1
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Natsubori A, Hirai S, Kwon S, Ono D, Deng F, Wan J, Miyazawa M, Kojima T, Okado H, Karashima A, Li Y, Tanaka KF, Honda M. Serotonergic neurons control cortical neuronal intracellular energy dynamics by modulating astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle. iScience 2023; 26:105830. [PMID: 36713262 PMCID: PMC9881222 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The central serotonergic system has multiple roles in animal physiology and behavior, including sleep-wake control. However, its function in controlling brain energy metabolism according to the state of animals remains undetermined. Through in vivo monitoring of energy metabolites and signaling, we demonstrated that optogenetic activation of raphe serotonergic neurons increased cortical neuronal intracellular concentration of ATP, an indispensable cellular energy molecule, which was suppressed by inhibiting neuronal uptake of lactate derived from astrocytes. Raphe serotonergic neuronal activation induced cortical astrocytic Ca2+ and cAMP surges and increased extracellular lactate concentrations, suggesting the facilitation of lactate release from astrocytes. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of raphe serotonergic neurons partly attenuated the increase in cortical neuronal intracellular ATP levels as arousal increased in mice. Serotonergic neuronal activation promoted an increase in cortical neuronal intracellular ATP levels, partly mediated by the facilitation of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, contributing to state-dependent optimization of neuronal intracellular energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Natsubori
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan,Corresponding author
| | - Shinobu Hirai
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ono
- Department of Neuroscience Ⅱ, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinxia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Momoka Miyazawa
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan,Faculty of Science Division Ⅱ, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiro Karashima
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai 982-8577, Japan
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kenji F. Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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2
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Kamma E, Lasisi W, Libner C, Ng HS, Plemel JR. Central nervous system macrophages in progressive multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurodegeneration and therapeutics. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:45. [PMID: 35144628 PMCID: PMC8830034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited treatment options available for progressive MS. The development of new drugs for the treatment of progressive MS remains challenging as the pathophysiology of progressive MS is poorly understood. The progressive phase of MS is dominated by neurodegeneration and a heightened innate immune response with trapped immune cells behind a closed blood–brain barrier in the central nervous system. Here we review microglia and border-associated macrophages, which include perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages, during the progressive phase of MS. These cells are vital and are largely the basis to define lesion types in MS. We will review the evidence that reactive microglia and macrophages upregulate pro-inflammatory genes and downregulate homeostatic genes, that may promote neurodegeneration in progressive MS. We will also review the factors that regulate microglia and macrophage function during progressive MS, as well as potential toxic functions of these cells. Disease-modifying drugs that solely target microglia and macrophage in progressive MS are lacking. The recent treatment successes for progressive MS include include B-cell depletion therapies and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators. We will describe several therapies being evaluated as a potential treatment option for progressive MS, such as immunomodulatory therapies that can target myeloid cells or as a potential neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kamma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wendy Lasisi
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, NL, Canada
| | - Cole Libner
- Department of Health Sciences and the Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Huah Shin Ng
- Division of Neurology and the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,University of Alberta, 5-64 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G2S2, Canada.
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3
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Maly IV, Morales MJ, Pletnikov MV. Astrocyte Bioenergetics and Major Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:173-227. [PMID: 34888836 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing research continues to add new elements to the emerging picture of involvement of astrocyte energy metabolism in the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and addictions. This review outlines what is known about the energy metabolism in astrocytes, the most numerous cell type in the brain, and summarizes the recent work on how specific perturbations of astrocyte bioenergetics may contribute to the neuropsychiatric conditions. The role of astrocyte energy metabolism in mental health and disease is reviewed on the organism, organ, and cell level. Data arising from genomic, metabolomic, in vitro, and neurobehavioral studies is critically analyzed to suggest future directions in research and possible metabolism-focused therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Morales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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4
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Oraby M, Ahmed AS, Abdel-Lateef MA, Mostafa MA, Hassan AI. Employ FTIR spectroscopic method for determination of certain multiple sclerosis medications in plasma and pharmaceutical formulations. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Failed, Interrupted, or Inconclusive Trials on Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Treatment Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis: Update 2015-2020. Drugs 2021; 81:1031-1063. [PMID: 34086251 PMCID: PMC8217012 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, a plethora of drugs have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). These therapeutics are mainly confined to immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive strategies but do not sufficiently address remyelination and neuroprotection. However, several neuroregenerative agents have shown potential in pre-clinical research and entered Phase I to III clinical trials. Although none of these compounds have yet proceeded to approval, understanding the causes of failure can broaden our knowledge about neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in MS. Moreover, most of the investigated approaches are characterised by consistent mechanisms of action and proved convincing efficacy in animal studies. Therefore, learning from their failure will help us to enforce the translation of findings acquired in pre-clinical studies into clinical application. Here, we summarise trials on MS treatment published since 2015 that have either failed or were interrupted due to a lack of efficacy, adverse events, or for other reasons. We further outline the rationale underlying these drugs and analyse the background of failure to gather new insights into MS pathophysiology and optimise future study designs. For conciseness, this review focuses on agents promoting remyelination and medications with primarily neuroprotective properties or unconventional approaches. Failed clinical trials that pursue immunomodulation are presented in a separate article.
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Petit JM, Eren-Koçak E, Karatas H, Magistretti P, Dalkara T. Brain glycogen metabolism: A possible link between sleep disturbances, headache and depression. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101449. [PMID: 33618186 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The functions of sleep and its links with neuropsychiatric diseases have long been questioned. Among the numerous hypotheses on sleep function, early studies proposed that sleep helps to replenish glycogen stores consumed during waking. Later studies found increased brain glycogen after sleep deprivation, leading to "glycogenetic" hypothesis, which states that there is a parallel increase in synthesis and utilization of glycogen during wakefulness, whereas decrease in the excitatory transmission creates an imbalance causing accumulation of glycogen during sleep. Glycogen is a vital energy reservoir to match the synaptic demand particularly for re-uptake of potassium and glutamate during intense glutamatergic transmission. Therefore, sleep deprivation-induced transcriptional changes may trigger migraine by reducing glycogen availability, which slows clearance of extracellular potassium and glutamate, hence, creates susceptibility to cortical spreading depolarization, the electrophysiological correlate of migraine aura. Interestingly, chronic stress accompanied by increased glucocorticoid levels and locus coeruleus activity and leading to mood disorders in which sleep disturbances are prevalent, also affects brain glycogen turnover via glucocorticoids, noradrenaline, serotonin and adenosine. These observations altogether suggest that inadequate astrocytic glycogen turnover may be one of the mechanisms linking migraine, mood disorders and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Petit
- Lausanne University Hospital, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Prilly, Switzerland.
| | - E Eren-Koçak
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - H Karatas
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - P Magistretti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia.
