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Yu Y, Cai H, Chen X, Xiao F, Qin K, Li J. Intimate partner violence and its associations among HIV-infected MSM with new drug abuse in Jinan, China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2517. [PMID: 38102660 PMCID: PMC10724906 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is prevalent among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), with well-established risk factors and adverse outcomes. However, there is a lack of comprehensive investigation of both upstream risk factors and downstream adverse outcomes among HIV-infected MSM in a Chinese context. This study aimed to examine IPV and its associations among a Chinese sample of HIV-infected MSM. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 294 HIV-infected MSM in Jinan City from June to December 2020. All data were collected through an online questionnaire, which included IPV, sexual risk behavior, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to examine risk factors and adverse outcomes of IPV. RESULTS Of the 294 HIV-infected MSM, 71.1% experienced any IPV, including control (37.1%), threat of public identity (30.6%), emotional violence (25.2%), security threat (18.4%), and physical violence (13.9%). The prevalence of sexual risk behavior, good ART adherence, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation was 55.1%, 53.4%, 48.3%, 32.3%, and 65.0%, respectively. Abuse of methamphetamine (METH) (aOR:2.79; 95%CI:1.43 ~ 5.45), capsule 0 or stimulating liquid (aOR:2.68; 95%CI:1.31 ~ 5.47), Magu (aOR:3.16; 95%CI:1.51 ~ 6.60), and other new drugs (aOR:2.87; 95%CI:1.52 ~ 5.43), disclosing HIV infection to partners (aOR:2.03; 95%CI:1.10 ~ 3.78), and gay sexual orientation (aOR = 3.32; 95%CI: 1.82 ~ 6.05) were significantly correlated with the experience of IPV. In addition, IPV was significantly associated with sexual risk behavior (aOR = 2.02; 95%CI:1.16 ~ 3.53), ART adherence (aOR = 2.63; 95%CI:1.46 ~ 4.74), depression (aOR = 3.83; 95%CI:2.09 ~ 7.02), anxiety (aOR = 2.27; 95%CI:1.19 ~ 4.35), and suicidal ideation (aOR = 3.78; 95%CI:2.11 ~ 6.80). CONCLUSIONS IPV is prevalent among HIV-infected MSM and is associated with poor behavioral and mental health, highlighting more efforts are needed to address this issue. The finding that new drug abuse, HIV disclosure, and gay sexual orientation are associated with increased risk of IPV provides essential insights for the development of comprehensive and targeted IPV prevention and intervention programs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
| | - Huiling Cai
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuqun Xiao
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
| | - Keke Qin
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- School of Politics and Public Administration, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
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Abaatyo J, Kaggwa MM, Favina A, Olagunju AT. Readmission and associated clinical factors among individuals admitted with bipolar affective disorder at a psychiatry facility in Uganda. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:474. [PMID: 37380963 PMCID: PMC10308791 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a common severe mental health condition with a relapsing course that may include periods of hospital re-admissions. With recurrent relapses and admissions, the course, prognosis, and patient's overall quality of life can be affected negatively. This study aims to explore the rates and clinical factors associated with re-admission among individuals with BAD. METHOD This study used data from a retrospective chart review of all records of patients with BAD admitted in 2018 and followed up their hospital records for four years till 2021 at a large psychiatric unit in Uganda. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the clinical characteristics associated with readmission among patients diagnosed with BAD. RESULTS A total of 206 patients living with BAD were admitted in 2018 and followed up for four years. The average number of months to readmission was 9.4 (standard deviation = 8.6). The incidence of readmission was 23.8% (n = 49/206). Of those readmitted during the study period, 46.9% (n = 23/49) and 28.6% (n = 14/49) individuals were readmitted twice and three times or more, respectively. The readmission rate in the first 12 months following discharge was 69.4% (n = 34/49) at first readmission, 78.3% (n = 18/23) at second readmission, and 87.5% (n = 12/14) at third or more times. For the next 12 months, the readmission rate was 22.5% (n = 11/49) for the first, 21.7% (n = 5/23) for the second, and 7.1% (n = 1/14) for more than two readmissions. Between 25 and 36 months, the readmission rate was 4.1% (n = 2/49) for the first readmission and 7.1% (n = 1/14) for the third or more times. Between 37 and 48 months, the readmission rate was 4.1% (n = 2/49) for those readmitted the first time. Patients who presented with poor appetite and undressed in public before admission were at increased risk of being readmitted with time. However, the following symptoms/clinical presentations, were protective against having a readmission with time, increased number of days with symptoms before admission, mood lability, and high energy levels. CONCLUSION The incidence of readmission among individuals living with BAD is high, and readmission was associated with patients' symptoms presentation on previous admission. Future studies looking at BAD using a prospective design, standardized scales, and robust explanatory model are warranted to understand causal factors for hospital re-admission and inform management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Abaatyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Mark Mohan Kaggwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Alain Favina
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among People with Severe Mental Illness in Tehran, Iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon-126696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: High-risk behaviors in people with severe mental illnesses, such drug injection by shared equipment and unprotected sex, expose them to the risk of blood-borne infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV serum markers in people with severe mental illnesses in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, people with mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, were studied. The participants were recruited using a non-random convenience sampling method from Roozbeh and Razi hospitals in Tehran between December 2019 and March 2020. Blood samples were evaluated for HCV-Ab, HBs Ag, HBs Ab, and HBc Ab using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Results: A total of 257 participants were recruited for this study; their mean age was 35.77 years, and 70.0% of whom were male. Bipolar disorder (40.5%) and schizophrenia (35.8%) were the most frequent severe mental disorders in the participants. The prevalence of HBV and HCV seromarkers was as follows: HBs Ag: 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0 - 2.0%), HBc Ab: 7.3% (95% CI: 4.6 - 11.3%), HBs Ab: 18.7% (95% CI: 14.1 - 24.0%), and HCV Ab: 3.1% (95% CI: 1.3 - 6.9%). In logistic regression analysis, tattooing (OR = 4.94, 95% CI: 1.73 - 14.13) and age (OR= 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.11) were associated with HBV infection (HBc Ab positivity), and only tattooing (OR= 6.33, 95% CI: 1.19 - 33.80) was significantly associated with exposure to HCV. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of HBsAg positivity in people with severe mental illness was not higher than that in the general population of Iran; however, HCV Ab positivity was more prevalent in people with severe mental illness than in the general population of Iran. Preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions for HCV infection are needed in this population in Iran.
