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Prashanth N, Meghana P, Sandeep Kumar Jain R, Pooja S Rajaput, Satyanarayan N D, Raja Naika H, Kumaraswamy H M. Nicotine promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition and gemcitabine resistance via hENT1/RRM1 signalling in pancreatic cancer and chemosensitizing effects of Embelin-a naturally occurring benzoquinone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169727. [PMID: 38163613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is lethal due to poor prognosis with 5-year survival rate lesser than 5 %. Gemcitabine is currently used to treat pancreatic cancer and development of chemoresistance is a major obstacle to overcome pancreatic cancer. Nicotine is a known inducer of drug resistance in pancreatic tumor micro-environment. Present study evaluates chemoresistance triggered by nicotine while treating with gemcitabine and chemosensitization using Embelin. Embelin is a naturally occurring benzoquinone from Embelia ribes possessing therapeutic potency. To develop nicotine-induced chemo-resistance, pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 were continuously treated with nicotine followed by exposure to gemcitabine. Gemcitabine sensitivity assay and immunoblotting was performed to assess the chemo-resistance. Antiproliferative assays such as migration assay, clonogenic assay, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) assay, dual staining assay, comet assay, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay, cell cycle analysis and immunoblotting assays were performed to witness the protein expression involved in chemoresistance and chemosensitization. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition was observed in nicotine induced chemoresistant cells. Gemcitabine sensitivity assay revealed that relative resistance was increased to 6.26 (p < 0.0001) and 6.45 (p < 0.0001) folds in resistant PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 compared to parental cells. Protein expression studies confirmed resistance markers like hENT1 and dCK were downregulated with subsequent increase in RRM1 expression in resistant cells. Embelin considerably decreased the cell viability with an IC50 value of 4.03 ± 0.08 μM in resistant PANC-1 and 2.11 ± 0.04 μM in resistant MIA PaCa-2. Cell cycle analysis showed Embelin treatment caused cell cycle arrest at S phase in resistant PANC-1 cells; in resistant MIA PaCa-2 cells there was an escalation in the Sub G1. Embelin upregulated Bax, γH2AX, p53, ERK1/2 and hENT1 expression with concomitant down regulation of Bcl-2 and RRM1. Bioactive molecule embelin, its combination with gemcitabine could provide new vistas to overcome chemo resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth N
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Meghana P
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Jain R
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja S Rajaput
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Satyanarayan N D
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Post Graduate Centre, Kadur, Chikkamagaluru, 577548, Karnataka, India
| | - Raja Naika H
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Kumaraswamy H M
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, 577451, Karnataka, India.
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Subhan M, Saji Parel N, Krishna PV, Gupta A, Uthayaseelan K, Uthayaseelan K, Kadari M. Smoking and Pancreatic Cancer: Smoking Patterns, Tobacco Type, and Dose-Response Relationship. Cureus 2022; 14:e26009. [PMID: 35859955 PMCID: PMC9288232 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the primary cause of cancer death in the United States and Europe. Despite remarkable advances in the molecular understanding of PC and advances in new therapeutic approaches, PC remains a disease with a poor prognosis. Although evidence indicates that long-term smoking is a major cause of PC, the molecular pathways behind smoking-induced PC pathogenesis are not fully understood. Smoking cessation can significantly reduce the occurrence of PC. This review explores the processes underpinning the influence of smoking-related chemicals on fibrosis and inflammation and provides insight into the etiology of PC. In the future, a thorough exploration of the effects of smoking chemicals on the activity of pancreatic stem cells and then on the essential mediators of the association with cancer cells would likely yield new diagnostic targets.
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Yamaguchi G, Yoshiba K, Kawada S, Sato R, Nagai D, Maki Y, Yamamoto T, Tanaka S, Chu B, Dobashi T. Preparation of electro-spun konjac glucomannan fabric with entrapped DNA and dynamics of adsorption of acridine orange for carcinogen removal application. ADSORPTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-022-00357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen X, Sheng L, Ma J, Qi D, Li X, Wang Z, Wu Z, Wong L, Huang JH, Wu E, Ma Q, Zhang D. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone provokes progression from chronic pancreatitis to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. iScience 2022; 25:103647. [PMID: 35028532 PMCID: PMC8741524 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of pancreatic cancer is higher among people who are cigarette smokers than among non-smokers; however, the action mechanisms of cigarette metabolites are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in cigarette smoking on chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer as well as the biological mechanism of NNK causing malignant transformation. We show that smoking may promote Kras mutation and P16 promoter methylation from clinical samples and NNK markedly facilitates the growth and migration of pancreatic cancer cells via the activation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling. We demonstrate that NNK promotes acinar-to-ductal metastasis and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in rats with chronic pancreatitis, accompanied by desmoplastic reaction and Gli1 overexpression. Together, we here present evidence that NNK provokes the progression of chronic pancreatitis toward pancreatic cancer and highlight potential strategies and targets for early prevention of pancreatic cancer and its therapeutics. Smoking is positively correlated with Kras mutation and P16 hypermethylation NNK promotes acinar-to-ductal metastasis and preneoplasia lesions in rats NNK promotes desmoplastic reaction and Gli1 expression in chronic pancreatitis NNK facilitates the growth and migration of cancer via Sonic Hedgehog signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiguang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Xuqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lucas Wong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A and M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A and M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA.,Livestrong Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A and M University College of Pharmacy, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Lin J, Taggart M, Borthwick L, Fisher A, Brodlie M, Sassano MF, Tarran R, Gray MA. Acute cigarette smoke or extract exposure rapidly activates TRPA1-mediated calcium influx in primary human airway smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9643. [PMID: 33953304 PMCID: PMC8100124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the largest risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is associated with hyperresponsiveness of airway smooth muscle (ASM). Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) leads to airway inflammation and remodelling. However, the direct effect of gaseous CS or CS extract (CSE) on human airway smooth muscle cell (hASMC) function remains poorly understood. This study investigated the acute effect of CS/CSE on calcium homeostasis, a key regulator of ASM physiology and pathophysiology. Primary hASMC were isolated from non-smoking donor lungs, and subjected to Ca2+ imaging studies. We found that both CS, and CSE, rapidly elevated cytosolic Ca2+ in hASMC through stimulation of plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx, but excluded store-operated and L-type Ca2+ channels as mediators of this effect. Using a specific pharmacological inhibitor, or shRNA-driven knockdown, we established that both CS and CSE stimulated Ca2+ influx in hASMC through the neurogenic pain receptor channel, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). CS/CSE-dependent, TRPA1-mediated Ca2+ influx led to myosin light-chain phosphorylation, a key process regulating ASM contractility. We conclude that TRPA1 is likely an important link between CS/CSE exposure and airway hyperresponsiveness, and speculate that acute CS/CSE-induced Ca2+ influx could lead to exacerbated ASM contraction and potentially initiate further chronic pathological effects of tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinHeng Lin
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Michael Taggart
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Lee Borthwick
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Andrew Fisher
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Malcolm Brodlie
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - M Flori Sassano
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Gray
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, Tyne and Wear, UK.