| | - T Dalkara
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
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7
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:1341-1368. [PMID: 33247866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later-disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low-grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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8
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Sakhaie N, Sadegzadeh F, Dehghany R, Adak O, Hakimeh S. Sex-dependent effects of chronic fluoxetine exposure during adolescence on passive avoidance memory, nociception, and prefrontal brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:231-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Grech LB, Butler E, Stuckey S, Hester R. Neuroprotective Benefits of Antidepressants in Multiple Sclerosis: Are We Missing the Mark? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 31:289-297. [PMID: 30945589 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18070164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of antidepressant medication to have a neuroprotective effect for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) has received increased interest in recent years. The possibility of antidepressants, particularly fluoxetine, for potential repurposing to treat primary progressive and secondary progressive MS is of interest as a result of the relative lack of disease-modifying medications for these subtypes. A number of animal studies have found positive results for a neuroprotective effect of antidepressant use in MS, with human studies showing mixed results. These human studies all have a significant limitation: they exclude people with moderate to severe depressive symptoms, a core symptom of MS beyond that of reactive depression. It is likely that reregulation of the common mechanisms in depression and MS, such as inflammation, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate and brain-derived neurotropic factor disruption, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thalamic axis dysregulation, are important to the neuroprotective value of antidepressant medication. Given that MS is known for its heterogeneity, the question might be less about whether antidepressant medication provides neuroprotective benefits to people with multiple sclerosis but for whom they provide benefits and whether we are designing studies that will detect a benefit. To answer these questions, studies must include people with MS and depressive symptoms as well as people with relapsing remitting and chronic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Grech
- From the Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Department of Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia (Grech, Hester); the Department of Neurology, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Butler); the Department of Imaging, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey); and the Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey)
| | - Ernest Butler
- From the Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Department of Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia (Grech, Hester); the Department of Neurology, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Butler); the Department of Imaging, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey); and the Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey)
| | - Stephen Stuckey
- From the Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Department of Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia (Grech, Hester); the Department of Neurology, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Butler); the Department of Imaging, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey); and the Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey)
| | - Robert Hester
- From the Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Department of Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia (Grech); the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia (Grech, Hester); the Department of Neurology, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Butler); the Department of Imaging, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey); and the Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (Stuckey)
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10
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Efficacy of three neuroprotective drugs in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-SMART): a phase 2b, multiarm, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:214-225. [PMID: 31981516 PMCID: PMC7029307 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Neurodegeneration is the pathological substrate that causes major disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. A synthesis of preclinical and clinical research identified three neuroprotective drugs acting on different axonal pathobiologies. We aimed to test the efficacy of these drugs in an efficient manner with respect to time, cost, and patient resource. Methods We did a phase 2b, multiarm, parallel group, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial at 13 clinical neuroscience centres in the UK. We recruited patients (aged 25–65 years) with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis who were not on disease-modifying treatment and who had an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4·0–6·5. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) at baseline, by a research nurse using a centralised web-based service, to receive twice-daily oral treatment of either amiloride 5 mg, fluoxetine 20 mg, riluzole 50 mg, or placebo for 96 weeks. The randomisation procedure included minimisation based on sex, age, EDSS score at randomisation, and trial site. Capsules were identical in appearance to achieve masking. Patients, investigators, and MRI readers were unaware of treatment allocation. The primary outcome measure was volumetric MRI percentage brain volume change (PBVC) from baseline to 96 weeks, analysed using multiple regression, adjusting for baseline normalised brain volume and minimisation criteria. The primary analysis was a complete-case analysis based on the intention-to-treat population (all patients with data at week 96). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01910259. Findings Between Jan 29, 2015, and June 22, 2016, 445 patients were randomly allocated amiloride (n=111), fluoxetine (n=111), riluzole (n=111), or placebo (n=112). The primary analysis included 393 patients who were allocated amiloride (n=99), fluoxetine (n=96), riluzole (n=99), and placebo (n=99). No difference was noted between any active treatment and placebo in PBVC (amiloride vs placebo, 0·0% [95% CI −0·4 to 0·5; p=0·99]; fluoxetine vs placebo −0·1% [–0·5 to 0·3; p=0·86]; riluzole vs placebo −0·1% [–0·6 to 0·3; p=0·77]). No emergent safety issues were reported. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and similar across study groups (ten [9%] patients in the amiloride group, seven [6%] in the fluoxetine group, 12 [11%] in the riluzole group, and 13 [12%] in the placebo group). The most common serious adverse events were infections and infestations. Three patients died during the study, from causes judged unrelated to active treatment; one patient assigned amiloride died from metastatic lung cancer, one patient assigned riluzole died from ischaemic heart disease and coronary artery thrombosis, and one patient assigned fluoxetine had a sudden death (primary cause) with multiple sclerosis and obesity listed as secondary causes. Interpretation The absence of evidence for neuroprotection in this adequately powered trial indicates that exclusively targeting these aspects of axonal pathobiology in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is insufficient to mitigate neuroaxonal loss. These findings argue for investigation of different mechanistic targets and future consideration of combination treatment trials. This trial provides a template for future simultaneous testing of multiple disease-modifying medicines in neurological medicine. Funding Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) Programme, an MRC and NIHR partnership, UK Multiple Sclerosis Society, and US National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
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11
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Kim SW, Kim MK, Kim B, Choi TK, Lee SH. White matter connectivity differences between treatment responders and non-responders in patients with panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:527-535. [PMID: 31539689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panic disorder (PD) is a prevalent and highly disabling mental condition. However, less is known about relationships between biomarkers that may together predict a better response to pharmacological treatment. The objective of the present study was to compare the brain white matter (WM) connectivity between treatment-responsive patients with panic disorder (RPD) and non-responsive patients with panic disorder (NRPD) after 12 weeks of pharmacotherapy. METHODS Sixty-four patients with PD were enrolled in this study (RPD, n = 37; NRPD, n = 27). All patients were examined by using magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory-Revised (ASI-R), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered at baseline of the study. Fractional anisotropy (FA) data were compared using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). RESULTS TBSS results showed that the FA values of the patients with NRPD were significantly higher than of those with RPD in the WM regions such as the precentral gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, posterior corona radiata, posterior thalamic radiation, posterior parts of the corpus callosum, and precuneus. Symptom severity scales, such as ASI-R scores, showed significant positive correlations of the FA values with the fronto-temporal WM regions in NRPD. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that structural changes to areas such as the fronto-limbic regions and the posterior part of default mode network, could influence medication response in PD. Further studies with a larger number of patients should be performed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Woong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13492, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13492, Republic of Korea
| | - Borah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13492, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kiu Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13492, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13492, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Vardjan N, Zorec R. Physiology of Astroglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:45-91. [PMID: 31583584 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are principal cells responsible for maintaining the brain homeostasis. Additionally, these glial cells are also involved in homocellular (astrocyte-astrocyte) and heterocellular (astrocyte-other cell types) signalling and metabolism. These astroglial functions require an expression of the assortment of molecules, be that transporters or pumps, to maintain ion concentration gradients across the plasmalemma and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Astrocytes sense and balance their neurochemical environment via variety of transmitter receptors and transporters. As they are electrically non-excitable, astrocytes display intracellular calcium and sodium fluctuations, which are not only used for operative signalling but can also affect metabolism. In this chapter we discuss the molecules that achieve ionic gradients and underlie astrocyte signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Caragher SP, Hall RR, Ahsan R, Ahmed AU. Monoamines in glioblastoma: complex biology with therapeutic potential. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1014-1025. [PMID: 29126252 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by extremely poor prognoses, despite the use of gross surgical resection, alkylating chemotherapeutic agents, and radiotherapy. Evidence increasingly highlights the role of the tumor microenvironment in enabling this aggressive phenotype. Despite this interest, the role of neurotransmitters, brain-specific messengers underlying synaptic transmission, remains murky. These signaling molecules influence a complex network of molecular pathways and cellular behaviors in many CNS-resident cells, including neural stem cells and progenitor cells, neurons, and glia cells. Critically, available data convincingly demonstrate that neurotransmitters can influence proliferation, quiescence, and differentiation status of these cells. This ability to affect progenitors and glia-GBM-initiating cells-and their availability in the CNS strongly support the notion that neurotransmitters participate in the onset and progression of GBM. This review will focus on dopamine and serotonin, as studies indicate they contribute to gliomagenesis. Particular attention will be paid to how these neurotransmitters and their receptors can be utilized as novel therapeutic targets. Overall, this review will analyze the complex biology governing the interaction of GBM with neurotransmitter signaling and highlight how this interplay shapes the aggressive nature of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus Patrick Caragher
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Riasat Ahsan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Atique U Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Ammonium induced dysfunction of 5-HT 2B receptor in astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104479. [PMID: 31145970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that gene expression of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors was decreased in brains of depressed animals exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) (Li et al., 2012) and of Parkinson's disease (Song et al., 2018). Depression is also one of the psychiatric symptoms in hyperammonemia, and astrocyte is a primary target of ammonium in brain in vivo. In the present study, we have used preparations of the brains of urease-treated mice and ammonium-treated astrocytes in culture to study gene expression and function of 5-HT2B receptors. The urease-treated mice showed depressive behaviour. Both mRNA and protein of 5-HT2B receptors were increased in the brains of urease-treated mice and in ammonium-treated cultured astrocytes. Further study revealed that mRNA and protein expression of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2), an enzyme catalyze RNA deamination of adenosine to inosine was increased in the brains of urease-treated mice and in ammonium-treated cultured astrocytes. This increase in ADAR2 induced RNA editing of 5-HT2B receptors. Cultured astrocytes treated with ammonium lost 5-HT induced Ca2+ signalling and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, indicating dysfunction of 5-HT2B receptors. This is in agreement with our previous observation that edited 5-HT2B receptors no longer respond to 5-HT (Hertz et al., 2014). Ammonium effects are inhibited by ADAR2 siRNA in cultured astrocytes, suggesting that increased gene expression and editing and loss of function of 5-HT2B receptors are results of increased activity of ADAR2. In summary, we have demonstrated that functional malfunction of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors occurs in animal models of major depression, Parkinson depression and hepatic encephalopathy albeit via different mechanisms. Understanding the role of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors in different pathological contexts may instigate development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating disease-specific depressive behaviour.
