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Dénes B, Fuller RN, Kelin W, Levin TR, Gil J, Harewood A, Lőrincz M, Wall NR, Firek AF, Langridge WHR. A CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2 RBD Mucosal Vaccine Protects Against Coronavirus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1865. [PMID: 38140268 PMCID: PMC10747655 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines protect against respiratory virus infection by stimulating the production of IgA antibodies that protect against virus invasion of the mucosal epithelium. In this study, a novel protein subunit mucosal vaccine was constructed for protection against infection by the beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The vaccine was assembled by linking a gene encoding the SARS-CoV-2 virus S1 angiotensin converting enzyme receptor binding domain (ACE-2-RBD) downstream from a DNA fragment encoding the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a mucosal adjuvant known to stimulate vaccine immunogenicity. A 42 kDa vaccine fusion protein was identified in homogenates of transformed E. coli BL-21 cells by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoblotting against anti-CTB and anti-ACE-2-RBD primary antibodies. The chimeric CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2-RBD vaccine fusion protein was partially purified from clarified bacterial homogenates by nickel affinity column chromatography. Further vaccine purification was accomplished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electro-elution of the 42 kDa chimeric vaccine protein. Vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed by oral, nasal, and parenteral immunization of BALB/c mice with the CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2-RBD protein. Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies were quantified in immunized mouse serum by ELISA analysis. Serum from immunized mice contained IgG and IgA antibodies that neutralized SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cell cultures. In contrast to unimmunized mice, cytological examination of cell necrosis in lung tissues excised from immunized mice revealed no detectable cellular abnormalities. Mouse behavior following vaccine immunization remained normal throughout the duration of the experiments. Together, our data show that a CTB-adjuvant-stimulated CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2-RBD chimeric mucosal vaccine protein synthesized in bacteria can produce durable and persistent IgA antibodies in mice that neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 subvariant Omicron BA.1.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Dénes
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1143 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ryan N. Fuller
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
| | - Wayne Kelin
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
| | - Tessa R. Levin
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
| | - Jaipuneet Gil
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
| | - Aaren Harewood
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, AL 35896, USA
| | - Márta Lőrincz
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1143 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nathan R. Wall
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Anthony F. Firek
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
- Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center (CECORC), Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA
| | - William H. R. Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (B.D.); (R.N.F.); (W.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.G.); (A.H.); (N.R.W.); (A.F.F.)
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Zaragoza-Gómez A, García-Caffarel E, Cruz-Zamora Y, González J, Anaya-Muñoz VH, Cruz-García F, Juárez-Díaz JA. The Nβ motif of NaTrxh directs secretion as an endoplasmic reticulum transit peptide and variations might result in different cellular targeting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287087. [PMID: 37824466 PMCID: PMC10569557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble secretory proteins with a signal peptide reach the extracellular space through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi conventional pathway. During translation, the signal peptide is recognised by the signal recognition particle and results in a co-translational translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum to continue the secretory pathway. However, soluble secretory proteins lacking a signal peptide are also abundant, and several unconventional (endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi independent) pathways have been proposed and some demonstrated. This work describes new features of the secretion signal called Nβ, originally identified in NaTrxh, a plant extracellular thioredoxin, that does not possess an orthodox signal peptide. We provide evidence that other proteins, including thioredoxins type h, with similar sequences are also signal peptide-lacking secretory proteins. To be a secretion signal, positions 5, 8 and 9 must contain neutral residues in plant proteins-a negative residue in position 8 is suggested in animal proteins-to maintain the Nβ motif negatively charged and a hydrophilic profile. Moreover, our results suggest that the NaTrxh translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum occurs as a post-translational event. Finally, the Nβ motif sequence at the N- or C-terminus could be a feature that may help to predict protein localisation, mainly in plant and animal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Zaragoza-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Emilio García-Caffarel
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Yuridia Cruz-Zamora
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - James González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Víctor Hugo Anaya-Muñoz
- Escuela Nacional Estudios Superiores unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Felipe Cruz-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Javier Andrés Juárez-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, México
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Su YL, Larzábal M, Song H, Cheng T, Wang Y, Smith LY, Cataldi AA, Ow DW. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 antigens produced in transgenic lettuce effective as an oral vaccine in mice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:214. [PMID: 37740735 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgene with recombination sites to address biosafety concerns engineered into lettuce to produce EspB and γ-intimin C280 for oral vaccination against EHEC O157:H7. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a food-borne pathogen where ruminant farm animals, mainly bovine, serve as reservoirs. Bovine vaccination has been used to prevent disease outbreaks, and the current method relies on vaccines subcutaneously injected three times per year. Since EHEC O157:H7 colonizes mucosal surfaces, an oral vaccine that produces an IgA response could be more convenient. Here, we report on oral vaccination against EHEC O157:H7 in mice orally gavaged with transgenic lettuce that produces EHEC O157:H7 antigens EspB and γ-intimin C280. Younger leaves accumulated a higher concentration of antigens; and in unexpanded leaves of 30-day-old T2 plants, EspB and γ-intimin C280 were up to 32 and 51 μg/g fresh weight, respectively. Mice orally gavaged with lettuce powders containing < 3 µg antigens for 6 days showed a mucosal immune response with reduced colonization of EHEC O157:H7. This suggests that the transgenic lettuce has potential to be used for bovine vaccination. To promote the biosafety of crop plants producing medically relevant proteins, recombination sites were built into our transgenic lines that would permit optional marker removal by Cre-lox recombination, as well as transgene deletion in pollen by CinH-RS2 recombination. The ability to upgrade the transgenic lettuce by stacking additional antigen genes or replacing older genes with newer versions would also be possible through the combined use of Bxb-att and Cre-lox recombination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lin Su
- Plant Gene Engineering Center; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Mariano Larzábal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Huan Song
- Plant Gene Engineering Center; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianfang Cheng
- Plant Gene Engineering Center; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Wang
- Plant Gene Engineering Center; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Libia Yael Smith
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Angel Adrian Cataldi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - David W Ow
- Plant Gene Engineering Center; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China.