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Benowitz NL, Bernert JT, Foulds J, Hecht SS, Jacob P, Jarvis MJ, Joseph A, Oncken C, Piper ME. Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use and Abstinence: 2019 Update. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1086-1097. [PMID: 31570931 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The changing prevalence and patterns of tobacco use, the advent of novel nicotine delivery devices, and the development of new biomarkers prompted an update of the 2002 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) report on whether and how to apply biomarker verification for tobacco use and abstinence. METHODS The SRNT Treatment Research Network convened a group of investigators with expertise in tobacco biomarkers to update the recommendations of the 2002 SNRT Biochemical Verification Report. RESULTS Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence increases scientific rigor and is recommended in clinical trials of smoking cessation, when feasible. Sources, appropriate biospecimens, cutpoints, time of detection windows and analytic methods for carbon monoxide, cotinine (including over the counter tests), total nicotine equivalents, minor tobacco alkaloids, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol are reviewed, as well as biochemical approaches to distinguishing cigarette smoking from use of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS). CONCLUSIONS Recommendations are provided for whether and how to use biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence. Guidelines are provided on which biomarkers to use, which biospecimens to use, optimal cutpoints, time windows to detection, and methodology for biochemical verifications. Use of combinations of biomarkers is recommended for assessment of ENDS use. IMPLICATIONS Biochemical verification increases scientific rigor, but there are drawbacks that need to be assessed to determine whether the benefits of biochemical verification outweigh the costs, including the cost of the assays, the feasibility of sample collection, the ability to draw clear conclusions based on the duration of abstinence, and the variability of the assay within the study population. This paper provides updated recommendations from the 2002 SRNT report on whether and how to use biochemical markers in determining tobacco use and abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John T Bernert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Martin J Jarvis
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Joseph
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cheryl Oncken
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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7
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Ben Q, Sun Y, Liu J, Wang W, Zou D, Yuan Y. Nicotine promotes tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating the miR-155-5p/NDFIP1 axis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2020; 20:698-708. [PMID: 32354626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine, the major component of cigarette smoke, has been reported to promote pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) growth and invasion. Deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression is found in many cancers, including PDAC. The effects of nicotine on miRNAs change in PDAC progression remain unknown. METHODS The effects of cigarette smoking/nicotine exposure on PDAC cell lines and tissues were evaluated. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization assays were used to determine miR-155-5p expression in human PDAC tissue and cell lines upon cigarette smoking/nicotine exposure. Bioinformatics, loss-of-function experiments, luciferase reporter assay were performed to validate Nedd4 family interacting protein 1 (NDFIP1) as a direct target of miR-155-5p. The potentials of systemic miR-155-5p inhibitor-based therapy in overcoming nicotine exposure were evaluated in tumor xenograft model. RESULTS Nicotine promoted PDAC cells proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a dose-response manner. MiR-155-5p was found to be highly expressed in PDAC cell lines and tissues upon cigarette smoking/nicotine exposure. Functional studies showed that miR-155-5p knockdown could override the enhancement of oncogenic activity due to nicotine exposure in vitro and in vivo by directly interacting with the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of NDFIP1. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that nicotine-regulated miR-155-5p/NDFIP1 promotes tumor progression and EMT of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Ben
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yunwei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin North Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yaozong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Żorniak M, Sirtl S, Mayerle J, Beyer G. What Do We Currently Know about the Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Pancreatitis: A Brief Review. Visc Med 2020; 36:182-190. [PMID: 32775348 PMCID: PMC7383280 DOI: 10.1159/000508173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic pancreatitis is a serious medical concern worldwide and remains to be one of the common causes of pancreatic disease. SUMMARY While alcohol consumption causes direct damage to pancreatic tissue, only a small percentage of active drinkers will develop pancreatitis. An explanation of this phenomenon is probably that alcohol increases pancreatic vulnerability to damage; however, the simultaneous presence of additional risk factors and pancreatic costressors is required to increase the risk of pancreatitis and its complications caused by alcohol misuse. Recently, a number of important genetic as well as environmental factors influencing the risk of alcoholic pancreatitis have been described. KEY MESSAGES In brief, this review reports established factors for the development of alcoholic pancreatitis and summarizes recent progress made in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Żorniak
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Simon Sirtl
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Beyer
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if infants carrying 1 cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor (CFTR) mutation demonstrate pancreatic inflammation in response to tobacco exposure. METHODS Cystic fibrosis carrier infants aged 4 to 16 weeks were prospectively enrolled. Tobacco exposure was assessed by survey and maternal hair nicotine analysis. Serum immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) levels at birth and at the time of recruitment were analyzed relative to the presence or absence of tobacco exposure. The effect of the severity of the CFTR mutation carried by the infant on the tobacco-IRT relationship was also analyzed. RESULTS Forty-eight infants completed the study. Newborn screen and follow-up IRT levels were not different between exposed infants (19 by hair analysis) and nonexposed infants (29 by hair analysis). Follow-up IRT levels were lower in infants with more severe CFTR mutations (P = 0.005). There was no difference in follow-up IRT based on CFTR mutation severity in exposed infants. Nonexposed infants with milder CFTR mutations had higher median IRT values on follow-up testing than those with more severe CFTR mutations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The pancreas of cystic fibrosis carrier infants is affected by tobacco exposure, and those carrying less severe CFTR mutations may be more susceptible to tobacco effects.
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10
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Luaces-Regueira M, Castiñeira-Alvariño M, Castro-Manzanares M, Campos-Toimil M, Domínguez-Muñoz JE. Pathophysiological Events Associated With Pancreatitis in Response to Tobacco: An In Vitro Comparative Study With Ethanol in Primary Acinar Cell Culture. Pancreas 2019; 47:1304-1311. [PMID: 30286014 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the effects of different concentrations of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC, a standardized tobacco extract) and ethanol on intracellular enzyme activation, cell necrosis, alteration of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca]c), and amylase secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. METHODS The effects of CSC (1 μg/mL to 0.4 mg/mL) and ethanol (10-100 mM) on intracellular enzyme activity, cell necrosis, and [Ca]c were measured by fluorescence assays in isolated pancreatic acinar cells. Amylase secretion was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Supramaximal concentrations of cholecystokinin (10-100 nM) were used as positive control. RESULTS Neither CSC nor ethanol induced trypsin or elastase activation. Both CSC (0.1-0.4 mg/mL) and ethanol (10-75 mM) significantly increased [Ca]c. Amylase secretion was increased only in CSC-treated cells (0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL). After 60 minutes, CSC (0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL) significantly increased acinar cell necrosis at a similar percentage to that induced by cholecystokinin. Ethanol did not induce any significant cell necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke condensate induces acinar cell injury and increases [Ca]c and amylase secretion, independently of intracellular enzyme activation, suggesting that tobacco could induce several main early events of pancreatitis in pancreatic acinar cells. However, ethanol only induces increases [Ca]c, having no effect on cell injury, amylase secretion, or intracellular enzyme activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Castro-Manzanares
