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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Chemical Standardization of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum L.) Extract Using UHPLC-MS/MS and the Method of Standard Addition. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1726-1732. [PMID: 38953246 PMCID: PMC11311221 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Extracts prepared from the seeds of the medicinal plant milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)] are widely used as dietary supplements due to anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and hepatoprotective effects. Called silymarin, the main components of lipophilic extracts of milk thistle seeds are flavonoids and flavonolignans including silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silydianin, silychristin, taxifolin, and 2,3-dehydrosilybins. The aim of this study was to develop a method based on UHPLC-MS/MS for the chemical authentication and standardization of milk thistle silymarin. Validation included the method of standard addition to account for the lack of a blank matrix. Potential matrix effects were investigated by analyzing silymarin standards dissolved only in the initial UHPLC mobile phase. Measurements of six flavonolignans and taxifolin in the milk thistle extract using UHPLC-MS/MS with standard addition or external standard calibration produced similar results for all analytes except silydianin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B, which showed significant peak enhancement during negative ion electrospray due to botanical matrix effects. The UHPLC-MS/MS-based method of standard addition requires <10 min per injection and is suitable for the standardization of silymarin from milk thistle in support of preclinical and clinical studies of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N. Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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2
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Koppula S, Wankhede NL, Sammeta SS, Shende PV, Pawar RS, Chimthanawala N, Umare MD, Taksande BG, Upaganlawar AB, Umekar MJ, Kopalli SR, Kale MB. Modulation of cholesterol metabolism with Phytoremedies in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102389. [PMID: 38906182 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological ailment that causes cognitive decline and memory loss. Cholesterol metabolism dysregulation has emerged as a crucial element in AD pathogenesis, contributing to the formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles, the disease's hallmark neuropathological characteristics. Thus, targeting cholesterol metabolism has gained attention as a potential therapeutic method for Alzheimer's disease. Phytoremedies, which are generated from plants and herbs, have shown promise as an attainable therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. These remedies contain bioactive compounds like phytochemicals, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which have demonstrated potential in modulating cholesterol metabolism and related pathways. This comprehensive review explores the modulation of cholesterol metabolism by phytoremedies in AD. It delves into the role of cholesterol in brain function, highlighting disruptions observed in AD. Additionally, it examines the underlying molecular mechanisms of cholesterol-related pathology in AD. The review emphasizes the significance of phytoremedies as a potential therapeutic intervention for AD. It discusses the drawbacks of current treatments and the need for alternative strategies addressing cholesterol dysregulation and its consequences. Through an in-depth analysis of specific phytoremedies, the review presents compelling evidence of their potential benefits. Molecular mechanisms underlying phytoremedy effects on cholesterol metabolism are examined, including regulation of cholesterol-related pathways, interactions with Aβ pathology, influence on tau pathology, and anti-inflammatory effects. The review also highlights challenges and future perspectives, emphasizing standardization, clinical evidence, and personalized medicine approaches to maximize therapeutic potential in AD treatment. Overall, phytoremedies offer promise as a potential avenue for AD management, but further research and collaboration are necessary to fully explore their efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do 27478, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
| | - Shivkumar S Sammeta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Prajwali V Shende
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
| | - Rupali S Pawar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
| | | | - Mohit D Umare
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
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Custodio-Mendoza JA, Pokorski P, Aktaş H, Napiórkowska A, Kurek MA. Advances in Chromatographic Analysis of Phenolic Phytochemicals in Foods: Bridging Gaps and Exploring New Horizons. Foods 2024; 13:2268. [PMID: 39063352 PMCID: PMC11276055 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromatographic analysis of phenolic phytochemicals in foods has significantly advanced over the past decade (2014-2024), meeting increasing demands for precision and efficiency. This review covers both conventional and advanced chromatographic techniques used for detecting phenolic phytochemicals in foods. Conventional methods like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Thin-Layer Chromatography, and Gas Chromatography are discussed, along with their benefits and limitations. Advanced techniques, including Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, Nano-LC, Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis, are highlighted for their innovations and improved capabilities. The review addresses challenges in current chromatographic methods, emphasizing the need for standardized and validated procedures according to the Food and Drug Administration, European Cooperation for Accreditation of Laboratories, and The International Organization for Standardization guidelines to ensure reliable and reproducible results. It also considers novel strategies for reducing the environmental impact of chromatographic methods, advocating for sustainable practices in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Andrzej Kurek
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.A.C.-M.); (P.P.); (H.A.); (A.N.)