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Doufik J, Zemmama H, Bouri S, Rabhi S, Boujraf S, Aalouane R, Rammouz I. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in patients with schizophrenia in Morocco. Infect Dis Now 2022; 52:304-305. [PMID: 35248765 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People with schizophrenia are likely to be overrepresented in high-risk categories for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HBC, and syphilis in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 444 patients were collected, as well as risk factors for STIs. Serological tests were performed. RESULTS Lifetime seroprevalence rates were 0.0% for HIV, 1.6% for HBV, 0.9% for HBC, and 3.6% for syphilis. These figures are lower than those reported in the general population except for syphilis. Only 0.45% of patients were seropositive for both HBV and syphilis. CONCLUSION No higher rates of HBV, HBC, and HIV seroprevalence were observed compared with the general population, except for syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Doufik
- Health sciences research Laboratory. Faculty of medicine, Ibn Zohr University, 80000, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - H Zemmama
- Laboratory of clinical neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - S Bouri
- Laboratory of clinical neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - S Rabhi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - S Boujraf
- Laboratory of clinical neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - R Aalouane
- Laboratory of clinical neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - I Rammouz
- Health sciences research Laboratory. Faculty of medicine, Ibn Zohr University, 80000, Agadir, Morocco
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Sudler A, Cournos F, Arnold E, Koester K, Riano NS, Dilley J, Liu A, Mangurian C. The case for prescribing PrEP in community mental health settings. Lancet HIV 2021; 8:e237-e244. [PMID: 33493438 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a biomedical HIV prevention modality that is up to 99% effective in preventing HIV acquisition through sex if taken as directed. People with serious mental illness (eg, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) are at high risk of acquiring HIV due to sexual behaviours, injection drug use, social factors, and structural discrimination that limits access to all types of preventive health services. We seek to show the importance of prioritising access to PrEP for people living with serious mental illness treated in community mental health settings. We describe barriers to prescribing PrEP, including provider attitudes and provider knowledge gaps, patient attitudes and knowledge, and systems issues. We also address the concerns that community mental health clinic administrators might have about taking on the responsibility of offering PrEP. In summary, despite the barriers to prescribing PrEP in these settings, we believe that there is a unique opportunity for community mental health settings to help address the HIV epidemic by facilitating the prescribing of PrEP to the at-risk populations they currently serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sudler
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francine Cournos
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Northeast/Caribbean AIDS Education and Training Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Arnold
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Koester
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Riano
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James Dilley
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Alliance Health Project, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Albert Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Mangurian
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Vulnerable Populations, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Saing CH, Prem K, Uk P, Chann N, Chhoun P, Mun P, Tuot S, Yi S. Prevalence and social determinants of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020; 14:77. [PMID: 33292352 PMCID: PMC7640420 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People who use drugs are at a disproportionately higher risk of mental disorders due to prolonged exposure to psychosocial challenges. However, studies on mental health among people who use drugs in resource-constrained countries are scarce. This study sheds light on the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia. Methods We conducted this cross-sectional study in the capital city and 11 provinces in 2017. The Respondent Driven Sampling method was adapted to recruit 1677 people who used drugs for face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). A total score of GHQ-12 > 2 indicated high psychological distress. We performed a multiple logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with psychological distress. Results We included 1598 participants in the analyses, with a mean age of 28.6 years (SD = 7.8). Of the total, 42% had high psychological distress – 50% in women and 37% in men. The adjusted odds of having high psychological distress were significantly higher among participants who were 25–34 years old and 35 years and above, had been to a drug rehabilitation center, had been insulted by family members, and had been sexually harassed/abused by someone when they were growing up. The odds of having high psychological distress were significantly lower among participants who were male, lived in their own dwelling, reported injecting as the mode of the first drug use, and had someone taking care of them when they got sick. Conclusions This study documents a high prevalence of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia. Intervention programs that attempt to address mental health problems among people who use drugs in resource-limited settings should be gender- and age-sensitive and target more marginalized subpopulations. Mental health services can be integrated into HIV and harm-reduction programs for people who use drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hang Saing
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Kiesha Prem
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ponha Uk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Navy Chann
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STD, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pheak Chhoun
- KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Phalkun Mun
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STD, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovannary Tuot
- KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siyan Yi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore. .,KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. .,Center for Global Health Research, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA. .,School of Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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Obo CS, Sori LM, Abegaz TM, Molla BT. Risky sexual behavior and associated factors among patients with bipolar disorders in Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:313. [PMID: 31653241 PMCID: PMC6815011 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with bipolar disorder are highly vulnerable to risky sexual behaviors (RSBs). The magnitude of RSBs among bipolar disorders was not studied in our population. The present study aimed to explore the prevalence of RSBs and associated factors among patients with bipolar disorder. METHOD An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 April to 30 May 2017 among people living with bipolar disorder at outpatient departments of Amanuel Mental Health Hospital, Addis Ababa. Systematic random sampling was used to select participants. Risky sexual behavior was defined as having sex with two or more sexual partners, having unprotected sexual intercourse, sex after alcohol consumption, exchanged money for sex in a previous 12 months. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face interview by a structured questionnaire adopted from behavioral surveillance survey. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with RSBs. RESULT A total of 424 participants were enrolled in the study, giving overall response rate of 96%. About 223(52.6%) were males. The prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 49.1% among bipolar patients. Male patients (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =2.23,95% CI = 1.27,3.92), patients in age group of 18-24(AOR = 2.08,95% CI = 1.47,3.81),current manic phase of the illness (AOR = 2.3195% CI,1.24,4.32) and current alcohol drinking (AOR = 3.70,95% CI = 2.01,6.78) had significant association with RSB. CONCLUSION Almost half of bipolar patients reported a risky sexual behavior. Current manic episode and the consumption of alcohol were independently associated with RSB. To reduce the burden of RSBs, mental health services which focuses on sexual behaviors of bipolar patients is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lamesa Melese Sori
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Melaku Abegaz
- University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bizuneh Tesfaye Molla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Among individuals with mental illness, the HIV infection rate is generally found to be substantially higher than in the general population. Understanding dimensions or subtypes of psychopathology linked with HIV risk behavior may enable development of targeted interventions to reduce HIV transmission. This study identified subgroups of women (n = 243) receiving outpatient psychiatric treatment based upon cluster analysis of indices of personality disorder and clinical symptom syndromes. High, medium, and low psychiatric severity cluster subgroups were found to differ significantly on key HIV risk variables. The high psychopathology subgroup revealed greater AIDS anxiety, more sexual partners, more sexual trading behaviors, less risk reduction self-efficacy, and less skill in condom usage than was found in one or both cluster subgroups characterized by less psychiatric severity. Results suggest that subgroups differentiated on the basis of levels of personality disorder and clinical symptom severity display differences in types and levels of HIV risk-related attitudes, beliefs, expectancies, skills, and behaviors that might guide development of tailored prevention intervention.
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Social Support as a Key Protective Factor against Depression in HIV-Infected Patients: Report from large HIV clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15489. [PMID: 29138432 PMCID: PMC5686163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most common mental health issue among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study explored how different types and sources of social support are associated with depression among HIV-infected patients in Vietnam. We carried out a cross-sectional survey on 1,503 HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at two HIV clinics in Hanoi in 2016. Depression was prevalent in 26.2% of participants. Higher score of social support, especially emotional/informational support and positive social interaction, showed significant association with lower depression rate. Although family was primary source of all types of social support, receiving emotional/informational support not only from family but also from outside of family correlated with a lower proportion of depression. In countries with constrained social resources and/or with family-oriented social structures, as in Vietnam, expanding social networks between HIV populations and society is a potentially important option for reducing depression.
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HIV-infection and psychiatric illnesses - A double edged sword that threatens the vision of a contained epidemic: The Greater Stockholm HIV Cohort Study. J Infect 2016; 74:22-28. [PMID: 27717780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Greater Stockholm HIV Cohort Study is an initiative to provide longitudinal information regarding the health of people living with HIV. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore the prevalence of HIV and its association with psychiatric co-morbidities. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS All patients with a recorded diagnosis of HIV (any position of the ICD-10 codes B20-B24) were identified during the period 2007-2014 and related to the total population in Stockholm by January 1, 2015, N = 2.21 million. The age at diagnosis, gender, and first occurrence of an HIV diagnosis was recorded. Analyses were done by age and gender. Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidities amongst HIV patients were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age-adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated with logistic regression for prevalent psychiatric co-morbidities in HIV infected individuals compared to the prevalence in the general population. RESULTS The total prevalence of HIV was 0.16%; females 0.10% (n = 1134) and males 0.21% (n = 2448). HIV-infected people were more frequently diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses and drug abuse. In females and males with HIV-diagnosis respectively, drug dependence disorder was 7.5 (7.76% vs 1.04%) and 5.1 (10.17% vs 1.98%) times higher, psychotic disorders were 6.3 (2.65% vs 0.42%) and 2.9 (1.43% vs 0.49%) times higher, bipolar disorder was 2.5 (1.41% vs 0.57%) and 3 (1.02% vs 0.34%) times higher, depression diagnosis was 1.5 (8.47% vs 5.82%) and 3.4 (10.17% vs 2.97%) higher, trauma-related disorder was 1.5 (6.00% vs 4.10%) respectively 2.9 (4.45% vs 1.56%) times higher, anxiety disorder was 1.2 (6.88% vs 5.72%) and 2.2 (6.54% vs 2.93%) times higher than in their non-infected peers. CONCLUSION Despite effective ART, many individuals with HIV have an impaired mental health and a history of drug abuse that may threaten the vision of a contained epidemic.