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, George S, Lucero Y, Gómez LA, Carreño LJ, García-Betancourt R, O’Ryan M. Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155751. [PMID: 37215733 PMCID: PMC10196187 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera is a major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water is limited. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis of V. cholerae as well as provide an overview of the immune response against this pathogen. We highlight that V. cholerae has a remarkable ability to adapt and evolve, which is a global concern because it increases the risk of cholera outbreaks and the spread of the disease to new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, we show that this pathogen expresses several virulence factors enabling it to efficiently colonize the human intestine and cause cholera. A cumulative body of work also shows that V. cholerae infection triggers an inflammatory response that influences the development of immune memory against cholera. Lastly, we reviewed the status of licensed cholera vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, and recent progress in developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers a comprehensive view of V. cholerae and identifies knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more effective cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio George
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A. Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gupta P, Andankar I, Gunasekaran B, Easwaran N, Kodiveri Muthukaliannan G. Genetically modified potato and rice based edible vaccines – An overview. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases and form an important innovation of 19th century research. It contains a protein that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weak or killed forms of the microbe. Vaccines are agents that stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Now, a new form of vaccine was introduced which will have the power to mask the risk side of conventional vaccines. This type of vaccine was produced from plants which are genetically modified. In the production of edible vaccines, the gene-encoding bacterial or viral disease-causing agent can be incorporated in plants without losing its immunogenic property. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines can be produced by incorporating transgene in to the selected plant cell. At present edible vaccine are developed for veterinary and human use. But the main challenge faced by edible vaccine is its acceptance by the population so that it is necessary to make aware the society about its use and benefits. When compared to other traditional vaccines, edible vaccines are cost effective, efficient and safe. It promises a better prevention option from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda M Kurup
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Jaya Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Gunasekaran B, Gothandam KM. A review on edible vaccines and their prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e8749. [PMID: 31994600 PMCID: PMC6984374 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, vaccines have been the main mode of defense and protection against several bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. However, the process of production and purification makes them expensive and unaffordable to many developing nations. An edible vaccine is when the antigen is expressed in the edible part of the plant. This reduces the cost of production of the vaccine because of ease of culturing. In this article, various types of edible vaccines that include algal and probiotics in addition to plants are discussed. Various diseases against which research has been carried out are also reviewed. This article focused on the conception of edible vaccines highlighting the various ways by which vaccines can be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gunasekaran
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K M Gothandam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Holásková E, Galuszka P, Mičúchová A, Šebela M, Öz MT, Frébort I. Molecular Farming in Barley: Development of a Novel Production Platform to Produce Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700628. [PMID: 29369519 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The peptide LL-37, a component of the human innate immune system, represents a promising drug candidate. In particular, the development of low-cost production platform technology is a critical bottleneck in its use in medicine. In the present study, a viable approach for the LL-37 production in transgenic barley is developed. First, comparative analyses of the effects of different fused peptide epitope tags applicable for accumulation and purification on LL-37 production yield are performed using transient expression in tobacco leaves. Following the selection of the most yielding fusion peptide strategies, eight different constructs for the expression of codon optimized chimeric LL-37 genes in transgenic barley plants are created. The expression of individual constructs is driven either by an endosperm-specific promoter of the barley B1 hordein gene or by the maize ubiquitin promoter. The transgenes are stably integrated into the barley genome and inherited in the subsequent generation. All transgenic lines show normal phenotypes and are fertile. LL-37 accumulated in the barley seeds up to 0.55 mg per 1 kg of grain. The fused epitope tags are cleaved off by the use of enterokinase. Furthermore, in planta produced LL-37 including the fused versions is biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Holásková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Alžbeta Mičúchová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Mehmet Tufan Öz
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
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9
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Genetic manipulations in crops: Challenges and opportunities. Genomics 2017; 109:494-505. [PMID: 28778540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An alarming increase in the human population necessitates doubling the world food production in the next few decades. Although a number of possible biotechnological measures are under consideration, central to these efforts is the development of transgenic crops to produce more food, and the traits with which plants could better adapt to adverse environmental conditions in a changing climate. The emergence of new tools for the introduction of foreign genes into plants has increased both our knowledge and the capacity to develop transgenic plants. In addition, a better understanding of genetic modifications has allowed us to study the impact that genetically modified crop plants may have on the environment. This article discusses different techniques routinely used to carry out genetic modifications in plants while highlighting challenges with them, which future research must address to increase acceptance of GM crops for meeting food security challenges effectively.
