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Roy A, Duari S, Maity S, Biswas S, Mishra AK, Biswas S. Regioselective Brønsted acid catalyzed ring opening of aziridines by phenols and thiophenols; a gateway to access functionalized indolines, indoles, benzothiazines, dihydrobenzo-thiazines, benzo-oxazines and benzochromenes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5653-5664. [PMID: 38919997 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Brønsted acid catalyzed regioselective ring opening of aziridines by phenols and thiophenols have been reported. Involvement of a series of aziridines with a range of phenols and thiophenols offer the generality of the reported protocol. Completion of the reaction at room temperature within very short time brings the uniqueness of the developed technique. To emphasis on the application of the developed methodology, the products have been used for the further synthesis of a range of useful and novel heterocyclic molecules such as indolines, indoles, benzothiazines, dihydrobenzothiazines, benzo-oxazines and benzochromenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Surajit Duari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Srabani Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subrata Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, U. P., India
| | - Srijit Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Luo C, Zhou T, Wang W, Han P, Jing L. An Efficient Approach to Access 2,2‐Diarylanilines via Visible‐Light‐Promoted Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Luo
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province China West Normal University No.1 Shi Da Road Nanchong 637009 P. R. China
| | - Tongyao Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute Wuhan Institute of Technology No.206, Guanggu 1st road Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute Wuhan Institute of Technology No.206, Guanggu 1st road Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province China West Normal University No.1 Shi Da Road Nanchong 637009 P. R. China
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province China West Normal University No.1 Shi Da Road Nanchong 637009 P. R. China
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3
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Pineschi M. Boron Reagents and Catalysts for the Functionalization of Strained Heterocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pineschi
- Department of Pharmacy University of Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy Tel
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4
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Wu QL, Guo J, Huang GB, Chan ASC, Weng J, Lu G. Visible-light-promoted radical cross-coupling of para-quinone methides with N-substituted anilines: an efficient approach to 2,2-diarylethylamines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:860-864. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,2-diarylethylamines were accessed via visible-light-promoted radical cross-coupling of p-QMs with N-alkyl anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Lei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Gong-Bin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Jiang Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Gui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
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5
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Elias JS, Costentin C, Nocera DG. Direct Electrochemical P(V) to P(III) Reduction of Phosphine Oxide Facilitated by Triaryl Borates. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13711-13718. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Elias
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Cyrille Costentin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université−CNRS 7591, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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6
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Abstract
An overview of the highlights in total synthesis of natural products using iridium as a catalyst is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
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7
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Lin TY, Wu HH, Feng JJ, Zhang J. Transfer of Chirality in the Rhodium-Catalyzed Chemoselective and Regioselective Allylic Alkylation of Hydroxyarenes with Vinyl Aziridines. Org Lett 2017; 19:2897-2900. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Yan Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Hong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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8
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Wang D, Wu L, Wang F, Wan X, Chen P, Lin Z, Liu G. Asymmetric Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Aminoarylation of Styrenes: Efficient Access to Optical 2,2-Diarylethylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6811-6814. [PMID: 28471665 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a copper-catalyzed enantioselective intermolecular aminoarylation of alkenes using a novel N-fluoro-N-alkylsulfonamide as the amine reagent, which could react with the Cu(I) catalyst to release a related amino radical. After addition to styrene, the generated benzylic radical could couple with a chiral L*CuIIAr complex to achieve enantioselective arylation. Various optical 2,2-diarylethylamines were efficiently synthesized from simple styrenes with high enantioselectivity, and these products can serve as valuable synthons toward bioactive molecules' synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lianqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaolong Wan
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Mal A, Goswami G, Ahmad Wani I, Ghorai MK. Synthetic route to chiral indolines via Cu(OAc)2-catalyzed ring-opening/C(sp2)–H activation of activated aziridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10263-10266. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05513g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic route to functionalized indolinesviaLewis acid catalyzed ring-opening of activated aziridines followed by Cu(OAc)2-mediated intramolecular C–H amination in one-pot with excellent enantio- and diastereospecificity (ee 99%; de >99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Mal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Gaurav Goswami
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | | | - Manas K. Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kanpur 208016
- India
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10
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Temperature-controlled cascade reaction of phloroglucinoltribenzyl ether promoted by trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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12
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Zhou S, Chen H, Luo Y, Zhang W, Li A. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Mycoleptodiscin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6878-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Kolarovic A, Käslin A, Wennemers H. Stereoselective Synthesis of Indolines via Organocatalytic Thioester Enolate Addition Reactions. Org Lett 2014; 16:4236-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501936n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kolarovic
