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Wu ZC, Boger DL. The quest for supernatural products: the impact of total synthesis in complex natural products medicinal chemistry. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1511-1531. [PMID: 33169762 PMCID: PMC7678878 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2020This review presents select recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of complex natural products that are prepared by total synthesis. The underlying studies highlight enabling divergent synthetic strategies and methods that permit the systematic medicinal chemistry studies of key analogues bearing deep-seated structural changes not readily accessible by semisynthetic or biosynthetic means. Select and recent examples are detailed where the key structural changes are designed to improve defined properties or to overcome an intrinsic limitation of the natural product itself. In the examples presented, the synthetic efforts provided supernatural products, a term first introduced by our colleague Ryan Shenvi (Synlett, 2016, 27, 1145-1164), with properties superseding the parent natural product. The design principles and approaches for creating the supernatural products are highlighted with an emphasis on the properties addressed that include those that improve activity or potency, increase selectivity, enhance durability, broaden the spectrum of activity, improve chemical or metabolic stability, overcome limiting physical properties, add mechanisms of action, enhance PK properties, overcome drug resistance, and/or improve in vivo efficacy. Some such improvements may be regarded by some as iterative enhancements whereas others, we believe, truly live up to their characterization as supernatural products. Most such efforts are also accompanied by advances in synthetic organic chemistry, inspiring the development of new synthetic methodology and providing supernatural products with improved synthetic accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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2
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Itoh H, Inoue M. Comprehensive Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Macrocyclic Natural Products Enabled by Their Total Syntheses. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10002-10031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Cummins TJ, Kedei N, Czikora A, Lewin NE, Kirk S, Petersen ME, McGowan KM, Chen JQ, Luo X, Johnson RC, Ravichandran S, Blumberg PM, Keck GE. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fluorescent Bryostatin Analogues. Chembiochem 2018; 19:877-889. [PMID: 29424951 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the cellular distribution of tumor-promoting vs. non-tumor-promoting bryostatin analogues, we synthesized fluorescently labeled variants of two bryostatin derivatives that have previously shown either phorbol ester-like or bryostatin-like biological activity in U937 leukemia cells. These new fluorescent analogues both displayed high affinity for protein kinase C (PKC) binding and retained the basic properties of the parent unlabeled compounds in U937 assays. The fluorescent compounds showed similar patterns of intracellular distribution in cells, however; this argues against an existing hypothesis that various patterns of intracellular distribution are responsible for differences in biological activity. Upon further characterization, the fluorescent compounds revealed a slow rate of cellular uptake; correspondingly, they showed reduced activity for cellular responses that were only transient upon treatment with phorbol ester or bryostatin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Cummins
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 4048, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Agnes Czikora
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 4048, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 4048, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sharon Kirk
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mark E Petersen
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kevin M McGowan
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jin-Qiu Chen
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 1044, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 1044, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Randall C Johnson
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences Biomedical Informatics, and Data Science (BIDS), Directorate Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Building 430, Miller Drive, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sarangan Ravichandran
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences Biomedical Informatics, and Data Science (BIDS), Directorate Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Building 430, Miller Drive, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 4048, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gary E Keck
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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4
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Molecular dynamics simulations reveal ligand-controlled positioning of a peripheral protein complex in membranes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:6. [PMID: 28232750 PMCID: PMC5431895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-016-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bryostatin is in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and HIV/AIDS eradication. It binds to protein kinase C competitively with diacylglycerol, the endogenous protein kinase C regulator, and plant-derived phorbol esters, but each ligand induces different activities. Determination of the structural origin for these differing activities by X-ray analysis has not succeeded due to difficulties in co-crystallizing protein kinase C with relevant ligands. More importantly, static, crystal-lattice bound complexes do not address the influence of the membrane on the structure and dynamics of membrane-associated proteins. To address this general problem, we performed long-timescale (400–500 µs aggregate) all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of protein kinase C–ligand–membrane complexes and observed that different protein kinase C activators differentially position the complex in the membrane due in part to their differing interactions with waters at the membrane inner leaf. These new findings enable new strategies for the design of simpler, more effective protein kinase C analogs and could also prove relevant to other peripheral protein complexes. Natural supplies of bryostatin, a compound in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and HIV, are scarce. Here, the authors perform molecular dynamics simulations to understand how bryostatin interacts with membrane-bound protein kinase C, offering insights for the design of bryostatin analogs.