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10
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Pillay P, Kunert KJ, van Wyk S, Makgopa ME, Cullis CA, Vorster BJ. Agroinfiltration contributes to VP1 recombinant protein degradation. Bioengineered 2016; 7:459-477. [PMID: 27459147 PMCID: PMC5094629 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1208868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in applying tobacco agroinfiltration for recombinant protein production in a plant based system. However, in such a system, the action of proteases might compromise recombinant protein production. Protease sensitivity of model recombinant foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus P1-polyprotein (P1) and VP1 (viral capsid protein 1) as well as E. coli glutathione reductase (GOR) were investigated. Recombinant VP1 was more severely degraded when treated with the serine protease trypsin than when treated with the cysteine protease papain. Cathepsin L- and B-like as well as legumain proteolytic activities were elevated in agroinfiltrated tobacco tissues and recombinant VP1 was degraded when incubated with such a protease-containing tobacco extract. In silico analysis revealed potential protease cleavage sites within the P1, VP1 and GOR sequences. The interaction modeling of the single VP1 protein with the proteases papain and trypsin showed greater proximity to proteolytic active sites compared to modeling with the entire P1-polyprotein fusion complex. Several plant transcripts with differential expression were detected 24 hr post-agroinfiltration when the RNA-seq technology was applied to identify changed protease transcripts using the recently available tobacco draft genome. Three candidate genes were identified coding for proteases which included the Responsive-to-Desiccation-21 (RD21) gene and genes for coding vacuolar processing enzymes 1a (NbVPE1a) and 1b (NbVPE1b). The data demonstrates that the tested recombinant proteins are sensitive to protease action and agroinfiltration induces the expression of potential proteases that can compromise recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyen Pillay
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karl J. Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stefan van Wyk
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Matome Eugene Makgopa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Barend J. Vorster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ahmad N, Michoux F, Lössl AG, Nixon PJ. Challenges and perspectives in commercializing plastid transformation technology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5945-5960. [PMID: 27697788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation has emerged as an alternative platform to generate transgenic plants. Attractive features of this technology include specific integration of transgenes-either individually or as operons-into the plastid genome through homologous recombination, the potential for high-level protein expression, and transgene containment because of the maternal inheritance of plastids. Several issues associated with nuclear transformation such as gene silencing, variable gene expression due to the Mendelian laws of inheritance, and epigenetic regulation have not been observed in the plastid genome. Plastid transformation has been successfully used for the production of therapeutics, vaccines, antigens, and commercial enzymes, and for engineering various agronomic traits including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, these demonstrations have usually focused on model systems such as tobacco, and the technology per se has not yet reached the market. Technical factors limiting this technology include the lack of efficient protocols for the transformation of cereals, poor transgene expression in non-green plastids, a limited number of selection markers, and the lengthy procedures required to recover fully segregated plants. This article discusses the technology of transforming the plastid genome, the positive and negative features compared with nuclear transformation, and the current challenges that need to be addressed for successful commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Franck Michoux
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91058 Evry, France
| | - Andreas G Lössl
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Huy NX, Tien NQD, Kim MY, Kim TG, Jang YS, Yang MS. Immunogenicity of an S1D epitope from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and cholera toxin B subunit fusion protein transiently expressed in infiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE 2016; 127:369-380. [PMID: 32214565 PMCID: PMC7088629 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-016-1059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes acute enteritis in pigs. A fragment of the large spike glycoprotein, termed the S1D epitope (aa 636-789), alone and fused with cholera toxin B subunit, were independently cloned into plant expression vectors, yielding plasmids pMYV717 and pMYV719, respectively. Plant expression vectors were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and subsequently infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The highest expression level of S1D was found at 2 days post infiltration (dpi), reached 0.04 % of total soluble protein, and rapidly decreased thereafter. The expression and assembly of CTB-S1D fusion protein were confirmed by Western blot and GM1-ELISA. The highest expression level of CTB-S1D fusion protein was 0.07 % of TSP at 4 dpi, with a rapid decrease thereafter. In the presence of p19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus, the S1D and CTB-S1D protein levels peaked at 6 dpi and were fourfold to sevenfold higher than in the absence of p19, respectively. After oral administration of transiently expressed CTB-S1D fusion protein, or with bacterial cholera toxin or rice callus expressing mutant cholera toxin 61F, mice exhibited significantly greater serum IgG and sIgA levels against bacterial CTB and S1D antigen, peaking at week 6. Transiently expressed CTB-S1D fusion protein will be administered orally to pigs to assess the immune response against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Xuan Huy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Biology Department, Hue University of Education, 34 Le Loi, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen-Quang-Duc Tien
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geum Kim
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Jeongup Industry-Academy-Institute Cooperation, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Sik Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Plant-based vaccine technologies involve the integration of the desired genes encoding the antigen protein for specific disease into the genome of plant tissues by various methods. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer and transformation via genetically modified plant virus are the common methods that have been used to produce effective vaccines. Nevertheless, with the advancement of science and technology, new approaches have been developed to increase the efficiency of former methods such as biolistic, electroporation, agroinfiltration, sonication, and polyethylene glycol treatment. Even though plant-based vaccines provide many benefits to the vaccine industry, there are still challenges that limit the rate of successful production of these third-generation vaccines. Even with all the limitations, continuous efforts are still ongoing in order to produce efficient vaccine for many human and animals related diseases owing to its great potentials. This paper reviews the existing conventional methods as well as the development efforts by researchers in order to improve the production of plant-based vaccines. Several challenges encountered during and after the production process were also discussed.
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Soh HS, Chung HY, Lee HH, Ajjappala H, Jang K, Park JH, Sim JS, Lee GY, Lee HJ, Han YH, Lim JW, Choi I, Chung IS, Hahn BS. Expression and functional validation of heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) and cholera toxin B (CTB) subunits in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa). SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:148. [PMID: 25853032 PMCID: PMC4380882 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We expressed the heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) subunit from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and the cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit from Vibrio cholerae under the control of the rice (Oryza sativa) globulin (Glb) promoter. Binding of recombinant LTB and CTB proteins was confirmed based on GM1-ganglioside binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (GM1-ELISA). Real-time PCR of three generations (T3, T4, and T5) in homozygous lines (LCI-11) showed single copies of LTB, CTB, bar and Tnos. LTB and CTB proteins in rice transgenic lines were detected by Western blot analysis. Immunogenicity trials of rice-derived CTB and LTB antigens were evaluated through oral and intraperitoneal administration in mice, respectively. The results revealed that LTB- and CTB-specific IgG levels were enhanced in the sera of intraperitoneally immunized mice. Similarly, the toxin-neutralizing activity of CTB and LTB in serum of orally immunized mice was associated with elevated levels of both IgG and IgA. The results of the present study suggest that the combined expression of CTB and LTB proteins can be utilized to produce vaccines against enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera, for the prevention of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Seob Soh
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Ha Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Hemavathi Ajjappala
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - Kyoungok Jang
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - Gee Young Lee
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Young Hee Han
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lim
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Inchan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - In Sik Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
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15
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Baldauf KJ, Royal JM, Hamorsky KT, Matoba N. Cholera toxin B: one subunit with many pharmaceutical applications. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:974-96. [PMID: 25802972 PMCID: PMC4379537 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera, a waterborne acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, remains prevalent in underdeveloped countries and is a serious health threat to those living in unsanitary conditions. The major virulence factor is cholera toxin (CT), which consists of two subunits: the A subunit (CTA) and the B subunit (CTB). CTB is a 55 kD homopentameric, non-toxic protein binding to the GM1 ganglioside on mammalian cells with high affinity. Currently, recombinantly produced CTB is used as a component of an internationally licensed oral cholera vaccine, as the protein induces potent humoral immunity that can neutralize CT in the gut. Additionally, recent studies have revealed that CTB administration leads to the induction of anti-inflammatory mechanisms in vivo. This review will cover the potential of CTB as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent. We will also summarize various recombinant expression systems available for recombinant CTB bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan J Baldauf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Joshua M Royal
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY 42303, USA.
| | - Krystal Teasley Hamorsky
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY 42303, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY 42303, USA.
