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Maher S, Geoghegan C, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers to improve oral bioavailability of macromolecules: reasons for low efficacy in humans. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:273-300. [PMID: 32937089 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1825375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are substances that transiently alter the intestinal epithelial barrier to facilitate permeation of macromolecules with low oral bioavailability (BA). While a number of PEs have progressed to clinical testing in conventional formulations with macromolecules, there has been only low single digit increases in oral BA, irrespective of whether the drug met primary or secondary clinical endpoints. AREAS COVERED This article considers the causes of sub-optimal BA of macromolecules from PE dosage forms and suggests approaches that may improve performance in humans. EXPERT OPINION Permeation enhancement is most effective when the PE is co-localized with the macromolecule at the epithelial surface. Conditions in the GI tract impede optimal co-localization. Novel delivery systems that limit dilution and spreading of the PE and macromolecule in the small intestine have attempted to replicate promising enhancement efficacy observed in static drug delivery models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Geoghegan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Twarog C, Liu K, O'Brien PJ, Dawson KA, Fattal E, Illel B, Brayden DJ. A head-to-head Caco-2 assay comparison of the mechanisms of action of the intestinal permeation enhancers: SNAC and sodium caprate (C 10). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:95-107. [PMID: 32387703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10) are the two leading intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) in oral peptide formulations in clinical trials. There is debate over their mechanism of action on intestinal epithelia. The aims were: (i) to compare their effects on the barrier function by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), permeability of FITC-4000 (FD4) across Caco-2 monolayers, and on immunohistochemistry of tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins; and (ii) to compare cellular parameters using conventional end-point cytotoxicity assays and quantitative high content analysis (HCA) of multiple sub-lethal parameters in Caco-2 cells. C10 (8.5 mM) reversibly reduced TEER and increased FD4 permeability across monolayers, whereas SNAC had no effects on either parameter except at cytotoxic concentrations. C10 exposure induced reorganization of three TJ proteins, whereas SNAC only affected claudin-5 localization. High concentrations of C10 and SNAC were required to cause end-point toxicology changes in vitro. SNAC was less potent than C10 at inducing lysosomal and nuclear changes and plasma membrane perturbation. In parallel, HCA revealed that both agents displayed detergent-like features that reflect initial membrane fluidization followed by changes in intracellular parameters. In conclusion, FD4 permeability increases in monolayers in response to C10 were in the range of concentrations that altered end-point cytotoxicity and HCA parameters. For SNAC, while HCA parameters were also altered in a similar overall pattern as C10, they did not lead to increased paracellular flux. These assays show that both agents are primarily surfactants, but C10 has additional TJ-opening effects. While these in vitro assays illucidate their epithelial mechanism of action, clinical experience suggests that they over-estimate their toxicology in the dynamic intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Twarog
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kai Liu
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Peter J O'Brien
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kenneth A Dawson
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elias Fattal
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Galien, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Brigitte Illel
- Drug Product Development, Small Molecules Oral Platform, Sanofi Research and Development, Montpellier, France
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Sawangrat K, Yamashita S, Tanaka A, Morishita M, Kusamori K, Katsumi H, Sakane T, Yamamoto A. Modulation of Intestinal Transport and Absorption of Topotecan, a BCRP Substrate, by Various Pharmaceutical Excipients and Their Inhibitory Mechanisms of BCRP Transporter. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1315-1325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Buckley ST, Bækdal TA, Vegge A, Maarbjerg SJ, Pyke C, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Madsen KG, Schéele SG, Alanentalo T, Kirk RK, Pedersen BL, Skyggebjerg RB, Benie AJ, Strauss HM, Wahlund PO, Bjerregaard S, Farkas E, Fekete C, Søndergaard FL, Borregaard J, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Knudsen LB. Transcellular stomach absorption of a derivatized glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/467/eaar7047. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar7047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of therapeutic peptides is hindered by poor absorption across the gastrointestinal barrier and extensive degradation by proteolytic enzymes. Here, we investigated the absorption of orally delivered semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, coformulated with the absorption enhancer sodiumN-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) aminocaprylate] (SNAC) in a tablet. In contrast to intestinal absorption usually seen with small molecules, clinical and preclinical dog studies revealed that absorption of semaglutide takes place in the stomach, is confined to an area in close proximity to the tablet surface, and requires coformulation with SNAC. SNAC protects against enzymatic degradation via local buffering actions and only transiently enhances absorption. The mechanism of absorption is shown to be compound specific, transcellular, and without any evidence of effect on tight junctions. These data have implications for understanding how highly efficacious and specific therapeutic peptides could be transformed from injectable to tablet-based oral therapies.