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5
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Ketcham JM, Volchkov I, Chen TY, Blumberg PM, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Krische MJ. Evaluation of Chromane-Based Bryostatin Analogues Prepared via Hydrogen-Mediated C-C Bond Formation: Potency Does Not Confer Bryostatin-like Biology. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13415-13423. [PMID: 27676096 PMCID: PMC5094189 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of chromane-containing bryostatin analogues WN-2-WN-7 and the previously reported salicylate-based analogue WN-8 are described. Analogues WN-2-WN-7 are prepared through convergent assembly of the chromane-containing fragment B-I with the "binding domain" fragment A-I or its C26-des-methyl congener, fragment A-II. The synthesis of fragment B-I features enantioselective double C-H allylation of 1,3-propanediol to form the C2-symmetric diol 3 and Heck cyclization of bromo-diene 5 to form the chromane core. The synthesis of salicylate WN-8 is accomplished through the union of fragments A-III and B-II. The highest binding affinities for PKCα are observed for the C26-des-methyl analogues WN-3 (Ki = 63.9 nM) and WN-7 (Ki = 63.1 nM). All analogues, WN-2-WN-8, inhibited growth of Toledo cells, with the most potent analogue being WN-7. This response, however, does not distinguish between phorbol ester-like and bryostatin-like behavior. In contrast, while many of the analogues contain a conserved C-ring in the binding domain and other features common to analogues with bryostatin-like properties, all analogues evaluated in the U937 proliferation and cell attachment assays displayed phorbol ester-like and/or toxic behavior, including WN-8, for which "bryostatin-like PKC modulatory activities" previously was suggested solely on the basis of PKC binding. These results underscore the importance of considering downstream biological effects, as tumor suppression cannot be inferred from potent PKC binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Ketcham
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ivan Volchkov
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Te-Yu Chen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Petersen ME, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM, Keck GE. Replacement of the Bryostatin A- and B-Pyran Rings With Phenyl Rings Leads to Loss of High Affinity Binding With PKC. Tetrahedron Lett 2016; 57:4749-4753. [PMID: 27713589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a convergent synthesis of a bryostatin analogue in which the natural A- and B-ring pyrans have been replaced by phenyl rings. The new analogue exhibited PMA like behavior in cell assays, but failed to maintain high affinity binding for PKC, despite retaining an unaltered C-ring 'binding domain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Petersen
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Gary E Keck
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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7
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Baumann DO, McGowan KM, Kedei N, Peach ML, Blumberg PM, Keck GE. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Several Bryostatin Analogues Bearing a Diacylglycerol Lactone C-Ring. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7862-83. [PMID: 27494208 PMCID: PMC6957265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As an initial step in designing a simplified bryostatin hybrid molecule, three bryostatin analogues bearing a diacylglycerol lactone-based C-ring, which possessed the requisite pharmacophores for binding to protein kinase C (PKC) together with a modified bryostatin-like A- and B-ring region, were synthesized and evaluated. Merle 46 and Merle 47 exhibited binding affinity to PKC alpha with Ki values of 7000 ± 990 and 4940 ± 470 nM, respectively. Reinstallation of the trans-olefin and gem-dimethyl group present in bryostatin 1 in Merle 48 resulted in improved binding affinity, 363 ± 42 nM. While Merle 46 and 47 were only marginally active biologically, Merle 48 showed sufficient activity on the U937 cells to confirm that it was PMA-like for growth and attachment, as predicted by the substitution pattern of its A- and B-rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1300 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin M. McGowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1300 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Megan L. Peach
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Gary E. Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1300 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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8
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Kelsey JS, Cataisson C, Chen J, Herrmann MA, Petersen ME, Baumann DO, McGowan KM, Yuspa SH, Keck GE, Blumberg PM. Biological activity of the bryostatin analog Merle 23 on mouse epidermal cells and mouse skin. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:2183-2195. [PMID: 26859836 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin 1, a complex macrocyclic lactone, is the subject of multiple clinical trials for cancer chemotherapy. Although bryostatin 1 biochemically functions like the classic mouse skin tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to bind to and activate protein kinase C, paradoxically, it fails to induce many of the typical phorbol ester responses, including tumor promotion. Intense synthetic efforts are currently underway to develop simplified bryostatin analogs that preserve the critical functional features of bryostatin 1, including its lack of tumor promoting activity. The degree to which bryostatin analogs maintain the unique pattern of biological behavior of bryostatin 1 depends on the specific cellular system and the specific response. Merle 23 is a significantly simplified bryostatin analog that retains bryostatin like activity only to a limited extent. Here, we show that in mouse epidermal cells the activity of Merle 23 was either similar to bryostatin 1 or intermediate between bryostatin 1 and PMA, depending on the specific parameter examined. We then examined the hyperplastic and tumor promoting activity of Merle 23 on mouse skin. Merle 23 showed substantially reduced hyperplasia and was not tumor promoting at a dose comparable to that for PMA. These results suggest that there may be substantial flexibility in the design of bryostatin analogs that retain its lack of tumor promoting activity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Kelsey