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Withers K, Biradavolu M, Jia Y, Kapetanovic S. How Locally Specific Factors May Impact the Delivery of HIV-Related Services to the Severely Mentally Ill in Washington, DC. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:49-50. [PMID: 26771866 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2015.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keenan Withers
- 1 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Yujiang Jia
- 3 DC HIV/AIDS , Hepatitis, STD and TB Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Suad Kapetanovic
- 1 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda, Maryland.,4 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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Biradavolu M, Jia Y, Withers K, Kapetanovic S. Factors Influencing the Delivery of HIV-Related Services to Severely Mentally Ill Individuals: The Provider's Perspective. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2015; 57:64-70. [PMID: 26688187 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMI) are disproportionately vulnerable to HIV infection but are not consistently engaged in HIV-related services. OBJECTIVE To understand factors influencing implementation of HIV-related services to individuals with SMI, we conducted a series of focus groups with multidisciplinary clinicians and staff serving individuals with SMI in outpatient, emergency, acute inpatient, and chronic inpatient levels of care. METHOD Six focus groups with 30 participants were conducted, audiotaped, and transcribed. Our qualitative analysis drew on Grounded Theory. Using NVivo Version 9, coding was conducted by the first and senior authors; interrater reliability was verified by running Coding Comparison queries. RESULTS The providers' narratives highlighted (1) patient-related factors, (2) stigma, and (3) administrative factors as themes particularly relevant to the delivery of HIV-related services to individuals with SMI. The reported relevance of these factors ranged across levels of care, from creating multiple barriers in the outpatient care to relatively seamless and effective delivery of full continuum of HIV-related services in the chronic inpatient environment, where adequate structural support is provided. CONCLUSION Providers' narratives suggest that effective delivery of HIV-related services for individuals with SMI requires sustained structural support that is coordinated across levels of psychiatric care and tailored to individual patient's needs. The narratives also suggest that such support is currently not available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yujiang Jia
- Washington DC HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD and TB Administration, Washington, DC
| | - Keenan Withers
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Suad Kapetanovic
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and The Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
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Gonzalez-Torres MA, Salazar MA, Imaz M, Inchausti L, Ibañez B, Fernandez-Rivas A, Pastor J, Anguiano B, Muñoz P, Ruiz E, Oraa R, Bustamante S, de Eulate SA, Cisterna R. Undertreatment of human immunodeficiency virus in psychiatric inpatients: a cross-sectional study of seroprevalence and associated factors. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1421-6. [PMID: 26089670 PMCID: PMC4468989 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s79939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of HIV and its associated demographic and clinical factors among psychiatric inpatients of a general hospital. METHODS This was a single-center, observational, cross-sectional study that included patients consecutively admitted to our unit aged 16 years or older and with no relevant cognitive problems. The patients were evaluated using a semistructured interview and an appropriate test for HIV infection. RESULTS Of the 637 patients who were screened, 546 (86%) who consented to participate were included in the analyses. Twenty-five (4.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-6.8) patients were HIV-positive. The prevalence was higher among patients with substance misuse (17.4%, 95% CI 9.7-28.8). All except one of the 25 patients knew of their seropositive condition prior to participation in the study. Only 14 (56%) of the 25 seropositive patients had previously received pharmacological treatment for their infection. According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, the likelihood of HIV infection was lower in patients with higher levels of education and higher among patients who were single, had history of intravenous drug use, and had an HIV-positive partner, particularly if they did not use condoms. Among the patients with HIV infection, 18 (72%) had a history of suicide attempts compared with 181 (34.7%) of the patients without HIV infection (relative risk 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.7; P<0.001). CONCLUSION HIV infection is highly prevalent in patients admitted to a psychiatric unit, especially those with a diagnosis of substance misuse. Seropositive patients show very poor treatment adherence. The risk of suicide seems to be very high in this population. Implementing interventions to reduce the suicide risk and improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy and psychotropic medications seems crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Torres
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Spain ; Psychiatry Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Imaz
- Microbiology Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lucía Inchausti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Spain ; Psychiatry Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Berta Ibañez
- Navarra Biomed-Miguel Servet Foundation, Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios y Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Fernandez-Rivas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Spain ; Psychiatry Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Pastor
- Mental Health Network of Biscay, Basque Health Service, Biscay, Spain
| | - Bosco Anguiano
- Mental Health Network of Biscay, Basque Health Service, Biscay, Spain
| | - Pedro Muñoz
- Mental Health Network of Biscay, Basque Health Service, Biscay, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Spain ; Psychiatry Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Oraa
- Mental Health Network of Biscay, Basque Health Service, Biscay, Spain
| | - Sonia Bustamante
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Spain ; Psychiatry Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Ramón Cisterna
- Microbiology Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain ; Department of Microbiology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Abayomi O, Adelufosi A, Adebayo P, Ighoroje M, Ajogbon D, Ogunwale A. HIV Risk Behavior in Persons with Severe Mental Disorders in a Psychiatric Hospital in Ogun, Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013; 3:380-4. [PMID: 24116318 PMCID: PMC3793444 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.117960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few studies in Nigeria have investigated HIV risk behavior among persons with severe mental disorders. This study examined HIV risk behavior and associated factors among patients receiving treatment at a Nigerian psychiatric hospital. Aim: To determine the HIV risk behavior in persons with severe mental disorders in a psychiatric hospital. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey involving 102 persons with serious mental disorders receiving treatment at a major psychiatric facility in Southwestern Nigeria. HIV risk screening instrument was self-administered to assess HIV risk behavior. A questionnaire was used to elicit socio-demographic variables while alcohol use was assessed with the alcohol use disorder identification test. Differences in HIV risk levels were examined for statistical significance using Chi square test. Results: Forty eight percent of the respondents engaged in HIV risk behavior. This study revealed that 10.8% (11/102) gave a history of sexually transmitted disease, 5.9% (6/102) reported sex trading and no reports of intravenous drug use was obtained. A single risk factor was reported by 19.6% (20/102), 12.7% (13/102) reported two risk factors and 15.7% (16/102) reported three or more risk factors. HIV risk behavior was significantly related to alcohol use (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Mental health services provide an important context for HIV/AIDS interventions in resource-constrained countries like Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Abayomi