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15
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Zhou Z, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. The Astrocytic cAMP Pathway in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E779. [PMID: 30759771 PMCID: PMC6386894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are major glial cells that play critical roles in brain homeostasis. Abnormalities in astrocytic functions can lead to brain disorders. Astrocytes also respond to injury and disease through gliosis and immune activation, which can be both protective and detrimental. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the function of astrocytes in order to understand the physiology of the brain to develop therapeutic strategies against brain diseases. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a major second messenger that triggers various downstream cellular machinery in a wide variety of cells. The functions of astrocytes have also been suggested as being regulated by cAMP. Here, we summarize the possible roles of cAMP signaling in regulating the functions of astrocytes. Specifically, we introduce the ways in which cAMP pathways are involved in astrocyte functions, including (1) energy supply, (2) maintenance of the extracellular environment, (3) immune response, and (4) a potential role as a provider of trophic factors, and we discuss how these cAMP-regulated processes can affect brain functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhou
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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16
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De Angelis F, Plantone D, Chataway J. Pharmacotherapy in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:499-526. [PMID: 29968175 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by demyelination, neuroaxonal loss and a heterogeneous clinical course. Multiple sclerosis presents with different phenotypes, most commonly a relapsing-remitting course and, less frequently, a progressive accumulation of disability from disease onset (primary progressive multiple sclerosis). The majority of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, after a variable time, switch to a stage characterised by gradual neurological worsening known as secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. We have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying multiple sclerosis, and it is believed that multiple genetic, environmental and endogenous factors are elements driving inflammation and ultimately neurodegeneration. Axonal loss and grey matter damage have been regarded as amongst the leading causes of irreversible neurological disability in the progressive stages. There are over a dozen disease-modifying therapies currently licenced for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, but none of these has provided evidence of effectiveness in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Recently, there has been some early modest success with siponimod in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and ocrelizumab in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Finding treatments to delay or prevent the courses of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is an unmet and essential goal of the research in multiple sclerosis. In this review, we discuss new findings regarding drugs with immunomodulatory, neuroprotective or regenerative properties and possible treatment strategies for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. We examine the field broadly to include trials where participants have progressive or relapsing phenotypes. We summarise the most relevant results from newer investigations from phase II and III randomised controlled trials over the past decade, with particular attention to the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana De Angelis
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Domenico Plantone
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
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17
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l-Dopa and Fluoxetine Upregulate Astroglial 5-HT2B Receptors and Ameliorate Depression in Parkinson’s Disease Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the association between depressive behavior (anhedonia) and astroglial expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (5-HT2B) in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, induced by bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum. Expression of the 5-HT2B receptor at the mRNA and protein level was decreased in the brain tissue of 6-OHDA-treated animals with anhedonia. Expression of the 5-HT2B receptor was corrected by four weeks treatment with either l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) or fluoxetine. Simultaneously, treatment with l-dopa abolished 6-OHDA effects on both depressive behavior and motor activity. In contrast, fluoxetine corrected 6-OHDA-induced depression but did not affect 6-OHDA-induced motor deficiency. In addition, 6-OHDA downregulated gene expression of the 5-HT2B receptor in astrocytes in purified cell culture and this downregulation was corrected by both l-dopa and fluoxetine. Our findings suggest that 6-OHDA-induced depressive behavior may be related to the downregulation of gene expression of the 5-HT2B receptor but 6-OHDA-induced motor deficiency reflects, arguably, dopamine depletion. Previously, we demonstrated that fluoxetine regulates gene expression in astrocytes by 5-HT2B receptor-mediated transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, the underlying mechanism of l-dopa action remains unclear. The present work indicates that the decrease of gene expression of the astroglial 5-HT2B receptor may contribute to development of depressive behavior in Parkinson’s disease.