- CD Pharma, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- CD Pharma, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Gupta S, Gupta R, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco & risk of cancer: A systematic review. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:56-76. [PMID: 30264755 PMCID: PMC6172923 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2023_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Causative linkages of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use with oral potentially malignant disorders and cancers of oral cavity, oesophagus and pancreas have been reported. Published meta-analyses have provided pooled risk estimates for major cancers caused by SLT, both on global and regional levels. This systematic review was aimed at summarizing the available studies on occurrence and mortality risk of common cancers due to various SLT products. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched from 1985 till January 2018 for observational studies on SLT and cancer. The included studies were evaluated and data were extracted and reviewed. Results: The review included 80 studies providing 121 risk estimates for various cancers. Majority of the studies from South-East Asian Region (SEAR) and Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) showed a significant positive association of SLT use with oral [odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.48 to 27.4] and oesophageal cancers (OR between 2.06 and 12.8), while studies from European Region (EUR) reported a positive association with pancreatic cancer (OR between 1.6 and 2.1). Cancer-related mortality was evaluated in a few reports with higher risk of mortality for lung (OR between 2.0 and 9.1), cervical (OR 2.0) and prostate (OR 2.1) cancers. A wide variation was noted in the association of various cancers and specific SLT products based on their nature, methods of use and inherent toxicity. The majority of chewing tobacco products displayed higher risk for oral and oesophageal cancers while the same was not observed for snus. Interpretation & conclusions: This review emphasizes on the significantly positive association of SLT use with oral and oesophageal cancers in SEAR and EMR and pancreatic cancer in EUR. Mortality estimates for SLT-associated cancers need further analysis. Risk analysis for cancers of other sites in SLT users also requires multicentric well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Ruchika Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub for Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
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Srinivasan S, Totiger T, Shi C, Castellanos J, Lamichhane P, Dosch AR, Messaggio F, Kashikar N, Honnenahally K, Ban Y, Merchant NB, VanSaun M, Nagathihalli NS. Tobacco Carcinogen-Induced Production of GM-CSF Activates CREB to Promote Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6146-6158. [PMID: 30232221 PMCID: PMC6214726 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although smoking is a significant risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the molecular mechanisms underlying PDAC development and progression in smokers are still unclear. Here, we show the role of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced PDAC. Smokers had significantly higher levels of activated CREB when compared with nonsmokers. Cell lines derived from normal pancreas and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PanIN) exhibited low baseline pCREB levels compared with PDAC cell lines. Furthermore, elevated CREB expression correlated with reduced survival in patients with PDAC. Depletion of CREB significantly reduced tumor burden after tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methyl nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) treatment, suggesting a CREB-dependent contribution to PDAC growth and progression in smokers. Conversely, NNK accelerated PanIN lesion and PDAC formation via GM-CSF-mediated activation of CREB in a PDAC mouse model. CREB inhibition (CREBi) in mice more effectively reduced primary tumor burden compared with control or GM-CSF blockade alone following NNK exposure. GM-CSF played a role in the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and promotion, whereas CREBi significantly reduced TAM and Treg populations in NNK-exposed mice. Overall, these results suggest that NNK exposure leads to activation of CREB through GM-CSF, promoting inflammatory and Akt pathways. Direct inhibition of CREB, but not GM-CSF, effectively abrogates these effects and inhibits tumor progression, offering a viable therapeutic strategy for patients with PDAC.Significance: These findings identify GM-CSF-induced CREB as a driver of pancreatic cancer in smokers and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting CREB to reduce PDAC tumor growth.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/21/6146/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(21); 6146-58. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Tulasigeri Totiger
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jason Castellanos
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Austin R Dosch
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Fanuel Messaggio
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nilesh Kashikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Yuguang Ban
- Department of Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nipun B Merchant
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael VanSaun
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Nagaraj S Nagathihalli
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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13
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Alahmari AA, Sreekumar B, Patel V, Ashat M, Alexandre M, Uduman AK, Akinbiyi EO, Ceplenski A, Shugrue CA, Kolodecik TR, Tashkandi N, Messenger SW, Groblewski GE, Gorelick FS, Thrower EC. Cigarette toxin 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induces experimental pancreatitis through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197362. [PMID: 29870540 PMCID: PMC5988302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that cigarette smoking is a dose-dependent and independent risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Cigarette smoke contains nicotine which can be converted to the potent receptor ligand and toxin, NNK [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone]. Previously, we have shown that NNK induces premature activation of pancreatic zymogens in rats, an initiating event in pancreatitis, and this activation is prevented by pharmacologic inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). In this study, we determined whether NNK mediates pancreatitis through the α7 isoform of nAChR using α7nAChR knockout mice. PCR analysis confirmed expression of non-neuronal α7nAChR in C57BL/6 (WT) mouse and human acinar cells. NNK treatment stimulated trypsinogen activation in acini from WT but not α7nAChR-/- mice. NNK also stimulated trypsinogen activation in human acini. To further confirm these findings, WT and α7nAChR-/- mice were treated with NNK in vivo and markers of pancreatitis were measured. As observed in acini NNK treatment induced trypsinogen activation in WT but not α7nAChR-/- mice. NNK also induced other markers of pancreatitis including pancreatic edema, vacuolization and pyknotic nuclei in WT but not α7nAChR-/- animals. NNK treatment led to increased neutrophil infiltration, a marker of inflammation, in WT mice and to a significantly lesser extent in α7nAChR-/- mice. We also examined downstream targets of α7nAChR activation and found that calcium and PKC activation are involved down stream of NNK stimulation of α7nAChR. In this study we used genetic deletion of the α7nAChR to confirm our previous inhibitor studies that demonstrated NNK stimulates pancreatitis by activating this receptor. Lastly, we demonstrate that NNK can also stimulate zymogen activation in human acinar cells and thus may play a role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Alahmari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - B. Sreekumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - V. Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - M. Ashat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - M. Alexandre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - A. K. Uduman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - E. O. Akinbiyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - A. Ceplenski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - C. A. Shugrue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - T. R. Kolodecik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - N. Tashkandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - S. W. Messenger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - G. E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - F. S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - E. C. Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT, United States of America
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14
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Nogueira LM, Newton CC, Pollak M, Silverman DT, Albanes D, Männistö S, Weinstein SJ, Jacobs EJ, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ. Serum C-peptide, Total and High Molecular Weight Adiponectin, and Pancreatic Cancer: Do Associations Differ by Smoking? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:914-922. [PMID: 28096201 PMCID: PMC5457333 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies examining associations between circulating concentrations of C-peptide and total adiponectin, two biomarkers related to obesity and insulin secretion and sensitivity and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) risk have shown inconsistent results and included limited numbers of smokers.Methods: We examined associations of these biomarkers and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin with PDA, overall, and by smoking status. We conducted a pooled nested case-control analysis in 3 cohorts (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Trial, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, and Cancer Prevention Study-II), with 758 cases (435 current smokers) and 1,052 controls (531 smokers) matched by cohort, age, sex, race, blood draw date and follow-up time. We used conditional logistic regression adjusted for age, smoking, diabetes, and body mass index to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: Circulating C-peptide concentration was not associated with PDA in never or former smokers, but was inversely associated with PDA in current smokers (per SD OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.84; Pinteraction = 0.005). HMW adiponectin was inversely associated with PDA in never smokers (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.81), not associated in former smokers, and positively associated in smokers (OR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04-1.45; Pinteraction = 0.009). Total adiponectin was not associated with PDA in nonsmokers or current smokers.Conclusions: Associations of biomarkers of insulin secretion and sensitivity with PDA differ by smoking status. Smoking-induced pancreatic damage may explain the associations in smokers while mechanisms related to insulin resistance associations in nonsmokers.Impact: Future studies of these biomarkers and PDA should examine results by smoking status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 914-22. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia M Nogueira
- Texas Cancer Registry, Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Michael Pollak
- Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Research Institute of the Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Eric J Jacobs
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta Georgia.