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4
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Coppola C, Greco M, Munir A, Musarò D, Quarta S, Massaro M, Lionetto MG, Maffia M. Osteoarthritis: Insights into Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Avenues, and the Potential of Natural Extracts. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4063-4105. [PMID: 38785519 PMCID: PMC11119992 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) stands as a prevalent and progressively debilitating clinical condition globally, impacting joint structures and leading to their gradual deterioration through inflammatory mechanisms. While both non-modifiable and modifiable factors contribute to its onset, numerous aspects of OA pathophysiology remain elusive despite considerable research strides. Presently, diagnosis heavily relies on clinician expertise and meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other joint-affecting conditions. Therapeutic approaches for OA predominantly focus on patient education for self-management alongside tailored exercise regimens, often complemented by various pharmacological interventions primarily targeting pain alleviation. However, pharmacological treatments typically exhibit short-term efficacy and local and/or systemic side effects, with prosthetic surgery being the ultimate resolution in severe cases. Thus, exploring the potential integration or substitution of conventional drug therapies with natural compounds and extracts emerges as a promising frontier in enhancing OA management. These alternatives offer improved safety profiles and possess the potential to target specific dysregulated pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis, thereby presenting a holistic approach to address the condition's complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Coppola
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Anas Munir
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Debora Musarò
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Stefano Quarta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Marika Massaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Maria Giulia Lionetto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Waidyanatha S, Collins BJ, Cristy T, Embry M, Gafner S, Johnson H, Kellogg J, Krzykwa J, Li S, Mitchell CA, Mutlu E, Pickett S, You H, Van Breemen R, Baker TR. Advancing botanical safety: A strategy for selecting, sourcing, and characterizing botanicals for developing toxicological tools. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114537. [PMID: 38417538 PMCID: PMC11238631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Increases in botanical use, encompassing herbal medicines and dietary supplements, have underlined a critical need for an advancement in safety assessment methodologies. However, botanicals present unique challenges for safety assessment due to their complex and variable composition arising from diverse growing conditions, processing methods, and plant varieties. Historically, botanicals have been largely evaluated based on their history of use information, based primarily on traditional use or dietary history. However, this presumption lacks comprehensive toxicological evaluation, demanding innovative and consistent assessment strategies. To address these challenges, the Botanical Safety Consortium (BSC) was formed as an international, cross-sector forum of experts to identify fit-for purpose assays that can be used to evaluate botanical safety. This global effort aims to assess botanical safety assessment methodologies, merging traditional knowledge with modern in vitro and in silico assays. The ultimate goal is to champion the development of toxicity tools for botanicals. This manuscript highlights: 1) BSC's strategy for botanical selection, sourcing, and preparation of extracts to be used in in vitro assays, and 2) the approach utilized to characterize botanical extracts, using green tea and Asian ginseng as examples, to build confidence for use in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Holly Johnson
- American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Josh Kellogg
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Julie Krzykwa
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Hong You
- Eurofins Botanical Testing US, Inc., Brea, CA, USA
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Mponda JS, Muula AS, Choko A, Ajuwon AJ, Moody JO. Consumption and adverse reaction reporting of herbal medicines among people living with HIV at University teaching hospitals in Blantyre, Malawi and Ibadan, Nigeria. Malawi Med J 2024; 36:13-22. [PMID: 39086363 PMCID: PMC11287810 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v36i1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of herbal medicines among people living with HIV is a common practice in Sub-Saharan Africa. The utilization of herbal medicines was at 17.5% and 67.9% in Malawi and Nigeria, respectively. There is inadequate data on use and adverse reactions (ADRs) reporting of herbal medicines among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). This study was designed to investigate use and ADRs reporting of herbal medicines among PLWHIV at the University Teaching Hospitals in Blantyre, Malawi and Ibadan, Nigeria. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWHIV attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) clinic at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to 360 and 370 participants in Blantyre and Ibadan respectively, through face-to-face interviews after obtaining their informed consent. Results The prevalence of herbal medicines use among PLWHIV in Malawi and Nigeria was at 80.6% and 55.7% (p<0.001), respectively. The most frequently used herbal medicines in Malawi were Aloe vera (14.0%), Moringa oleifera (14.0%), Zingiber officinale (13.0%) and Allium sativum (7.0%). Likewise, in Nigeria, the most commonly used herbal medicines were Zingiber officinale (15.0%), Vernonia amygdalina (14.0%), Moringa oleifera (9.0%), and Allium sativum (11.0%). The major reason for herbal medicines' use in Malawi was ready availability (42.1%) and perception that it boosts immunity (44.6%) in Nigeria. The PLWHIV reported experiencing suspected herbal medicine ADRs in Malawi (3.9%) and in Nigeria (8.0%). Conclusion A higher percentage of people living with HIV are using herbal medicines in Malawi as well as in Nigeria. In both countries, a few participants reported experiencing suspected ADRs related to herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Samson Mponda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Herbal Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
- Department of Pharmacy, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | - Adamson Sinjani Muula
- School of Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
- Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Herbal Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | - Augustine Choko
- Malawi Liverpool, Wellcome Trust, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | - Ademola Johnson Ajuwon
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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7
