily reported during the period, including terpenoids, steroids, nitrogen-containing compounds, and other terpenoids dominated by sesquiterpene and diterpenes. The biological activities of coral include cytotoxicity (antitumor and anticancer), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, and neurological properties, and a detailed summary of the mechanisms underlying these activities or related targets is provided. Coral toxicity mostly occurs in the marine ornamental soft coral Zoanthidae family, with palytoxin as the main toxic compound. In addition, nonpeptide neurotoxins are extracted from aquatic corals. The compatibility of coral-related preparations did not show significant acute toxicity, but if used for a long time, it will still cause toxicity to the liver, kidneys, lungs, and other internal organs in a dose-dependent manner. In clinical applications, individual application of coral is often used as a substitute for orthopedic materials to treat diseases such as bone defects and bone hyperplasia. Second, coral is primarily available in the form of compound preparations, such as Ershiwuwei Shanhu pills and Shanhu Qishiwei pills, which are widely used in the treatment of neurological diseases such as migraine, primary headache, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, hypertension, and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It is undeniable that the effectiveness of coral research has exacerbated the endangered status of corals. Therefore, there should be no distinction between the advantages and disadvantages of listed endangered species, and it is imperative to completely prohibit their use and provide equal protection to help them recover to their normal numbers. This article can provide some reference for research on coral chemical composition, biological activity, chemical ecology, and the discovery of marine drug lead compounds. At the same time, it calls for people to protect endangered corals from the perspectives of prohibition, substitution, and synthesis.

Nardosinane-related antimicrobial terpenoids from Lemnalia sp. soft coral

Ten nardosinane-related terpenoids, including five unreported nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids, parathyrsoidins H-J and linardosinenes D-E, two unusual condensed nardosinanes, named nardosinoids A and B, together with three known related compounds, were isolated from the Xisha soft coral Lemnalia sp. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. Nardosinoids A and B are the first condensates of two nardosinanes. All these compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity in vitro. Nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids parathyrsoidin I and linardosinene E showed inhibitory effects against influenza A virus H1N1 (IC₅₀ 7.1 and 1.1 μM, respectively). In addition, nardosinoids A and B exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (MIC 4-8 μg/mL).

Six New Diterpene Glycosides from the Soft Coral Lemnaliabournei

A chemical study on the extracts of soft coral Lemnalia bournei resulted in the isolation and identification of six new bicyclic diterpene glycosides including three new lemnaboursides E-G (1-3), and three new lemnadiolboursides A-C (4-6), along with three known lemnaboursides (7-9). Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis, ECD analysis, chemical methods, and comparison with the literature data. Lemnadiolboursides A-C (4-6) contained a lemnal-1(10)-ene-7,12-diol moiety compared with the lemnaboursides. All these compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity; cell growth inhibition of A549, Hela, HepG2, and CCRF-CEM cancer cell lines; and inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that compounds 1, 2, and 4-6 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (MIC 4-16 μg/mL); compounds 1-9 displayed low cytotoxicity on the CCRF-CEM cell lines (IC₅₀ 10.44-27.40 µM); and compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed weak inhibition against LPS-induced NO production (IC₅₀ 21.56-28.06 μM).

Lemnardosinanes A-I: New Bioactive Sesquiterpenoids from Soft Coral Lemnalia sp

Two rearranged nardosinane sesquiterpenoids with novel carbon skeletons, lemnardosinanes A (1) and B (2), and seven new nardosinane-related sesquiterpeniod lemnardosinanes C-I (3-9), together with a known compound 6,7-seco-13-nornardosinan (10), were isolated from the soft coral Lemnalia sp. collected from Xisha Islands of the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, Mosher's method, Mo₂(OAc)₄-induced circular dichroism experiment, and quantum chemical calculations. Plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1-10 were proposed. Compounds 1 and 10 displayed in vivo angiogenesis promoting activity in a zebrafish model. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited antiviral activity against the H1N1 virus with IC₅₀ values of 10.9 and 41.5 μM, respectively.

Uncommon Polyoxygenated Sesquiterpenoids from South China Sea Soft Coral Lemnalia flava

A detailed chemical investigation of the Chinese soft coral Lemnalia flava yielded four new nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids (1-4), one new neolemnane-type sesquiterpenoid (5), and one new sesquiterpenoid with an uncommon 6/9 fused bicyclic skeleton (6), together with two known related compounds (7 and 8). The structures and absolute configurations of 1-8 were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analyses, X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical reactions, and computer-assisted structural elucidation including ¹³C NMR data calculation, residual dipolar coupling based NMR analysis, and time-dependent density functional theoryelectronic circular dichroism calculation. Plausible biogenetic pathways of two uncommon sesquiterpenoids (4 and 6) were proposed.