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16
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Fu G, Grbic V, Ma S, Tian L. Evaluation of somatic embryos of alfalfa for recombinant protein expression. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:211-21. [PMID: 25413922 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryos of alfalfa can accumulate higher levels of recombinant proteins comparing to vegetative organs. Somatic embryos may be explored as a new system for new protein production for plants. Plants have been explored via genetic engineering as an inexpensive system for recombinant protein production. However, protein expression levels in vegetative tissues have been low, which limits the commercial utilization of plant expression systems. Somatic embryos resemble zygotic embryos in many aspects and may accumulate higher levels of proteins as true seed. In this study, somatic embryo of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was investigated for the expression of recombinant proteins. Three heterologous genes, including the standard scientific reporter uid that codes for β-glucuronidase and two genes of interest: ctb coding for cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), and hIL-13 coding for human interleukin 13, were independently introduced into alfalfa via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Somatic embryos were subsequently induced from transgenic plants carrying these genes. Somatic embryos accumulated approximately twofold more recombinant proteins than vegetative organs including roots, stems, and leaves. The recombinant proteins of CTB and hIL-13 accumulated up to 0.15 and 0.18 % of total soluble protein in alfalfa somatic embryos, respectively. The recombinant proteins expressed in somatic embryos also exhibited biological activities. As somatic embryos can be induced in many plant species and their production can be scaled up via different avenues, somatic embryos may be developed as an efficient expression system for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Fu
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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17
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Kim TG, Kim MY, Tien NQD, Huy NX, Yang MS. Dengue Virus E Glycoprotein Production in Transgenic Rice Callus. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:1069-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is widely used as a carrier molecule and mucosal adjuvant and for the expression of fusion proteins of interest. CTB-fusion proteins are also expressed in plants, but the N-glycan structures of CTB have not been clarified. To gain insights into the N-glycosylation and N-glycans of CTB expressed in plants, we expressed CTB in rice seeds with an N-terminal glutelin signal and a C-terminal KDEL sequence and analyzed its N-glycosylation and N-glycan structures. CTB was successfully expressed in rice seeds in two forms: a form with N-glycosylation at Asn32 that included both plant-specific N-glycans and small oligomannosidic N-glycans and a non-N-glycosylated form. N-Glycan analysis of CTB showed that approximately 50 % of the N-glycans had plant-specific M3FX structures and that almost none of the N-glycans was of high-mannose-type N-glycan even though the CTB expressed in rice seeds contains a C-terminal KDEL sequence. These results suggest that the CTB expressed in rice was N-glycosylated through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi N-glycosylation machinery without the ER retrieval.
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19
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De Buck S, Nolf J, De Meyer T, Virdi V, De Wilde K, Van Lerberge E, Van Droogenbroeck B, Depicker A. Fusion of an Fc chain to a VHH boosts the accumulation levels in Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:1006-16. [PMID: 23915060 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies® (VHHs) provide powerful tools in therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Nevertheless, for some applications, bivalent antibodies perform much better, and for this, an Fc chain can be fused to the VHH domain, resulting in a bivalent homodimeric VHH-Fc complex. However, the production of bivalent antibodies in Escherichia coli is rather inefficient. Therefore, we compared the production of VHH7 and VHH7-Fc as antibodies of interest in Arabidopsis seeds for detecting prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a well-known biomarker for prostate cancer in the early stages of tumour development. The influence of the signal sequence (camel versus plant) and that of the Fc chain origin (human, mouse or pig) were evaluated. The accumulation levels of VHHs were very low, with a maximum of 0.13% VHH of total soluble protein (TSP) in homozygous T3 seeds, while VHH-Fc accumulation levels were at least 10- to 100-fold higher, with a maximum of 16.25% VHH-Fc of TSP. Both the camel and plant signal peptides were efficiently cleaved off and did not affect the accumulation levels. However, the Fc chain origin strongly affected the degree of proteolysis, but only had a slight influence on the accumulation level. Analysis of the mRNA levels suggested that the low amount of VHHs produced in Arabidopsis seeds was not due to a failure in transcription, but rather to translation inefficiency, protein instability and/or degradation. Most importantly, the plant-produced VHH7 and VHH7-Fc antibodies were functional in detecting PSA and could thus be used for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie De Buck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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20
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Transgenic barley: a prospective tool for biotechnology and agriculture. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:137-57. [PMID: 24084493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the founder crops of agriculture, and today it is the fourth most important cereal grain worldwide. Barley is used as malt in brewing and distilling industry, as an additive for animal feed, and as a component of various food and bread for human consumption. Progress in stable genetic transformation of barley ensures a potential for improvement of its agronomic performance or use of barley in various biotechnological and industrial applications. Recently, barley grain has been successfully used in molecular farming as a promising bioreactor adapted for production of human therapeutic proteins or animal vaccines. In addition to development of reliable transformation technologies, an extensive amount of various barley genetic resources and tools such as sequence data, microarrays, genetic maps, and databases has been generated. Current status on barley transformation technologies including gene transfer techniques, targets, and progeny stabilization, recent trials for improvement of agricultural traits and performance of barley, especially in relation to increased biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and potential use of barley grain as a protein production platform have been reviewed in this study. Overall, barley represents a promising tool for both agricultural and biotechnological transgenic approaches, and is considered an ancient but rediscovered crop as a model industrial platform for molecular farming.