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Maher S, Mrsny RJ, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:277-319. [PMID: 27320643 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are one of the most widely tested strategies to improve oral delivery of therapeutic peptides. This article assesses the intestinal permeation enhancement action of over 250 PEs that have been tested in intestinal delivery models. In depth analysis of pre-clinical data is presented for PEs as components of proprietary delivery systems that have progressed to clinical trials. Given the importance of co-presentation of sufficiently high concentrations of PE and peptide at the small intestinal epithelium, there is an emphasis on studies where PEs have been formulated with poorly permeable molecules in solid dosage forms and lipoidal dispersions.
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El-Sayed M, Ginski M, Rhodes CA, Ghandehari H. Influence of Surface Chemistry of Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimers on Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911503018001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of surface charge of poly(amidoamine), PAMAM, dendrimers on the integrity, paracellular permeability, and viability of Caco-2 cell monolayers by monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), mannitol permeability, and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme, respectively. Neutral PAMAMOH, generations 2-4 (G2-G4), and anionic PAMAM-COOH (G-0.5-G4.5) dendrimers were incubated with Caco-2 cell monolayers at donor concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM for 90, 150, and 210 min. Neutral G2-G4 and anionic G-0.5, G0.5, G1.5 and G4.5 dendrimers did not cause any significant change in TEER or mannitol permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Anionic G2.5 and G3.5 dendrimers, however, caused an incubation time-dependant decline in TEER values and up to a 6-fold increase in mannitol permeability. All anionic PAMAM-COOH dendrimers caused an incubation time-, concentration-, and generation-dependant LDH leakage that was not observed with neutral PAMAM-OH dendrimers. These studies suggest a size and/or charge “window” where anionic dendrimers may enhance paracellular transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers further confirming their potential as drug carriers and permeation enhancers for oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Sayed
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20 N. Pine Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, USA, Present address: University of Washington Department of Bioengineering Box: 352255, AERL 341A Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Mark Ginski
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Department of Pharmaceutics 6411 Beckley Street Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA, Present address: Shire Laboratories, Inc., Department of Preformulation Sciences 1550 East Gude Drive Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Christopher A. Rhodes
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Department of Pharmaceutics 6411 Beckley Street Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20 N. Pine Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, USA
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Al Mamun A, Matsuzaki K, Arai H. Docosahexaenoic acid: one molecule diverse functions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:579-597. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Karsdal MA, Riis BJ, Mehta N, Stern W, Arbit E, Christiansen C, Henriksen K. Lessons learned from the clinical development of oral peptides. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:720-32. [PMID: 25408230 PMCID: PMC4415709 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral delivery of peptides and proteins has been hampered by an array of obstacles. However, several promising novel oral delivery systems have been developed. This paper reviews the most advanced oral formulation technologies, and highlights key lessons and implications from studies undertaken to date with these oral formulations. Special interest is given to oral salmon calcitonin (CT), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, PYY-(3-36), recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH(1-31)-NH2) and PTH(1-34), by different technologies. The issues addressed include (i) interaction with water, (ii) interaction with food, (iii) diurnal variation, (iv) inter- and intra-subject variability, (v) correlation between efficacy and exposure and (vi) key deliverables of different technologies. These key lessons may aid research in the development of other oral formulations.