Hydroperoxides derived from marine sources: origin and biological activities

Hydroperoxides are a small and interesting group of biologically active natural marine compounds. All these metabolites contain a group (R-O-O-H). In this mini-review, studies of more than 80 hydroperoxides isolated from bacteria, fungi, algae, and marine invertebrates are described. Hydroperoxides from the red, brown, and green algae exhibit high antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activity with a confidence of 73 to 94%. Hydroperoxides produced by soft corals showed antineoplastic and antiprotozoal activity with confidence from 81 to 92%. Metabolites derived from sea sponges, mollusks, and other invertebrates showed antineoplastic and antiprotozoal (Plasmodium) activity with confidence from 80 to 90%.

Terpenoids from Marine Soft Coral of the Genus Lemnalia: Chemistry and Biological Activities

Lemnalia is one of the most widely-distributed marine soft coral in tropical oceans and is known to produce novel terpenoids with a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review provides the first comprehensive overview of terpenoids produced by soft coral Lemnalia since their first discovery in 1974.

Peroxy natural products

This review covers the structures and biological activities of peroxy natural products from a wide variety of terrestrial fungi, higher plants, and marine organisms. Syntheses that confirm or revise structures or stereochemistries have also been included, and 406 references are cited.

Marine diterpene glycosides

Marine diterpene glycosides (MDGs) respresent a small but highly significant group of the much larger class of marine diterpenes. The three well-studied examples of MDGs are eleutherobins, pseudopterosins and fuscosides, all of which exhibit extremely promising biological activity. The eleutherobins are potent anti-mitotic agents, and the pseudopterosins and fuscosides are potent anti-inflammatory agents. This review discusses the structures and biological activities of these compounds, as well as their biosynthesis and synthesis.

Coumabiocins A-F, aminocoumarins from an organic extract of Streptomyces sp. L-4-4

Bioassay-directed fractionation of the butanol extract of Streptomyces sp. L-4-4, using the hyphae formation inhibition assay of a prokaryotic whole cell, led to the isolation of six new aminocoumarins, coumabiocins A-F (1-6), along with two known compounds, novobiocin (7) and isonovobiocin (8). Coumabiocins A-E (1-5) contain three structural elements, a central 3-amino-7-hydroxycoumarin that is linked at the 3-amino group to a prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety and at the 7-position to an l-noviosyl sugar, while coumabiocin F (6) lacks the sugar moiety. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques and mass spectrometric analyses. Coumabiocins A-E (1-5) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Streptomyces 85E and gave a 10-15 mm clear zone of inhibition at 20 microg/disk and a 10 mm bald and a 10 mm clear zone of inhibition at 5 and 10 microg/disk, respectively, whereas coumabiocin F (6) was inactive.

Bioactive sulfated sesterterpene alkaloids and sesterterpene sulfates from the marine sponge Fasciospongia sp

Two new sulfated sesterterpene alkaloids, 19-oxofasciospongine A (3) and fasciospongine C (4), and a new sesterterpene sulfate, 25-hydroxyhalisulfate 9 (5), along with two known sesterterpene sulfates, halisulfates 7 (6) and 9 (7), were isolated from an organic extract of the marine sponge Fasciospongia sp. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic studies as well as by HRESIMS analysis. Compounds 1-7 exhibited inhibitory activity against Streptomyces 85E in the hyphae-formation inhibition assay. Compounds 1, 2, and 4-7 were not cytotoxic when tested at 20 microg/mL with MCF-7, LNCaP, and LU cell lines. Only compound 3 demonstrated a moderate cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 (IC(50) 13.4 microM), LNCaP (IC(50) 21.8 microM), and LU-1 cells (IC(50) 5.0 microM), respectively.

Marine natural products

This review covers the literature published in 2007 for marine natural products, with 948 citations(627 for the period January to December 2007) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, cnidarians,bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms and true mangrove plants. The emphasis is on new compounds (961 for 2007), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.1 Introduction, 2 Reviews, 3 Marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, 4 Green algae, 5 Brown algae, 6 Red algae, 7 Sponges, 8 Cnidarians, 9 Bryozoans, 10 Molluscs, 11 Tunicates (ascidians),12 Echinoderms, 13 Miscellaneous, 14 Conclusion, 15 References.