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Ponphaiboon J, Krongrawa W, Aung WW, Chinatangkul N, Limmatvapirat S, Limmatvapirat C. Advances in Natural Product Extraction Techniques, Electrospun Fiber Fabrication, and the Integration of Experimental Design: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5163. [PMID: 37446825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review explores the growing interest in the techniques employed for extracting natural products. It emphasizes the limitations of conventional extraction methods and introduces superior non-conventional alternatives, particularly ultrasound-assisted extraction. Characterization and quantification of bioactive constituents through chromatography coupled with spectroscopy are recommended, while the importance of method development and validation for biomarker quantification is underscored. At present, electrospun fibers provide a versatile platform for incorporating bioactive extracts and have extensive potential in diverse fields due to their unique structural and functional characteristics. Thus, the review also highlights the fabrication of electrospun fibers containing bioactive extracts. The preparation of biologically active extracts under optimal conditions, including the selection of safe solvents and cost-effective equipment, holds promising potential in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Integration of experimental design into extraction procedures and formulation development is essential for the efficient production of health products. The review explores potential applications of encapsulating natural product extracts in electrospun fibers, such as wound healing, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant properties, while acknowledging the need for further exploration and optimization in this field. The findings discussed in this review are anticipated to serve as a valuable resource for the processing industry, enabling the utilization of affordable and environmentally friendly, natural, and raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthaporn Ponphaiboon
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Wantanwa Krongrawa
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Wah Wah Aung
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Nawinda Chinatangkul
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Siam University, Bangkok 10160, Thailand
| | - Sontaya Limmatvapirat
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Chutima Limmatvapirat
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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8
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Heck KL, Walters LM, Kunze ML, Calderón AI. Standardization of açaí extracts for in-vitro assays based on anthocyanin quantitation. J Food Compost Anal 2023; 118:105155. [PMID: 36844472 PMCID: PMC9957365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Euterpe oleracea Mart., commonly known as açaí, is a fruit that grows on a palm tree native to the Amazon region. Quantitation of bioactive constituents is a crucial preliminary step before utilizing extracts for biological assays so they may be normalized and administered according to a specific constituent concentration. Açaí has four main anthocyanin analytes: cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and peonidin 3-rutinoside. This is the first comparison of açaí anthocyanin profiles between fresh fruits, processed powders, and botanical dietary supplement capsules. The materials examined shared a similar anthocyanin profile, with cyanidin 3-rutinoside being the most abundant (0.380 ± 0.006 - 15.1 ± 0.01 mg/g), followed by cyanidin 3-glucoside (0.0988 ± 0.0031 - 8.95 ± 0.01 mg/g). Among the botanical dietary supplement capsules, the two formulations varied greatly in anthocyanin concentration despite both being aqueous extracts (0.650 ± 0.011 - 0.924 ± 0.010 mg/g versus 1.23 ± 0.01 - 1.27 ± 0.02 mg/g). Previous LC-MS methods range from 35-120 min per injection, while we report a 10 min quantitative method for analysis of anthocyanins in various açaí materials that is fast, reproducible, and accurate. The method produced is useful to assure the quality, efficacy and safety of food and dietary supplement materials containing açaí.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabre L. Heck
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, United States
| | - Lauren M. Walters
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, United States
| | - Madeline L. Kunze
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, United States
| | - Angela I. Calderón
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, United States
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Mena-García A, Herrero-Gutiérrez D, Sanz ML, Díez-Municio M, Ruiz-Matute AI. Fingerprint of Characteristic Saffron Compounds as Novel Standardization of Commercial Crocus sativus Extracts. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081634. [PMID: 37107430 PMCID: PMC10137349 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food supplements based on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) dried stigma extracts are widely consumed due to their multiple bioactive properties. Saffron extract (SE) standardization is of crucial importance, as it determines the reproducibility of the product quality and is essential for the evaluation of its bioactive effect and safety. Although SEs are commonly standardized considering their safranal content, the lack of specificity of the official methods may give inaccurate measurements. In addition to the development of more precise methodologies, the evaluation of alternative saffron components, such as crocins and picrocrocin, for standardization purposes would also be of interest. Thus, in this study, qualitative and quantitative information regarding picrocrocin and crocin isomers of different commercial saffron extracts was first obtained by a validated methodology using liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode array (DAD) and mass spectrometer (MS) detectors. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to gain insight into the compositional variability and natural grouping of SE. These studies suggested the potential use of the relative content of crocin isomers and trans-/cis-crocins and trans-4 GG/picrocrocin ratios as novel criteria for SE standardization. Their reproducibility and stability under controlled storage conditions for 36 months was demonstrated in a commercial standardized SE (affron®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adal Mena-García
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Pharmactive Biotech Products, S.L.U. Faraday 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María L Sanz
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana I Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Monagas M, Brendler T, Brinckmann J, Dentali S, Gafner S, Giancaspro G, Johnson H, Kababick J, Ma C, Oketch-Rabah H, Pais P, Sarma N, Marles R. Understanding plant to extract ratios in botanical extracts. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:981978. [PMID: 36249773 PMCID: PMC9561911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.981978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplement current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) requires establishment of quality parameters for each component used in the manufacture of a dietary supplement to ensure that specifications for the identity, purity, strength, composition, and limits on contaminants are met.* Compliance with botanical extract ingredient specifications is assured by using scientifically valid methods of analysis, the results of which are reported on certificates of analysis (CoAs). However, CoAs routinely include additional data that are not amenable to verification through methods of analysis. Such descriptive information may include Plant to Extract ratios, which are ratios of the quantity of botanical article used in the manufacture of the extract to the quantity of extract obtained. Plant to Extract ratios can be misleading when their meaning is not clearly understood. Plant to Extract ratios do not completely describe botanical extracts because other important factors influence the make-up of final extracts, such as the quality of the raw starting material (as can defined by pharmacopeial standards), extraction solvent(s) used, duration and temperature of extraction, and percentage and type of excipients present. Other important qualitative descriptions may include constituent “fingerprinting.” Despite these issues, Plant to Extract ratios are often used as a measure of extract strength for dosage calculations. This article defines and clarifies the meaning of Plant to Extract ratios and their proper use in describing and labeling botanical extract ingredients and finished products containing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monagas
