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Lam RH, Keaveney ST, Messerle BA, Pernik I. Bimetallic Rhodium Complexes: Precatalyst Activation-Triggered Bimetallic Enhancement for the Hydrosilylation Transformation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael H. Lam
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Sinead T. Keaveney
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Barbara A. Messerle
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Indrek Pernik
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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2
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Das K, Waiba S, Jana A, Maji B. Manganese-catalyzed hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and hydroelementation reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4386-4464. [PMID: 35583150 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of organometallic catalysis has shifted towards research on Earth-abundant transition metals due to their ready availability, economic advantage, and novel properties. In this case, manganese, the third most abundant transition-metal in the Earth's crust, has emerged as one of the leading competitors. Accordingly, a large number of molecularly-defined Mn-complexes has been synthesized and employed for hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and hydroelementation reactions. In this regard, catalyst design is based on three pillars, namely, metal-ligand bifunctionality, ligand hemilability, and redox activity. Indeed, the developed catalysts not only differ in the number of chelating atoms they possess but also their working principles, thereby leading to different turnover numbers for product molecules. Hence, the critical assessment of molecularly defined manganese catalysts in terms of chelating atoms, reaction conditions, mechanistic pathway, and product turnover number is significant. Herein, we analyze manganese complexes for their catalytic activity, versatility to allow multiple transformations and their routes to convert substrates to target molecules. This article will also be helpful to get significant insight into ligand design, thereby aiding catalysis design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuhali Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
| | - Satyadeep Waiba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
| | - Akash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
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3
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Das K, Barman MK, Maji B. Advancements in multifunctional manganese complexes for catalytic hydrogen transfer reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8534-8549. [PMID: 34369488 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02512k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogen transfer reactions have enormous academic and industrial applications for the production of diverse molecular scaffolds. Over the past few decades, precious late transition-metal catalysts were employed for these reactions. The early transition metals have recently gained much attention due to their lower cost, less toxicity, and overall sustainability. In this regard, manganese, which is the third most abundant transition metal in the Earth's crust, has emerged as a viable alternative. However, the key to the success of such manganese-based complexes lies in the multifunctional ligand design and choice of appropriate ancillary ligands, which helps them mimic and, even in some cases, supersede noble metals' activities. The metal-ligand bifunctionality, achieved via deprotonation of the acidic C-H or N-H bonds, is one of the powerful strategies employed for this purpose. Alongside, the ligand hemilability in which a weakly chelating group tunes in between the coordinated and uncoordinated stages could effectively stabilize the reactive intermediates, thereby facilitating substrate activation and catalysis. Redox non-innocent ligands acting as an electron sink, thereby helping the metal center in steps gaining or losing electrons, and non-classical metal-ligand cooperativity has also played a significant role in the ligand design for manganese catalysis. The strategies were not only employed for the chemoselective hydrogenation of different reducible functionalities but also for the C-X (X = C/N) coupling reactions via HT and downstream cascade processes. This article features multifunctional ligand-based manganese complexes, highlighting the importance of ligand design and choice of ancillary ligands for achieving the desired catalytic activity and selectivity for HT reactions. We have also discussed the detailed reaction pathways for metal complexes involving bifunctionality, hemilability, redox activity, and indirect metal-ligand cooperativity. The synthetic utilization of those complexes in different organic transformations has also been detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuhali Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.