- Department of Psychiatry, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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15
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Agénor M, Collins PY. Preventing HIV among U.S. women of color with severe mental illness: perceptions of mental health care providers working in urban community clinics. Health Care Women Int 2013; 34:281-302. [PMID: 23394326 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2012.755983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Given their knowledge of the behavioral issues related to psychiatric illness, mental health care providers are in a unique position to help prevent HIV among women with severe mental illness (SMI). We conducted in-depth interviews with providers at two New York City community clinics. We identified three major, interrelated themes pertaining to HIV prevention among women of color with SMI. Interventions that address the barriers that clinicians face in discussing sex, sexuality, and HIV with patients and train providers in the cultural considerations of cross-cultural mental health care are needed to help prevent HIV among women of color with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Agénor
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Chen M, Mooss A. HIV risk among female sex workers in Miami: the impact of violent victimization and untreated mental illness. AIDS Care 2011; 24:553-61. [PMID: 22085330 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2011.630342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Street-based female sex workers constitute a vulnerable population for HIV, as they are often enmeshed in chronic patterns of substance use, sexual risk, homelessness, and violent victimization. This study examined the specific contributions of victimization history and abuse-related traumagenic factors to mental health functioning and sexual risk behaviors, while considering the impact of environmental risk factors as well. Using targeted sampling strategies, we enrolled 562 Miami-based female sex workers into an intervention trial testing the relative effectiveness of two alternative case management conditions in establishing linkages with health services and reducing risk for HIV. Lifetime prevalence of abuse was extremely elevated at 88%. Nearly half reported abuse before the age of 18, while 34% reported violent encounters with "dates" or clients in the past 90 days. Serious mental illness (SMI) was quite common, with 74% reporting severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, or traumatic stress. For those with histories of abuse, SMI appeared to mediate the association between abuse-related trauma and unprotected sex behaviors. Mental health treatment would appear to be an important component of effective HIV prevention among this vulnerable group, and should form part of a compendium of services offered to female sex workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary L Surratt
- Center for Research on Substance Use & Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
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Adding the female condom to HIV prevention interventions for women with severe mental illness: a pilot test. Community Ment Health J 2011; 47:143-55. [PMID: 20336486 PMCID: PMC2930932 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-010-9302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of a gender-specific intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors by introducing female-initiated methods to urban women with severe mental illness. Seventy-nine women received 10 sessions of an HIV prevention intervention or a control intervention. The primary outcome was unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse, expressed using the Vaginal Episode Equivalent (VEE) score. Knowledge and use of the female condom were also assessed. Women in the HIV prevention intervention showed a three-fold reduction in the VEE score at the 3-month follow-up compared to the control group, but the difference was not significant. These women were significantly more likely to know about female condoms, have inserted one and used it with a sexual partner at the 3-month follow-up and to have inserted it at 6 months compared to controls. The female condom may be a useful addition, for a subset of women with SMI, to comprehensive HIV prevention programs.
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De Genna NM, Feske U, Angiolieri T, Gold MA. Race and sexually transmitted diseases in women with and without borderline personality disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 20:333-40. [PMID: 21219244 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) with and without a lifetime substance use disorder (SUD) and to compare their histories to those of a group of women with a current nonpsychotic axis I disorder. METHODS Two-hundred fifteen women completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses (SCID-I), Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality for Axis II diagnoses (SIDP-IV), and a sexual health interview. African American women were oversampled because little is known about BPD in African American women and because they are at greater risk for STDs than non-African American women. RESULTS Women with a lifetime SUD (especially cannabis use disorder) reported more STD risk factors and STDs than women without a lifetime SUD. BPD dimensional scores and African American race were predictors of STD, even after controlling for age, socioeconomic status (SES), SUDs, and participation in the sex trade. CONCLUSIONS Determining predictors of STDs within at-risk subpopulations may help reduce the spread of STDs and prevent HIV infection within these groups by helping providers identify women at the highest risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha M De Genna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4415 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Haffejee S, Groeneveld I, Fine D, Patel R, Bowman B. An assessment of counselling and support services for people living withHIV in Gauteng, South Africa: findings of a baseline study. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2010; 9:367-72. [DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2010.545642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Gonzalez-Torres MA, Salazar MA, Inchausti L, Ibañez B, Pastor J, Gonzalez G, Carvajal MJ, Fernandez-Rivas A, Madrazo A, Ruiz E, Basterreche E. Lifetime Sexual Behavior of Psychiatric Inpatients. J Sex Med 2010; 7:3045-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Etgen T, Eberl B, Freudenberger T. Anti-retroviral therapy-induced status epilepticus in "pseudo-HIV serodeconversion". Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010; 32:559.e15-7. [PMID: 20851280 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diligence in the interpretation of results is essential as information gained from the psychiatric patient's history might often be restricted. Nonobservance of established guidelines may lead to a wrong diagnosis, induce a false therapy and result in life-threatening situations. Communication errors between hospitals and doctors and uncritical acceptance of prior diagnoses add substantially to this problem. We present a patient with alcohol-related dementia who received anti-retroviral therapy that promoted a non-convulsive status epilepticus. HIV serodeconversion was considered after our laboratory result yielded a HIV-negative status. Critical review of previous diagnostic investigations revealed several errors in the diagnosis of HIV infection leading to a "pseudo-serodeconversion." Finally, anti-retroviral therapy could be discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorleif Etgen
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Traunstein, D- 83278 Traunstein, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