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15
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Paulo JA, Gygi SP. Nicotine-induced protein expression profiling reveals mutually altered proteins across four human cell lines. Proteomics 2016; 17. [PMID: 27862958 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomic strategies can profile the expression level of proteins in response to external stimuli. Nicotine affects diverse cellular pathways, however, the nicotine-induced alterations on the global proteome across human cell lines have not been fully elucidated. We measured perturbations in protein levels resulting from nicotine treatment in four cell lines-HEK, HeLa, PaSC, and SH-SY5Y-in a single experiment using tandem mass tags (TMT10-plex) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We quantified 8590 proteins across all cell lines. Of these, nicotine increased the abundance of 31 proteins 1.5-fold or greater in all cell lines. Likewise, considering proteins with altered levels in at least three of the four cell lines, 64 were up-regulated, while one was down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis revealed that ∼40% of these proteins were membrane bound, and functioned in transmembrane signaling and receptor activity. We highlighted proteins, including APP, APLP2, LAPTM4B, and NCOA4, which were dysregulated by nicotine in all cell lines investigated and may have implications in downstream signaling pathways, particularly autophagy. Using the outlined methodology, studies in additional (including primary) cell lines will provide further evidence that alterations in the levels of these proteins are indeed a general response to nicotine and thereby merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Srinivasan P, Thrower EC, Gorelick FS, Said HM. Inhibition of pancreatic acinar mitochondrial thiamin pyrophosphate uptake by the cigarette smoke component 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G874-83. [PMID: 26999808 PMCID: PMC4888549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00461.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin is essential for normal metabolism in pancreatic acinar cells (PAC) and is obtained from their microenvironment through specific plasma-membrane transporters, converted to thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) in the cytoplasm, followed by uptake of TPP by mitochondria through the mitochondrial TPP (MTPP) transporter (MTPPT; product of SLC25A19 gene). TPP is essential for normal mitochondrial function. We examined the effect of long-term/chronic exposure of PAC in vitro (pancreatic acinar 266-6 cells) and in vivo (wild-type or transgenic mice carrying the SLC25A19 promoter) of the cigarette smoke toxin, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), on the MTPP uptake process. Our in vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate that NNK negatively affects MTPP uptake and reduced expression of MTPPT protein, MTPPT mRNA, and heterogenous nuclear RNA, as well as SLC25A19 promoter activity. The effect of NNK on Slc25a19 transcription was neither mediated by changes in expression of transcriptional factor NFY-1 (known to drive SLC25A19 transcription), nor due to changes in methylation profile of the Slc25a19 promoter. Rather, it appears to be due to changes in histone modifications that involve significant decreases in histone H3K4-trimethylation and H3K9-acetylation (activation markers). The effect of NNK on MTPPT function is mediated through the nonneuronal α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), as indicated by both in vitro (using the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine) and in vivo (using an α7-nAchR(-/-) mouse model) studies. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure of PAC to NNK negatively impacts PAC MTPP uptake. This effect appears to be exerted at the level of Slc25a19 transcription, involve epigenetic mechanism(s), and is mediated through the α7-nAchR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Srinivasan
- 1Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California; ,2Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California;
| | - Edwin C. Thrower
- 3Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- 4Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and ,5Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hamid M. Said
- 1Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California; ,2Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California;
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17
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Horinouchi T, Higashi T, Mazaki Y, Miwa S. Carbonyl Compounds in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Mainstream Smoke and Their Pharmacological Properties. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:909-14. [PMID: 27251492 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette mainstream smoke is composed of gas and tar phases and contains >4000 chemical constituents, including nicotine and tar. The substances in the gas phase but not in the tar phase can pass through the airway epithelial barrier, enter the systemic circulation via the pulmonary circulation, and increase systemic oxidative damage, leading to the development of cigarette smoking-related diseases such as atherosclerosis. Recently, we identified some stable carbonyl compounds, including acrolein (ACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), as major cytotoxic factors in nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract (CSE) of the gas phase. CSE, ACR, and MVK induce protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent activation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via NOX, causing plasma membrane damage and cell apoptosis. CSE, ACR, and MVK also trigger carbonylation of PKC, which is an irreversible oxidative modification. Cell damage and PKC carbonylation in response to treatment with CSE, ACR, or MVK are abolished by thiol-containing antioxidants such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione. Thus pharmacological modulation of PKC and NOX activities and the trapping of ROS are potential strategies for the prevention of diseases related to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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18
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Chronic Nicotine Exposure In Vivo and In Vitro Inhibits Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Uptake by Pancreatic Acinar Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143575. [PMID: 26633299 PMCID: PMC4669105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamin (vitamin B1), a member of the water-soluble family of vitamins, is essential for normal cellular functions; its deficiency results in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Pancreatic acinar cells (PAC) obtain thiamin from the circulation using a specific carrier-mediated process mediated by both thiamin transporters -1 and -2 (THTR-1 and THTR-2; encoded by the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes, respectively). The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of chronic exposure of mouse PAC in vivo and human PAC in vitro to nicotine (a major component of cigarette smoke that has been implicated in pancreatic diseases) on thiamin uptake and to delineate the mechanism involved. The results showed that chronic exposure of mice to nicotine significantly inhibits thiamin uptake in murine PAC, and that this inhibition is associated with a marked decrease in expression of THTR-1 and THTR-2 at the protein, mRNA and hnRNAs level. Furthermore, expression of the important thiamin-metabolizing enzyme, thiamin pyrophosphokinase (TPKase), was significantly reduced in PAC of mice exposed to nicotine. Similarly, chronic exposure of cultured human PAC to nicotine (0.5 μM, 48 h) significantly inhibited thiamin uptake, which was also associated with a decrease in expression of THTR-1 and THTR-2 proteins and mRNAs. This study demonstrates that chronic exposure of PAC to nicotine impairs the physiology and the molecular biology of the thiamin uptake process. Furthermore, the study suggests that the effect is, in part, mediated through transcriptional mechanism(s) affecting the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes.
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19
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Barreto SG. How does cigarette smoking cause acute pancreatitis? Pancreatology 2015; 16:157-63. [PMID: 26419886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is an emerging health problem world-wide and it is a major cause of admissions for gastrointestinal disease in many countries. Amongst the more common causes (alcohol and gallstones), recent evidence has emerged indicating that smoking is an independent risk factor for AP. However, the mechanisms involved in smoking-induced AP have not been completely elucidated. This review puts together all the published evidence in literature to present the clinical and laboratory evidence relating smoking to the causation of AP. DISCUSSION The two main metabolites from cigarette smoke, namely nicotine and NNK are able to induce functional and histological changes within the pancreas consistent with AP. The major mechanisms involved include their action on acinar cells and zymogen secretion through pathways involving CCK and the nicotinic preganglionic receptors. Effects on the pancreatic microvasculature may be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway. There is indirect evidence to suggest that nicotine and acrolein may lead to CFTR dysfunction thereby influencing ductal secretion. However, direct evidence for this effect is needed. The effect of cigarette smoke metabolites on stellate cells and the islets warrants further investigation in the context of pathogenesis of AP. CONCLUSION Using a step-wise approach, the review revisits the effects of the various metabolites of cigarette smoke on the constituents of the pancreas (exocrine, endocrine, neurohormonal, stellate cells, ductal system) and highlights their proven, and potential, mechanisms in triggering off an attack of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savio G Barreto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gastrointestinal Oncology, and Bariatric Surgery, Medanta Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta, The Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
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20
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Paulo JA, Gaun A, Gygi SP. Global Analysis of Protein Expression and Phosphorylation Levels in Nicotine-Treated Pancreatic Stellate Cells. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4246-56. [PMID: 26265067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a risk factor in pancreatic disease; however, the biochemical mechanisms correlating smoking with pancreatic dysfunction remain poorly understood. Strategies using multiplexed isobaric tag-based mass spectrometry facilitate the study of drug-induced perturbations on biological systems. Here, we present the first large-scale analysis of the proteomic and phosphoproteomic alterations in pancreatic stellate cells following treatment with two nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ligands: nicotine and α-bungarotoxin. We treated cells with nicotine or α-bungarotoxin for 12 h in triplicate and compared alterations in protein expression and phosphorylation levels to mock-treated cells using a tandem mass tag (TMT9plex)-based approach. Over 8100 proteins were quantified across all nine samples, of which 46 were altered in abundance upon treatment with nicotine. Proteins with increased abundance included those associated with neurons, defense mechanisms, indicators of pancreatic disease, and lysosomal proteins. In addition, we measured differences for ∼16 000 phosphorylation sites across all nine samples using a titanium dioxide-based strategy, of which 132 sites were altered with nicotine and 451 with α-bungarotoxin treatment. Many altered phosphorylation sites were involved in nuclear function and transcriptional events. This study supports the development of future targeted investigations to establish a better understanding for the role of nicotine and associated receptors in pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aleksandr Gaun
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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21
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Thrower E. Pathologic cellular events in smoking-related pancreatitis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:723-35. [PMID: 25938854 PMCID: PMC4491681 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis, a debilitating inflammatory disorder, results from pancreatic injury. Alcohol abuse is the foremost cause, although cigarette smoking has recently surfaced as a distinct risk factor. The mechanisms by which cigarette smoke and its toxins initiate pathological cellular events leading to pancreatitis, have not been clearly defined. Although cigarette smoke is composed of more than 4000 compounds, it is mainly nicotine and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which have been extensively studied with respect to pancreatic diseases. This review summarizes these research findings and highlights cellular pathways which may be of relevance in initiation and progression of smoking-related pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT 06516, USA .