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Ni Y, Yu J, Xu JP, Meng XL. Enhanced delivery of human growth hormone across cell membrane by Tat-PTD. Endocrine 2014; 46:138-47. [PMID: 24006181 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we utilized the HIV protein Tat protein transduction domain (Tat-PTD) to enhance the intestinal absorption of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) delivered by oral administration. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), the key factor in the GH signal transduction pathway, was differentially affected at the mRNA level by various concentrations of rhGH. At high rhGH concentrations (500 ng/ml), IGF-1 was downregulated, while low concentrations (5 ng/ml) caused IGF-1 upregulation. The addition of Tat-PTD had a significant facilitating effect on rhGH. Frozen tissue sections visualized with fluorescence microscopy, cultured cells visualized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry all confirmed that rhGH fused to Tat-PTD demonstrated more intracellular fluorescent signal when compared to rhGH alone. ELISA showed that after 2 h of incubation, Tat-rhGH levels in the rat intestinal cavity were 1.38-fold higher than rhGH. These data indicated that Tat-PTD effectively improved the internalization of rhGH and enhance the signal transduction of rhGH, possibly laying a solid foundation for the novel oral administration of rhGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Enhanced bioavailability of poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds through drug complex/in situ gelling formulation. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:63-70. [PMID: 24004566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BCS class III hydrophilic compounds are often associated with low oral bioavailability due to their poor epithelial permeability in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we reported an approach of incorporating a drug complex into an in situ gelling muco-adhesive carrier to achieve an improved bioavailability of a poorly absorbed hydrophilic compound. A new molecular entity (RWJ-445167) from Johnson and Johnson was used as a model compound. The compound was first complexed with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The complex was then incorporated into an in situ gelling muco-adhesive carrier Cremophor for formulation characterization and rat pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. The study results showed that RWJ-445167 bound to SLS at a stoichiometric ratio. By complexing with SLS, the compound became lipophilic. The aqueous solubility of RWJ-445167 dropped to 0.58 mg/mL for the complex from 61 mg/mL for the free compound, while the partitioning coefficient of the complex increased to 7.59, compared with 0.05 of the free compound. In the rat PK study, with duodenal administration, the complex in the in situ-gelling formulation achieved 28.24% of bioavailability, compared to 4.26% of the free compound solution. The enhanced bioavailability was also significantly higher than those in the RWJ-445167/SLS physical mixture in Cremophor (14.91%), the complex in non-gelling carrier PEG 400 (9.95%) and the RWJ-445167/SLS physical mixture in PEG 400 carrier (8.60%). The study demonstrates that incorporation of a drug complex into an in situ gelling formulation provides a new approach to improving bioavailability of BCS class III drugs.
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Karsdal MA, Henriksen K, Bay-Jensen AC, Molloy B, Arnold M, John MR, Byrjalsen I, Azria M, Riis BJ, Qvist P, Christiansen C. Lessons Learned From the Development of Oral Calcitonin: The First Tablet Formulation of a Protein in Phase III Clinical Trials. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 51:460-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270010372625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hariyadi DM, Wang Y, Lin SCY, Bostrom T, Bhandari B, Coombes AGA. Novel alginate gel microspheres produced by impinging aerosols for oral delivery of proteins. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:250-61. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.646329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cyanocobalamin Formulated With Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate (SNAC): An Open-Label, Randomized, Single-Dose, Parallel-Group Study in Healthy Male Subjects. Clin Ther 2011; 33:934-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McIntyre C, Schmidt J, Castelli M, Bittner B. Study on the impact of SNAC (sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate) on the bioavailability of ibandronate (IBN) in postmenopausal women. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Henriksen K, Bay-Jensen AC, Christiansen C, Karsdal MA. Oral salmon calcitonin--pharmacology in osteoporosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1617-29. [PMID: 20932224 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.526104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Osteoporosis is a slow progressive disease with develops over decades, and where intervention is needed for an extended number of years. This highlights the need for safe intervention possibilities, which have sustained beneficial effects post-treatment. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Articles on salmon calcitonin appearing on Pubmed from 1960 until today, with focus on a newly developed oral formulation showing increased exposure and efficacy compared with nasal formulation is reviewed. The second half focuses on long-term phenomena, such as bone quality and resolution effects. The final part discusses potential additional benefits of salmon calcitonin. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Insight into the clinical development of an orally formulated peptide, as well as a detailed understanding of why this approach could revive salmon calcitonin as a treatment for osteoporosis. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The oral formulation of salmon calcitonin provides additional benefits and increased efficacy on bone based on Phase I and II clinical trials data, as compared with the nasal formulation. Hence, the results on the ongoing Phase III fracture trial are awaited with great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Li P, Zhu CL, Zhang XX, Gan L, Yu HZ, Gan Y. Reversible inhibitory effects of saturated and unsaturated alkyl esters on the carboxylesterases activity in rat intestine. Lipids 2010; 45:603-12. [PMID: 20532832 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the carbon chain length/double bonds of alkyl esters and their inhibitory potency/mechanism on carboxylesterases (CESs). CESs activity was evaluated by inhibition of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) metabolism in rat intestinal homogenates. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of BNPP and ethyl (E)-hex-2-enoate (C8:1) on drug absorption was evaluated in situ intestinal perfusion model. The results showed that the rank order of the inhibitory potency on CESs was C10:0 > C8:0 > C6:0 > C4:0 > C12:0, C8:1 > C8:0, C6:1 > C6:0, while the esters (C14:0, C13:1, C16:0, C18:0, C17:1, C20:0) were found to have no inhibitory effect at investigated concentrations. However, the unsaturated esters (C20:1, C20:2, C20:3) displayed the inhibitory effect on CESs. Moreover, the double reciprocal plots indicated that alky esters inhibited the CESs in competitive and mixed competitive ways which were reversible. In addition, the result of most effective CESs inhibitor C8:1 from in situ experiment showed that C8:1 can inhibit the CESs-mediated intestinal metabolism and improve the drug absorption. And the inhibition had no time-dependent effect, compared with that of BNPP groups. The study suggested that alkyl esters can be served as effective and reversible CESs inhibitors, besides that their inhibitory potency/mechanism can be affected by their carbon chain length/double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Park JW, Kim SK, Al-Hilal TA, Jeon OC, Moon HT, Byun Y. Strategies for oral delivery of macromolecule drugs. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-3058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Karsdal MA, Byrjalsen I, Henriksen K, Riis BJ, Lau EM, Arnold M, Christiansen C. The effect of oral salmon calcitonin delivered with 5-CNAC on bone and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic patients: a 14-day randomized study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:150-9. [PMID: 19747581 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of oral salmon calcitonin (oSCT) administered over 14 days to men and women presenting with osteoarthritis (OA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a phase-I, 2-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, gender-stratified study including 73 subjects aged 57-75 years. Patients had painful OA with a Kellgren and Lawrence index score of I-III. Treatment allocations were; 0.6 mg, 0.8 mg of oSCT, or placebo. Treatment was given twice daily for 14 days. The morning dose was administered between 07:00 and 08:00 at least 30 min before breakfast. The second dose was administered 30 min before evening dinner. On treatment day 1 and 14, the morning dose was followed by 5h of fasting, and blood samples and urine were collected immediately prior to dosing and according to the protocol. Study parameters were: plasma sCT levels, bone resorption by CTX-I (serum C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I), bone formation by osteocalcin (serum OC), and cartilage degradation by CTX-II (urine C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type II) (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00486369). RESULTS Doses of 0.8 mg compared with 0.6 mg produced significantly higher C(max) and AUC(0-4 hrs), of calcitonin, P=0.03. This resulted in significant reductions in CTX-I and CTX-II, [P<0.0001; P=0.007]. No differences were observed between baseline and follow-up at day 14 in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Gender had no observable influence on results. CONCLUSIONS oSCT given twice daily with a pre-dinner and morning fasting dosing resulted in reductions in markers of bone resorption and cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Karsdal MA, Byrjalsen I, Azria M, Arnold M, Choi L, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. Influence of food intake on the bioavailability and efficacy of oral calcitonin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 67:413-20. [PMID: 19371314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the influence of food intake on the bioavailability and pharmacodynamic effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT). METHODS A single-blind, randomized, partly placebo-controlled study was conducted in 36 healthy postmenopausal female volunteers aged 62-74 years. The influence of food intake on oral dosing with 0.8 mg of sCT at 22.00 h was evaluated for a (i) predose meal at 18.00 h, (ii) predose meal at 20.00 h, (iii) predose meal at 21.00 h, (iv) postdose meal at 22.10 h, (v) no meal, and (vi) meal at 20.00 h and placebo at 22.00 h. Study biomarkers were plasma sCT levels and changes in the bone resorption marker CTX-I (C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I). RESULTS The predose meal at 18.00 and 21.00 h significantly decreased relative oral bioavailability of sCT to 26% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09, 0.73 and 0.09, 0.75, P= 0.009 and P= 0.01]. The meal consumed 10 min after dosing decreased the oral bioavailability of sCT to 59% (95% CI 0.21, 1.68), although nonsignificant (P= 0.48). This decreased bioavailability led to lower relative suppression of serum CTX-I, with an AUC of the 4-h efficacy response of -91%-x-hours for those receiving a meal at 18.00 h, compared with -238%-x-hours for fasting subjects. The Dunnett-adjusted difference between these two treatment sequences was 147%-x-hours (95% CI 68, 225) (P= 0.0003). The AUC was comparable among fasting subjects and those consuming a meal 10 min after dosing. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial dosing may limit the bioavailability of orally administered sCT. Maximal benefit can be achieved by dosing at least 10 min prior to meal time.