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Monagas,
| | - Thomas Brendler
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Josef Brinckmann
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Steven Dentali
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Stefan Gafner
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Gabriel Giancaspro
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Holly Johnson
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - James Kababick
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Cuiying Ma
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Hellen Oketch-Rabah
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Pilar Pais
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Nandu Sarma
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Robin Marles
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, Rockville, MD, United States
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Husain I, Bala K, Khan IA, Khan SI. A review on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, drug interactions, and associated toxicities of licorice (
Glycyrrhiza
sp.). FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science Rani Durgavati University Jabalpur India
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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12
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Fabris E, Bulfoni M, Nencioni A, Nencioni E. Intra-Laboratory Validation of Alpha-Galactosidase Activity Measurement in Dietary Supplements. Molecules 2021; 26:1566. [PMID: 33809185 PMCID: PMC8000382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-galactosidase (α-Gal) is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolyzation of glycolipids and glycoprotein commonly found in dietary sources. More than 20% of the general population suffers from abdominal pain or discomfort caused by intestinal gas and by indigested or partially digested food residuals. Therefore, α-Gal is used in dietary supplements to reduce intestinal gases and help complex food digestion. Marketed enzyme-containing dietary supplements must be produced in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMPs). AIM in this work we illustrated the process used to develop and validate a spectrophotometric enzymatic assay for α-Gal activity quantification in dietary supplements. METHODS The validation workflow included an initial statistical-phase optimization of materials, reagents, and conditions, and subsequently a comparative study with another fluorimetric assay. A final validation of method performance in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, intermediate-precision repeatability, and system precision was then executed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The proven method achieved good performance in the quantitative determination of α-Gal activity in commercial food supplements in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals (ICH) guidelines and is suitable as a rapid in-house quality control test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fabris
- Biofarma Group Srl, Via Castelliere 2, Mereto di Tomba, 33036 Udine, Italy;
| | - Michela Bulfoni
- Institute of Pathology Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Nencioni
- IBSA Institut Biochimique SA, Via del Piano29, CH-6915 Pambio Noranco, Switzerland;
| | - Emanuele Nencioni
- Biofarma Group Srl, Via Castelliere 2, Mereto di Tomba, 33036 Udine, Italy;
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13
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Kellogg JJ, Paine MF, McCune JS, Oberlies NH, Cech NB. Selection and characterization of botanical natural products for research studies: a NaPDI center recommended approach. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1196-1221. [PMID: 30681109 PMCID: PMC6658353 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00065d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2018 Dietary supplements, which include botanical (plant-based) natural products, constitute a multi-billion-dollar industry in the US. Regulation and quality control for this industry is an ongoing challenge. While there is general agreement that rigorous scientific studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of botanical natural products used by consumers, researchers conducting such studies face a unique set of challenges. Botanical natural products are inherently complex mixtures, with composition that differs depending on myriad factors including variability in genetics, cultivation conditions, and processing methods. Unfortunately, many studies of botanical natural products are carried out with poorly characterized study material, such that the results are irreproducible and difficult to interpret. This review provides recommended approaches for addressing the critical questions that researchers must address prior to in vitro or in vivo (including clinical) evaluation of botanical natural products. We describe selection and authentication of botanical material and identification of key biologically active compounds, and compare state-of-the-art methodologies such as untargeted metabolomics with more traditional targeted methods of characterization. The topics are chosen to be of maximal relevance to researchers, and are reviewed critically with commentary as to which approaches are most practical and useful and what common pitfalls should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Mary F. Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jeannine S. McCune
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
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14
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Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC. The G115 standardized ginseng extract: an example for safety, efficacy, and quality of an herbal medicine. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:179-193. [PMID: 32148399 PMCID: PMC7031746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng products on the market show high variability in their composition and overall quality. This becomes a challenge for both consumers and health-care professionals who are in search of high-quality, reliable ginseng products that have a proven safety and efficacy profile. The botanical extract standardization is of crucial importance in this context as it determines the reproducibility of the quality of the product that is essential for the evaluation of effectiveness and safety. This review focuses on the well-characterized and standardized ginseng extract, G115, which represents an excellent example of an herbal drug preparation with constant safety and efficacy within the herbal medicinal products. Over the many decades, extensive preclinical and clinical research has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of G115. In vitro and in vivo studies of G115 have shown pharmacological effects on physical performance, cognitive function, metabolism, and the immune system. Furthermore, a significant number of G115 clinical studies, most of them double-blind placebo-controlled, have reinforced the findings of preclinical evidence and proved the efficacy of this extract on blood glucose and lipid regulation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, energy, physical performance, and immune and cognitive functions. Clinical trials and 50 years of presence on the market are proof of a good safety profile of G115.