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22
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Wasalathanthri DP, Li D, Song D, Zheng Z, Choudhary D, Jansson I, Lu X, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Elucidating Organ-Specific Metabolic Toxicity Chemistry from Electrochemiluminescent Enzyme/DNA Arrays and Bioreactor Bead-LC-MS/MS. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2457-2468. [PMID: 25798217 PMCID: PMC4364445 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human toxic responses are very often related to metabolism. Liver metabolism is traditionally studied, but other organs also convert chemicals and drugs to reactive metabolites leading to toxicity. When DNA damage is found, the effects are termed genotoxic. Here we describe a comprehensive new approach to evaluate chemical genotoxicity pathways from metabolites formed in-situ by a broad spectrum of liver, lung, kidney and intestinal enzymes. DNA damage rates are measured with a microfluidic array featuring a 64-nanowell chip to facilitate fabrication of films of DNA, electrochemiluminescent (ECL) detection polymer [Ru(bpy)2(PVP)10]2+ {(PVP = poly(4-vinylpyridine)} and metabolic enzymes. First, multiple enzyme reactions are run on test compounds using the array, then ECL light related to the resulting DNA damage is measured. A companion method next facilitates reaction of target compounds with DNA/enzyme-coated magnetic beads in 96 well plates, after which DNA is hydrolyzed and nucleobase-metabolite adducts are detected by LC-MS/MS. The same organ enzymes are used as in the arrays. Outcomes revealed nucleobase adducts from DNA damage, enzymes responsible for reactive metabolites (e.g. cyt P450s), influence of bioconjugation, relative dynamics of enzymes suites from different organs, and pathways of possible genotoxic chemistry. Correlations between DNA damage rates from the cell-free array and organ-specific cell-based DNA damage were found. Results illustrate the power of the combined DNA/enzyme microarray/LC-MS/MS approach to efficiently explore a broad spectrum of organ-specific metabolic genotoxic pathways for drugs and environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , USA .
| | - Donghui Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , USA
| | - Zhifang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , USA .
| | - Dharamainder Choudhary
- Department of Surgery , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , Connecticut 06032 , USA
| | - Ingela Jansson
- Department of Cell Biology , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , Connecticut 06032 , USA
| | - Xiuling Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , USA
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , Connecticut 06032 , USA
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , USA .
- National University of Ireland at Galway , Ireland
- Department of Cell Biology , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , Connecticut 06032 , USA
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23
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Paulo JA. Nicotine alters the proteome of two human pancreatic duct cell lines. JOP : JOURNAL OF THE PANCREAS 2014; 15:465-74. [PMID: 25262714 DOI: 10.6092/1590-8577/2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor of pancreatic disease. Nicotine--a major cigarette tobacco component--can traffic through the circulatory system and may induce fibrosis and metastasis, hallmarks of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, respectively. However, at the biomolecular level, particularly in pancreatic research, the effects of nicotine remain unresolved. METHODS The effects of nicotine on the proteomes of two pancreatic duct cell lines-an immortalized normal cell line (HPNE) and a cancer cell line (PanC1)- were investigated using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. For each cell line, the global proteomes of cells exposed to nicotine for 24 hrs were compared with untreated cells in triplicate using 6-plex tandem mass tag-based isobaric labeling techniques. RESULTS Over 5,000 proteins were detected per cell line. Of these, over 900 proteins were differentially abundant with statistical significance (corrected P-value <0.01) upon nicotine treatment, 57 of which were so in both cell lines. Amyloid precursor protein, previously observed to increase expression in pancreatic stellate cells when exposed to nicotine, was also up-regulated in both cell lines.In general, the two cell lines varied in the classes of proteins altered by nicotine treatment, supporting published evidence that nicotine may play different roles in the initiation and progression of pancreatic disease. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the underlying mechanisms associating nicotine with pancreatic function is paramount to intervention aiming to retard, arrest, or ameliorate pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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Jing M, Wang Y, Upadhyaya P, Jain V, Yuan JM, Hatsukami DK, Hecht S, Stepanov I. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry quantitation of urinary [pyridine-D4]4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid, a biomarker of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone metabolic activation in smokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1547-55. [PMID: 25098652 PMCID: PMC4164226 DOI: 10.1021/tx5001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK, 1) is a potent tobacco-specific lung carcinogen believed to play a key role in the development of lung cancer in smokers. Metabolic activation of NNK to DNA damaging reactive intermediates proceeds via α-hydroxylation pathways. The end products of these pathways are excreted in the urine of smokers as 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid (keto acid, 3) and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid (hydroxy acid, 4). The sum of these biomarkers (after NaBH4 treatment), referred to as total hydroxy acid, could potentially be used to measure the extent of NNK metabolic activation in smokers. However, the same metabolites are formed from nicotine; therefore, there is a need to distinguish the NNK- and nicotine-derived keto and hydroxy acid in smokers' urine. We previously developed a unique methodology based on the use of [pyridine-D4]NNK ([D4]1), which metabolizes to the correspondingly labeled biomarkers. In this study, we developed a sensitive and reproducible assay for the detection and quantitation of total [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid ([D4]4) in human urine. A two-step derivatization approach was used to convert [D4]4 to [pyridine-D4]methyl 4-hexanoyl-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoate ([D4]6), and an LC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the analysis of this derivative with excellent sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The robustness and reproducibility of the assay was further confirmed by its application for the analysis of urine samples from 87 smokers who smoked [D4]1-containing cigarettes for 1 week. The measured level averaged 130 fmol/mL urine. The developed assay can be used in future studies that may require evaluation of the relative efficiency of NNK metabolic activation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jing
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yaohua Wang
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vipin Jain
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stephen
S. Hecht
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic
Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Hershenson MB, Chung Y. Exposure of airway smooth muscle cells to cigarette smoke extract. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L345. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00161.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutein Chung
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Schuller HM. Effects of tobacco constituents and psychological stress on the beta-adrenergic regulation of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer: implications for intervention. Cancer Biomark 2014; 13:133-44. [PMID: 23912485 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-130323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes current preclinical and clinical evidence in support of the hypothesis that smoking and psychological stress have significant cancer promoting effects on non small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer via direct and indirect effects on nicotinic receptor-regulated beta-adrenergic signaling. Evidence is provided that targeted pharmacological interference with the resulting hyperactive cAMP-dependent signaling by beta-blockers or by γ-aminobutyric acid as well as positive psychological influences may be highly effective in preventing and improving clinical outcomes of these cancers, provided that appropriate diagnostic protocols are followed to monitor systemic levels of stress neurotransmitters and cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard M Schuller
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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27
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Schuller HM. Impact of neuro-psychological factors on smoking-associated lung cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:580-94. [PMID: 24633083 PMCID: PMC3980616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking has been extensively documented as a risk factor for all histological types of lung cancer and tobacco-specific nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reproducibly cause lung cancer in laboratory rodents. However, the most common lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), frequently develops in never smokers and is particularly common in women and African Americans, suggesting that factors unrelated to smoking significantly impact this cancer. Recent experimental investigations in vitro and in animal models have shown that chronic psychological stress and the associated hyperactive signaling of stress neurotransmitters via β-adrenergic receptors significantly promote the growth and metastatic potential of NSCLC. These responses were caused by modulation in the expression and sensitization state of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that regulate the production of stress neurotransmitters and the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Similar changes in nAChR-mediated neurotransmitter production were identified as the cause of NSCLC stimulation in vitro and in xenograft models by chronic nicotine. Collectively, these data suggest that hyperactivity of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system caused by chronic psychological stress or chronic exposure to nicotinic agonists in cigarette smoke significantly contribute to the development and progression of NSCLC. A recent clinical study that reported improved survival outcomes with the incidental use of β-blockers among patients with NSCLC supports this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard M Schuller