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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19
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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20
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Kinboshi M, Mukai T, Nagao Y, Matsuba Y, Tsuji Y, Tanaka S, Tokudome K, Shimizu S, Ito H, Ikeda A, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y, Inoue S, Ohno Y. Inhibition of Inwardly Rectifying Potassium (Kir) 4.1 Channels Facilitates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Expression in Astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:408. [PMID: 29358904 PMCID: PMC5768989 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) 4.1 channels in astrocytes regulate neuronal excitability by mediating spatial potassium buffering. Although dysfunction of astrocytic Kir4.1 channels is implicated in the development of epileptic seizures, the functional mechanisms of Kir4.1 channels in modulating epileptogenesis remain unknown. We herein evaluated the effects of Kir4.1 inhibition (blockade and knockdown) on expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key modulator of epileptogenesis, in the primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. For blockade of Kir4.1 channels, we tested several antidepressant agents which reportedly bound to and blocked Kir4.1 channels in a subunit-specific manner. Treatment of astrocytes with fluoxetine enhanced BDNF mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner and increased the BDNF protein level. Other antidepressants (e.g., sertraline and imipramine) also increased the expression of BDNF mRNA with relative potencies similar to those for inhibition of Kir4.1 channels. In addition, suppression of Kir4.1 expression by the transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Kir4.1 significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF. The BDNF induction by Kir4.1 siRNA transfection was suppressed by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, but not by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 or the JNK inhibitor SP600125. The present results demonstrated that inhibition of Kir4.1 channels facilitates BDNF expression in astrocytes primarily by activating the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, which may be linked to the development of epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kinboshi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagao
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuji
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tokudome
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Inanobe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kurachi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Inoue
- Education and Research Center for Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Li B, Jia S, Yue T, Yang L, Huang C, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Biphasic Regulation of Caveolin-1 Gene Expression by Fluoxetine in Astrocytes: Opposite Effects of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways on c-fos. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:335. [PMID: 29163047 PMCID: PMC5671492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that fluoxetine acts on 5-HT2B receptor and induces epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation in astrocytes. Recently, we have found that chronic treatment with fluoxetine regulates Caveolin-1 (Cav-1)/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway and glycogen content in primary cultures of astrocytes with bi-phasic concentration dependence. At low concentrations fluoxetine down-regulates Cav-1 gene expression, decreases membrane content of PTEN, increases PI3K activity and increases phosphorylation of GSK-3β and increases its activity; at high concentrations fluoxetine acts on PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β in an inverse fashion. Here, we present the data indicating that acute treatment with fluoxetine at lower concentrations down-regulates c-Fos gene expression via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; in contrast at higher concentrations fluoxetine up-regulates c-Fos gene expression via MAPK/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. However, acute treatment with fluoxetine has no effect on Cav-1 protein content. Similarly, chronic effects of fluoxetine on Cav-1 gene expression are suppressed by inhibitor of PI3K at lower concentrations, but by inhibitor of MAPK at higher concentrations, indicating that the mechanism underlying bi-phasic regulation of Cav-1 gene expression by fluoxetine is opposing effects of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signal pathways on c-Fos gene expression. The effects of fluoxetine on Cav-1 gene expression at both lower and higher concentrations are abolished by AG1478, an inhibitor of EGFR, indicating the involvement of 5-HT2B receptor induced EGFR transactivation as we reported previously. However, PP1, an inhibitor of Src only abolished the effect by lower concentrations, suggesting the relevance of Src with PI3K/AKT signal pathway during activation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Jia
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingting Yue
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alexej Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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22
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Sun DS, Gao LF, Jin L, Wu H, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Fan S, Jiang X, Ke D, Lei H, Wang JZ, Liu GP. Fluoxetine administration during adolescence attenuates cognitive and synaptic deficits in adult 3×TgAD mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:200-212. [PMID: 28911966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX) has broad neurobiological functions and neuroprotective effects; however, the preventive effects of FLX on cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been reported. Here, we studied whether adolescent administration of fluoxetine can prevent memory deficits in AD transgenic mice that harbour PS1m146v, APPswe and TauP301L mutations (3 × TgAD). FLX was applied through peritoneal injection to the mice at postnatal day 35 (p35) for 15 consecutive days, and the effects of FLX were observed at 6-month. We found that adolescent administration of FLX improved learning and memory abilities in 6-month-old 3 × TgAD mice. FLX exposure also increased the sizes of the hippocampal CA1, dentate gyrus (DG) and extensive cortex regions, with increased numbers of neurons and higher dendritic spine density. Meanwhile, the synaptic plasticity of neurons in the hippocampus was remodelled, and the expression levels of synaptic-related proteins were increased along with activation of the cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling pathway. Finally, we found that FLX effectively prevented the increase of beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels. These data suggest that adolescent administration of the antidepressant drug FLX can efficiently preserve cognitive functions and improve pathologies in 3×Tg AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li-Feng Gao
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou 451191, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Degenerative Brain Disease, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou 451191, China
| | - Hao Wu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hao Lei
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong JS 226001, China.
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong JS 226001, China.
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23
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Yue JK, Burke JF, Upadhyayula PS, Winkler EA, Deng H, Robinson CK, Pirracchio R, Suen CG, Sharma S, Ferguson AR, Ngwenya LB, Stein MB, Manley GT, Tarapore PE. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Treating Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury: An Evaluation of Current Evidence. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E93. [PMID: 28757598 PMCID: PMC5575613 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7080093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is 20%-50%, and disorders of mood and cognition may remain even after recovery of neurologic function is achieved. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) block the reuptake of serotonin in presynaptic cells to lead to increased serotonergic activity in the synaptic cleft, constituting first-line treatment for a variety of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review investigates the utility of SSRIs in treating post-TBI disorders. In total, 37 unique reports were consolidated from the Cochrane Central Register and PubMed (eight randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), nine open-label studies, 11 case reports, nine review articles). SSRIs are associated with improvement of depressive but not cognitive symptoms. Pooled analysis using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale demonstrate a significant mean decrease of depression severity following sertraline compared to placebo-a result supported by several other RCTs with similar endpoints. Evidence from smaller studies demonstrates mood improvement following SSRI administration with absent or negative effects on cognitive and functional recovery. Notably, studies on SSRI treatment effects for post-traumatic stress disorder after TBI remain absent, and this represents an important direction of future research. Furthermore, placebo-controlled studies with extended follow-up periods and concurrent biomarker, neuroimaging and behavioral data are necessary to delineate the attributable pharmacological effects of SSRIs in the TBI population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Yue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - John F Burke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ethan A Winkler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Caitlin K Robinson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Romain Pirracchio
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Catherine G Suen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Sourabh Sharma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Laura B Ngwenya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Phiroz E Tarapore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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24
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Bai Q, Song D, Gu L, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Bi-phasic regulation of glycogen content in astrocytes via Cav-1/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway by fluoxetine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1069-1077. [PMID: 28233032 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, we present the data indicating that chronic treatment with fluoxetine regulates Cav-1/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signalling pathway and glycogen content in primary cultures of astrocytes with bi-phasic concentration dependence. RESULTS At lower concentrations, fluoxetine downregulates gene expression of Cav-1, decreases membrane content of PTEN, increases activity of PI3K/AKT, and elevates GSK-3β phosphorylation thus suppressing its activity. At higher concentrations, fluoxetine acts in an inverse fashion. As expected, fluoxetine at lower concentrations increased while at higher concentrations decreased glycogen content in astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that bi-phasic regulation of glycogen content via Cav-1/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway by fluoxetine may be responsible for both therapeutic and side effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Bai