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21
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Guan ZJ, Guo B, Huo YL, Guan ZP, Dai JK, Wei YH. Recent advances and safety issues of transgenic plant-derived vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2817-40. [PMID: 23447052 PMCID: PMC7080054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plant-derived vaccines comprise a new type of bioreactor that combines plant genetic engineering technology with an organism's immunological response. This combination can be considered as a bioreactor that is produced by introducing foreign genes into plants that elicit special immunogenicity when introduced into animals or human beings. In comparison with traditional vaccines, plant vaccines have some significant advantages, such as low cost, greater safety, and greater effectiveness. In a number of recent studies, antigen-specific proteins have been successfully expressed in various plant tissues and have even been tested in animals and human beings. Therefore, edible vaccines of transgenic plants have a bright future. This review begins with a discussion of the immune mechanism and expression systems for transgenic plant vaccines. Then, current advances in different transgenic plant vaccines will be analyzed, including vaccines against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites. In view of the low expression levels for antigens in plants, high-level expression strategies of foreign protein in transgenic plants are recommended. Finally, the existing safety problems in transgenic plant vaccines were put forward will be discussed along with a number of appropriate solutions that will hopefully lead to future clinical application of edible plant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-jun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-lin Huo
- Centre of Biological and Chemical Exiperiment, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
| | - Zheng-ping Guan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangshu 210095 China
| | - Jia-kun Dai
- Enzyme Engineering Institute of Shaanxi, Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
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22
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Shahid M, Shahzad A, Malik A, Sahai A. Plant Edible Vaccines: A Revolution in Vaccination. RECENT TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 2013. [PMCID: PMC7120501 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6603-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Shahid
- Arabian Gulf University, Department Of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Anwar Shahzad
- , Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Abida Malik
- , Department of Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, J. N. Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Aastha Sahai
- , Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
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Skarjinskaia M, Ruby K, Araujo A, Taylor K, Gopalasamy-Raju V, Musiychuk K, Chichester JA, Palmer GA, de la Rosa P, Mett V, Ugulava N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Hairy Roots as a Vaccine Production and Delivery System. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF HAIRY ROOT SYSTEMS 2013; 134:115-34. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Shin MK, Jung MH, Lee WJ, Choi PS, Jang YS, Yoo HS. Generation of transgenic corn-derived Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIIA fused with the cholera toxin B subunit as a vaccine candidate. J Vet Sci 2012; 12:401-3. [PMID: 22122907 PMCID: PMC3232401 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.4.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn, one of the most important forage crops worldwide, has proven to be a useful expression vehicle due to the availability of established transformation procedures for this well-studied plant. The exotoxin Apx, a major virulence factor, is recognized as a common antigen of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. In this study, a cholera toxin B (CTB)-ApxIIA#5 fusion protein and full-size ApxIIA expressed in corn seed, as a subunit vaccine candidate, were observed to induce Apx-specific immune responses in mice. These results suggest that transgenic corn-derived ApxIIA and CTB-ApxIIA#5 proteins are potential vaccine candidates against A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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25
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Egelkrout E, Rajan V, Howard JA. Overproduction of recombinant proteins in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 184:83-101. [PMID: 22284713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant protein production in microbial hosts and animal cell cultures has revolutionized the pharmaceutical and industrial enzyme industries. Plants as alternative hosts for the production of recombinant proteins are being actively pursued, taking advantage of their unique characteristics. The key to cost-efficient production in any system is the level of protein accumulation, which is inversely proportional to the cost. Levels of up to 5 g/kg biomass have been obtained in plants, making this production system competitive with microbial hosts. Increasing protein accumulation at the cellular level by varying host, germplasm, location of protein accumulation, and transformation procedure is reviewed. At the molecular level increased expression by improving transcription, translation and accumulation of the protein is critically evaluated. The greatest increases in protein accumulation will occur when various optimized parameters are more fully integrated with each other. Because of the complex nature of plants, this will take more time and effort to accomplish than has been the case for the simpler unicellular systems. However the potential for plants to become one of the major avenues for protein production appears very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Egelkrout
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Technology Park, Building 83, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
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26
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Karaman S, Cunnick J, Wang K. Expression of the cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) in maize seeds and a combined mucosal treatment against cholera and traveler's diarrhea. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:527-537. [PMID: 21938449 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The non-toxic B subunit (CT-B) of cholera toxin from Vibrio cholerae is a strong immunogen and amplifies the immune reaction to conjugated antigens. In this work, a synthetic gene encoding for CT-B was expressed under control of a γ-zein promoter in maize seeds. Levels of CT-B in maize plants were determined via ganglioside dependent ELISA. The highest expression level recorded in T(1) generation seeds was 0.0014% of total aqueous soluble protein (TASP). Expression level of the same event in the T(2) generation was significantly increased to 0.0197% of TASP. Immunogenicity of maize derived CT-B was evaluated in mice with an oral immunization trial. Anti-CTB IgG and anti-CTB IgA were detected in the sera and fecal samples of the orally immunized mice, respectively. The mice were protected against holotoxin challenge with CT. An additional group of mice was administrated with an equal amount (5 μg per dose each) of mixed maize-derived CT-B and LT-B (B subunit of E. coli heat labile toxin). In the sera and fecal samples obtained from this group, the specific antibody levels were enhanced compared to either the same or a higher amount of CT-B alone. These results suggest that a synergistic action may be achieved using a CT-B and LT-B mixture that can lead to a more efficacious combined vaccine to target diarrhea induced by both cholera and enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karaman
- Interdepartmental Plant Biology Major, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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27
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The development of a high-yield recombinant protein bioreactor through RNAi induced knockdown of ATP/ADP transporter in Solanum tuberosum. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:59-66. [PMID: 21864587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased need for high-yield protein production platforms to meet growing demand. Tuber-based production in Solanum tuberosum offers several advantages, including high biomass yield, although protein concentration is typically low. In this work, we investigated the question whether minor interruption of starch biosynthesis can have a positive effect on tuber protein content and/or tuber biomass, as previous work suggested that partial obstruction of starch synthesis had variable effects on tuber yield. To this end, we used a RNAi approach to knock down ATP/ADP transporter and obtained a large number of transgenic lines for screening of lines with improved tuber protein content and/or tuber biomass. The initial screening was based on tuber biomass because of its relative simplicity. We identified a line, riAATP1-10, with minor (less than 15%) reduction in starch, that had a nearly 30% increase in biomass compared to wild-type, producing both more and larger tubers with altered morphological features compared to wild-type. riAATP1-10 tubers have a higher concentration of soluble protein compared to wild-type tubers, with nearly 50% more soluble protein. We assessed the suitability of this line as a new bioreactor by expressing a human scFv, reaching over 0.5% of total soluble protein, a 2-fold increase over the highest accumulating line in a wild-type background. Together with increased biomass and increased levels in total protein content, foreign protein expression in riAATP1-10 line would translate into a nearly 4-fold increase in recombinant protein yield per plant. Our results indicate that riAATP1-10 line provides an improved expression system for production of foreign proteins.