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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28
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Paulo JA, Urrutia R, Kadiyala V, Banks P, Conwell DL, Steen H. Cross-species analysis of nicotine-induced proteomic alterations in pancreatic cells. Proteomics 2013; 13:1499-1512. [PMID: 23456891 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxic compounds in tobacco, such as nicotine, may adversely affect pancreatic function. We aim to determine nicotine-induced protein alterations in pancreatic cells, thereby revealing links between nicotine exposure and pancreatic disease. We compared the proteomic alterations induced by nicotine treatment in cultured pancreatic cells (mouse, rat, and human stellate cells and human duct cells) using MS-based techniques, specifically SDS-PAGE (gel) coupled with LC-MS/MS and spectral counting. We identified thousands of proteins in pancreatic cells, hundreds of which were identified exclusively or in higher abundance in either nicotine-treated or untreated cells. Interspecies comparisons of stellate cell proteins revealed several differentially abundant proteins (in nicotine treated versus untreated cells) common among the three species. Proteins appearing in all nicotine-treated stellate cells include amyloid beta (A4), procollagen type VI alpha 1, integral membrane protein 2B, and toll-interacting protein. Proteins that were differentially expressed upon nicotine treatment across cell lines were enriched in certain pathways, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, cytokine, and integrin signaling. At this analytical depth, we conclude that similar pathways are affected by nicotine, but alterations at the protein level among stellate cells of different species vary. Further interrogation of such pathways will lead to insights into the potential effect of nicotine on pancreatic cells at the biomolecular level and the extension of this concept to the effect of nicotine on pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Vivek Kadiyala
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Banks
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
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Srinivasan P, Subramanian VS, Said HM. Effect of the cigarette smoke component, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), on physiological and molecular parameters of thiamin uptake by pancreatic acinar cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78853. [PMID: 24244374 PMCID: PMC3820693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamin is indispensable for the normal function of pancreatic acinar cells. These cells take up thiamin via specific carrier-mediated process that involves thiamin transporter-1 and -2 (THTR-1 and THTR-2; products of SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes, respectively). In this study we examined the effect of chronic exposure of pancreatic acinar cells in vitro (pancreatic acinar 266-6 cells) and in vivo (wild-type and transgenic mice carrying the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 promoters) to the cigarette smoke component 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on physiological and molecular parameters of the thiamin uptake process. The results show that chronic exposure of 266-6 cells to NNK (3 µM, 24 h) leads to a significant inhibition in thiamin uptake. The inhibition was associated with a significant decrease in the level of expression of THTR-1 and -2 at the protein and mRNA levels as well as in the activity of SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 promoters. Similarly chronic exposure of mice to NNK (IP 10 mg/100 g body weight, three times/week for 2 weeks) leads to a significant inhibition in thiamin uptake by freshly isolated pancreatic acinar cells, as well as in the level of expression of THTR-1 and -2 protein and mRNA. Furthermore, activity of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 promoters expressed in transgenic mice were significantly suppressed by chronic exposure to NNK. The effect of NNK on the activity of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 promoters was not mediated via changes in their methylation profile, rather it appears to be exerted via an SP1/GG and SP1/GC cis-regulatory elements in these promoters, respectively. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that chronic exposure of pancreatic acinar cells to NNK negatively impacts the physiological and molecular parameters of thiamin uptake by pancreatic acinar cells and that this effect is exerted, at least in part, at the level of transcription of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Srinivasan
- Department of Medical Research, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Veedamali S. Subramanian
- Department of Medical Research, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hamid M. Said
- Department of Medical Research, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Park CH, Lee IS, Grippo P, Pandol SJ, Gukovskaya AS, Edderkaoui M. Akt kinase mediates the prosurvival effect of smoking compounds in pancreatic ductal cells. Pancreas 2013; 42:655-62. [PMID: 23271397 PMCID: PMC4085048 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182762928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer (PaCa). However, the mechanisms of smoking-induced PaCa remain unknown. Here we investigated the effect of smoking compounds on cell death pathways in pancreatic ductal cells, precursors of PaCa. METHODS Human pancreatic ductal cells (HPDE6-c7) were cultured with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or smoking compound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Apoptosis and autophagy were assessed by DNA fragmentation and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS Exposure to CSE or NNK decreased DNA fragmentation and up-regulated BclXL. Akt kinase was activated by smoking compounds through reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. Specifically, Akt activation was prevented by inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase. Molecular or pharmacologic inhibitions of Akt prevented the antiapoptotic effect of smoking compounds. Smoking compounds stimulated rapid (1 hour) and transient activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and formation of autophagic vacuoles, indicating stimulation of autophagy. Repeated exposure to CSE/NNK (48 hours or longer) abolished the early activation of autophagic markers. Inhibition of Akt prevented the antiautophagic effect of long exposure to smoking compounds, indicating that smoking-induced late activation of Akt prevents autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Long exposure of pancreatic ductal cells to smoking compounds inhibited apoptosis and autophagy. The results revealed a central role for Akt kinase in mediating key procarcinogenic effects of smoking compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hwan Park
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paul Grippo
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
This article reviews the genetics and incipient pathology of familial pancreatic cancer and the screening modalities in current use, and summarizes the outcomes of reported screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Templeton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Center, University of Washington, Box Number 356424, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanisms through which it causes the diseases remain unknown. In the present manuscript we reviewed the latest knowledge gained on the effect of cigarette smoke and smoking compounds on cell signaling pathways mediating both diseases. We also reviewed the effect of smoking on the pancreatic cell microenvironment including inflammatory cells and stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Edderkaoui
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center & University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smoking has been shown to affect the course of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP). However, a dose-dependent relationship between ACP course and the amount of tobacco consumption has not been studied. METHODS All consecutive smokers with ACP were included prospectively. Thresholds were defined at 10, 15, 20, and 30 pack-years (p.y.) to assess the relationship between tobacco intake and ACP complications. Statistical adjustment on alcohol intake was performed. RESULTS One hundred eight patients (male, 86%) were included. The median tobacco intake was 30 p.y. (range, 3-90 p.y.) Pancreatic calcifications and duct abnormalities were observed in 70% and 73%, respectively. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and diabetes mellitus were observed in 36% and 30%, respectively. No differences in ACP outcome were seen at 10-p.y. threshold. At a 15-p.y. threshold, ACP diagnosis was made earlier (36 versus 46 years; P = 0.0036). At a 20-p.y. threshold, ACP occurred earlier (P = 0.0002), and the patients had more often calcifications (P = 0.05). Similar results were observed at the 30-p.y. threshold, but additionally pancreatic exocrine insufficiency occurred earlier (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Tobacco intake accelerates the course of ACP in a dose-dependent fashion, apart from the amount of alcohol intake. A major threshold effect is seen in 20 p.y.