AIM Previous studies have consistently reported high rates of risky behaviour for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) amongst individuals with persistent psychosis. Whether such behaviours are evident from the first presentation or relate to a chronic illness course remains largely undetermined, with limited research conducted amongst young people with first episode psychosis. The aim of the current study was to compare engagement in sexual risk behaviour amongst young people with first episode psychosis with their peers. METHODS Sixty-seven sexually active young people with first episode psychosis and 48 healthy control participants (aged 18-29 years) closely matched on sociodemographic characteristics completed a detailed questionnaire assessing a comprehensive range of sexual risk behaviours. RESULTS There were few differences in the rates of sexual risk behaviour reported by the first episode sample and their peers. Compared with control participants, young people with first episode psychosis reported significantly more inconsistent condom use, less condom-related preparatory behaviour, more concern about HIV/STIs when sex was unprotected, less confidence discussing condom use and increased substance use by their last sexual partner. CONCLUSIONS The sexual behaviour of young people with first episode psychosis appears similar to their peers. However, group differences, particularly increased frequency of unprotected sex amongst the first episode sample, suggest that those with psychosis are at increased STI risk and have distinct needs. The findings support the call for early intervention strategies that target reduction of sexual risk behaviour in the context of persistent mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Brown
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
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23
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Farhat F, Daftary MN, Downer GA, Momin F. Managing mentally and physically challenged HIV patients. J Natl Med Assoc 2010; 101:1283-6. [PMID: 20070017 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Management of mentally and physically challenged patients is complex, as it can involve ethical, social, and medical issues, and adding the provision of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care further complicates management. There continues to be limited information in the literature in caring for these types of patients. We provide 2 unique HIV cases--one who is mentally challenged and the other who is blind--and how management was approached. A list of select resources to aid both providers and patients is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Farhat
- Division of Infectious Disease (Dr Farhat, assistant professor, interim chief), Natvision of Infectious Disease, Clinical Director, NMAETC, Howard University Collegergia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
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24
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Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Musisi S, Mpungu SK, Katabira E. Clinical presentation of bipolar mania in HIV-positive patients in Uganda. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2009; 50:325-30. [PMID: 19687171 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary mania in HIV-positive individuals has been well documented; however, cases of bipolar mania in HIV infection occur, as well. OBJECTIVE This is the first controlled study of the demographic and clinical characteristics of bipolar mania and secondary mania in persons with HIV/AIDS in Uganda and Africa. METHOD Patients were consecutively recruited from the adult psychiatric wards of Makerere University (Uganda) teaching hospitals. Diagnosis of acute manic episode was based on DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS The HIV-positive patients with bipolar mania had more immune suppression and more cognitive impairment, suggesting that these patients may already have been cognitively and functionally impaired by their mental illness by the time they acquired HIV infection. DISCUSSION These findings may be used to help clinicians and policymakers recognize and design appropriate interventions for this vulnerable group of patients. Further studies to delineate the phenomenology of mania in patients with HIV infection/AIDS are warranted.
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25
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Senn TE, Carey MP. HIV testing among individuals with a severe mental illness: review, suggestions for research, and clinical implications. Psychol Med 2009; 39:355-363. [PMID: 18606051 PMCID: PMC2640447 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708003930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is elevated among individuals with a severe mental illness (SMI). Because of the benefits of HIV testing, it is important for individuals with SMI to have routine access to testing. The goals of this review are: to summarize knowledge about HIV testing prevalence, correlates, and interventions among individuals with an SMI; to identify research needs; and to discuss clinical implications of the studies reviewed.MethodLiterature searches were conducted using PsycINFO, PubMed, and Medline. Additional articles were obtained from reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS Fewer than one-half of individuals with an SMI have been tested for HIV in the past year. Engaging in sex or drug risk behavior was the only consistent correlate of HIV testing. Interventions for promoting HIV testing among individuals with an SMI have not been well developed or evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Research on HIV testing among individuals with an SMI is needed. Mental health settings may be opportune venues for HIV testing, even though providers face ethical challenges when implementing testing programs in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Senn
- Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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26
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Collins PY, von Unger H, Armbrister A. Church ladies, good girls, and locas: stigma and the intersection of gender, ethnicity, mental illness, and sexuality in relation to HIV risk. Soc Sci Med 2008; 67:389-97. [PMID: 18423828 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inner city women with severe mental illness may carry multiple stigmatized statuses. In some contexts these include having a mental illness, being a member of an ethnic minority group, being an immigrant, being poor, and being a woman who does not live up to gendered expectations. These potentially stigmatizing identities influence both the way women's sexuality is viewed and their risk for HIV infection. This qualitative study applies the concept of intersectionality to facilitate understanding of how these multiple identities intersect to influence women's sexuality and HIV risk. We report the firsthand accounts of 24 Latina women living with severe mental illness in New York City. In examining the interlocking domains of these women's sexual lives, we find that the women seek identities that define them in opposition to the stigmatizing label of "loca" (Spanish for crazy) and bestow respect and dignity. These identities have unfolded through the additional themes of "good girls" and "church ladies". Therefore, in spite of their association with the "loca", the women also identify with faith and religion ("church ladies") and uphold more traditional gender norms ("good girls") that are often undermined by the realities of life with a severe mental illness and the stigma attached to it. However, the participants fall short of their gender ideals and engage in sexual relationships that they experience as disempowering and unsatisfying. The effects of their multiple identities as poor Latina women living with severe mental illness in an urban ethnic minority community are not always additive, but the interlocking effects can facilitate increased HIV risks. Interventions should acknowledge women's multiple layers of vulnerability, both individual and structural, and stress women's empowerment in and beyond the sexual realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y Collins