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Karsdal MA, Byrjalsen I, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. Investigation of the diurnal variation in bone resorption for optimal drug delivery and efficacy in osteoporosis with oral calcitonin. BMC CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 8:12. [PMID: 19055791 PMCID: PMC2611964 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6904-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Bone resorption displays marked diurnal variation. Reversible inhibition of bone resorption may result in best possible efficacy when bone resorption peaks. The aim of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of 0.8 mg of oral salmon calcitonin (sCT) and the effect of timing of drug intake. Methods The study was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase I study to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of 0.8 mg of oral sCT in healthy postmenopausal women. Totally 81 subjects were included, aimed at investigation of a morning dose given at 8:00 (n = 42), a pre-dinner dose given at 17:00 (n = 20), and an evening dose given at 22:00 (n = 19). Plasma sCT concentrations and bone resorption (C-terminal-telopeptide of collagen type I (CTX-I)) was assessed. Results Morning and pre-dinner dosing led to comparable concentration of sCT of 45 pg/ml, whereas there was a tendency towards lower Cmax for the evening dosing having a mean of 24 pg/ml. The maximum difference from placebo was observed 1 to 3 hours post-dose with a 40 to 50% suppression consequent to morning dose, and about 75% suppression after pre-dinner and evening dose, due to the increase bone resorption as a result of circadian variation. Conclusion The study suggests that orally administered 0.8 mg of salmon calcitonin was effective in suppression of serum CTX irrespective of time of dosing. The pre-dinner dosing resulted in optimum efficacy response corresponding to an overall suppression of bone resorption by 25%. Trial registration NCT00411125
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev/, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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22
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Barta CA, Sachs-Barrable K, Feng F, Wasan KM. Effects of Monoglycerides on P-Glycoprotein: Modulation of the Activity and Expression in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:863-75. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800050q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheri A. Barta
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina Sachs-Barrable
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Florina Feng
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kishor M. Wasan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Föger F, Kopf A, Loretz B, Albrecht K, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Correlation of in vitro and in vivo models for the oral absorption of peptide drugs. Amino Acids 2007; 35:233-41. [PMID: 17726639 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate two in vitro models, Caco-2 monolayer and rat intestinal mucosa, regarding their linear correlation with in vivo bioavailability data of therapeutic peptide drugs after oral administration in rat and human. Furthermore the impact of molecular mass (Mm) of the according peptides on their permeability was evaluated. Transport experiments with commercially available water soluble peptide drugs were conducted using Caco-2 cell monolayer grown on transwell filter membranes and with freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Using type chambers. Apparent permeability coefficients (P (app)) were calculated and compared with in vivo data derived from the literature. It was shown that, besides a few exceptions, the Mm of peptides linearly correlates with permeability across rat intestinal mucosa (R (2) = 0.86; y = -196.22x + 1354.24), with rat oral bioavailability (R (2) = 0.64; y = -401.90x + 1268.86) as well as with human oral bioavailability (R (2) = 0.91; y = -359.43x + 1103.83). Furthermore it was shown that P (app) values of investigated hydrophilic peptides across Caco-2 monolayer displayed lower permeability than across rat intestinal mucosa. A correlation between P (app) values across rat intestinal mucosa and in vivo oral bioavailability in human (R (2) = 0.98; y = 2.11x + 0.34) attests the rat in vitro model to be a very useful prediction model for human oral bioavailability of hydrophilic peptide drugs. Presented correlations encourage the use of the rat in vitro model for the prediction of human oral bioavailabilities of hydrophilic peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Föger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Bur M, Huwer H, Lehr CM, Hagen N, Guldbrandt M, Kim KJ, Ehrhardt C. Assessment of transport rates of proteins and peptides across primary human alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 28:196-203. [PMID: 16533597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated bi-directional fluxes (i.e., in absorptive and secretive directions) of human serum proteins [albumin (HSA), transferrin (TF), and immunoglobulin G (IgG)] and peptides/proteins of potential therapeutic relevance [insulin (INS), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), growth hormone (GH), and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] across tight monolayers of human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEpC) in primary culture. Apparent permeability coefficients (P(app); x10(-7)cm/s, mean+/-S.D.) for GLP-1 (6.13+/-0.87 (absorptive) versus 1.91+/-0.51 (secretive)), HSA (2.45+/-1.02 versus 0.21+/-0.31), TF (0.88+/-0.15 versus 0.30+/-0.03), and IgG (0.36+/-0.22 versus 0.15+/-0.16) were all strongly direction-dependent, i.e., net absorptive, while PTH (2.20+/-0.30 versus 1.80+/-0.77), GH (8.33+/-1.24 versus 9.02+/-3.43), and INS (0.77+/-0.15 versus 0.72+/-0.36) showed no directionality. Trichloroacetic acid precipitation analysis of tested molecules collected from donor and receiver fluids exhibited very little degradation. This is the first study on permeability data for a range of peptides and proteins across an in vitro model of the human alveolar epithelial barrier. These data indicate that there is no apparent size-dependent transport conforming to passive restricted diffusion for the tested substances across human alveolar barrier, in part confirming net absorptive transcytosis. The obtained data differ significantly from previously published reports utilising monolayers from different species. It can be concluded that the use of homologous tissue should be preferred to avoid species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bur