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michelle A Herrmann
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark E Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David O Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kevin M McGowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stuart H Yuspa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gary E Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Crane EA, Gademann K. Synthetisch gewonnene Naturstofffragmente in der Wirkstoffentwicklung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika A. Crane
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Karl Gademann
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Schweiz
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10
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Crane EA, Gademann K. Capturing Biological Activity in Natural Product Fragments by Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3882-902. [PMID: 26833854 PMCID: PMC4797711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have had an immense influence on science and have directly led to the introduction of many drugs. Organic chemistry, and its unique ability to tailor natural products through synthesis, provides an extraordinary approach to unlock the full potential of natural products. In this Review, an approach based on natural product derived fragments is presented that can successfully address some of the current challenges in drug discovery. These fragments often display significantly reduced molecular weights, reduced structural complexity, a reduced number of synthetic steps, while retaining or even improving key biological parameters such as potency or selectivity. Examples from various stages of the drug development process up to the clinic are presented. In addition, this process can be leveraged by recent developments such as genome mining, antibody–drug conjugates, and computational approaches. All these concepts have the potential to identify the next generation of drug candidates inspired by natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Crane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Thangsunan P, Tateing S, Hannongbua S, Suree N. Structural insights into the interactions of phorbol ester and bryostatin complexed with protein kinase C: a comparative molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1561-75. [PMID: 26292580 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1084479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are important regulatory enzymes that have been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and in the eradication of HIV/AIDS. Given their potential clinical ramifications, PKC modulators, e.g. phorbol esters and bryostatin, are also of great interest in the drug development. However, structural details on the binding between PKC and its modulators, especially bryostatin - the highly potent and non-tumor promoting activator for PKCs, are still lacking. Here, we report the first comparative molecular dynamics study aimed at gaining structural insight into the mechanisms by which the PKC delta cys2 activator domain is used in its binding to phorbol ester and bryostatin-1. As anticipated in the phorbol ester binding, hydrogen bonds are formed through the backbone atoms of Thr242, Leu251, and Gly253 of PKC. However, the opposition of H-bond formation between Thr242 and Gly253 may cause the phorbol ester complex to become less stable when compared with the bryostatin binding. For the PKC delta-bryostatin complex, hydrogen bonds are formed between the Gly253 backbone carbonyl and the C30 carbomethoxy substituent of the ligand. Additionally, the indole Nε1 of the highly homologous Trp252 also forms an H-bond to the C20 ester group on bryostatin. Backbone fluctuations also suggest that this latter H-bond formation may abrogate the transient interaction between Trp252 and His269, thus dampening the fluctuations observed on the nearby Zn(2+)-coordinating residues. This new dynamic fluctuation dampening model can potentially benefit future design of new PKC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharapong Thangsunan
- a Graduate Program in Biotechnology , The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University , 239 Huay Kaew Rd, Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand.,b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology , Chiang Mai University , 239 Huay Kaew Rd, Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
| | - Suriya Tateing
- a Graduate Program in Biotechnology , The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University , 239 Huay Kaew Rd, Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand.,b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology , Chiang Mai University , 239 Huay Kaew Rd, Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- c Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Kasetsart University , Bangkok 10900 , Thailand
| | - Nuttee Suree
- b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology , Chiang Mai University , 239 Huay Kaew Rd, Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ghazi M. Rahman
- Department of Pharmacological
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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13
