1
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Wen J, Hadden MK. Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114005. [PMID: 34844141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a seco-steroid that inhibits the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Initial studies suggested its anti-Hh activity results from direct inhibition of Smoothened, a seven-transmembrane cell surface receptor that is a key regulator of the Hh signaling cascade. More recently, a role for the Vitamin D Receptor in mediating inhibition of Hh-signaling by seco-steroid has been suggested. Herein, an affinity-based protein profiling study was carried out to better understand the cellular proteins that govern VD3-mediated anti-Hh activity. We synthesized a novel biotinylated VD3 analogue (8) for use as a chemical probe to explore cellular binding targets of the seco-steroidal scaffold. Through a series of pull-down experiments and follow up mass spectrum analyses, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was identified as a primary binding protein of VD3. Hsp70 was validated as a binding target of VD3 through a series of biochemical and cellular assays. VD3 bound with micromolar affinity to Hsp70. In addition, both selective knockdown of Hsp70 expression and pharmacological inhibition of its activity with known Hsp70 inhibitors suppressed Hh-signaling transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma cells, suggesting that Hsp70 regulates proper Hh-signaling. Additional cellular assays suggest that VD3 and its seco-steroidal metabolites inhibit Hh-signaling through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06029-3092, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06029-3092, United States.
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2
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Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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4
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Corcoran EB, McMullen JP, Lévesque F, Wismer MK, Naber JR. Photon Equivalents as a Parameter for Scaling Photoredox Reactions in Flow: Translation of Photocatalytic C−N Cross‐Coupling from Lab Scale to Multikilogram Scale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Corcoran
- Process Research & Development Merck & Co., Inc. Boston MA 02115 USA
| | | | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering & Design Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ 07033 USA
| | - John R. Naber
- Process Research & Development Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
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5
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Corcoran EB, McMullen JP, Lévesque F, Wismer MK, Naber JR. Photon Equivalents as a Parameter for Scaling Photoredox Reactions in Flow: Translation of Photocatalytic C−N Cross‐Coupling from Lab Scale to Multikilogram Scale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11964-11968. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Corcoran
- Process Research & Development Merck & Co., Inc. Boston MA 02115 USA
| | | | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering & Design Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ 07033 USA
| | - John R. Naber
- Process Research & Development Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology / Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
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7
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Corcoran EB, Lévesque F, McMullen JP, Naber JR. Studies Toward the Scaling of Gas‐Liquid Photocycloadditions. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Corcoran
- Department of Process Research and Development Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - François Lévesque
- Department of Process Research and Development Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Department of Process Research and Development Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - John R. Naber
- Department of Process Research and Development Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
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8
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Oelgemöller M, Hoffmann N. Studies in organic and physical photochemistry - an interdisciplinary approach. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7392-442. [PMID: 27381273 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, organic photochemistry when applied to synthesis strongly interacts with physical chemistry. The aim of this review is to illustrate this very fruitful interdisciplinary approach and cooperation. A profound understanding of the photochemical reactivity and reaction mechanisms is particularly helpful for optimization and application of these reactions. Some typical reactions and particular aspects are reported such as the Norrish-Type II reaction and the Yang cyclization and related transformations, the [2 + 2] photocycloadditions, particularly the Paternò-Büchi reaction, photochemical electron transfer induced transformations, different kinds of catalytic reactions such as photoredox catalysis for organic synthesis and photooxygenation are discussed. Particular aspects such as the structure and reactivity of aryl cations, photochemical reactions in the crystalline state, chiral memory, different mechanisms of hydrogen transfer in photochemical reactions or fundamental aspects of stereoselectivity are discussed. Photochemical reactions are also investigated in the context of chemical engineering. Particularly, continuous flow reactors are of interest. Novel reactor systems are developed and modeling of photochemical transformations and different reactors play a key role in such studies. This research domain builds a bridge between fundamental studies of organic photochemical reactions and their industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oelgemöller
- James Cook University, College of Science and Engineering, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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9
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Holmes N, Akien GR, Blacker AJ, Woodward RL, Meadows RE, Bourne RA. Self-optimisation of the final stage in the synthesis of EGFR kinase inhibitor AZD9291 using an automated flow reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00059b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-optimising flow reactors combine online analysis with evolutionary feedback algorithms to rapidly achieve optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Holmes
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Geoffrey R. Akien
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | | | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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11
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Nishiyama Y, Mizuno K. Highly Efficient and Selective Diastereodifferentiating Organic Photoreactions Using Flow Microreactor. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
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12
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Elliott LD, Knowles JP, Koovits PJ, Maskill KG, Ralph MJ, Lejeune G, Edwards LJ, Robinson RI, Clemens IR, Cox B, Pascoe DD, Koch G, Eberle M, Berry MB, Booker-Milburn KI. Batch versus Flow Photochemistry: A Revealing Comparison of Yield and Productivity. Chemistry 2014; 20:15226-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Weissman SA, Anderson NG. Design of Experiments (DoE) and Process Optimization. A Review of Recent Publications. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500169m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Weissman
- J-Star Research, 3001
Hadley Road, Unit 1, South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080, United States