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4
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Uvarov VM, de Vekki DA. Recent progress in the development of catalytic systems for homogenous asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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5
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Kobayashi K, Izumori Y, Taguchi D, Nakazawa H. Hydrosilylation of Ketones Catalyzed by Iron Iminobipyridine Complexes and Accelerated by Lewis Bases. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1094-1102. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Yosuke Izumori
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Daisuke Taguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
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6
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Chen H, Wang W, Wei H. DFT study on mechanism of carbonyl hydrosilylation catalyzed by high-valent molybdenum (IV) hydrides. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Tsuchido Y, Abe R, Kamono M, Tanaka K, Tanabe M, Osakada K. Hydrosilylation of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Mono- and Tri-Nuclear Platinum(0) Complexes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ryota Abe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Megumi Kamono
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kimiya Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Tanabe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Osakada
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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Bennedsen NR, Kramer S, Mielby JJ, Kegnæs S. Cobalt–nickel alloy catalysts for hydrosilylation of ketones synthesized by utilizing metal–organic framework as template. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of CoNi@NC materials from a MOF precursor is reported along with the catalytic properties in ketone hydrosilylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry
- DTU
- Technical University of Denmark
- Denmark
| | - Jerrik J. Mielby
- Department of Chemistry
- DTU
- Technical University of Denmark
- Denmark
| | - Søren Kegnæs
- Department of Chemistry
- DTU
- Technical University of Denmark
- Denmark
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Fernández-Alvarez FJ, Lalrempuia R, Oro LA. Monoanionic NSiN-type ligands in transition metal coordination chemistry and catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Mukhopadhyay TK, Rock CL, Hong M, Ashley DC, Groy TL, Baik MH, Trovitch RJ. Mechanistic Investigation of Bis(imino)pyridine Manganese Catalyzed Carbonyl and Carboxylate Hydrosilylation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4901-4915. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tufan K. Mukhopadhyay
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Christopher L. Rock
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Daniel C. Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Thomas L. Groy
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Ryan J. Trovitch
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Garcés K, Lalrempuia R, Polo V, Fernández-Alvarez FJ, García-Orduña P, Lahoz FJ, Pérez-Torrente JJ, Oro LA. Rhodium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Silylation of Acetophenone Derivatives: Formation of Silyl Enol Ethers versus Silyl Ethers. Chemistry 2016; 22:14717-29. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Garcés
- Universidad de Zaragoza; CSIC; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea; ISQCH); Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ralte Lalrempuia
- Universidad de Zaragoza; CSIC; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea; ISQCH); Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Víctor Polo
- Departamento de Química Física; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas complejos; BIFI); Universidad de Zaragoza; Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fernández-Alvarez
- Universidad de Zaragoza; CSIC; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea; ISQCH); Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pilar García-Orduña
- Universidad de Zaragoza; CSIC; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea; ISQCH); Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Fernando J. Lahoz
- Universidad de Zaragoza; CSIC; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea; ISQCH); Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jesús J. Pérez-Torrente
- Universidad de Zaragoza; CSIC; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea; ISQCH); Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Luis A. Oro
- Universidad de Zaragoza; CSIC; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea; ISQCH); Facultad de Ciencias; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Center of Research Excellence in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; 31261 Dhahran Saudi Arabia
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12
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Hohloch S, Duecker FL, van der Meer M, Sarkar B. Copper(I) complexes of mesoionic carbene: structural characterization and catalytic hydrosilylation reactions. Molecules 2015; 20:7379-95. [PMID: 25911966 PMCID: PMC6272443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20047379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two series of different Cu(I)-complexes of “click” derived mesoionic carbenes are reported. Halide complexes of the type (MIC)CuI (with MIC = 1,4-(2,6-diisopropyl)-phenyl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 1b), 1-benzyl-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 1c)) and cationic complexes of the general formula [Cu(MIC)2]X (with MIC =1,4-dimesityl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene, X = CuI2− (for 2á), 1,4-dimesityl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene, X = BF4− (for 2a), 1,4-(2,6-diisopropyl)phenyl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene, X = BF4− (for 2b), 1-benzyl-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene, X = BF4− (for 2c)) have been prepared from CuI or [Cu(CH3CN)4](BF4) and the corresponding ligands, respectively. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and standard spectroscopic methods. Complexes 2á and 1b were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Structural analysis revealed 2á to adopt a cationic form as [Cu(MIC)2](CuI2) and comparison of the NMR spectra of 2á and 2a confirmed this conformation in solution. In contrast, after crystallization complex 1b was found to adopt the desired neutral form. All complexes were tested for the reduction of cyclohexanone under hydrosilylation condition at elevated temperatures. These complexes were found to be efficient catalysts for this reaction. 2c was also found to catalyze this reaction at room temperature. Mechanistic studies have been carried out as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hohloch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin D-14195, Germany.
| | - Fenja Leena Duecker
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin D-14195, Germany.
| | - Margarethe van der Meer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin D-14195, Germany.
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin D-14195, Germany.