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Kraft M, Poudel YB, Kedei N, Lewin N, Peach ML, Blumberg PM, Keck GE. Synthesis of a des-B-ring bryostatin analogue leads to an unexpected ring expansion of the bryolactone core. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13202-8. [PMID: 25207434 PMCID: PMC4183620 DOI: 10.1021/ja5078188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of a des-B-ring bryostatin analogue is described. This analogue was found to undergo an unexpected ring expansion of the bryolactone core to generate the corresponding 21-membered macrocycle. The parent analogue and the ring-expanded product both displayed nanomolar binding affinity for PKC. Despite containing A-ring substitution identical to that of bryostatin 1 and displaying bryostatin-like biological function, the des-B-ring analogues displayed a phorbol-like biological function in cells. These studies shed new light on the role of the bryostatin B-ring in conferring bryo-like biological function to bryostatin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
B. Kraft
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yam B. Poudel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Nancy
E. Lewin
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Megan L. Peach
- Basic Science Program,
Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Gary E. Keck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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14
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Andrews IP, Ketcham JM, Blumberg PM, Kedei N, Lewin N, Peach ML, Krische MJ. Synthesis of seco-B-ring bryostatin analogue WN-1 via C-C bond-forming hydrogenation: critical contribution of the B-ring in determining bryostatin-like and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-like properties. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13209-16. [PMID: 25207655 PMCID: PMC4183601 DOI: 10.1021/ja507825s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The seco-B-ring bryostatin analogue, macrodiolide WN-1, was prepared in 17 steps (longest linear sequence) and 30 total steps with three bonds formed via hydrogen-mediated C-C coupling. This synthetic route features a palladium-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of a C2-symmetric diol to form the C9-deoxygenated bryostatin A-ring. WN-1 binds to PKCα (Ki = 16.1 nM) and inhibits the growth of multiple leukemia cell lines. Although structural features of the WN-1 A-ring and C-ring are shared by analogues that display bryostatin-like behavior, WN-1 displays PMA-like behavior in U937 cell attachment and proliferation assays, as well as in K562 and MV-4-11 proliferation assays. Molecular modeling studies suggest the pattern of internal hydrogen bonds evident in bryostatin 1 is preserved in WN-1, and that upon docking WN-1 into the crystal structure of the C1b domain of PKCδ, the binding mode of bryostatin 1 is reproduced. The collective data emphasize the critical contribution of the B-ring to the function of the upper portion of the molecule in conferring a bryostatin-like pattern of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - John M. Ketcham
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Nancy
E. Lewin
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Megan L. Peach
- Basic Science Program,
Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Michael J. Krische
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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15
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Irie K, Yanagita RC. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Simplified Analogs of the Natural PKC Ligands, Bryostatin-1 and Aplysiatoxin. CHEM REC 2014; 14:251-67. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ryo C. Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University; Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
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16
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Abstract
PKC (protein kinase C) has been in the limelight since the discovery three decades ago that it acts as a major receptor for the tumour-promoting phorbol esters. Phorbol esters, with their potent ability to activate two of the three classes of PKC isoenzymes, have remained the best pharmacological tool for directly modulating PKC activity. However, with the discovery of other phorbol ester-responsive proteins, the advent of various small-molecule and peptide modulators, and the need to distinguish isoenzyme-specific activity, the pharmacology of PKC has become increasingly complex. Not surprisingly, many of the compounds originally touted as direct modulators of PKC have subsequently been shown to hit many other cellular targets and, in some cases, not even directly modulate PKC. The complexities and reversals in PKC pharmacology have led to widespread confusion about the current status of the pharmacological tools available to control PKC activity. In the present review, we aim to clarify the cacophony in the literature regarding the current state of bona fide and discredited cellular PKC modulators, including activators, small-molecule inhibitors and peptides, and also address the use of genetically encoded reporters and of PKC mutants to measure the effects of these drugs on the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling by specific isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa X. Wu-Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, (858) 534-4527, Fax: (858) 822-5888
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, (858) 534-4527, Fax: (858) 822-5888
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17