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Collins PY, Elkington KS, von Unger H, Sweetland A, Wright ER, Zybert PA. Relationship of stigma to HIV risk among women with mental illness. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2008; 78:498-506. [PMID: 19123772 DOI: 10.1037/a0014581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urban women with severe mental illness (SMI) are vulnerable to stigma and discrimination related to mental illness and other stigmatized labels. Stigma experiences may increase their risk for negative health outcomes, such as HIV infection. This study tests the relationship between perceived stigma and HIV risk behaviors among women with SMI. The authors interviewed 92 women attending community mental health programs using the Stigma of Psychiatric Illness and Sexuality Among Women Questionnaire. There were significant relationships between personal experiences of mental illness and substance use accompanying sexual intercourse; perceived ethnic stigma and having a riskier partner type; and experiences of discrimination and having a casual or sex-exchange partner. Higher scores on relationship stigma were associated with a greater number of sexual risk behaviors. The findings underscore the importance of exploring how stigma attached to mental illness intersects with other stigmatized labels to produce unique configurations of HIV risk. HIV risk reduction interventions and prevention research should integrate attention to stigmatized identities in the lives of women with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y Collins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Senn TE, Carey MP. HIV, STD, and Sexual Risk Reduction for Individuals with a Severe Mental Illness: Review of the Intervention Literature. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY REVIEWS 2008; 4:87-100. [PMID: 18584060 PMCID: PMC2440705 DOI: 10.2174/157340008784529313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies indicate that HIV infection rates are elevated among individuals with a severe mental illness (SMI) compared to the general population. The higher prevalence of HIV among individuals with SMI has prompted the development and evaluation of tailored sexual risk reduction programs for these individuals. In this paper, we review the literature on sexual risk-reduction interventions for individuals with SMI, including interventions for both uninfected and infected individuals. We discuss components of successful interventions, identify limitations in the current literature, and highlight directions for future research. Finally, we conclude with implications for clinical practice, including a discussion of the challenges and advantages to implementing sexual risk reduction interventions for individuals with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Senn
- Center for Health and Behavior Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Michael P. Carey
- Center for Health and Behavior Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
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Dyer JG, McGuinness TM. Reducing HIV Risk Among People with Serious Mental Illness. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2008; 46:26-34. [DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20080401-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Campos LN, Guimarães MDC, Carmo RA, Melo APS, Oliveira HND, Elkington K, McKinnon K. HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C prevalence among patients with mental illness: a review of the literature. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2008; 24 Suppl 4:s607-20. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2008001600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A limited number of studies worldwide have investigated the prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C infection among psychiatric patients. However, prevalence of these infections in the population with chronic mental illness has not been clearly established. Most of the published papers are from developed countries and have derived from relatively small and non-representative samples. We performed a systematic review of the published literature to identify studies on these infectious diseases within psychiatric populations in Brazil and other developing countries. Overall, prevalence rates varied from 0% to 29% for HIV; 1.6% to 66% for HBV; 0.4% to 38% for HCV; and 1.1% to 7.6% for syphilis. Several risk factors were identified and discussed, although sampling limitations restrict the generalization of study findings. This review highlights the lack of information on the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and their associated factors among persons with chronic mental illness and identifies gaps in the knowledge base in both developing and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Columbia University, U.S.A
| | - Ricardo Andrade Carmo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Secretaria Municipal de Saúde; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Souto Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Instituto Raul Soares, Brasil
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Koen L, Uys S, Niehaus DJH, Emsley RA. Negative Symptoms and HIV/AIDS Risk-Behavior Knowledge in Schizophrenia. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2007; 48:128-34. [PMID: 17329606 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.48.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia sufferers have been demonstrated to have relatively poor HIV/AIDS risk-behavior knowledge and, as a group, are found to be particularly vulnerable to contracting HIV. The authors asked whether an association could be demonstrated between specific symptoms and differing levels of knowledge. A structured clinical interview and HIV/AIDS Risk Questionnaires were administered to 102 subjects, and a principal-component analysis was performed for global and individual items, followed by comparisons between factors. Three factors (negative, positive, and global thought-disorder) emerged as significant between poor HIV/AIDS risk-behavior knowledge and higher negative-symptom scores. Findings support the notion that existing educational programs should be adapted to target specific areas of deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezl Koen
- Ngaphakathi Workgroup, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Loue S, Sajatovic M. Spirituality, coping, and HIV risk and prevention in a sample of severely mentally ill Puerto Rican women. J Urban Health 2006; 83:1168-82. [PMID: 17131192 PMCID: PMC3261281 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-006-9130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hispanics have been disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS. Although HIV risk is significantly elevated among severely mentally ill persons (SMI), the risk of infection appears to be even greater among those SMI who are Hispanic, reflecting the increased risk of HIV among Hispanics. We report on findings from the first 41 participants in a qualitative study examining the context of HIV risk and risk reduction strategies among severely mentally ill Puerto Rican women residents in northeastern Ohio. Individuals participated in a baseline interview, two follow-up interviews, and up to 100 hours of shadowing. Interviews and shadowing activities were recorded and analyzed using a grounded theory. The majority of individuals reported using identification with a religious faith. A large proportion of the participants reported that their religious or spiritual beliefs were critical to their coping, had influenced them to reduce risk, and/or provided them with needed social support. Several participants also reported having experienced rejection from their faith communities. The emphasis on spirituality among Puerto Rican SMI is consistent with previous research demonstrating the importance of spirituality in the Hispanic culture and reliance on spiritual beliefs as a mean of coping among SMI. Our results support the incorporation of spiritual beliefs into secular HIV prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Loue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Minority Public Health, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4945, USA.