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Huang L, Wang J, Wei X, Wei H. Does a multiply bonded oxo ligand directly participate in B–H bond activation by a high-valent di-oxo-molybdenum(vi) complex? A density functional theory study. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The multiply bonded oxo ligand does not participate in the activation of the B–H bond with organic substrates of amides, amines, and nitriles by the high-valent oxo-molybdenum complex MoO2Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfang Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for NSLSCS
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing
| | - Jiandi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for NSLSCS
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing
| | - Xiaoqin Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for NSLSCS
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for NSLSCS
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing
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Huang L, Zhang Y, Wei H. Role of the Isolable Hydride Intermediate in the Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by the High-Valent Mono-Oxido-Rhenium(V) Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Onodera G, Hachisuka R, Noguchi T, Miura H, Hashimoto T, Takeuchi R. Stereoselective synthesis of either (E)- or (Z)-silyl enol ether from the same acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone using cationic rhodium complex-catalyzed 1,4-hydrosilylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huckaba AJ, Hollis TK, Reilly SW. Homobimetallic Rhodium NHC Complexes as Versatile Catalysts for Hydrosilylation of a Multitude of Substrates in the Presence of Ambient Air. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400452q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aron J. Huckaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - T. Keith Hollis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Sean W. Reilly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Gajewy J, Gawronski J, Kwit M. Mechanism and Enantioselectivity of [Zinc(diamine)(diol)]-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Ketones: DFT, NMR and ECD Studies. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Khalimon AY, Sherbrooke O, Peterson E, Simionescu R, Kuzmina LG, Howard JAK, Nikonov GI. Mechanistic aspects of hydrosilylation catalyzed by (ArN=)Mo(H)(Cl)(PMe3)3. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:4300-13. [PMID: 22435952 DOI: 10.1021/ic300010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of (ArN=)MoCl(2)(PMe(3))(3) (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) with L-Selectride gives the hydrido-chloride complex (ArN=)Mo(H)(Cl)(PMe(3))(3) (2). Complex 2 was found to catalyze the hydrosilylation of carbonyls and nitriles as well as the dehydrogenative silylation of alcohols and water. Compound 2 does not show any productive reaction with PhSiH(3); however, a slow H/D exchange and formation of (ArN=)Mo(D)(Cl)(PMe(3))(3) (2(D)) was observed upon addition of PhSiD(3). Reactivity of 2 toward organic substrates was studied. Stoichiometric reactions of 2 with benzaldehyde and cyclohexanone start with dissociation of the trans-to-hydride PMe(3) ligand followed by coordination and insertion of carbonyls into the Mo-H bond to form alkoxy derivatives (ArN=)Mo(Cl)(OR)(PMe(2))L(2) (3: R = OCH(2)Ph, L(2) = 2 PMe(3); 5: R = OCH(2)Ph, L(2) = η(2)-PhC(O)H; 6: R = OCy, L(2) = 2 PMe(3)). The latter species reacts with PhSiH(3) to furnish the corresponding silyl ethers and to recover the hydride 2. An analogous mechanism was suggested for the dehydrogenative ethanolysis with PhSiH(3), with the key intermediate being the ethoxy complex (ArN=)Mo(Cl)(OEt)(PMe(3))(3) (7). In the case of hydrosilylation of acetophenone, a D-labeling experiment, i.e., a reaction of 2 with acetophenone and PhSiD(3) in the 1:1:1 ratio, suggests an alternative mechanism that does not involve the intermediacy of an alkoxy complex. In this particular case, the reaction presumably proceeds via Lewis acid catalysis. Similar to the case of benzaldehyde, treatment of 2 with styrene gives trans-(ArN=)Mo(H)(η(2)-CH(2)═CHPh)(PMe(3))(2) (8). Complex 8 slowly decomposes via the release of ethylbenzene, indicating only a slow insertion of styrene ligand into the Mo-H bond of 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Y Khalimon
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Riener K, Högerl MP, Gigler P, Kühn FE. Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Ketones: Catalyst Development and Mechanistic Insights. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200571v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Riener
- Chair of Inorganic
Chemistry, ‡WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie and §Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research
Center, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße
1, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Manuel P. Högerl
- Chair of Inorganic
Chemistry, ‡WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie and §Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research
Center, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße
1, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Peter Gigler
- Chair of Inorganic
Chemistry, ‡WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie and §Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research
Center, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße
1, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Chair of Inorganic
Chemistry, ‡WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie and §Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research
Center, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße
1, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
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Symmetrically bridged bis-N-heterocyclic carbene rhodium (I) complexes and their catalytic application for transfer hydrogenation reaction. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Truong TV, Kastl EA, Du G. Cationic nitridoruthenium(VI) catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketones and aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Uvarov VM, Borovinskaya ES, de Vekki DA, Reshetilovskii VP. Experimental study and simulation of kinetics of acetophenone hydrosilylation with diphenylsilane in the presence of rhodium complexes in a microreactor. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Uvarov VM, de Vekki DA, Reshetilovskii VP, Skvortsov NK. Hydrosilylation of acetophenone with diphenylsilane in the presence of rhodium(I) complexes with chiral amines. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321001007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Issenhuth JT, Notter FP, Dagorne S, Dedieu A, Bellemin-Laponnaz S. Mechanistic Studies on the Copper-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Ketones. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schneider N, Finger M, Haferkemper C, Bellemin-Laponnaz S, Hofmann P, Gade LH. Multiple reaction pathways in rhodium-catalyzed hydrosilylations of ketones. Chemistry 2010; 15:11515-29. [PMID: 19813237 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A detailed density functional theory (DFT) computational study (using the BP86/SV(P) and B3LYP/TZVP//BP86/SV(P) level of theory) of the rhodium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketones has shown three mechanistic pathways to be viable. They all involve the generation of a cationic complex [L(n)Rh(I)]+ stabilized by the coordination of two ketone molecules and the subsequent oxidative addition of the silane, which results in the Rh-silyl intermediates [L(n)Rh(III)(H)SiHMe2]+. However, they differ in the following reaction steps: in two of them, insertion of the ketone into the Rh-Si bond occurs, as previously proposed by Ojima et al., or into the Si-H bond, as proposed by Chan et al. for dihydrosilanes. The latter in particular is characterized by a very high activation barrier associated with the insertion of the ketone into the Si-H bond, thereby making a new, third mechanistic pathway that involves the formation of a silylene intermediate more likely. This "silylene mechanism" was found to have the lowest activation barrier for the rate-determining step, the migration of a rhodium-bonded hydride to the ketone that is coordinated to the silylene ligand. This explains the previously reported rate enhancement for R2SiH2 compared to R3SiH as well as the inverse kinetic isotope effect (KIE) observed experimentally for the overall catalytic cycle because deuterium prefers to be located in the stronger bond, that is, C-D versus M-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanaëlle Schneider
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Findlay AE, Leelasubcharoen S, Kuzmina LG, Howard JAK, Nikonov GI. Phosphido-bridged Ta/Rh bimetallic complex: synthesis, structure, and catalytic hydrosilylation of acetophenone. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9264-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Leelasubcharoen S, Zhizhko PA, Kuzmina LG, Churakov AV, Howard JAK, Nikonov GI. Niobium/Rhodium Bimetallic Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Acetophenone and Benzaldehyde. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900363r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somying Leelasubcharoen
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pavel A. Zhizhko
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyudmila G. Kuzmina
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Georgii I. Nikonov
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
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Gülcemal S, Labande A, Daran JC, Çetinkaya B, Poli R. Rhodium(I) Complexes of New Ferrocenyl Benzimidazol-2-ylidene Ligands: The Importance of the Chelating Effect for Ketone Hydrosilylation Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200801163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Peterson E, Khalimon AY, Simionescu R, Kuzmina LG, Howard JAK, Nikonov GI. Diversity of Catalysis by an Imido-Hydrido Complex of Molybdenum. Mechanism of Carbonyl Hydrosilylation and Silane Alcoholysis. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:908-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8085388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Peterson
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada, N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 31 Leninskii prospect, Moscow, 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y. Khalimon
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada, N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 31 Leninskii prospect, Moscow, 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Razvan Simionescu
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada, N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 31 Leninskii prospect, Moscow, 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Lyudmila G. Kuzmina