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Kedei N, Telek A, Michalowski AM, Kraft MB, Li W, Poudel YB, Rudra A, Petersen ME, Keck GE, Blumberg PM. Comparison of transcriptional response to phorbol ester, bryostatin 1, and bryostatin analogs in LNCaP and U937 cancer cell lines provides insight into their differential mechanism of action. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:313-24. [PMID: 23146662 PMCID: PMC3553297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin 1, like the phorbol esters, binds to and activates protein kinase C (PKC) but paradoxically antagonizes many but not all phorbol ester responses. Previously, we have compared patterns of biological response to bryostatin 1, phorbol ester, and the bryostatin 1 derivative Merle 23 in two human cancer cell lines, LNCaP and U937. Bryostatin 1 fails to induce a typical phorbol ester biological response in either cell line, whereas Merle 23 resembles phorbol ester in the U937 cells and bryostatin 1 in the LNCaP cells. Here, we have compared the pattern of their transcriptional response in both cell lines. We examined by qPCR the transcriptional response as a function of dose and time for a series of genes regulated by PKCs. In both cell lines bryostatin 1 differed primarily from phorbol ester in having a shorter duration of transcriptional modulation. This was not due to bryostatin 1 instability, since bryostatin 1 suppressed the phorbol ester response. In both cell lines Merle 23 induced a pattern of transcription largely like that of phorbol ester although with a modest reduction at later times in the LNCaP cells, suggesting that the difference in biological response of the two cell lines to Merle 23 lies downstream of this transcriptional regulation. For a series of bryostatins and analogs which ranged from bryostatin 1-like to phorbol ester-like in activity on the U937 cells, the duration of transcriptional response correlated with the pattern of biological activity, suggesting that this may provide a robust platform for structure activity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Yadav J, Aravind S, Mahesh Kumar G, Subba Reddy B. Synthetic studies toward potent cytostatic macrolide bryostatin: an expedient synthesis of C1–C10 fragment. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Keck GE, Poudel YB, Rudra A, Stephens JC, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM. Role of the C8 gem-dimethyl group of bryostatin 1 on its unique pattern of biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4084-8. [PMID: 22579485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The role of the C(8) gem-dimethyl group in the A-ring of bryostatin 1 has been examined through chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of a new analogue. Assays for biological function using U937, K562, and MV4-11 cells as well as the profiles for downregulation of PKC isozymes revealed that the presence of this group is not a critical determinant for the unique pattern of biological activity of bryostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Keck
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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20
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O’Brien M, Thomas EJ. Synthesis of the C(1)–C(16) fragment of bryostatins using an ‘ene’ reaction between an allylsilane and an alkynone. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Lu Y, Woo SK, Krische MJ. Total synthesis of bryostatin 7 via C-C bond-forming hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13876-9. [PMID: 21780806 DOI: 10.1021/ja205673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The marine macrolide bryostatin 7 is prepared in 20 steps (longest linear sequence) and 36 total steps with five C-C bonds formed using hydrogenative methods. This approach represents the most concise synthesis of any bryostatin reported, to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 78712, United States
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22
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23
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Manaviazar S, Hale KJ. Total synthesis of bryostatin 1: a short route. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8786-9. [PMID: 21751307 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Manaviazar
- The School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
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24
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25
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Abstract
The total synthesis of bryostatin 9 was accomplished using a uniquely step-economical and convergent Prins-driven macrocyclization strategy. At 25 linear and 42 total steps, this is currently the most concise and convergent synthesis of a potent bryostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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26
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Kedei N, Lubart E, Lewin NE, Telek A, Lim L, Mannan P, Garfield SH, Kraft MB, Keck GE, Kolusheva S, Jelinek R, Blumberg PM. Some phorbol esters might partially resemble bryostatin 1 in their actions on LNCaP prostate cancer cells and U937 leukemia cells. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1242-51. [PMID: 21542090 PMCID: PMC3313843 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and bryostatin 1 are both potent protein kinase C (PKC) activators. In LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, PMA induces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion and inhibits proliferation; bryostatin 1 does not, and indeed blocks the response to PMA. This difference has been attributed to bryostatin 1 not localizing PKCδ to the plasma membrane. Since phorbol ester lipophilicity influences PKCδ localization, we have examined in LNCaP cells a series of phorbol esters and related derivatives spanning some eight logs in lipophilicity (logP) to see if any behave like bryostatin 1. The compounds showed marked differences in their effects on proliferation and TNFα secretion. For example, maximal responses for TNFα secretion relative to PMA ranged from 97 % for octyl-indolactam V to 24 % for phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate. Dose-response curves ranged from monophasic for indolactam V to markedly biphasic for sapintoxin D. The divergent patterns of response, however, correlated neither to lipophilicity, to plasma membrane translocation of PKCδ, nor to the ability to interact with model membranes. In U937 human leukemia cells, a second system in which PMA and bryostatin 1 have divergent effects, viz. PMA but not bryostatin 1 inhibits proliferation and induces attachment, all the compounds acted like PMA for proliferation, but several induced a reduced level or a biphasic dose-response curve for attachment. We conclude that active phorbol esters are not all equivalent. Depending on the system, some might partially resemble bryostatin 1 in their behavior; this encourages the concept that bryostatin-like behavior may be obtained from other structural templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Emanuel Lubart