| | - Neal G. Anderson
- Anderson’s
Process Solutions, 7400 Griffin Lane, Jacksonville, Oregon 97530, United States
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14
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Su Y, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Photochemical transformations accelerated in continuous-flow reactors: basic concepts and applications. Chemistry 2014; 20:10562-89. [PMID: 25056280 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry is used increasingly by researchers in academia and industry to facilitate photochemical processes and their subsequent scale-up. However, without detailed knowledge concerning the engineering aspects of photochemistry, it can be quite challenging to develop a suitable photochemical microreactor for a given reaction. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of both technological and chemical aspects associated with photochemical processes in microreactors. Important design considerations, such as light sources, material selection, and solvent constraints are discussed. In addition, a detailed description of photon and mass-transfer phenomena in microreactors is made and fundamental principles are deduced for making a judicious choice for a suitable photomicroreactor. The advantages of microreactor technology for photochemistry are described for UV and visible-light driven photochemical processes and are compared with their batch counterparts. In addition, different scale-up strategies and limitations of continuous-flow microreactors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2 (STW 1.48), 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands) http://www.tue.nl/staff/T.Noel
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15
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Feng S, Cui LF, Wei HG, Zheng GJ, Wang YP, Wang XJ, Zhang J, Xiang WS. Improved and efficient synthesis of Maxacalcitol. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Fagnoni M, Bonassi F, Palmieri A, Protti S, Ravelli D, Ballini R. Flow Synthesis of Substituted γ-Lactones by Consecutive Photocatalytic/Reductive Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Willumstad TP, Haze O, Mak XY, Lam TY, Wang YP, Danheiser RL. Batch and flow photochemical benzannulations based on the reaction of ynamides and diazo ketones. Application to the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11450-69. [PMID: 24116731 DOI: 10.1021/jo402010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly substituted polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds are produced via a two-stage tandem benzannulation/cyclization strategy. The initial benzannulation step proceeds via a pericyclic cascade mechanism triggered by thermal or photochemical Wolff rearrangement of a diazo ketone. The photochemical process can be performed using a continuous flow reactor which facilitates carrying out reactions on a large scale and minimizes the time required for photolysis. Carbomethoxy ynamides as well as more ketenophilic bis-silyl ynamines and N-sulfonyl and N-phosphoryl ynamides serve as the reaction partner in the benzannulation step. In the second stage of the strategy, RCM generates benzofused nitrogen heterocycles, and various heterocyclization processes furnish highly substituted and polycyclic indoles of types that were not available by using the previous cyclobutenone-based version of the tandem strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Willumstad
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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18
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Hernandez-Perez AC, Collins SK. A Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of Carbazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Hernandez-Perez AC, Collins SK. A Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of Carbazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12696-700. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Asano K, Uesugi Y, Yoshida JI. Pauson–Khand Reactions in a Photochemical Flow Microreactor. Org Lett 2013; 15:2398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Asano
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Uesugi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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21
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22
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Funel JA, Abele S. Industrial Applications of the Diels-Alder Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3822-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Wojcik F, O'Brien AG, Götze S, Seeberger PH, Hartmann L. Synthesis of carbohydrate-functionalised sequence-defined oligo(amidoamine)s by photochemical thiol-ene coupling in a continuous flow reactor. Chemistry 2013; 19:3090-8. [PMID: 23325532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly/oligo(amidoamine)s (PAAs) have recently been recognised for their potential as well-defined scaffolds for multiple carbohydrate presentation and as multivalent ligands. Herein, we report two complimentary strategies for the preparation of such sequence-defined carbohydrate-functionalised PAAs that use photochemical thiol-ene coupling (TEC) as an alternative to the established azide-alkyne cycloaddition ("click") reaction. In the first approach, PAAs that contained multiple olefins were synthesised on a solid support from a new building block and subsequent conjugation with unprotected thio-carbohydrates. Alternatively, a pre-functionalised building block was prepared by using TEC and assembled on a solid support to provide a carbohydrate-functionalised PAA. Both methods rely on the use of a continuous flow photoreactor for the TEC reactions. This system is highly efficient, owing to its short path length, and requires no additional radical initiator. Performing the reactions at 254 nm in Teflon AF-2400 tubing provides a highly efficient TEC procedure for carbohydrate conjugation, as demonstrated in the reactions of O-allyl glycosides with thiols. This method allowed the complete functionalisation of all of the reactive sites on the PAA backbone in a single step, thereby obtaining a defined homogeneous sequence. Furthermore, reaction at 366 nm in FEP tubing in the flow reactor enabled the large-scale synthesis of an fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected glycosylated building block, which was shown to be suitable for solid-phase synthesis and will also allow heterogeneous sequence control of different carbohydrates along the oligomeric backbone. These developments enable the synthesis of sequence-defined carbohydrate-functionalised PAAs with potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wojcik
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI. Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2025-52. [PMID: 23209538 PMCID: PMC3511038 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic photochemistry carried out in classic batch reactors has, for over half a century, proved to be a powerful but under-utilised technique in general organic synthesis. Recent developments in flow photochemistry have the potential to allow this technique to be applied in a more mainstream setting. This review highlights the use of flow reactors in organic photochemistry, allowing a comparison of the various reactor types to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Knowles
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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25
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Aida S, Terao K, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K, Oelgemöller M. Microflow photochemistry—a reactor comparison study using the photochemical synthesis of terebic acid as a model reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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