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada, N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 31 Leninskii prospect, Moscow, 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A. K. Howard
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada, N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 31 Leninskii prospect, Moscow, 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Georgii I. Nikonov
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada, N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 31 Leninskii prospect, Moscow, 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Wolf J, Labande A, Daran JC, Poli R. Nickel(II), Palladium(II) and Rhodium(I) Complexes of New NHC-Thioether Ligands: Efficient Ketone Hydrosilylation Catalysis by a Cationic Rh Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Du G, Fanwick PE, Abu-Omar MM. Mechanistic insight into hydrosilylation reactions catalyzed by high valent ReX (X = O, NAr, or N) complexes: the silane (Si-H) does not add across the metal-ligand multiple bond. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5180-7. [PMID: 17388597 DOI: 10.1021/ja068872+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of oxo and imido-rhenium(V) complexes Re(X)Cl3(PR3)2 (X = O, NAr, and R = Ph or Cy) (1-2) with Et3SiH affords Re(X)Cl2(H)(PR3)2 in high yields. Cycloaddition of silane across the ReX multiple bonds is not observed. Two rhenium(V) hydrides (X = O and R = Ph, 4a; X = NMes and R = Ph, 5a) have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. The kinetics of the reaction of Re(O)Cl3(PPh3)2 (1a) with Et3SiH is characterized by phosphine inhibition and saturation in [Et3SiH]. Hence, formation of Re(O)Cl2(H)(PPh3)2 (4a) proceeds via a sigma-adduct followed by heterolytic cleavage of the Si-H bond and transfer of silylium (Et3Si+) to chloride. Oxo and imido complexes of rhenium(V) (1-2) as well as their nitrido analogues, Re(N)Cl2(PR3)2 (3), catalyze the hydrosilylation of PhCHO under ambient conditions, with the reactivity order imido > oxo > nitrido. The isolable oxorhenium(V) hydride 4a reacts with PhCHO to afford the alkoxide Re(O)Cl2(OCH2Ph)(PPh3)2 (6a) with kinetic dependencies that are consistent with aldehyde coordination followed by aldehyde insertion into the Re-H bond. The latter (6a) regenerates the rhenium hydride upon reaction with Et3SiH. These stoichiometric reactions furnish a possible catalytic cycle. However, quantitative kinetic analysis of the individual stoichiometric steps and their comparison to steady-state kinetics of the catalytic reaction reveal that the observed intermediates do not account for the predominant catalytic pathway. Furthermore, for Re(O)Cl2(H)(PCy3)2 and Re(NMes)Cl2(H)(PPh3)2 aldehyde insertion into the Re-H bond is not observed. Therefore, based on the kinetic dependencies under catalytic conditions, a consensus catalytic pathway is put forth in which silane is activated via sigma-adduct formation cis to the ReX bond followed by heterolytic cleavage at the electrophilic rhenium center. The findings presented here demonstrate the so-called Halpern axiom, the observation of "likely" intermediates in a catalytic cycle, generally, signals a nonproductive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Du
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Faller JW, Fontaine PP. Stereodynamics and Asymmetric Hydrosilylation with Chiral Rhodium Complexes Containing a Monodentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om060650x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Faller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Philip P. Fontaine
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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Singh R, Nolan SP. N-Heterocyclic carbenes: Advances in transition metal and organic catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b515102n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chung MK, Schlaf M. Regioselectively Trisilylated Hexopyranosides through Homogeneously Catalyzed Silane Alcoholysis. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:18085-92. [PMID: 16366560 DOI: 10.1021/ja056283i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The iridium complex [Ir(COD)(PPh3)2]+ SbF6- reacts with tert-butyldimethylsilane in DMA to form [IrH2(Sol)2(PPh3)2]+ SbF6-, which is an active catalyst for the regioselective di- and trisilylation of a series of representative methyl hexopyranosides, beta-1,6-anhydrohexopyranosides and 1,3,5-O-methylidene inositol. The corresponding 2,3,6- and 2,4,6-silylated glycosides are obtained in a separable mixture of 47-89% (2,3,6-isomers) and 9-25% (2,4,6-isomers) yield in a single-pot reaction. The 2,4-disilylated derivatives of mannosan, galactosan, and 1,3,5-O-methylidene inositol as well as persilylated levoglucosan are accessible in >85% yield by this method. The homogeneous nature of the catalysts is a prerequisite for the effective di-/trisilylation, as nanoparticle colloid catalysts generated in situ from Pd2(dba)3 (approximately 1.5 nm average particle size) or Ru2Cl5(MeCN)7 (approximately 0.65 nm average particle size) result in only low yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Kyung Chung