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Alexandre M, Uduman AK, Minervini S, Raoof A, Shugrue CA, Akinbiyi EO, Patel V, Shitia M, Kolodecik TR, Patton R, Gorelick FS, Thrower EC. Tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone initiates and enhances pancreatitis responses. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G696-704. [PMID: 22837343 PMCID: PMC3468532 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00138.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that cigarette smoking increases the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. The nicotine metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a major cigarette smoke toxin. We hypothesized that NNK could sensitize to pancreatitis and examined its effects in isolated rat pancreatic acini and in vivo. In acini, 100 nM NNK caused three- and fivefold activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, respectively, above control. Furthermore, NNK pretreatment in acini enhanced zymogen activation in a cerulein pancreatitis model. The long-term effects of NNK were examined in vivo after intraperitoneal injection of NNK (100 mg/kg body wt) three times weekly for 2 wk. NNK alone caused zymogen activation (6-fold for trypsinogen and 2-fold for chymotrypsinogen vs. control), vacuolization, pyknotic nuclei, and edema. This NNK pretreatment followed by treatment with cerulein (40 μg/kg) for 1 h to induce early pancreatitis responses enhanced trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen activation, as well as other parameters of pancreatitis, compared with cerulein alone. Potential targets of NNK include nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and β-adrenergic receptors; mRNA for both receptor types was detected in acinar cell preparations. Studies with pharmacological inhibitors of these receptors indicate that NNK can mediate acinar cell responses through an nonneuronal α(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α(7)-nAChR). These studies suggest that prolonged exposure to this tobacco toxin can cause pancreatitis and sensitize to disease. Therapies targeting NNK-mediated pathways may prove useful in treatment of smoking-related pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alexandre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - A. K. Uduman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - S. Minervini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - A. Raoof
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - C. A. Shugrue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - E. O. Akinbiyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - V. Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - M. Shitia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - T. R. Kolodecik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - R. Patton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - F. S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - E. C. Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
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Zheng S, Wang C, Qian G, Wu G, Guo R, Li Q, Chen Y, Li J, Li H, He B, Chen H, Ji F. Role of mtDNA haplogroups in COPD susceptibility in a southwestern Han Chinese population. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:473-81. [PMID: 22634148 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of a complex genetic basis with the environmental factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may account for the differences in individual susceptibility to COPD. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contributes to an individual's ability to resist oxidation, an important determinant that affects COPD susceptibility. To investigate whether mtDNA haplogroups play important roles in COPD susceptibility, the frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups and an 822-bp mtDNA deletion in 671 COPD patients and 724 control individuals from southwestern China were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, whereas mtDNA haplogroups A and M7 might be associated with an increased risk for COPD (OR=1.996, 95% CI=1.149-2.831, p=0.006, and OR=1.754, 95% CI=1.931-2.552, p=0.021, respectively), haplogroups F, D, and M9 might be associated with a decreased risk for COPD in this population (OR=0.554, 95% CI=0.390-0.787, p=0.001; OR=0.758, 95% CI=0.407-0.965, p=0.002; and OR=0.186, 95% CI=0.039-0.881, p=0.034, respectively). Additionally, the increased frequency of the 822-bp mtDNA deletion in male cigarette-smoking subjects among COPD patients and controls of haplogroup D indicated that haplogroup D might increase an individual's susceptibility to DNA damage from external reactive oxygen species derived from heavy cigarette smoking. We conclude that haplogroups A and M7 might be risk factors for COPD, whereas haplogroups D, F, and M9 might decrease the COPD risk in this Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zheng
- Institute of Human Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Guo Y, Zhu LR, Lu G, Wang H, Hong JY. Selective expression of CYP2A13 in human pancreatic α-islet cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1878-82. [PMID: 22798551 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke is an etiological factor of human pancreatic cancer and has been associated with an increased risk of pancreatic diseases, including pancreatitis and diabetes. The toxicants in cigarette smoke can reach pancreatic tissue, and most of the toxicants require cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated metabolic activation to exert their toxicity. Among all the human P450 enzymes, CYP2A13 is the most efficient enzyme in the metabolic activation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a major tobacco-specific toxicant and a suspected human carcinogen. It also metabolically activates 4-aminobiphenyl, another toxicant in cigarette smoke. Immunohistochemical analysis in this study demonstrated that CYP2A13 was selectively expressed in the islets but not in the exocrine portion of adult human pancreas. Further study using dual immunofluorescence labeling technique showed that CYP2A13 protein was mainly expressed in the α-islet but not in β-islet cells. The selective expression of CYP2A13 in human pancreatic α-islet cells suggests that these islet cells could be damaged by the toxicants existing in cigarette smoke through CYP2A13-mediated in situ metabolic activation. Our result provides a mechanistic insight for human pancreatic diseases that have been associated with cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 185#, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China.
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Wittel UA, Momi N, Seifert G, Wiech T, Hopt UT, Batra SK. The pathobiological impact of cigarette smoke on pancreatic cancer development (review). Int J Oncol 2012; 41:5-14. [PMID: 22446714 PMCID: PMC3589138 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts, pancreatic cancer remains incurable. Most risk factors, such as genetic disposition, metabolic diseases or chronic pancreatitis cannot be influenced. By contrast, cigarette smoking, an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer, can be controlled. Despite the epidemiological evidence of the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking with regard to pancreatic cancer development and its unique property of being influenceable, our understanding of cigarette smoke-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis is limited. Current data on cigarette smoke-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis indicate multifactorial events that are triggered by nicotine, which is the major pharmacologically active constituent of tobacco smoke. In addition to nicotine, a vast number of carcinogens have the potential to reach the pancreatic gland, where they are metabolized, in some instances to even more toxic compounds. These metabolic events are not restricted to pancreatic ductal cells. Several studies show that acinar cells are also greatly affected. Furthermore, pancreatic cancer progenitor cells do not only derive from the ductal epithelial lineage, but also from acinar cells. This sheds new light on cigarette smoke-induced acinar cell damage. On this background, our objective is to outline a multifactorial model of tobacco smoke-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe A Wittel
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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38
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Pandol SJ, Apte MV, Wilson JS, Gukovskaya AS, Edderkaoui M. The burning question: why is smoking a risk factor for pancreatic cancer? Pancreatology 2012; 12:344-9. [PMID: 22898636 PMCID: PMC3956306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease. The prognosis is poor; less than 5% of those diagnosed are still alive five years after diagnosis, and complete remission is still rare. Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor of pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanism(s) through which it causes the disease remains unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke stimulate pancreatic cancer progression through induction of inflammation and fibrosis which act in concert with genetic factors leading to the inhibition of cell death and stimulation of proliferation resulting in the promotion of the PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Pandol
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Minoti V. Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy S. Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California Los Angeles, California
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Analysis of N′-nitrosonornicotine and its metabolites in rabbit blood with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 899:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Momi N, Kaur S, Ponnusamy MP, Kumar S, Wittel UA, Batra SK. Interplay between smoking-induced genotoxicity and altered signaling in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1617-28. [PMID: 22623649 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous research efforts directed at early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC), the status of patients affected by this deadly malignancy remains dismal. Its notoriety with regard to lack of early diagnosis and resistance to the current chemotherapeutics is due to accumulating signaling abnormalities. Hoarding experimental and epidemiological evidences have established a direct correlation between cigarette smoking and PC risk. The cancer initiating/promoting nature of cigarette smoke can be attributed to its various constituents including nicotine, which is the major psychoactive component, and several other toxic constituents, such as nitrosamines, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These predominant smoke-constituents initiate a series of oncogenic events facilitating epigenetic alterations, self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, sustained angiogenesis, and metastasis. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these events is crucial for the prevention and therapeutic intervention against PC. This review presents various interconnected signal transduction cascades, the smoking-mediated genotoxicity, and genetic polymorphisms influencing the susceptibility for smoking-mediated PC development by modulating pivotal biological aspects such as cell defense/tumor suppression, inflammation, DNA repair, as well as tobacco-carcinogen metabolization. Additionally, it provides a large perspective toward tumor biology and the therapeutic approaches against PC by targeting one or several steps of smoking-mediated signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Momi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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Alexandre M, Pandol SJ, Gorelick FS, Thrower EC. The emerging role of smoking in the development of pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2011; 11:469-74. [PMID: 21986098 PMCID: PMC3222114 DOI: 10.1159/000332196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cigarette smoking has been linked to many diseases, including pancreatic cancer and more recently, pancreatitis. METHODS Electronic searches of primarily PubMed from 1990 to August 2011 were conducted and only articles published in English were reviewed. Original articles and reviews were selected based on screening of article abstracts and their relevance to tobacco smoking, its components, nicotine and its metabolites, and their effects particularly on the pancreas. RESULTS Smoking may affect the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis or its progression. Smoking may also affect the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. Its effects in pancreatitis appear to be dose dependent and its effects may be alcohol independent but synergize with alcohol. CONCLUSION Specific constituents of cigarette smoke, including nicotine and its metabolites, could mediate effects on the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Alexandre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Edwin C. Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA,*Edwin C. Thrower, GI Research Laboratory, Building 4, VA Healthcare System Connecticut, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 (USA), Tel. +1 203 932 5711, ext. 3284, E-Mail
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Lochan R, Reeves HL, Daly AK, Charnley RM. The role of tobacco-derived carcinogens in pancreas cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:249235. [PMID: 22084727 PMCID: PMC3196993 DOI: 10.5402/2011/249235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The extremely poor outcome from pancreas cancer is well known. However, its aetiology less well appreciated, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. Tobacco usage is one of the strongest risk factors for this disease, and this is a completely avoidable hazard. In addition, there are well described hereditary diseases which predispose, and familial pancreas cancer. We have sought here to summarise the role of tobacco-derived carcinogens and the mode of their tumorigenic action on the pancreas. There is compelling evidence from animal and human studies (laboratory including cell line studies and epidemiologic) that tobacco derived carcinogens cause pancreas cancer. However, the manner in which they do so is not entirely apparent. There is also compelling evidence that synergism with genetic and other life-style factors-like diet obesity-results in a multifactorial causation of the disease. Ascertaining the role of tobacco carcinogens in the development of this cancer and their interaction with other risk factors will enable novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to improve outcome from this appalling malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Lochan
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
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Nilsson R. The molecular basis for induction of human cancers by tobacco specific nitrosamines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:268-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in childhood and incidence of cancer in adulthood in never smokers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:487-94. [PMID: 21279734 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The association between childhood environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and adult cancer risk is controversial; we examined this relationship in never smokers within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Over an average of 10 years, 8,372 cases of cancer were diagnosed in 112,430 never smokers in EPIC. Childhood ETS was self-reported by participants at baseline, along with other lifestyle factors. Hazard ratios (HR) for ETS exposure in childhood and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models stratified by age, sex, and study center and adjusted for education, alcohol drinking, body mass index, physical activity, non-alcoholic energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, and adulthood ETS exposure. Models were further adjusted for reproductive factors for female cancers, for meat intake for digestive system cancers, and for diabetes status for pancreatic cancer. No association was observed between childhood ETS exposure and overall cancer risks (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.92-1.02), and for selected sites. The only exception was pancreatic cancer, as previously reported by Vrieling et al., among those who had been exposed daily in childhood (overall HR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.14-3.84). In conclusion, childhood ETS exposure might not be a major risk factor for common cancers in adulthood.