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Huy NX, Yang MS, Kim TG. Expression of a cholera toxin B subunit-neutralizing epitope of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus fusion gene in transgenic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Mol Biotechnol 2011; 48:201-9. [PMID: 21153716 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants have been used as a safe and economic expression system for the production of edible vaccines. A synthetic cholera toxin B subunit gene (CTB) was fused with a synthetic neutralizing epitope gene of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (sCTB-sCOE), and the sCTB-sCOE fusion gene was introduced into a plant expression vector under the control of the ubiquitin promoter. This plant expression vector was transformed into lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Stable integration and transcriptional expression of the sCTB-sCOE fusion gene was confirmed using genomic DNA PCR analysis and northern blot analysis, respectively. The results of western blot analysis with anti-cholera toxin and anti-COE antibody showed the synthesis and assembly of CTB-COE fusion protein into oligomeric structures with pentameric sizing. The biological activity of CTB-COE fusion protein to its receptor, G(M1)-ganglioside, in transgenic plants was confirmed via G(M1)-ELISA with anti-cholera toxin and anti-COE antibody. Based on G(M1)-ELISA, the expression level of CTB-COE fusion proteins reached 0.0065% of the total soluble protein in transgenic lettuce leaf tissues. Transgenic lettuce successfully expressing CTB-COE fusion protein will be tested to induce efficient immune responses against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection by administration with raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Xuan Huy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
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29
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Protection against autoimmune diabetes by silkworm-produced GFP-tagged CTB-insulin fusion protein. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:831704. [PMID: 21765853 PMCID: PMC3135140 DOI: 10.1155/2011/831704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In animals, oral administration of the cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit conjugated to the autoantigen insulin enhances the specific immune-unresponsive state. This is called oral tolerance and is capable of suppressing autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the process by which the CTB-insulin (CTB-INS) protein works as a therapy for T1D in vivo remains unclear. Here, we successfully expressed a green fluorescent protein- (GFP-) tagged CTB-Ins (CTB-Ins-GFP) fusion protein in silkworms in a pentameric form that retained the native ability to activate the mechanism. Oral administration of the CTB-Ins-GFP protein induced special tolerance, delayed the development of diabetic symptoms, and suppressed T1D onset in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Moreover, it increased the numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells in peripheral lymph tissues and affected the biological activity of spleen cells. This study demonstrated that the CTB-Ins-GFP protein produced in silkworms acted as an oral protein vaccine, inducing immunological tolerance involving CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in treating T1D.
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Loc NH, Thinh LT, Yang MS, Kim TG. Highly expressed cholera toxin B subunit in the fruit of a transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Matvieieva NA, Vasylenko MY, Shahovsky AM, Bannykova MO, Kvasko OY, Kuchuk NV. Effective Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigene ESAT6. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Potato breeding programmes worldwide are undergoing a period of rapid change. In order to be successful, breeders must adapt and incorporate the newest up-to-date techniques as they become available. Recent advances in biotechnology make it possible to develop and cultivate more and more sophisticated transgenic crops with multiple modified traits. Gene transfer methods can be used for a wide range of fundamental studies, contributing to a better understanding of the mechanisms of plant/pathogen interactions and the metabolic pathways in plants. Transgenic potato plants are being generated worldwide to investigate the impact of transgene expression on parameters as complex as yield. Historically, potato was one of the first successfully transformed crop plants. Nowadays, transgenic potatoes have been introduced into the food chain of people and animals in several countries. Some of the genetic modifications give potato plants increased resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, while others lead to improved nutritional value, or cause the plants to produce proteins of the immune system of humans or animals or substances that may be used as vaccines in humans or veterinary medicine. The trend today is towards the generation of crops with output traits, e.g. modified starch or carotenoids, or the production of pharmaceuticals in tubers, whereas the early targets were input traits, e.g. herbicide resistance, pest or virus resistance. This review provides a summary of examples illustrating the versatility and applicability of transgenic biology in potato improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Z. Polgar
- 1 University of Pannonia Potato Research Centre, Centre of Agricultural Sciences Keszthely Hungary
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Granell A, Fernández del-Carmen A, Orzáez D. In planta production of plant-derived and non-plant-derived adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:843-58. [PMID: 20673009 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antigen production in plants is a safe and economically sound strategy for vaccine development, particularly for oral/mucosal vaccination, but subunit vaccines usually suffer from weak immunogenicity and require adjuvants that escort the antigens, target them to relevant sites and/or activate antigen-presenting cells for elicitation of protective immunity. Genetic fusions of antigens with bacterial adjuvants as the B subunit of the cholera toxin have been successful in inducing protective immunity of plant-made vaccines. In addition, several plant compounds, mainly plant defensive molecules as lectins and saponins, have shown strong adjuvant activities. The molecular diversity of the plant kingdom offers a vast source of non-bacterial compounds with adjuvant activity, which can be assayed in emerging plant manufacturing systems for the design of new plant vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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Loc NH, Bach NH, Kim TG, Yang MS. Tissue culture and expression of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit in transgenic Peperomia pellucida. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:82-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Chia MY, Hsiao SH, Chan HT, Do YY, Huang PL, Chang HW, Tsai YC, Lin CM, Pang VF, Jeng CR. Immunogenicity of recombinant GP5 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expressed in tobacco plant. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:234-42. [PMID: 20053461 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of the ORF5-encoded major envelop glycoprotein 5 (GP5) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) expressed in tobacco plant as a potential pig oral vaccine in protection against PRRSV infection. Six-week-old PRRSV-free pigs were fed four times orally with 50g of chopped fresh GP5 transgenic tobacco leaves (GP5-T) (GP5 reaching 0.011% of total soluble protein) or wild-type tobacco leaves (W-T) each on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Samples of serum, saliva, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected on days -1, 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, and 48 after the initial oral vaccination. A similar vaccination-dependent gradual increase in the responses of serum and saliva anti-PRRSV total IgG and IgA, respectively, and in the levels of PRRSV-specific blastogenic response of PBMCs was seen in GP5-T-treated pigs; all statistically significant elevations occurred after the 2nd vaccination and were revealed after 20 days post-initial oral vaccination (DPIOV). Pigs fed on GP5-T also developed serum neutralizing antibodies to PRRSV at a titer of 1:4-1:8 after the 4th vaccination by 48 DPIOV. No detectable anti-PRRSV antibody responses and PRRSV-specific blastogenic response were seen in W-T-treated pigs. The present study has demonstrated that pigs fed on GP5-T could develop specific mucosal as well as systemic humoral and cellular immune responses against PRRSV. The results also support that transgenic plant as GP5-T can be an effective system for oral delivery of recombinant subunit vaccines in pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Bioreactors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Saliva/immunology
- Sus scrofa
- Swine
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Vaccines, Edible/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Edible/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Chia
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Gong Z, Pan L, Le Y, Liu Q, Zhou M, Xing W, Zhuo R, Wang S, Guo J. Glutamic acid decarboxylase epitope protects against autoimmune diabetes through activation of Th2 immune response and induction of possible regulatory mechanism. Vaccine 2010; 28:4052-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Davoodi-Semiromi A, Schreiber M, Nallapali S, Verma D, Singh ND, Banks RK, Chakrabarti D, Daniell H. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens confer dual immunity against cholera and malaria by oral or injectable delivery. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:223-42. [PMID: 20051036 PMCID: PMC2807910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholera and malaria are major diseases causing high mortality. The only licensed cholera vaccine is expensive; immunity is lost in children within 3 years and adults are not fully protected. No vaccine is yet available for malaria. Therefore, in this study, the cholera toxin-B subunit (CTB) of Vibrio cholerae fused to malarial vaccine antigens apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) was expressed in lettuce and tobacco chloroplasts. Southern blot analysis confirmed homoplasmy and stable integration of transgenes. CTB-AMA1 and CTB-MSP1 fusion proteins accumulated up to 13.17% and 10.11% (total soluble protein, TSP) in tobacco and up to 7.3% and 6.1% (TSP) in lettuce, respectively. Nine groups of mice (n = 10/group) were immunized subcutaneously (SQV) or orally (ORV) with purified antigens or transplastomic tobacco leaves. Significant levels of antigen-specific antibody titres of immunized mice completely inhibited proliferation of the malarial parasite and cross-reacted with the native parasite proteins in immunoblots and immunofluorescence studies. Protection against cholera toxin challenge in both ORV (100%) and SQV (89%) mice correlated with CTB-specific titres of intestinal, serum IgA and IgG1 in ORV and only IgG1 in SQV mice, but no other immunoglobulin. Increasing numbers of interleukin-10(+) T cell but not Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, suppression of interferon-gamma and absence of interleukin-17 were observed in protected mice, suggesting that immunity is conferred via the Tr1/Th2 immune response. Dual immunity against two major infectious diseases provided by chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens for long-term (>300 days, 50% of mouse life span) offers a realistic platform for low cost vaccines and insight into mucosal and systemic immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chloroplasts/immunology
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Cholera/immunology
- Cholera/prevention & control
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
- Cholera Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Cholera Vaccines/genetics
- Cholera Vaccines/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lactuca/genetics
- Lactuca/immunology
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/genetics
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoreza Davoodi-Semiromi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Samson Nallapali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nameirakpam D. Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Robert K. Banks
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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38
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Sharma AK, Sharma MK. Plants as bioreactors: Recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:811-832. [PMID: 19576278 PMCID: PMC7125752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of plants as bioreactors has emerged as an exciting area of research and significant advances have created new opportunities. The driving forces behind the rapid growth of plant bioreactors include low production cost, product safety and easy scale up. As the yield and concentration of a product is crucial for commercial viability, several strategies have been developed to boost up protein expression in transgenic plants. Augmenting tissue-specific transcription, elevating transcript stability, tissue-specific targeting, translation optimization and sub-cellular accumulation are some of the strategies employed. Various kinds of products that are currently being produced in plants include vaccine antigens, medical diagnostics proteins, industrial and pharmaceutical proteins, nutritional supplements like minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and biopolymers. A large number of plant-derived recombinant proteins have reached advanced clinical trials. A few of these products have already been introduced in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Manoj K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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39
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Shin EA, Park YK, Lee KO, Langridge WHR, Lee JY. Synthesis and assembly of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbrial protein in potato tissues. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 43:138-47. [PMID: 19507071 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease caused by the gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is thought to be initiated by the binding of P. gingivalis fimbrial protein to saliva-coated oral surfaces. To assess whether biologically active fimbrial antigen can be synthesized in edible plants, a cDNA fragment encoding the C-terminal binding portion of P. gingivalis fimbrial protein, fimA (amino acids 266-337), was cloned behind the mannopine synthase promoter in plant expression vector pPCV701. The plasmid was transferred into potato (Solanum tuberosum) leaf cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in vivo transformation methods. The fimA cDNA fragment was detected in transformed potato leaf genomic DNA by PCR amplification methods. Further, a novel immunoreactive protein band of ~6.5 kDa was detected in boiled transformed potato tuber extracts by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis methods using primary antibodies to fimbrillin, a monomeric P. gingivalis fimbrial subunit. Antibodies generated against native P. gingivalis fimbriae detected a dimeric form of bacterial-synthesized recombinant FimA(266-337) protein. Further, a protein band of ~160 kDa was recognized by anti-FimA antibodies in undenatured transformed tuber extracts, suggesting that oligomeric assembly of plant-synthesized FimA may occur in transformed plant cells. Based on immunoblot analysis, the maximum amount of FimA protein synthesized in transformed potato tuber tissues was approximately 0.03% of total soluble tuber protein. Biosynthesis of immunologically detectable FimA protein and assembly of fimbrial antigen subunits into oligomers in transformed potato tuber tissues demonstrate the feasibility of producing native FimA protein in edible plant cells for construction of plant-based oral subunit vaccines against periodontal disease caused by P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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40