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Käslin
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Takeda Y, Ikeda Y, Kuroda A, Tanaka S, Minakata S. Pd/NHC-catalyzed enantiospecific and regioselective Suzuki-Miyaura arylation of 2-arylaziridines: synthesis of enantioenriched 2-arylphenethylamine derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8544-7. [PMID: 24870625 DOI: 10.1021/ja5039616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed stereospecific and regioselective cross-coupling of enantiopure 2-arylaziridines with arylboronic acids under mild conditions to construct a tertiary stereogenic center has been developed. N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands efficiently promote the coupling, suppressing β-hydride elimination. The enantiospecific cross-coupling allowed us for preparation of a series of biologically important 2-arylphenethylamine derivatives in an enantiopure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Takeda
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers and ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Ghorai MK, Nanaji Y. Synthetic route to chiral indolines via ring-opening/C-N cyclization of activated 2-haloarylaziridines. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3867-78. [PMID: 23548056 DOI: 10.1021/jo400287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A practical approach for the synthesis of 3-substituted indolines via regio- and stereoselective SN2-type ring-opening of 2-(2-halophenyl)-N-tosylaziridines with heteroatomic nucleophiles (O, N, and S) followed by palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C-N cyclization is reported in excellent yields (up to >99%) and enantiomeric excess (ee 99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas K Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
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16
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Cockrell J, Wilhelmsen C, Rubin H, Martin A, Morgan JB. Enantioselective Synthesis and Stereoselective Ring Opening ofN-Acylaziridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9842-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Cockrell J, Wilhelmsen C, Rubin H, Martin A, Morgan JB. Enantioselective Synthesis and Stereoselective Ring Opening ofN-Acylaziridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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A new enantioselective approach to the core structure of hypoxia selective prodrugs related to the duocarmycins. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Shekhar S, Dunn TB, Kotecki BJ, Montavon DK, Cullen SC. A general method for palladium-catalyzed reactions of primary sulfonamides with aryl nonaflates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4552-63. [PMID: 21510695 DOI: 10.1021/jo200443u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general method for Pd-catalyzed sulfonamidation of aryl nonafluorobutanesulfonates (aryl nonaflates) is described. A biaryl phosphine ligand, t-BuXPhos, formed the most active catalyst, and K(3)PO(4) in tert-amyl alcohol was found to be the optimal base-solvent combination for the reaction. The reaction conditions were tolerant of various functional groups such as cyano, nitro, ester, aldehyde, ketone, chloride, carbamate, and phenol. Heterocyclic aryl nonaflates were found to be suitable coupling partners. High yields of the coupled products were obtained from the reactions between inherently disfavored substrates such as electron-rich nonaflates and electron-poor sulfonamides. Kinetic data suggest reductive elimination to be the rate-limiting step for the reaction. The only limitation of this methodology that we have identified is the inability of 2,6-disubstituted aryl nonaflates to efficiently participate in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Abbott Laboratories, Process Research and Development, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States.
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20
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Nagumo S, Takada H, Yasui E, Sahara Y, Chinen Y, Tanaka H, Morita Y, Kobiki C, Narisawa D, Mizukami M, Miyashita M. Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Vinylaziridine Linked to an Ester Group. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Aziridinomitosane ketones 4 and 24 are accessed by internal acyl anion equivalent-lactam cyclization of 29 in a convergent route. The key aziridinolactam 6 is prepared by tin-lithium exchange via the lithiated aziridine 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Wiedner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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22
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Krake SH, Bergmeier SC. Inter- and intramolecular reactions of epoxides and aziridines with π-nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Craig D, Lu P, Mathie T, Tholen NT. Directed addition of sulfur-stabilised carbanions to 1,2,3-trisubstituted aziridines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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25
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Taylor AM, Schreiber SL. Aziridines as intermediates in diversity-oriented syntheses of alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:3230-3233. [PMID: 20046991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of small molecules that collectively comprise optimal small-molecule screening collections is an important goal. With this in mind, we have used N-alkyl aziridines in a regio- and stereochemically controlled synthesis of polycyclic heterocycles based on nucleophilic ring opening and subsequent intramolecular cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
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26
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Fan J, Gao L, Wang Z. Facile construction of highly functionalized 2-pyrrolines via FeCl3-catalyzed reaction of aziridines with arylalkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5021-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b910408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Carballares S, Craig D, Hyland CJT, Lu P, Mathie T, White AJP. Highly regioselective ring-opening of trisubstituted aziridines by sulfur-stabilised carbanions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:451-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b815971h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Bertolini F, Crotti S, Bussolo VD, Macchia F, Pineschi M. Regio- and Stereoselective Ring Opening of Enantiomerically Enriched 2-Aryl Oxetanes and 2-Aryl Azetidines with Aryl Borates. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8998-9007. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferruccio Bertolini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Bussolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Franco Macchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pineschi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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