- The Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry (GWC), Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Díez-González S, Kaur H, Zinn FK, Stevens ED, Nolan SP. A Simple and Efficient Copper-Catalyzed Procedure for the Hydrosilylation of Hindered and Functionalized Ketones. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4784-96. [PMID: 15932319 DOI: 10.1021/jo050397v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrosilylation of highly hindered and functionalized ketones is described. The combination of inexpensive catalyst precursors, CuCl and NHC.HX (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene), leads to a highly efficient reduction mediator for the preparation of silyl ethers from unfunctionalized and functionalized alkyl, cyclic, bicyclic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic ketones. A series of catalyst precursors have been structurally characterized and a catalyst-structure activity relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díez-González
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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36
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Bis-paracyclophane N-heterocyclic carbene–ruthenium catalyzed asymmetric ketone hydrosilylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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César V, Bellemin-Laponnaz S, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Designing the “Search Pathway” in the Development of a New Class of Highly Efficient Stereoselective Hydrosilylation Catalysts. Chemistry 2005; 11:2862-73. [PMID: 15744702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The direct coupling of oxazolines and N-heterocyclic carbenes leads to chelating C,N ancillary ligands for asymmetric catalysis that combine both an "anchor" unit and a stereodirecting element. Reacting various N-substituted imidazoles with 2-bromo-4(S)-tert-butyl- and 2-bromo-4(S)-isopropyloxazoline gave the imidazolium precursors of the stereodirecting ancillary ligands. A library of ten different ligand precursors was obtained by using this simple procedure (65-97 % yield). These protioligands were metalated in a subsequent step by reaction with [{Rh(mu-OtBu)(nbd)}2] (nbd=norbornadiene), generated in situ from KOtBu and [{RhCl(nbd)}2] giving the corresponding N-heterocyclic carbene complexes [RhBr(nbd)(oxazolinyl-carbene)] 4 a-j in good yields. X-ray diffraction studies of two of the rhodium complexes, 4 d and 4 j, established a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry with the bromo ligand occupying the apical position. The rhodium-carbene bond length was found to be 2.070(4) A (4 d) and 2.012(3) A (4 j). Complexes 4 a-j were treated with AgBF4 in dichloromethane, giving the active cationic square-planar catalysts for the hydrosilylation of ketones. As a reference reaction for the catalyst optimisation, the hydrosilylation of acetophenone with diphenylsilane was studied and the system optimised with respect to the counterion (BF(4) (-)), solvent (THF) and the silane reducing agent (diphenylsilane). The reaction product (1-phenylethanol) was obtained with the highest enantiomeric excess (ee) by carrying out the reaction at -60 degrees C, whilst the enantioselectivity drops upon going both to lower and higher temperatures. The observation that the temperature dependence of the ee values goes through a maximum indicated a change in the rate-determining step as the temperature is varied. The determination of the initial reaction rate in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone upon varying the catalyst (4 d) and substrate concentrations at -55 degrees C established a rate law for the initial conversion which is first-order in both substrates as well as the catalyst (Vi = k[4][PhCOMe][Ph2SiH2]). The catalytic system derived from complex 4 d was found to afford high yields and good enantioselectivities in the reduction of various aryl alkyl ketones (acetophenone: 92 % isolated yield and 90 % ee, 2-naphtyl methyl ketone: 99 % yield, 91 % ee). The selectivity for the reduction of prochiral dialkyl ketones is comparable or even superior to the best previously reported for prochiral nonaromatic ketones; whereas cyclopropyl methyl ketone is hydrosilylated with an enantioselectivity of 81 % ee, the increase of the steric demand of one of the alkyl groups leads to improved ee's, reaching 95 % ee in the case of tert-butyl methyl ketone. Linear chain n-alkyl methyl ketones, which are particularly challenging substrates, are reduced in good asymmetric induction, such as 2-octanone (79 % ee) and even 2-butanone (65 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent César
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique et de Catalyse (UMR 7513), Institut Le Bel, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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N,N- and N,S-ligands for the enantioselective hydrosilylation of acetophenone with iridium catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(02)00643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Reyes C, Prock A, Giering WP. Analysis of the enantioselectivities and initial rates of the hydrosilylation of acetophenone catalyzed by [Rh(cod)Cl]2/(chiral diphosphine). The quantitative analysis of ligand effects. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)02221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Fairlamb IJS. 3 Transition metals in organic synthesis : Part (i) Catalytic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b212001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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