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Q, Jie W, Liu JH, Yang JM, Gao TM. An astroglial basis of major depressive disorder? An overview. Glia 2017; 65:1227-1250. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Wei Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
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Du T, Rong Y, Feng R, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Chronic Treatment with Anti-bipolar Drugs Down-Regulates Gene Expression of TRPC1 in Neurones. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:305. [PMID: 28119572 PMCID: PMC5223735 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, TRPC1 channels are abundantly expressed in neurones virtually in all regions; these proteins function as receptor-activated ion channels and are implicated in numerous processes, being specifically important for neurogenesis. Primary cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cell, cerebral cortical neurones, and freshly isolated neurones from in vivo brains were used to study effects of chronic treatment with anti-bipolar drugs [carbamazepine (CBZ), lithium salts and valproic acid] on gene expression of TRPC1. Expression of TRPC1 mRNA was identified with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas protein content was determined by Western blotting. Store-operated plasmalemmal Ca2+ entry (SOCE) was measured with fura-2 based microfluorimetry. Chronic treatment with each of the three drugs down-regulated mRNA and protein expression in cultured cerebellar granule cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Similar effect was also observed in cultured cerebral cortical neurones treated with CBZ, lithium salts and valproic acid and in freshly isolated neurones from the brains of CBZ-treated animals. The amplitude of SOCE was substantially decreased in cerebellar granule cells chronically treated with each of the three drugs. Our findings indicate that down-regulation of TRPC1 gene expression and function in neurones may be one of the mechanisms of anti-bipolar drugs action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Du
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Rong
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbao, Spain
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Wang W, Gu L, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Ammonium Increases TRPC1 Expression Via Cav-1/PTEN/AKT/GSK3β Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:762-776. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Zhang T, Kingwell E, De Jong HJ, Zhu F, Zhao Y, Carruthers R, Petkau J, Gustafson P, Oger J, Tremlett H. Association between the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and multiple sclerosis disability progression. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 25:1150-1159. [PMID: 27211481 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefits of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in modifying the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease course have been suggested, but their ability to delay disability progression remains unknown. We examined the association between SSRI exposure and MS disability progression. METHODS A nested case-control study was conducted using the British Columbia (Canada) Multiple Sclerosis clinical data linked to health administrative data. The primary outcome was a sustained score of 6 (requires a cane to walk) on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and the secondary outcome was the onset of secondary progressive MS (SPMS, an advanced stage of MS). The cases were those who reached a study outcome and were matched with up to four randomly selected controls by sex, age, EDSS and calendar year at study entry using incidence density sampling. The associations between disability worsening and SSRI exposure were assessed with conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS A total of 3920 patients were included in the main analyses, of which 272 reached sustained EDSS 6 and 187 reached SPMS. SSRI exposure was significantly different between patients who reached sustained EDSS 6 and controls [adjusted odds ratio (adjOR):1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.03-2.01]. However, SSRI exposure was not significantly different between those who reached SPMS and their controls (adjOR:1.35; 95%CI:0.89-2.04). CONCLUSION We found no evidence to suggest that SSRI exposure was associated with a delay in MS disability accumulation or progression. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elaine Kingwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hilda Ji De Jong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yinshan Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert Carruthers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John Petkau
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Gustafson
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joel Oger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Helen Tremlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Astrocyte Cultures Mimicking Brain Astrocytes in Gene Expression, Signaling, Metabolism and K + Uptake and Showing Astrocytic Gene Expression Overlooked by Immunohistochemistry and In Situ Hybridization. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:254-271. [PMID: 26818759 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Based on differences in gene expression between cultured astrocytes and freshly isolated brain astrocytes it has been claimed that cultured astrocytes poorly reflect the characteristics of their in vivo counterparts. This paper shows that this is not the case with the cultures of mouse astrocytes we have used since 1978. The culture is prepared following guidelines provided by Drs. Monique Sensenbrenner and John Booher, with the difference that dibutyryl cyclic AMP is added to the culture medium from the beginning of the third week. This addition has only minor effects on glucose and glutamate metabolism, but it is crucial for effects by elevated K+ concentrations and for Ca2+ homeostasis, important aspects of astrocyte function. Work by Liang Peng and her colleagues has shown identity between not only gene expression but also drug-induced gene upregulations and editings in astrocytes cultured by this method and astrocytes freshly isolated from brains of drug-treated animals. Dr. Norenberg's laboratory has demonstrated identical upregulation of the cotransporter NKCC1 in ammonia-exposed astrocytes and rats with liver failure. Similarity between cultured and freshly isolated astrocytes has also been shown in metabolism, K+ uptake and several aspects of signaling. However, others have shown that the gene for the glutamate transporter GLT1 is not expressed, and rat cultures show some abnormalities in K+ effects. Nevertheless, the overall reliability of the cultured cells is important because immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization poorly demonstrate many astrocytic genes, e.g., those of nucleoside transporters, and even microarray analysis of isolated cells can be misleading.
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Gibbs ME. Role of Glycogenolysis in Memory and Learning: Regulation by Noradrenaline, Serotonin and ATP. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 9:70. [PMID: 26834586 PMCID: PMC4717441 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the role played by glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and glycogen re-synthesis in memory processing in two different chick brain regions, (1) the hippocampus and (2) the avian equivalent of the mammalian cortex, the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM). Memory processing is regulated by the neuromodulators noradrenaline and serotonin soon after training glycogen breakdown and re-synthesis. In day-old domestic chicks, memory formation is dependent on the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) at three specific times during the first 60 min after learning (around 2.5, 30, and 55 min). The chicks learn to discriminate in a single trial between beads of two colors and tastes. Inhibition of glycogen breakdown by the inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB) given at specific times prior to the formation of long-term memory prevents memory forming. Noradrenergic stimulation of cultured chicken astrocytes by a selective β2-adrenergic (AR) agonist reduces glycogen levels and we believe that in vivo this triggers memory consolidation at the second stage of glycogenolysis. Serotonin acting at 5-HT2B receptors acts on the first stage, but not on the second. We have shown that noradrenaline, acting via post-synaptic α2-ARs, is also responsible for the synthesis of glycogen and our experiments suggest that there is a readily accessible labile pool of glycogen in astrocytes which is depleted within 10 min if glycogen synthesis is inhibited. Endogenous ATP promotion of memory consolidation at 2.5 and 30 min is also dependent on glycogen breakdown. ATP acts at P2Y1 receptors and the action of thrombin suggests that it causes the release of internal calcium ([Ca2+]i) in astrocytes. Glutamate and GABA, the primary neurotransmitters in the brain, cannot be synthesized in neurons de novo and neurons rely on astrocytic glutamate synthesis, requiring glycogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Gibbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC, Australia
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Chen Y, Du T, Peng L, Gibbs ME, Hertz L. Sequential Astrocytic 5-HT2B Receptor Stimulation, [Ca(2+)]i Regulation, Glycogenolysis, Glutamate Synthesis, and K(+) Homeostasis are Similar but Not Identical in Learning and Mood Regulation. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 9:67. [PMID: 26778984 PMCID: PMC4705236 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ting Du
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Marie E Gibbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Elsayed M, Magistretti PJ. A New Outlook on Mental Illnesses: Glial Involvement Beyond the Glue. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:468. [PMID: 26733803 PMCID: PMC4679853 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses have long been perceived as the exclusive consequence of abnormalities in neuronal functioning. Until recently, the role of glial cells in the pathophysiology of mental diseases has largely been overlooked. However recently, multiple lines of evidence suggest more diverse and significant functions of glia with behavior-altering effects. The newly ascribed roles of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia have led to their examination in brain pathology and mental illnesses. Indeed, abnormalities in glial function, structure and density have been observed in postmortem brain studies of subjects diagnosed with mental illnesses. In this review, we discuss the newly identified functions of glia and highlight the findings of glial abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. We discuss these preclinical and clinical findings implicating the involvement of glial cells in mental illnesses with the perspective that these cells may represent a new target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Elsayed