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Andrea Telek
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Langston Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Poonam Mannan
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Susan H. Garfield
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Matthew B. Kraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A
| | - Gary E. Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
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27
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Wender PA, Loy BA, Schrier AJ. Translating Nature's Library: The Bryostatins and Function-Oriented Synthesis. Isr J Chem 2011; 51:453-472. [PMID: 22661768 PMCID: PMC3364006 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We review in part our computational, design, synthesis, and biological studies on a remarkable class of compounds and their designed analogs that have led to preclinical candidates for the treatment of cancer, a first-in-class approach to Alzheimer's disease, and a promising strategy to eradicate HIV/AIDS. Because these leads target, in part, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, they have therapeutic potential even beyond this striking set of therapeutic indications. This program has given rise to new synthetic methodology and represents an increasingly important direction of synthesis focused on achieving function through synthesis-informed design (function-oriented synthesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Systems Biology Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian A. Loy
- Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Systems Biology Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam J. Schrier
- Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Systems Biology Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Kedei N, Telek A, Czap A, Lubart ES, Czifra G, Yang D, Chen J, Morrison T, Goldsmith PK, Lim L, Mannan P, Garfield SH, Kraft MB, Li W, Keck GE, Blumberg PM. The synthetic bryostatin analog Merle 23 dissects distinct mechanisms of bryostatin activity in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1296-308. [PMID: 21458422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin 1 has attracted considerable attention both as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent and for its unique activity. Although it functions, like phorbol esters, as a potent protein kinase C (PKC) activator, it paradoxically antagonizes many phorbol ester responses in cells. Because of its complex structure, little is known of its structure-function relations. Merle 23 is a synthetic derivative, differing from bryostatin 1 at only four positions. However, in U-937 human leukemia cells, Merle 23 behaves like a phorbol ester and not like bryostatin 1. Here, we characterize the behavior of Merle 23 in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. In this system, bryostatin 1 and phorbol ester have contrasting activities, with the phorbol ester but not bryostatin 1 blocking cell proliferation or tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion, among other responses. We show that Merle 23 displays a highly complex pattern of activity in this system. Depending on the specific biological response or mechanistic change, it was bryostatin-like, phorbol ester-like, intermediate in its behavior, or more effective than either. The pattern of response, moreover, varied depending on the conditions. We conclude that the newly emerging bryostatin derivatives such as Merle 23 provide powerful tools to dissect subsets of bryostatin mechanism and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent bryostatin analogs that modulate PKC translocation selectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6721-6. [PMID: 21415363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015270108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern methods for the identification of therapeutic leads include chemical or virtual screening of compound libraries. Nature's library represents a vast and diverse source of leads, often exhibiting exquisite biological activities. However, the advancement of natural product leads into the clinic is often impeded by their scarcity, complexity, and nonoptimal properties or efficacy as well as the challenges associated with their synthesis or modification. Function-oriented synthesis represents a strategy to address these issues through the design of simpler and therefore synthetically more accessible analogs that incorporate the activity-determining features of the natural product leads. This study illustrates the application of this strategy to the design and synthesis of functional analogs of the bryostatin marine natural products. It is specifically directed at exploring the activity-determining role of bryostatin A-ring functionality on PKC affinity and selectivity. The resultant functional analogs, which were prepared by a flexible, modular synthetic strategy, exhibit excellent affinity to PKC and differential isoform selectivity. These and related studies provide the basic information needed for the design of simplified and thus synthetically more accessible functional analogs that target PKC isoforms, major targets of therapeutic interest.