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Key Words
- 3′,5′-AMP, adenosine 3′5′ monophosphate
- AMPK, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Blood glucose and lipid regulation
- CDR, cognitive drug research
- CDRI, cognitive drug research index
- CO, crossover
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- DB, double-blind
- DER, drug extract ratio
- Energy and physical performance
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FEF50, forced expiratory flow50
- FEF75, forced expiratory flow75
- FER, forced expiratory ratio
- FEV1, forced expiration volume in one second
- FEV1/FVC, ratio of FEV1/FVC
- FVC, forced vital capacity
- G115 standardized ginseng extract
- G115, standardized root extract of P. ginseng Meyer
- GACPs, good agricultural and collection practices
- GMPs, good manufacturing practices
- HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein
- HMPs, herbal medicinal products
- HbAlc, glycated hemoglobin
- Immune and cognitive functions
- LA, lipoic acid
- LDLc, low-density lipoprotein
- MVV, maximum ventilation volume
- PC, placebo-controlled
- PEF, peak expiration flow
- PEFR, peak expiration flow rate
- PFTs, pulmonary function tests
- PG, parallel group
- PGC-1α, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
- PS, pilot study
- PaO2, blood oxygen pressure
- R, randomized
- RVIP, rapid visual information processing
- S-SIgA, SIgA secretion rate
- SB, single-blind
- SFR, saliva flow rate
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SIgA, secretory immunoglobulin A
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- VO2 max, maximal oxygen consumption
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pO2, partial oxygen pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria C Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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15
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Waidyanatha S, Ryan K, Roe AL, Jia W, Paine MF, Ferguson S, Gurley BJ, Welch K, Chow MSS, Devito M, Rider C. Follow that botanical: Challenges and recommendations for assessing absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of botanical dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:194-202. [PMID: 30170118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements are complex mixtures containing one or more botanical ingredient(s), each containing numerous constituents potentially responsible for its purported biological activity. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data are critical to understand the safety of botanical dietary supplements, including their potential for pharmacokinetic botanical-drug or botanical-botanical interactions. However, ADME data for botanical dietary supplements are rarely available and frequently inadequate to characterize their fate in vivo. Based on an assessment of the current status of botanical dietary supplements ADME research, the following key areas are identified that require robust data for human safety assessment: 1) phytochemical characterization including contaminant analysis and botanical authentication; 2) in vitro and/or in vivo data for identifying potential botanical-botanical or botanical-drug interactions and active/marker constituents; 3) robust ADME study design to include systemic exposure data on active/marker constituents using traditional or novel analytical chemistry and statistical approaches such as poly-pharmacokinetics; and 4) investigation of human relevance. A case study with Ginkgo biloba extract is used to highlight the challenges and proposed approaches in using ADME data for human safety assessment of botanical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Amy L Roe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bill J Gurley
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kevin Welch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Moses S S Chow
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Michael Devito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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16
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Huang X, Liu Y, Zhang N, Sun X, Yue H, Chen C, Liu S. UPLC Orbitrap HRMS Analysis of Panax quinquefolium L. for Authentication of Panax Genus with Chemometric Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:25-35. [PMID: 28977419 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium L. were determined using developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) method with electrospray ionization and orbitrap MS analyzer in negative ionization mode. Optimal UPLC separation was achieved using a mixture of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase in linear gradient elution. The MS parameters were optimized for reliable detection with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity, and improved identification and quantification of ginsenosides. The applicability of this method was demonstrated on ginsenosides from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng) and Panax notoginseng (Sanchi) roots and products. The differences between Chinese and Northern American Panax quinquefolium L., main roots and hair roots, and products from different pharmacy were investigated. The results were also confirmed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminatory analysis. It indicated that the strategy can be extended to rapid and accurate authentication of Panax genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China.,Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
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17
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Nounou MI, Ko Y, Helal NA, Boltz JF. Adulteration and Counterfeiting of Online Nutraceutical Formulations in the United States: Time for Intervention? J Diet Suppl 2017; 15:789-804. [PMID: 29020476 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1360976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Global prevalence of nutraceuticals is noticeably high. The American market is flooded with nutraceuticals claiming to be of natural origin and sold with a therapeutic claim by major online retail stores such as Amazon and eBay. The objective of this commentary is to highlight the possible problems of online-sold nutraceuticals in the United States with respect to claim, adulterants, and safety. Furthermore, there is a lack of strict regulatory laws governing the sales, manufacturing, marketing, and label claims of nutraceutical formulations currently sold in the U.S. market. Major online retail stores and Internet pharmacies aid the widespread sale of nutraceuticals. Finally, according to the literature, many of these products were found to be either counterfeit or adulterated with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and mislabeled as being safe and natural. Therefore, regulatory authorities along with the research community should intervene to draw attention to these products and their possible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ismail Nounou
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Saint Joseph (USJ) , Hartford , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Appalachian College of Pharmacy , Oakwood , USA
| | - Yamin Ko
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Appalachian College of Pharmacy , Oakwood , USA
| | - Nada A Helal
- c Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Egypt
| | - Jeremy F Boltz
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Appalachian College of Pharmacy , Oakwood , USA
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18