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Zhou Y, Yang J, Yang JY, Gu FN, Wang Y, Zhu JH. One-pot synthesis of novel ferric cubic mesoporous silica (Im3m symmetry) and its highly efficient adsorption performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang RY, Chen GG. Cigarette smoking, cyclooxygenase-2 pathway and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1815:158-69. [PMID: 21147199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cyclooxygenase (COX) and its derived prostanoids, mainly including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), have well-known roles in cardiovascular disease and cancer, both of which are associated with cigarette smoking. This article is focused on the role of COX-2 pathway in smoke-related pathologies and cancer. Cigarette smoke exposure can induce COX-2 expression and activity, increase PGE2 and TxA2 release, and lead to an imbalance in PGI2 and TxA2 production in favor of the latter. It exerts pro-inflammatory effects in a PGE2-dependent manner, which contributes to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. TxA2 mediates other diverse biologic effects of cigarette smoking, such as platelet activation, cell contraction and angiogenesis, which may facilitate tumor growth and metastasis in smokers. Among cigarette smoke components, nicotine and its derived nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are the most potent carcinogens. COX-2 and PGE2 have been shown to play a pivotal role in many cancers associated with cigarette smoking, including cancers of lung, gastric and bladder, while the information for the role of TxA2 and PGI2 in smoke-associated cancers is limited. Recent findings from our group have revealed how NNK influences the TxA2 to promote the tumor growth. Better understanding in the above areas may help to generate new therapeutic protocols or to optimize the existing treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Yue Huang
- Department of Surgery, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Active and Passive Smoking and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1612-22. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: To date, cigarette smoking is the most consistent risk factor for pancreatic cancer. We prospectively examined the role of active cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, and passive smoking as determinants for pancreatic cancer.
Methods: The Netherlands Cohort Study consisted of 120,852 men and women who completed a baseline questionnaire in 1986. After 16.3 years of follow-up, 520 incident pancreatic cancer cases were available for analysis. A case-cohort approach was employed using the person-years of follow-up of a random subcohort (n = 5,000), which was chosen immediately after baseline.
Results: Compared with never cigarette smokers, both former and current cigarette smokers had an increased pancreatic cancer risk [multivariable-adjusted hazard rate ratio (HR), 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.75 and HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.40-2.38, respectively]. We observed an increased pancreatic cancer risk per increment of 10 years of smoking (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08-1.22) and an HR of 1.08 per increment of 10 cigarettes/d (95% CI, 0.98-1.19). Quitting smoking gradually reduced pancreatic cancer risk and approached unity after ≥20 years of quitting. No association was observed for passive smoking exposure and pancreatic cancer risk in women; in men, this association was not investigated because >90% of the men were ever smokers.
Conclusions: Overall, our findings confirmed that cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer, whereas quitting smoking reduced risk. No association was observed between passive smoking exposure and pancreatic cancer risk in women.
Impact: Quitting smoking would benefit the burden on pancreatic cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1612–22. ©2010 AACR.
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Shah KA, Karnes HT. A review of the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in biological matrices. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:305-27. [PMID: 20210694 DOI: 10.3109/10408440903394435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use constitutes a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are an important class of biomarkers for tobacco carcinogen uptake. The current review focuses on the issues and developments in analysis of these compounds in human biological matrices. The two most widely used techniques for TSNA bioanalysis are gas chromatography coupled with thermal energy analysis and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, employing various sample preparation techniques. The review provides an overview of the tools and techniques currently available for TSNA bioanalysis that will help towards the ultimate goal of understanding the mechanisms of cancer caused by the use of tobacco products. A contrast and comparison of the important aspects of bioanalysis such as sample preparation, compound detection, and throughput is discussed for the thermal energy analysis- and mass spectrometry-based techniques. Complex sample extraction procedures, throughput, and the ability to validate are important issues of concern for the gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis-based methods. On the other hand, addressing ion suppression matrix effects remains an important challenge for hyphenated mass spectrometry-based methods. The review also provides an extensive summary of analytical procedures for various studies measuring tobacco-specific nitrosamines in different biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar A Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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Potential carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke and Swedish moist snuff on pancreas: a study using a transgenic mouse model of chronic pancreatitis. J Transl Med 2010; 90:426-35. [PMID: 20065943 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of pancreatic cancer is increased in both Snus (the Swedish variant of oral smokeless tobacco) users and, to a greater extent, in cigarette smokers. Concurrent chronic pancreatitis further increases the risk in cigarette smokers. Little is known about the mechanism by which cigarette smoke or Snus increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with chronic pancreatitis. This study examined the carcinogenic effects of an aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (tobacco smoke, TS) or Snus in an Elastase-IL-1beta transgenic mouse model of chronic pancreatitis. Both transgenic and wild-type (WT) mice were fed diluted TS water or Snus-containing diet for up to 15 months, and monitored for phenotypic and molecular changes in the pancreas. Both TS- and Snus-treated Elastase-IL-1beta mice, but not WT mice, developed significant pancreatic ductal epithelial flattening and severe glandular atrophy compared with untreated transgenic mice. Ductal epithelial cells displayed a high proliferative index, minimal apoptosis, and induction of COX-2 in the setting of chronic inflammation. Up-regulation of TNF-alpha correlated with the onset of severe glandular atrophy. In comparison with Snus-treated mice, TS-Elastase-IL-1beta mice had an earlier onset and a greater extent of phenotypic changes, which were associated with up-regulation of TNF-alpha and increased expression of IL-6, TGF-beta, and SDF-1. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which tobacco products are likely to promote carcinogenesis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis.
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PANDOL STEPHEN, EDDERKAOUI MOUAD, GUKOVSKY ILYA, LUGEA AURELIA, GUKOVSKAYA ANNA. Desmoplasia of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7:S44-7. [PMID: 19896098 PMCID: PMC4573641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common form of pancreatic cancer and is characterized by remarkable desmoplasia. The desmoplasia is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, myofibroblastic pancreatic stellate cells, and immune cells associated with a multitude of cytokines, growth factors, and ECM metabolizing enzymes. The mechanisms of participation of this complex matrix process in carcinogenesis are only starting to be appreciated. Recent studies showed key roles for stellate cells in the production of ECM proteins as well as cytokines and growth factors that promote the growth of the cancer cells all present in the desmoplastic parts of PDAC. In addition, interactions of ECM proteins and desmoplastic secreted growth factors with the cancer cells of PDAC activate intracellular signals including reactive oxygen species that act to make the cancer cells resistant to dying. These findings suggest that the desmoplasia of PDAC is a key factor in regulating carcinogenesis of PDAC as well as responses to therapies. A better understanding of the biology of desmoplasia in the mechanism of PDAC will likely provide significant opportunities for better treatments for this devastating cancer.
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