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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Hertz L, Rothman DL, Li B, Peng L. Response: Commentary: Chronic SSRI Stimulation of Astrocytic 5-HT2B Receptors Change Multiple Gene Expressions/Editings and Metabolism of Glutamate, Glucose and Glycogen: A Potential Paradigm Shift. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:308. [PMID: 26617504 PMCID: PMC4643646 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Daniele S, Zappelli E, Martini C. Trazodone regulates neurotrophic/growth factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases and lactate release in human primary astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:225. [PMID: 26627476 PMCID: PMC4666178 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system, glial cells provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and respond to protracted stress and insults by up-regulating inflammatory processes. Reactive astrocytes and microglia are associated with the pathophysiology of neuronal injury, neurodegenerative diseases and major depression, in both animal models and human brains. Several studies have reported clear anti-inflammatory effects of anti-depressant treatment on astrocytes, especially in models of neurological disorders. Trazodone (TDZ) is a triazolopyridine derivative that is structurally unrelated to other major classes of antidepressants. Although the molecular mechanisms of TDZ in neurons have been investigated, it is unclear whether astrocytes are also a TDZ target. METHODS The effects of TDZ on human astrocytes were investigated in physiological conditions and following inflammatory insult with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Astrocytes were assessed for their responses to pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and the receptors and signalling pathways involved in TDZ-mediated effects were evaluated. RESULTS TDZ had no effect on cell proliferation, but it decreased pro-inflammatory mediator release and modulated trophic and transcription factor mRNA expression. Following TDZ treatment, the AKT pathway was activated, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase were inhibited. Most importantly, a 72-h TDZ pre-treatment before inflammatory insult completely reversed the anti-proliferative effects induced by LPS-TNF-α. The expression or the activity of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nuclear factor κB, were also reduced. Furthermore, TDZ affected astrocyte metabolic support to neurons by counteracting the inflammation-mediated lactate decrease. Finally, TDZ protected neuronal-like cells against neurotoxicity mediated by activated astrocytes. These effects mainly involved an activation of 5-HT1A and an antagonism at 5-HT2A/C serotonin receptors. Fluoxetine, used in parallel, showed similar final effects nevertheless it activates different receptors/intracellular pathways. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results demonstrated that TDZ directly acts on astrocytes by regulating intracellular signalling pathways and increasing specific astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor expression and lactate release. TDZ may contribute to neuronal support by normalizing trophic and metabolic support during neuroinflammation, which is associated with neurological diseases, including major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
| | - Elisa Zappelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
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Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. New therapeutic opportunities for 5-HT2C receptor ligands in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:125-62. [PMID: 26617215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT2C receptor (R) displays a widespread distribution in the CNS and is involved in the action of 5-HT in all brain areas. Knowledge of its functional role in the CNS pathophysiology has been impaired for many years due to the lack of drugs capable of discriminating among 5-HT2R subtypes, and to a lesser extent to the 5-HT1B, 5-HT5, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7Rs. The situation has changed since the mid-90s due to the increased availability of new and selective synthesized compounds, the creation of 5-HT2C knock out mice, and the progress made in molecular biology. Many pharmacological classes of drugs including antipsychotics, antidepressants and anxiolytics display affinities toward 5-HT2CRs and new 5-HT2C ligands have been developed for various neuropsychiatric disorders. The 5-HT2CR is presumed to mediate tonic/constitutive and phasic controls on the activity of different central neurobiological networks. Preclinical data illustrate this complexity to a point that pharmaceutical companies developed either agonists or antagonists for the same disease. In order to better comprehend this complexity, this review will briefly describe the molecular pharmacology of 5-HT2CRs, as well as their cellular impacts in general, before addressing its central distribution in the mammalian brain. Thereafter, we review the preclinical efficacy of 5-HT2C ligands in numerous behavioral tests modeling human diseases, highlighting the multiple and competing actions of the 5-HT2CRs in neurobiological networks and monoaminergic systems. Notably, we will focus this evidence in the context of the physiopathology of psychiatric and neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293) 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Qiao J, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Adilijiang A, Guo H, Zhang R, Guo W, Luo G, Qiu Y, Xu H, Kong J, Huang Q, Li XM. Regulation of astrocyte pathology by fluoxetine prevents the deterioration of Alzheimer phenotypes in an APP/PS1 mouse model. Glia 2015; 64:240-54. [PMID: 26446044 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Qiao
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
- Clinical Laboratory; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Junhui Wang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry; College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Shenghua Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | - Huining Guo
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ruiguo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry; Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Neurology; First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University; Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Qingjun Huang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University; Shantou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Zhang X, Song D, Gu L, Ren Y, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Decrease of gene expression of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors parallels development of depressive phenotype in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:388. [PMID: 26500493 PMCID: PMC4594497 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depression. Stimulation of astroglial 5-HT2B receptors transactivates epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and regulates gene expression. Previously we reported that expression of 5-HT2B receptors in cortical astrocytes is down-regulated in animals, which developed anhedonia in response to chronic stress; moreover this down-regulation as well as anhedonia, are reversed by chronic treatment with fluoxetine. In this study we have investigated whether astrocytic 5-HT2B receptor is involved in anhedonia in C57BL/6 mice model of Parkinson' disease (PD) induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 7 days. The MPTP treatment induced anhendonia in 66.7% of animals. The appearance of depressive behavior was accompanied with motor deficiency and decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. Expression of mRNA and protein of 5-HT2B receptor in animals that became anhedonic decreased to 77.3 and 79.3% of control groups, respectively; in animals that received MPTP but did not develop anhedonia the expression of 5-HT2B receptor did not change. Experiments with FACS-sorted isolated cells demonstrated that decrease in 5-HT2B receptor expression was confined to astrocytes, and did not occur in neurons. Fluoxetine corrected MPTP-induced decrease of 5-HT2B receptor expression and depressive behavior. Our findings indicate that regulation of gene expression of 5-HT2B receptors in astroglia may be associated with pathophysiological evolution of PD-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xique Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Banas SM, Diaz SL, Doly S, Belmer A, Maroteaux L. Commentary: Chronic SSRI stimulation of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors change multiple gene expressions/editings and metabolism of glutamate, glucose and glycogen: a potential paradigm shift. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:207. [PMID: 26300752 PMCID: PMC4525030 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Banas
- INSERM UMR S-839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Silvina L Diaz
- INSERM UMR S-839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Doly
- INSERM UMR S-839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- INSERM UMR S-839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR S-839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
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DiNuzzo M, Giove F, Maraviglia B, Mangia S. Monoaminergic Control of Cellular Glucose Utilization by Glycogenolysis in Neocortex and Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2493-504. [PMID: 26168779 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brainstem nuclei are the principal sites of monoamine (MA) innervation to major forebrain structures. In the cortical grey matter, increased secretion of MA neuromodulators occurs in response to a wealth of environmental and homeostatic challenges, whose onset is associated with rapid, preparatory changes in neural activity as well as with increases in energy metabolism. Blood-borne glucose is the main substrate for energy production in the brain. Once entered the tissue, interstitial glucose is equally accessible to neurons and astrocytes, the two cell types accounting for most of cellular volume and energy metabolism in neocortex and hippocampus. Astrocytes also store substantial amounts of glycogen, but non-stimulated glycogen turnover is very small. The rate of cellular glucose utilization in the brain is largely determined by hexokinase, which under basal conditions is more than 90 % inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P). During rapid increases in energy demand, glycogen is a primary candidate in modulating the intracellular level of Glc-6-P, which can occur only in astrocytes. Glycogenolysis can produce Glc-6-P at a rate higher than uptake and phosphorylation of glucose. MA neurotransmitter are released extrasinaptically by brainstem neurons projecting to neocortex and hippocampus, thus activating MA receptors located on both neuronal and astrocytic plasma membrane. Importantly, MAs are glycogenolytic agents and thus they are exquisitely suitable for regulation of astrocytic Glc-6-P concentration, upstream substrate flow through hexokinase and hence cellular glucose uptake. Conforming to such mechanism, Gerald A. Dienel and Nancy F. Cruz recently suggested that activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus might reversibly block astrocytic glucose uptake by stimulating glycogenolysis in these cells, thereby anticipating the rise in glucose need by active neurons. In this paper, we further develop the idea that the whole monoaminergic system modulates both function and metabolism of forebrain regions in a manner mediated by glycogen mobilization in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy. .,Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Giove