- Saarland University, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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25
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Arbit E, Goldberg M, Gomez-Orellana I, Majuru S. Oral heparin: status review. Thromb J 2006; 4:6. [PMID: 16686945 PMCID: PMC1526416 DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin are the most commonly used antithrombotic and thromboprophylactic agents in hospital practice. Extended out-of-hospital treatment is inconvenient in that these agents must be administered parenterally. Current research is directed at development of a safe and effective oral antithrombotic agent as an alternative for the effective, yet difficult to use vitamin K antagonists. A novel drug delivery technology that facilitates transport of drugs across the gastrointestinal epithelium has been harnessed to develop an oral dosage form of unfractionated heparin. Combining unfractionated heparin with the carrier molecule, sodium N-(8 [2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino) caprylate, or SNAC has markedly increased the gastrointestinal absorption of this drug. Preclinical and clinical studies to-date suggests that oral heparin-SNAC can confer a clinical efficacious effect; further confirmation is sought in planned clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Arbit
- Emisphere Technologies Inc. 765 Old Saw Mill River Road. Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Michael Goldberg
- Emisphere Technologies Inc. 765 Old Saw Mill River Road. Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Shingai Majuru
- Emisphere Technologies Inc. 765 Old Saw Mill River Road. Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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26
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Onuki Y, Morishita M, Chiba Y, Tokiwa S, Takayama K. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Induce Changes in the Physical Properties of a Lipid Bilayer Model Membrane. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:68-71. [PMID: 16394552 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of fatty acids such as stearic acid (SA, 18:0), oleic acid (OA, 18:1), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) on a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer by determining the phase transition temperature, fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), and detergent insolubility. Treatment with unsaturated fatty acid broadened and shifted the phase transitions of the DPPC bilayer to a lower temperature. The phase transition temperature and the value of fluorescence anisotropy of DPH at 37 degrees C decreased progressively with increasing treatment amounts of unsaturated fatty acid. A large amount of the DPPC bilayer treated with unsaturated fatty acid was dissolved in Triton X-100, obtaining a low level of detergent insolubility. These modifications of the bilayer physical properties were most pronounced with DHA and EPA treatment. These data show that unsaturated fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA, induce a marked change in the lipid bilayer structure. The composition of fatty acids in the DPPC bilayer was similar after treatment with various unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that the different actions of unsaturated fatty acids are attributed to change in the molecular structure (e.g., kinked conformation by double bonds). We further explored the change in physical properties induced by fatty acids dispersed in a water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion and found that unsaturated fatty acids acted efficiently on the DPPC bilayer, even when incorporated in emulsion form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Onuki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Dong L, Yum A, Nguyen J, Wong P. Enhanced ileal absorption of a hydrophilic macromolecule, pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2005; 15:671-82. [PMID: 15264667 DOI: 10.1163/156856204323046924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An in situ gelling, bioadhesive liquid formulation was developed to enhance the bioavailbility (BA) of a polysaccharide, pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). The formulation was tested to determine its bioavailability enhancement in a non-flush/non-ligated rat ileal model. A potent synergistic effect was found with a gelling agent Cremophor and a permeation enhancer sodium salicylate. The absolute bioavailabilities were 1.9%, 4.6%, 6.3% and 46.4%, respectively, for the PPS solution in saline, sodium salicylate/PPS, Cremophor/PPS and Cremophor/sodium salicylate/PPS. Therefore, we successfully demonstrated the approach of utilizing an in situ gelling/bioadhesive liquid carrier to enhancing the bioavailability of a hydrophilic macromolecule at the distal small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- ALZA Corporation, 1010 Joaquin Road, P.O. Box 7210, Mountain View, CA 94039-7210, USA.