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ElAmrawy F, ElAgouri G, Elnoweam O, Aboelazayem S, Farouk E, Nounou MI. Adulterated and Counterfeit Male Enhancement Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements Pose a Real Threat to the Management of Erectile Dysfunction: A Global Perspective. J Diet Suppl 2016; 13:660-93. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2016.1144231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Regulated differently than drugs or foods, the market for botanical dietary supplements continues to grow worldwide. The recently implemented U.S. FDA regulation that all botanical dietary supplements must be produced using good manufacturing practice is an important step toward enhancing the safety of these products, but additional safeguards could be implemented, and unlike drugs, there are currently no efficacy requirements. To ensure a safe and effective product, botanical dietary supplements should be developed in a manner analogous to pharmaceuticals that involves identification of mechanisms of action and active constituents, chemical standardization based on the active compounds, biological standardization based on pharmacological activity, preclinical evaluation of toxicity and potential for drug-botanical interactions, metabolism of active compounds, and finally, clinical studies of safety and efficacy. Completing these steps will enable the translation of botanicals from the field to safe human use as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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20
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Xie YY, Xiao X, Luo JM, Fu C, Wang QW, Wang YM, Liang QL, Luo GA. Integrating qualitative and quantitative characterization of traditional Chinese medicine injection by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1438-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Xie
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Juan-min Luo
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chan Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qiao-wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yi-ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qiong-lin Liang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guo-an Luo
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
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21
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Afolayan AJ, Wintola OA. Dietary supplements in the management of hypertension and diabetes - a review. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2014; 11:248-58. [PMID: 25371590 PMCID: PMC4202446 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of alternative therapies like herbs and dietary supplements is very common among hypertensive and diabetic patients all over the globe. Hypertension is a silent disease that causes increase in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal morbidity and mortality whereas diabetic complications cause heart attack, stroke, blindness and kidney disease. These are serious and chronic metabolic disorders that have a significant impact on the health, quality of life, and life expectancy of patients, as well as on the health care systems. Orthodox drugs used for the treatment of hypertension and diabetes produce side effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, constipation, diarrhea, weakness, fatigue and erectile dysfunction. The need for considering alternate therapies in the form of dietary supplements known to promote good health, having little or no side effects therefore arises. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review was carried out using comprehensive and systematic literature reports on the concurrent use of dietary supplements in the management of diabetes and hypertension. Empirical searches were conducted using Google scholar (http://scholar.google.com), and Science Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com). In addition to these databases, the University database was also used. Searches were also undertaken using keyword combinations such as dietary supplements and the names of the diseases in question. RESULT AND DISCUSSION This review chronicled the therapeutic values of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fruits, vegetables, herbs and other botanicals used as dietary supplements. Results show that these supplements provided better and safe substitutes to toxic and expensive conventional drugs. Generally dietary supplements are free from major side effects, readily available and affordable. It is envisaged that the use of dietary supplement will promote good health and improve the status of hypertensive and diabetic patients. CONCLUSION Medical doctors are therefore encouraged to incorporate dietary supplements into the regimen employed for hypertension and diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jide Afolayan
- Medicinal Plant and Economic Development Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Olubunmi Abosede Wintola
- Medicinal Plant and Economic Development Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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22
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Agarwal A, D'Souza P, Johnson TS, Dethe SM, Chandrasekaran C. Use of in vitro bioassays for assessing botanicals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 25:39-44. [PMID: 24484879 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro bio assays can play a vital role in evaluating botanicals ranging from comparative screening, interaction studies, bio-activity guided fractionation, biological characterization, assisting in stability studies to studying mechanism of actions. In this review, we present some challenges and common pitfalls of using bioassays for assessing botanicals including guidance to overcome them. The overall objective of this review is to improve the success of botanicals products by incorporating robust bioassays during various stages of research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agarwal
- R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Plot 5B, Veerasandra Industrial Area, Electronic City PO, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, Karnataka, India.
| | - Prashanth D'Souza
- R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Plot 5B, Veerasandra Industrial Area, Electronic City PO, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, Karnataka, India
| | - T Sudhakar Johnson
- R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Plot 5B, Veerasandra Industrial Area, Electronic City PO, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, Karnataka, India
| | - Shekhar M Dethe
- R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Plot 5B, Veerasandra Industrial Area, Electronic City PO, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, Karnataka, India
| | - Cv Chandrasekaran
- R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Plot 5B, Veerasandra Industrial Area, Electronic City PO, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100, Karnataka, India
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23
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Napolitano JG, Gödecke T, Lankin DC, Jaki BU, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Orthogonal analytical methods for botanical standardization: determination of green tea catechins by qNMR and LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 93:59-67. [PMID: 23870106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of analytical methods for parallel characterization of multiple phytoconstituents is essential to advance the quality control of herbal products. While chemical standardization is commonly carried out by targeted analysis using gas or liquid chromatography-based methods, more universal approaches based on quantitative (1)H NMR (qHNMR) measurements are being used increasingly in the multi-targeted assessment of these complex mixtures. The present study describes the development of a 1D qHNMR-based method for simultaneous identification and quantification of green tea constituents. This approach utilizes computer-assisted (1)H iterative Full Spin Analysis (HiFSA) and enables rapid profiling of seven catechins in commercial green tea extracts. The qHNMR results were cross-validated against quantitative profiles obtained with an orthogonal LC-MS/MS method. The relative strengths and weaknesses of both approaches are discussed, with special emphasis on the role of identical reference standards in qualitative and quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Napolitano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Tanja Gödecke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - David C Lankin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Birgit U Jaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - James B McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
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24