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maraviglia
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Wang F, Du T, Liang C, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Ammonium increases Ca(2+) signalling and upregulates expression of Cav1.2 gene in astrocytes in primary cultures and in the in vivo brain. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:261-74. [PMID: 25846713 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The primary aim of this study was to identify the effects of hyperammonaemia on functional expression of Cav1.2 L-type Ca(2+) channels in astroglia. METHODS Primary cultures of mouse astrocytes were used to study effects of chronic treatment (1-5 days) with ammonium chloride, at 1, 3 and 5 mm on depolarization-induced increases in free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i , measured with Fura-2 based microfluorimetry) in control conditions and following treatment with the L-type Ca(2+) channel inhibitor, nifedipine, or with ryanodine receptor inhibitor, ryanodine. Expression of Cav1.2 mRNA was identified with RT-PCR, whereas protein content was determined by Western blotting. Sustained hyperammonaemia in vivo was induced by daily injections of urease (33 units kg body weight(-1), i.p.) for 3 days. RESULTS Depolarization-induced [Ca(2+)]i transients sensitive to nifedipine (peak of the response) and to ryanodine (plateau phase) were significantly increased in astrocytes chronically exposed to ammonium. The ammonium-induced increase in Ca(2+) influx in astrocytes resulted from an upregulation of Cav1.2 channel's expression detected at mRNA and protein levels. Increase in Cav1.2 expression was prevented by ouabain antagonist canrenone. Similar upregulation of Cav1.2 gene expression was found in the brains of adult mice subjected to intraperitoneal injection of urease. In transgenic mice tagged with an astrocyte-specific or neurone-specific markers and treated with intraperitoneal injections of urease, the fluorescence-activated cell sorting of neurones and astrocytes demonstrated that Cav1.2 mRNA expression was upregulated in astrocytes, but not in neurones. CONCLUSIONS Ammonium-induced deregulation of astroglial Ca(2+) signalling, is, in part, associated with upregulation of Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Wang
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases; Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - T. Du
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases; Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - C. Liang
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases; Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - A. Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience; IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
- University of Nizhny Novgorod; Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - L. Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases; Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development; China Medical University; Shenyang China
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41
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Vesterinen HM, Connick P, Irvine CMJ, Sena ES, Egan KJ, Carmichael GG, Tariq A, Pavitt S, Chataway J, Macleod MR, Chandran S. Drug repurposing: a systematic approach to evaluate candidate oral neuroprotective interventions for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117705. [PMID: 25856304 PMCID: PMC4391783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and implement an evidence based framework to select, from drugs already licenced, candidate oral neuroprotective drugs to be tested in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. DESIGN Systematic review of clinical studies of oral putative neuroprotective therapies in MS and four other neurodegenerative diseases with shared pathological features, followed by systematic review and meta-analyses of the in vivo experimental data for those interventions. We presented summary data to an international multi-disciplinary committee, which assessed each drug in turn using pre-specified criteria including consideration of mechanism of action. RESULTS We identified a short list of fifty-two candidate interventions. After review of all clinical and pre-clinical evidence we identified ibudilast, riluzole, amiloride, pirfenidone, fluoxetine, oxcarbazepine, and the polyunsaturated fatty-acid class (Linoleic Acid, Lipoic acid; Omega-3 fatty acid, Max EPA oil) as lead candidates for clinical evaluation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a standardised and systematic approach to candidate identification for drug rescue and repurposing trials that can be applied widely to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M. Vesterinen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Connick
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cadi M. J. Irvine
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kieren J. Egan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gary G. Carmichael
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Afiyah Tariq
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Pavitt
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MRM); (SC)
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MRM); (SC)
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Ren J, Song D, Bai Q, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Fluoxetine induces alkalinization of astroglial cytosol through stimulation of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1: dissection of intracellular signaling pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:61. [PMID: 25784857 PMCID: PMC4347488 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggest astrocytic abnormality in major depression (MD) while treatment with anti-psychotic drugs affects astroglial functions. Astroglial cells are involved in pH homeostasis of the brain by transporting protons (through sodium-proton transporter 1, NHE1, glutamate transporters EAAT1/2 and proton-lactate co-transporter MCT1) and bicarbonate (through the sodium-bicarbonate co-transporter NBC or the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE). Here we show that chronic treatment with fluoxetine increases astroglial pHi by stimulating NHE1-mediated proton extrusion. At a clinically relevant concentration of 1 μM, fluoxetine significantly increased astroglial pHi from 7.05 to 7.34 after 3 weeks and from 7.18 to 7.58 after 4 weeks of drug treatment. Stimulation of NHE1 is a result of transporter phosphorylation mediated by several intracellular signaling cascades that include MAPK/ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT and ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). Fluoxetine stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT and RSK in a concentration dependent manner. Positive crosstalk exists between two signal pathways, MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT activated by fluoxetine since ERK1/2 phosphrylation could be abolished by inhibitors of PI3K, LY294002 and AKT, triciribine, and AKT phosphorylation by inhibitor of MAPK, U0126. As a result, RSK phosphorylation was not only inhibited by U0126 but also by inhibitor of LY294002. The NHE1 phoshorylation resulted in stimulation of NHE1 activity as revealed by the NH4Cl-prepulse technique; the increase of NHE1 activity was dependent on fluoxetine concentration, and could be inhibited by both U0126 and LY294002. Our findings suggest that regulation of astrocytic pHi and brain pH may be one of the mechanisms underlying fluoxetine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Ren
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Qiufang Bai
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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43
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Hertz L, Rothman DL, Li B, Peng L. Chronic SSRI stimulation of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors change multiple gene expressions/editings and metabolism of glutamate, glucose and glycogen: a potential paradigm shift. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:25. [PMID: 25750618 PMCID: PMC4335176 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is firmly believed that the mechanism of action of SSRIs in major depression is to inhibit the serotonin transporter, SERT, and increase extracellular concentration of serotonin. However, this undisputed observation does not prove that SERT inhibition is the mechanism, let alone the only mechanism, by which SSRI's exert their therapeutic effects. It has recently been demonstrated that 5-HT2B receptor stimulation is needed for the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine in vivo. The ability of all five currently used SSRIs to stimulate the 5-HT2B receptor equipotentially in cultured astrocytes has been known for several years, and increasing evidence has shown the importance of astrocytes and astrocyte-neuronal interactions for neuroplasticity and complex brain activity. This paper reviews acute and chronic effects of 5-HT2B receptor stimulation in cultured astrocytes and in astrocytes freshly isolated from brains of mice treated with fluoxetine for 14 days together with effects of anti-depressant therapy on turnover of glutamate and GABA and metabolism of glucose and glycogen. It is suggested that these events are causally related to the mechanism of action of SSRIs and of interest for development of newer antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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44