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Sullivan G, Kanouse D, Young AS, Han X, Perlman J, Koegel P. Co-location of health care for adults with serious mental illness and HIV infection. Community Ment Health J 2006; 42:345-61. [PMID: 16909323 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-006-9053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study describes persons with serious mental illness and comorbid HIV infection and examines the effect of co-location of mental health and HIV care on satisfaction, service utilization, and appropriateness of care. One hundred and eighteen subjects completed interviews and gave blood samples; medical records were abstracted. Most reported few barriers to care and satisfaction with mental health and HIV treatment. Co-location of mental health and HIV care did not influence satisfaction with care, utilization of services, or appropriateness of care. This report challenges the notion that persons with serious mental illnesses receive inadequate health care and that they have minimal capacity for illness management. These subjects may be benefiting from increased funding for, and attention to, persons with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer Sullivan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), North Little Rock, AR 72114, USA.
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Collins PY, Holman AR, Freeman MC, Patel V. What is the relevance of mental health to HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs in developing countries? A systematic review. AIDS 2006; 20:1571-82. [PMID: 16868437 PMCID: PMC2801555 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000238402.70379.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of AIDS treatment initiatives in resource-poor settings provides an opportunity for integrating mental health care into these programs. This systematic review of the literature on HIV and mental illness in developing countries examines the mental health risk factors for HIV, mental health consequences of HIV, psychosocial interventions of relevance for HIV-infected and affected populations, and highlights the relevance of these data for HIV care and treatment programs. We reviewed seven studies that measured the prevalence of HIV infection among clinic and hospital-based populations of people with mental illness or assessed sexual risk behavior in these populations; 30 studies that described the mental health consequences of HIV infection; and two reports of psychosocial interventions. The review demonstrates the need for methodologically sound studies of mental health throughout the course of HIV, including factors that support good mental health, and interventions that employ identified variables (e.g. coping, family support) for efficacy in reducing symptoms of mental illness. Promising intervention findings should encourage investigators to begin to study the implementation of these interventions in HIV service settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y. Collins
- The College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York, USA
- The Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, New York, New York, USA
- The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alea R. Holman
- The Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Vikram Patel
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Hutchinson DS, Gagne C, Bowers A, Russinova Z, Skrinar GS, Anthony WA. A framework for health promotion services for people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2006; 29:241-50. [PMID: 16689034 DOI: 10.2975/29.2006.241.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of wellness and its complement, health promotion, have popularized the notion that health itself is more than simply the absence of disease. Furthermore, the wellness concept has advanced the idea of the importance of engaging in certain health promoting behaviors within healthy environments, not simply for the purpose of preventing or better managing a disease, but also to enhance one's well-being and quality of life (Green & Kreuter, 1991; Mullen, 1986). Encouraging this emphasis on wellness is Healthy People 2010 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000), a national ten-year plan intended to increase quality and years of life and eliminate disparities which for the now features a new area that recognizes the importance of health promotion and disease prevention in the lives of people with disabilities. Increasingly, the value of promoting wellness--including for people with disabilities--is being recognized (Rimmer & Braddock, 2002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dori S Hutchinson
- Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, MA 02215, USA.
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Meade CS, Sikkema KJ. HIV risk behavior among adults with severe mental illness: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2005; 25:433-57. [PMID: 15914265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adults with severe mental illness (SMI) have been disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This systematic review of the empirical literature on SMI documents the prevalence and correlates of HIV risk behaviors, discusses clinical implications for HIV prevention, and recommends directions for future research. Prevalence rates of HIV risk behaviors were estimated using weighted means, and findings on correlates were synthesized. Across reviewed studies (N=52), the majority of adults with SMI were sexually active, and many engaged in risk behaviors associated with HIV transmission (e.g., unprotected intercourse, multiple partners, injection drug use). HIV risk behaviors were correlated with factors from the following domains: psychiatric illness, substance use, childhood abuse, cognitive-behavioral factors, and social relationships. A proposed model illustrates the multiple pathways linking these domains to HIV risk behavior. Further research using improved methodologies (e.g., longitudinal designs, standardized measures, multivariate analyses) is needed to examine the broader social context in which HIV risk behavior occurs and identify underlying processes. HIV prevention efforts targeting adults with SMI must occur on multiple levels (e.g., individual, group, community, structural/policy), address several domains of influence (e.g., psychiatric illness, trauma history, social relationships), and be integrated into existing services (e.g., psychotherapy, substance abuse treatment, housing programs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Meade
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, The Consultation Center, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Green G, Smith R. The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review. HIV Med 2004; 5 Suppl 1:5-46. [PMID: 15113395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Green
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
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Tubman JG, Gil AG, Wagner EF, Artigues H. Patterns of sexual risk behaviors and psychiatric disorders in a community sample of young adults. J Behav Med 2004; 26:473-500. [PMID: 14593854 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025776102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study documents significant associations between patterns of sexual risk behaviors and psychiatric diagnoses in a multiethnic community sample of young adults (N = 1803) in South Florida. Self-report data regarding sexual behavior and psychiatric symptoms were collected in structured interviews in a follow-up of an earlier school-based study. Cluster analysis was used to group participants with regard to levels of sexual risk behaviors during the past year. Chi-square analysis and ANOVA identified significant associations between cluster membership and (a) lifetime and (b) past year diagnoses for affective disorders, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, alcohol abuse/dependence, marijuana abuse/dependence, and other drug abuse/dependence. In addition, higher levels of sexual risk behaviors were associated with higher levels of cumulative lifetime psychiatric disorders. Implications for selected prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the treatment of psychiatric disorders in young adulthood are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Tubman
- Community-Based Intervention Research Group, MARC Building-Suite 310, Florida International University, University Park Campus, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
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