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30
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Trindade-Silva AE, Lim-Fong GE, Sharp KH, Haygood MG. Bryostatins: biological context and biotechnological prospects. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 21:834-42. [PMID: 20971628 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatins are a family of protein kinase C modulators that have potential applications in biomedicine. Found in miniscule quantities in a small marine invertebrate, lack of supply has hampered their development. In recent years, bryostatins have been shown to have potent bioactivity in the central nervous system, an uncultivated marine bacterial symbiont has been shown to be the likely natural source of the bryostatins, the bryostatin biosynthetic genes have been identified and characterized, and bryostatin analogues with promising biological activity have been developed and tested. Challenges in the development of bryostatins for biomedical and biotechnological application include the cultivation of the bacterial symbiont and heterologous expression of bryostatin biosynthesis genes. Continued exploration of the biology as well as the symbiotic origin of the bryostatins presents promising opportunities for discovery of additional bryostatins, and new functions for bryostatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro E Trindade-Silva
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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31
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Qi Y, Ma S. The medicinal potential of promising marine macrolides with anticancer activity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:399-409. [PMID: 21302362 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine natural products have become a major source of new chemical entities in the discovery of potential anticancer agents that potently suppress various molecular targets. In particular, the marine macrolides, which include an array of novel biomolecules endowed with outstanding cytotoxic and/or antiproliferative activities, are a prominent class of marine natural products that offer continued promise for breakthroughs in anticancer research. Herein we highlight some recent studies of promising marine macrolides, paying particular attention to their discovery, anticancer activities, mechanisms of action, chemical synthesis, and representative analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkun Qi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
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32
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Abstract
Bryostatin 1 is a marine natural product that is a very promising lead compound because of the potent biological activity it displays against a variety of human disease states. We describe herein the first total synthesis of this agent. The synthetic route adopted is a highly convergent one in which the preformed, heavily functionalized pyran rings A and C are united by "pyran annulation", the TMSOTf-promoted reaction between a hydroxyallylsilane appended to the A-ring fragment and an aldehyde contained in the C-ring fragment, with concomitant formation of the B ring. Further elaborations of the resulting very highly functionalized intermediate include macrolactonization and selective cleavage of just one of five ester linkages present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
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33
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Green AP, Lee ATL, Thomas EJ. Total synthesis of a 20-deoxybryostatin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7200-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Trost BM, Dong G. Total synthesis of bryostatin 16 using a Pd-catalyzed diyne coupling as macrocyclization method and synthesis of C20-epi-bryostatin 7 as a potent anticancer agent. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16403-16. [PMID: 21043491 PMCID: PMC2993185 DOI: 10.1021/ja105129p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric total synthesis of bryostatin 16 was achieved in 26 steps in the longest linear sequence and in 39 total steps from aldehyde 10. A Pd-catalyzed alkyne-alkyne coupling was employed for the first time as a macrocyclization method in a natural product synthesis. A route to convert bryostatin 16 to a new family of bryostatin analogues was developed. Toward this end, 20-epi-bryostatin 7 was synthesized from a bryostatin 16-like intermediate; the key step involves a Re-catalyzed epoxidation/ring-opening reaction. Preliminary biological studies indicated that this new analogue exhibits nanomolar anti-cancer activity against several cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States.