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28
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Ding X, Rath P, Angelo R, Stringfellow T, Flanders E, Dinh S, Gomez-Orellana I, Robinson JR. Oral Absorption Enhancement of Cromolyn Sodium Through Noncovalent Complexation. Pharm Res 2004; 21:2196-206. [PMID: 15648250 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-7671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate (SNAC) on the permeation of cromolyn across Caco-2 cell monolayers and explore the molecular basis for the enhanced absorption. METHODS Transport studies of cromolyn across Caco-2 cell monolayers were conducted in the presence of various SNAC concentrations. Permeation of cellular transport markers and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured to evaluate cell integrity. Molecular interactions betweent the two compounds were investigated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier-transfrom infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies and molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS The absorption of cromolyn across Caco-2 monolayers was enhanced markedly by SNAC. SNAC did not cause significant LDH leakage and changes in the permeation of transport markers. ITC, spectroscopies, and molecular dynamic simulations indicated the existence of intermolecular interactions between cromolyn and SNAC that involve the 2-hydroxybenzamide moiety on SNAC and weaken the hydrogen bonding between cromolyn and surrounding water molecules. CONCLUSIONS SNAC increases the permeability of Caco-2 monolayers to cromolyn without measurable cell damage. SNAC interacts with cromolyn mainly via ring stacking. One major mode of interaction appears to involve the insertion of the aromatic ring of SNAC between cromolyn's rings. Such interaction appears to reduce the hydration of cromolyn and thus optimize its hydrophobicity for oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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29
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Souza VMD, Shertzer HG, Menon AG, Pauletti GM. High glucose concentration in isotonic media alters caco-2 cell permeability. AAPS PHARMSCI 2004; 5:E24. [PMID: 14621959 PMCID: PMC2750934 DOI: 10.1208/ps050324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cell permeability was evaluated in isotonic media containing high (25 mM) or physiological (5.5 mM) glucose concentrations. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and membrane fluidity were measured to assess glucose-induced alterations in physical barrier properties. In parallel, distribution of the actin filament (F-actin) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) proteins was assessed by confocal microscopy. Transepithelial fluxes of mannitol, hydrocortisone, digoxin, and glycyl sarcosine (Gly-Sar) that permeate the intestinal mucosa by various pathways were measured to quantify the effect of glucose-induced changes on Caco-2 cell permeability. High glucose decreased maximum TEER of cell monolayers by 47%, whereas membrane fluidity at the hydrophobic core and lipid/polar head interphase was significantly increased. F-actin distribution in high glucose cells appeared more diffuse while ZO-1 was unchanged. Mannitol and hydrocortisone fluxes across Caco-2 cells cultured in high glucose increased by 65% and 24%, respectively. In addition, high glucose decreased the maximum transport capacity (Vmax) of PepT-1. P-glycoprotein activity, however, was unchanged. In conclusion, high extracellular glucose concentration in isotonic media significantly alters physical barrier properties of Caco-2 cell monolayers, which predominantly affects transepithelial transport of solutes permeating the cell barrier by paracellular and transcellular passive diffusion and facilitated transport mediated by the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (PepT-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. D Souza
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Howard G. Shertzer
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Anil G. Menon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Giovanni M. Pauletti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Abstract
The rapid integration of new technologies by the pharmaceutical industry has resulted in numerous breakthroughs in the discovery, development and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. In particular, the commercial-scale production of high-purity recombinant proteins has resulted in important additions to treatment options for many large therapeutic areas. In addition to proteins, other macromolecules, such as the animal-derived mucopolysaccharide heparins, have also seen dramatic growth as injectable pharmaceutical products. To date, macromolecules have been limited as therapeutics by the fact that they cannot be orally delivered. This article will address the current status and future possibilities of oral macromolecular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goldberg
- Emisphere Technologies Inc, 765 Old Saw Mill River Road Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA.