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Napolitano JG, Gödecke T, Rodríguez-Brasco MF, Jaki BU, Chen SN, Lankin DC, Pauli G. The tandem of full spin analysis and qHNMR for the quality control of botanicals exemplified with Ginkgo biloba. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:238-48. [PMID: 22332915 PMCID: PMC3388902 DOI: 10.1021/np200949v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies are widely used for health promotion and disease prevention. Due to the high chemical complexity of these natural products, it is essential to develop new analytical strategies to guarantee their quality and consistency. In particular, the precise characterization of multiple botanical markers remains a challenge. This study demonstrates how a combination of computer-aided spectral analysis and 1D quantitative ¹H NMR spectroscopy (qHNMR) generates the analytical foundation for innovative means of simultaneously identifying and quantifying botanical markers in complex mixtures. First, comprehensive ¹H NMR profiles (fingerprints) of selected botanical markers were generated via ¹H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA) with PERCH. Next, the ¹H fingerprints were used to assign specific ¹H resonances in the NMR spectra of reference materials, enriched fractions, and crude extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. These ¹H fingerprints were then used to verify the assignments by 2D NMR. Subsequently, a complete purity and composition assessment by means of 1D qHNMR was conducted. As its major strengths, this tandem approach enables the simultaneous quantification of multiple constituents without the need for identical reference materials, the semiquantitative determination of particular subclasses of components, and the detection of impurities and adulterants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Napolitano
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - Tanja Gödecke
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - María F. Rodríguez-Brasco
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - Birgit U. Jaki
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - David C. Lankin
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - GuidoF. Pauli
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
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25
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Liu ZQ. Chemical Insights into Ginseng as a Resource for Natural Antioxidants. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3329-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun
130021, China
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26
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mt A, bo O, gta J. Impact of G. applanatum, a multifunctional herbal extract on haematological profiles of laboratory rats: a preliminary study in Nigeria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Sanzini E, Badea M, Santos AD, Restani P, Sievers H. Quality control of plant food supplements. Food Funct 2011; 2:740-6. [PMID: 21847499 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is essential to guarantee the safety of unprocessed plants and food supplements if consumers' health is to be protected. Although botanicals and their preparations are regulated at EU level, at least in part, there is still considerable discretion at national level, and Member States may choose to classify a product either as a food supplement or as a drug. Accurate data concerning the finished products and the plant used as the starting point are of major importance if risks and safety are to be properly assessed, but in addition standardized criteria for herbal preparation must be laid down and respected by researchers and manufacturers. Physiologically active as well as potentially toxic constituents need to be identified, and suitable analytical methods for their measurement specified, particularly in view of the increasing incidence of economically motivated adulteration of herbal raw materials and extracts. It remains the duty of food operators to keep up with the scientific literature and to provide sufficient information to enable the adaptation of specifications, sampling schemes and analytical methods to a fast-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Sanzini
- Dept. Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Tu T, Giblin D, Gross ML. Structural determinant of chemical reactivity and potential health effects of quinones from natural products. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1527-39. [PMID: 21721570 DOI: 10.1021/tx200140s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although many phenols and catechols found as polyphenol natural products are antioxidants and have putative disease-preventive properties, others have deleterious health effects. One possible route to toxicity is the bioactivation of the phenolic function to quinones that are electrophilic, redox-agents capable of modifying DNA and proteins. The structure-property relationships of biologically important quinones and their precursors may help understand the balance between their health benefits and risks. We describe a mass-spectrometry-based study of four quinones produced by oxidizing flavanones and flavones. Those with a C2-C3 double bond on ring C of the flavonoid stabilize by delocalization of an incipient positive charge from protonation and render the protonated quinone particularly susceptible to nucleophilic attack. We hypothesize that the absence of this double bond is one specific structural determinant that is responsible for the ability of quinones to modify biological macromolecules. Those quinones containing a C2-C3 single bond have relatively higher aqueous stability and longer half-lives than those with a double bond at the same position; the latter have short half-lives at or below ∼1 s. Quinones with a C2-C3 double bond show little ability to depurinate DNA because they are rapidly hydrated to unreactive species. Molecular-orbital calculations support that quinone hydration by a highly structure-dependent mechanism accounts for their chemical properties. The evidence taken together support a hypothesis that those flavonoids and related natural products that undergo oxidation to quinones and are then rapidly hydrated are unlikely to damage important biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tu
- Center for Biomedical and Bioorganic Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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29
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Significant changes in dietary intake and supplement use after breast cancer diagnosis in a UK multicentre study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 128:473-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Tilton R, Paiva AA, Guan JQ, Marathe R, Jiang Z, van Eyndhoven W, Bjoraker J, Prusoff Z, Wang H, Liu SH, Cheng YC. A comprehensive platform for quality control of botanical drugs (PhytomicsQC): a case study of Huangqin Tang (HQT) and PHY906. Chin Med 2010; 5:30. [PMID: 20727161 PMCID: PMC2940884 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Establishing botanical extracts as globally-accepted polychemical medicines and a new paradigm for disease treatment, requires the development of high-level quality control metrics. Based on comprehensive chemical and biological fingerprints correlated with pharmacology, we propose a general approach called PhytomicsQC to botanical quality control. Methods Incorporating the state-of-the-art analytical methodologies, PhytomicsQC was employed in this study and included the use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for chemical characterization and chemical fingerprinting, differential cellular gene expression for bioresponse fingerprinting and animal pharmacology for in vivo validation. A statistical pattern comparison method, Phytomics Similarity Index (PSI), based on intensities and intensity ratios, was used to determine the similarity of the chemical and bioresponse fingerprints among different manufactured batches. Results Eighteen batch samples of Huangqin Tang (HQT) and its pharmaceutical grade version (PHY906) were analyzed using the PhytomicsQC platform analysis. Comparative analysis of the batch samples with a clinically tested standardized batch obtained values of PSI similarity between 0.67 and 0.99. Conclusion With rigorous quality control using analytically sensitive and comprehensive chemical and biological fingerprinting, botanical formulations manufactured under standardized manufacturing protocols can produce highly consistent batches of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tilton