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35
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Szpilman AM, Carreira EM. Probing the Biology of Natural Products: Molecular Editing by Diverted Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:9592-628. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Szpilman AM, Carreira EM. Untersuchung der Biologie von Naturstoffen: systematische Strukturvariation durch umgelenkte Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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37
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Irie K, Yanagita RC, Nakagawa Y. Challenges to the development of bryostatin-type anticancer drugs based on the activation mechanism of protein kinase Cδ. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:518-35. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Ryo C. Yanagita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Yu Nakagawa
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory; Advanced Science Institute; RIKEN; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
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38
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Bhatnagar I, Kim SK. Marine antitumor drugs: status, shortfalls and strategies. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2702-20. [PMID: 21116415 PMCID: PMC2993001 DOI: 10.3390/md8102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is considered as one of the deadliest diseases in the medical field. Apart from the preventive therapies, it is important to find a curative measure which holds no loopholes and acts accurately and precisely to curb cancer. Over the past few decades, there have been advances in this field and there are many antitumor compounds available on the market, which are of natural as well as synthetic origin. Marine chemotherapy is well recognized nowadays and profound development has been achieved by researchers to deal with different molecular pathways of tumors. However, the marine environment has been less explored for the production of safe and novel antitumor compounds. The reason is a number of shortfalls in this field. Though ample reviews cover the importance and applications of various anticancerous compounds from marine natural products, in the present review, we have tried to bring the current status of antitumor research based on marine inhibitors of cancer signaling pathways. In addition, focus has been placed on the shortfalls and probable strategies in the arena of marine antitumor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Bhatnagar
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +82-51-629-7097, Fax: +82-51-629-7099
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39
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Hale KJ, Manaviazar S. New approaches to the total synthesis of the bryostatin antitumor macrolides. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:704-54. [PMID: 20354984 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Focus Review, we give an overview of various bryostatin total syntheses. We also discuss the synthesis of various bryostatin analogues and their biological activity. Work reviewed includes that of Masamune, Evans, Nishiyama and Yamamura, Hale and Manaviazar, Trost, Wender, Keck, Burke, Thomas, and Krische. Our coverage is primarily for the period 2001-2009, since detailed reviews already exist on bryostatin total synthesis work and biology up to this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Hale
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen's Universty Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
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40
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Keck GE, Poudel YB, Rudra A, Stephens JC, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Peach ML, Blumberg PM. Molecular modeling, total synthesis, and biological evaluations of C9-deoxy bryostatin 1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4580-4. [PMID: 20491108 PMCID: PMC3269168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary E. Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA), Fax: (+1) 801-585-0024
| | - Yam B. Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA), Fax: (+1) 801-585-0024
| | - Arnab Rudra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA), Fax: (+1) 801-585-0024
| | - Jeffrey C. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA), Fax: (+1) 801-585-0024
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Megan L. Peach
- Basic Research Program SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
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Keck G, Poudel Y, Rudra A, Stephens J, Kedei N, Lewin N, Peach M, Blumberg P. Molecular Modeling, Total Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of C9-Deoxy Bryostatin 1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lu Y, Krische MJ. Concise synthesis of the bryostatin A-ring via consecutive C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenations. Org Lett 2009; 11:3108-11. [PMID: 19586066 DOI: 10.1021/ol901096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Under the conditions of C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenation, 1,3-propanediol 1 engages in double asymmetric carbonyl allylation to furnish the C(2)-symmetric diol 2. Double ozonolysis of 2 followed by TBS protection delivers aldehyde 3, which is subject to catalyst directed carbonyl reverse prenylation via transfer hydrogenation to deliver neopentyl alcohol 4 and, ultimately, the bryostatin A-ring 7. Through use of two consecutive C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenations, the Evans' bryostatin A-ring 7 is prepared in less than half the manipulations previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Keck GE, Li W, Kraft MB, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM. The bryostatin 1 A-ring acetate is not the critical determinant for antagonism of phorbol ester-induced biological responses. Org Lett 2009; 11:2277-80. [PMID: 19419164 DOI: 10.1021/ol900585t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the A-ring C(7) acetate to the function of bryostatin 1 has been investigated through synthesis and biological evaluation of an analogue incorporating this feature into the bryopyran core structure. No enhanced binding affinity for protein kinase C (PKC) was observed, relative to previously characterized analogues lacking the C(7) acetate. Functional assays showed biological responses characteristic of those induced by the phorbol ester PMA and distinctly different from those observed with bryostatin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Keck
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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