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31
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El-Sayed M, Ginski M, Rhodes C, Ghandehari H. Transepithelial transport of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers across Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Control Release 2002; 81:355-65. [PMID: 12044574 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of physiochemical parameters (such as size, molecular weight, molecular geometry, and number of surface amine groups) of poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, on their permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The permeability of a series of PAMAM dendrimers, generations 0-4 (G0-G4), was investigated across Caco-2 cell monolayers in both the apical to basolateral (AB) and basolateral to apical (BA) directions. The influence of PAMAM dendrimers on the integrity, paracellular permeability, and viability of Caco-2 cell monolayers was also monitored by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), mannitol permeability, and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme, respectively. G0, G1 and G2 demonstrated similar AB permeabilities, which were moderate several fold higher than the AB permeability of higher generations. The AB and BA permeability of G0-G4 typically increased with the increase in donor concentration and incubation time. Permeability values are not reported at generations, concentrations or incubation times that the dendrimers were toxic to Caco-2 cells. TEER values decreased and mannitol permeability increased as a function of donor concentration, incubation time, and generation number. LDH results for G3 and G4 indicate that Caco-2 cell viability was reduced with increasing donor concentration, incubation time, and generation number. The appreciable permeability of G0-G2, coupled with their nontoxic effects on Caco-2 cells, suggest their potential as water-soluble polymeric drug carriers for controlled oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Sayed
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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32
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Chittchang M, Alur HH, Mitra AK, Johnston TP. Poly(L-lysine) as a model drug macromolecule with which to investigate secondary structure and membrane transport, part I: Physicochemical and stability studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:315-23. [PMID: 11902797 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021778556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Low oral bioavailability of therapeutic peptides and proteins generally results from their poor permeability through biological membranes and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Since different secondary structures exhibit different physicochemical properties such as hydrophobicity, size and shape, changing the secondary structure of a therapeutic polypeptide may be another approach to increasing its membrane permeation. Poly(L-lysine) was used as a model polypeptide. The objectives of this study were to induce secondary structural changes in poly(L-lysine) and to determine the time course over which a given conformer was retained. In addition, the hydrophobicity of each secondary structure of poly(L-lysine) was assessed. The circular dichroism (CD) studies demonstrated that the conditions employed could successfully induce the desired secondary structural changes in poly(L-lysine). The alpha-helix conformer appeared to be more stable at 25 degrees C whereas the beta-sheet conformer could be preserved at 37 degrees C. On the other hand, the random coil conformer was retained at both temperatures. Significant losses of the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet conformers were observed when the pH was reduced. The change in ionic strength did not affect any of the conformers. The octanol/buffer partitioning studies indicated that the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet conformers exhibited significantly different (P < 0.05) hydrophobicities. In conclusion, variation of pH and temperature conditions can be used to induce secondary structural changes in poly(L-lysine). These changes are reversible when the stimuli are removed. The alpha-helix and the beta-sheet conformers of poly(L-lysine) are more lipophilic than the native random coil conformer. Thus, poly(L-lysine) may represent an ideal model polypeptide with which to further investigate the effects of secondary structure on membrane diffusion or permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montakarn Chittchang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
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Abstract
This review addresses the field of improving oral bioavailability through the use of excipients that increase intestinal membrane permeability. The critical issues to consider in evaluating these approaches are 1) the extent of bioavailability enhancement achieved, 2) the influence of formulation and physiological variables, 3) toxicity associated with permeation enhancement, and 4) the mechanism of permeation enhancement. The categories of permeation enhancers discussed are surfactants, fatty acids, medium chain glycerides, steroidal detergents, acyl carnitine and alkanoylcholines, N-acetylated alpha-amino acids and N-acetylated non-alpha-amino acids, and chitosans and other mucoadhesive polymers. Some of these approaches have been developed to the stage of initial clinical trials. Several seem to have potential to improve oral bioavailabilities of poorly absorbed compounds without causing significant intestinal damage. In addition, the possible use of excipients that inhibit secretory transport is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Aungst
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co., P. O. Box 80400, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA.
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