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Hertz L, Xu J, Song D, Du T, Li B, Yan E, Peng L. Astrocytic glycogenolysis: mechanisms and functions. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:317-33. [PMID: 24744118 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Until the demonstration little more than 20 years ago that glycogenolysis occurs during normal whisker stimulation glycogenolysis was regarded as a relatively uninteresting emergency procedure. Since then, a series of important astrocytic functions has been shown to be critically dependent on glycogenolytic activity to support the signaling mechanisms necessary for these functions to operate. This applies to glutamate formation and uptake and to release of ATP as a transmitter, stimulated by other transmitters or elevated K(+) concentrations and affecting not only other astrocytes but also most other brain cells. It is also relevant for astrocytic K(+) uptake both during the period when the extracellular K(+) concentration is still elevated after neuronal excitation, and capable of stimulating glycogenolytic activity, and during the subsequent undershoot after intense neuronal activity, when glycogenolysis may be stimulated by noradrenaline. Both elevated K(+) concentrations and several transmitters, including the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and vasopressin increase free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in astrocytes, which stimulates phosphorylase kinase so that it activates the transformation of the inactive glycogen phosphorylase a to the active phosphorylase b. Contrary to common belief cyclic AMP plays at most a facilitatory role, and only when free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration is also increased. Cyclic AMP is not increased during activation of glycogenolysis by either elevated K(+) concentrations or the stimulation of the serotonergic 5-HT(2B) receptor. Not all agents that stimulate glycogenolysis do so by directly activating phophorylase kinase--some do so by activating processes requiring glycogenolysis, e.g. for synthesis of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Peoples' Republic of China
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45
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Gibbs M. Reflections on glycogen and β-amyloid: why does glycogenolytic β2-adrenoceptor stimulation not rescue memory after β-amyloid? Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:345-52. [PMID: 24810634 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Normally noradrenaline release ~30 min after training in the day-old chick is essential for memory consolidation by simultaneously increasing both glycogenolysis, by its stimulation of β2-adrenergic (AR) receptors, and glycogen synthesis, by its stimulation of α2-AR receptors in astrocytes. At the same time noradrenaline stimulation of β3-AR receptors increases glucose uptake solely in astrocytes. Intracerebral injection of small oligomeric β-amyloid protein (Aβ1-42) (Aβ) 45 min before one-trial bead discrimination learning in day-old chicks abolishes consolidation of memory 30 min post-learning. The ensuing memory loss can be rescued by injection of selective β3- and β(2-AR agonists (CL316243 and zinterol), which also have the ability to consolidate weakly-reinforced learning into long-term memory. However, although CL316243 rescues Aβ-induced memory loss over a similar time period to when it consolidates weak learning (up to 25 min post training), zinterol is effective over a more limited time period and unexpectedly it does not rescue at the time it promotes glycogenolysis. Injection of Aβ into the hippocampus and the locus coeruleus (LoC) also produces similar memory deficits and injection of both AR agonists into a cortical area can rescue memory from LoC Aβ. We have previously shown that β3-AR stimulation increases astrocytic glucose uptake and have suggested there may be sensitization or upregulation of the receptor. Since β2-AR stimulation does not rescue memory at the time it promotes glycogenolysis, but the receptor does not appear to be impaired, it is suggested that Aβ may be causing an impairment in the synthesis of readily available glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gibbs
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052, VIC, Australia,
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Peng L, Gu L, Li B, Hertz L. Fluoxetine and all other SSRIs are 5-HT2B Agonists - Importance for their Therapeutic Effects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:365-79. [PMID: 25342944 PMCID: PMC4207076 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140828221720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine and other serotonin-specific re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally thought to owe their therapeutic potency to inhibition of the serotonin transporter (SERT). However, research in our laboratory showed that it affects, with relatively high affinity the 5-HT2B receptor in cultured astrocytes; this finding was confirmed by independent observations showing that fluoxetine loses its ability to elicit SSRI-like responses in behavioral assays in mice in which the 5-HT2B receptor was knocked-out genetically or inhibited pharmacologically. All clinically used SSRIs are approximately equipotent towards 5-HT2B receptors and exert their effect on cultured astrocytes at concentrations similar to those used clinically, a substantial difference from their effect on SERT. We have demonstrated up-regulation and editing of astrocytic genes for ADAR2, the kainate receptor GluK2, cPLA2 and the 5-HT2B receptor itself after chronic treatment of cultures, which do not express SERT and after treatment of mice (expressing SERT) for 2 weeks with fluoxetine, followed by isolation of astrocytic and neuronal cell fractionation. Affected genes were identical in both experimental paradigms. Fluoxetine treatment also altered Ca(2+) homeostatic cascades, in a specific way that differs from that seen after treatment with the anti-bipolar drugs carbamazepine, lithium, or valproic acid. All changes occurred after a lag period similar to what is seen for fluoxetine's clinical effects, and some of the genes were altered in the opposite direction by mild chronic inescapable stress, known to cause anhedonia, a component of major depression. In the anhedonic mice these changes were reversed by treatment with SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Liang C, Du T, Zhou J, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Ammonium increases Ca(2+) signalling and up-regulates expression of TRPC1 gene in astrocytes in primary cultures and in the in vivo brain. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2127-35. [PMID: 25113123 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid rise in ammonium concentration in the brain is the major pathogenic factor in hepatic encephalopathy that is manifested by state of confusion, forgetfulness and irritability, psychotic symptoms, delusions, lethargy, somnolence and, in the terminal stages, coma. Primary cultures of mouse astrocytes were used to investigate effects of chronic treatment (3 days) with ammonium chloride (ammonium) at 3 mM, this being a relevant concentration for hepatic encephalopathy condition, on metabotropic receptor agonist-induced increases in free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration [(Ca(2+))i], measured with fura-2 based microfluorimetry and on store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) activated following treatment with the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin. The agonists used were the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, the α2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine, the InsP3 receptor (InsP3R) agonist adenophostin A and ryanodine receptor agonist 4-Chloro-m-cresol (4-CMC). Agonist-induced [Ca(2+)]i responses were significantly increased in astrocytes chronically exposed to ammonium. Similarly, the SOCE, meditated by the transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1), was significantly augmented. The ammonium-induced increase in SOCE was a result of an up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of TRPC1 in astrocytes. Increase in TRPC1 expression and in SOCE were both prevented by ouabain antagonist canrenone. Similar up-regulation of TRPC1 gene expression was found in the brain of adult mice subjected to intraperitoneal injection of urease for 3 days. In transgenic mice tagged with an astrocyte-specific or a neurone-specific markers and treated with intraperitoneal injections of urease for 3 days, the fluorescence-activated cell sorting of neurones and astrocytes demonstrated that TRPC1 mRNA expression was up-regulated in astrocytes, but not in neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Liang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Gibbs ME, Hertz L. Serotonin mediation of early memory formation via 5-HT2B receptor-induced glycogenolysis in the day-old chick. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:54. [PMID: 24744730 PMCID: PMC3978258 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the effects of serotonin on memory formation in the chick revealed an action on at least two 5-HT receptors. Serotonin injected intracerebrally produced a biphasic effect on memory consolidation with enhancement at low doses and inhibition at higher doses. The non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist methiothepin and the selective 5-HT2B/C receptor antagonist SB221284 both inhibited memory, suggesting actions of serotonin on at least two different receptor subtypes. The 5-HT2B/C and astrocyte-specific 5-HT receptor agonist, fluoxetine and paroxetine, enhanced memory and the effect was attributed to glycogenolysis. Inhibition of glycogenolysis with a low dose of DAB (1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol) prevented both serotonin and fluoxetine from enhancing memory during short-term memory but not during intermediate memory. The role of serotonin on the 5-HT2B/C receptor appears to involve glycogen breakdown in astrocytes during short-term memory, whereas other published evidence attributes the second period of glycogenolysis to noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Gibbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leif Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Du T, Liang C, Li B, Hertz L, Peng L. Chronic fluoxetine administration increases expression of the L-channel gene Cav1.2 in astrocytes from the brain of treated mice and in culture and augments K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Signal Transduction in Astrocytes during Chronic or Acute Treatment with Drugs (SSRIs, Antibipolar Drugs, GABA-ergic Drugs, and Benzodiazepines) Ameliorating Mood Disorders. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2014; 2014:593934. [PMID: 24707399 PMCID: PMC3953578 DOI: 10.1155/2014/593934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic treatment with fluoxetine or other so-called serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) or with a lithium salt “lithium”, carbamazepine, or valproic acid, the three classical antibipolar drugs, exerts a multitude of effects on astrocytes, which in turn modulate astrocyte-neuronal interactions and brain function. In the case of the SSRIs, they are to a large extent due to 5-HT2B-mediated upregulation and editing of genes. These alterations induce alteration in effects of cPLA2, GluK2, and the 5-HT2B receptor, probably including increases in both glucose metabolism and glycogen turnover, which in combination have therapeutic effect on major depression. The ability of increased levels of extracellular K+ to increase [Ca2+]i is increased as a sign of increased K+-induced excitability in astrocytes. Acute anxiolytic drug treatment with benzodiazepines or GABAA receptor stimulation has similar glycogenolysis-enhancing effects. The antibipolar drugs induce intracellular alkalinization in astrocytes with lithium acting on one acid extruder and carbamazepine and valproic acid on a different acid extruder. They inhibit K+-induced and transmitter-induced increase of astrocytic [Ca2+]i and thereby probably excitability. In several cases, they exert different changes in gene expression than SSRIs, determined both in cultured astrocytes and in freshly isolated astrocytes from drug-treated animals.
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