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School Of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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31
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Cao H, Yu R, Choi Y, Ma ZZ, Zhang H, Xiang W, Lee DYW, Berman BM, Moudgil KD, Fong HHS, van Breemen RB. Discovery of cyclooxygenase inhibitors from medicinal plants used to treat inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2010; 61:519-24. [PMID: 20188172 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eleven authenticated botanicals used in the traditional Chinese medicine Huo-Luo-Xiao-Ling Dan were screened for ligands to cyclooxygenase (COX) using pulsed ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a mass spectrometry-based enzyme assay was used to determine the concentration of each of 17 ligands that inhibited COX-1 or COX-2 by 50% (IC(50)). Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, beta-boswellic acid, acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid, acetyl-beta-boswellic acid, and betulinic acid were COX-1 selective inhibitors with IC(50) values of approximately 10 microM. Senkyunolide O and cryptotanshinone were COX-2 selective inhibitors with IC(50) values of 5 microM and 22 microM, respectively. Roburic acid and phenethyl-trans-ferulate inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 equally. COX inhibition and the IC(50) values of most of these natural product ligands have not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, USA
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Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:198-216. [PMID: 20018204 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although herbal medicinal products (HMP) have been perceived by the public as relatively low risk, there has been more recognition of the potential risks associated with this type of product as the use of HMPs increases. Potential harm can occur via inherent toxicity of herbs, as well as from contamination, adulteration, plant misidentification, and interactions with other herbal products or pharmaceutical drugs. Regulatory safety assessment for HMPs relies on both the assessment of cases of adverse reactions and the review of published toxicity information. However, the conduct of such an integrated investigation has many challenges in terms of the quantity and quality of information. Adverse reactions are under-reported, product quality may be less than ideal, herbs have a complex composition and there is lack of information on the toxicity of medicinal herbs or their constituents. Nevertheless, opportunities exist to capitalise on newer information to increase the current body of scientific evidence. Novel sources of information are reviewed, such as the use of poison control data to augment adverse reaction information from national pharmacovigilance databases, and the use of more recent toxicological assessment techniques such as predictive toxicology and omics. The integration of all available information can reduce the uncertainty in decision making with respect to herbal medicinal products. The example of Aristolochia and aristolochic acids is used to highlight the challenges related to safety assessment, and the opportunities that exist to more accurately elucidate the toxicity of herbal medicines.
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33
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Gurley BJ. Clinical Pharmacology and Dietary Supplements: An Evolving Relationship. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 87:235-8. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rossi F, Gaio E, Torriani S. Staphylococcus aureus and Zygosaccharomyces bailii as primary microbial contaminants of a spoiled herbal food supplement and evaluation of their survival during shelf life. Food Microbiol 2009; 27:356-62. [PMID: 20227600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was carried out to identify the microbiota in a spoiled commercial food supplement consisting of a syrup suspension of a mixture of dried herbs and herb extracts. The product did not contain alkyl-p-hydroxybenzoates (parabens) as preservatives, was kept at room temperature and showed abundant gas formation. Colonies of distinct morphology were recovered on bacteria- and yeast-specific media, and tested for their ability to grow in the product. Genetic differentiation and identification of the microbial contaminants were achieved by RAPD-PCR and rDNA sequence analysis. The bacteria Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus humicus, Paenibacillus glycanilyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and the yeasts Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii were detected. Of the two S. aureus strains isolated, one was enterotoxigenic, as indicated by the presence of five SE genes. Quantitative Real-Time PCR tests, specific for this pathogen and for Z. bailii, a microbial agent causing fermentation processes and consequent food spoilage, were carried out to quantify these microorganisms in the product and identify their source among the herbal ingredients and the fructose syrup used as sweetener. Most components appeared to be contaminated by both S. aureus and Z. bailii. These findings indicate the need to improve hygienic practices in the industrial manufacturing of the food supplement, starting with herbal ingredients, to ensure a high quality of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Rossi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona, Italy
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35
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Overk CR, Yao P, Chen S, Deng S, Imai A, Main M, Schinkovitz A, Farnsworth NR, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. High-content screening and mechanism-based evaluation of estrogenic botanical extracts. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2008; 11:283-93. [PMID: 18473738 DOI: 10.2174/138620708784246022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms associated with menopause can greatly affect the quality of life for women. Botanical dietary supplements have been viewed by the public as safe and effective despite a lack of evidence indicating a urgent necessity to standardize these supplements chemically and biologically. Seventeen plants were evaluated for estrogenic biological activity using standard assays: competitive estrogen receptor (ER) binding assay for both alpha and beta subtypes, transient transfection of the estrogen response element luciferase plasmid into MCF-7 cells expressing either ER alpha or ER beta, and the Ishikawa alkaline phosphatase induction assay for both estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. Based on the combination of data pooled from these assays, the following was determined: a) a high rate of false positive activity for the competitive binding assays, b) some extracts had estrogenic activity despite a lack of ability to bind the ER, c) one extract exhibited selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity, and d) several extracts show additive/synergistic activity. Taken together, these data indicate a need to reprioritize the order in which the bioassays are performed for maximal efficiency of programs involving bioassay-guided fractionation. In addition, possible explanations for the conflicts in the literature over the estrogenicity of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia R Overk
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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PEARSON W, ORTH MW, LINDINGER MI. Differential anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of simulated digests of indomethacin and an herbal composite (MobilityTM) in a cartilage explant model of articular inflammation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:523-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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