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Tiwari S, Verma PC, Singh PK, Tuli R. Plants as bioreactors for the production of vaccine antigens. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:449-67. [PMID: 19356740 PMCID: PMC7126855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for commercial production of vaccine antigens. In phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been found to be safe and induce sufficiently high immune response. Thus, transgenic plants, including edible plant parts are suggested as excellent alternatives for the production of vaccines and economic scale-up through cultivation. Improved understanding of plant molecular biology and consequent refinement in the genetic engineering techniques have led to designing approaches for high level expression of vaccine antigens in plants. During the last decade, several efficient plant-based expression systems have been examined and more than 100 recombinant proteins including plant-derived vaccine antigens have been expressed in different plant tissues. Estimates suggest that it may become possible to obtain antigen sufficient for vaccinating millions of individuals from one acre crop by expressing the antigen in seeds of an edible legume, like peanut or soybean. In the near future, a plethora of protein products, developed through ‘naturalized bioreactors’ may reach market. Efforts for further improvements in these technologies need to be directed mainly towards validation and applicability of plant-based standardized mucosal and edible vaccines, regulatory pharmacology, formulations and the development of commercially viable GLP protocols. This article reviews the current status of developments in the area of use of plants for the development of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rakesh Tuli
- Corresponding author. National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001 (U.P.) India. Tel.: +91 522 2205848; fax: +91 522 2205839.
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41
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Matoba N, Kajiura H, Cherni I, Doran JD, Bomsel M, Fujiyama K, Mor TS. Biochemical and immunological characterization of the plant-derived candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mucosal vaccine CTB-MPR. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:129-45. [PMID: 19037902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants are potentially the most economical platforms for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Thus, plant-based expression of subunit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines provides an opportunity for their global use against the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. CTB-MPR(649-684)[CTB, cholera toxin B subunit; MPR, membrane proximal (ectodomain) region of gp41] is an HIV-1 vaccine candidate that has been shown previously to induce antibodies that block a pathway of HIV-1 mucosal transmission. In this article, the molecular characterization of CTB-MPR(649-684) expressed in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants is reported. Virtually all of the CTB-MPR(649-684) proteins expressed in the selected line were shown to have assembled into pentameric, GM1 ganglioside-binding complexes. Detailed biochemical analyses on the purified protein revealed that it was N-glycosylated, predominantly with high-mannose-type glycans (more than 75%), as predicted from a consensus asparagine-X-serine/threonine (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) N-glycosylation sequon on the CTB domain and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal attached at the C-terminus of the fusion protein. Despite this modification, the plant-expressed protein retained the nanomolar affinity to GM1 ganglioside and the critical antigenicity of the MPR(649-684) moiety. Furthermore, the protein induced mucosal and serum anti-MPR(649-684) antibodies in mice after mucosal prime-systemic boost immunization. Our data indicate that plant-based expression can be a viable alternative for the production of this subunit HIV-1 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matoba
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology at the Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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42
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Abstract
Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer a new strategy for development of safe, inexpensive vaccines. The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material. In phase 1 clinical studies of prototype potato- and corn-based vaccines, these vaccines have been safe and immunogenic without the need for a buffer or vehicle other than the plant cell. Transgenic plant technology is attractive for vaccine development because these vaccines are needle-less, stable, and easy to administer. This chapter examines some early human studies of oral transgenic plant-derived vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection, norovirus, and hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Karasev
- grid.266456.50000000122849900Department of Plant, Soil & Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339 USA
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43
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Lim JG, Jin HS. Heterologous expression of cholera toxin B subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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45
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46
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Kim YS, Kim MY, Kim TG, Yang MS. Expression and Assembly of Cholera Toxin B Subunit (CTB) in Transgenic Carrot (Daucus carota L.). Mol Biotechnol 2008; 41:8-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Oszvald M, Kang TJ, Tomoskozi S, Jenes B, Kim TG, Cha YS, Tamas L, Yang MS. Expression of Cholera Toxin B Subunit in Transgenic Rice Endosperm. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 40:261-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Agarwal S, Singh R, Sanyal I, Amla DV. Expression of modified gene encoding functional human alpha-1-antitrypsin protein in transgenic tomato plants. Transgenic Res 2008; 17:881-96. [PMID: 18320339 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plants offer promising alternative for large scale, sustainable production of safe, functional, recombinant proteins of therapeutic and industrial importance. Here, we report the expression of biologically active human alpha-1-antitrypsin in transgenic tomato plants. The 1,182 bp cDNA sequence of human AAT was strategically designed, modified and synthesized to adopt codon usage pattern of dicot plants, elimination of mRNA destabilizing sequences and modifications around 5' and 3' flanking regions of the gene to achieve high-level regulated expression in dicot plants. The native signal peptide sequence was substituted with modified signal peptide sequence of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pathogenesis related protein PR1a, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) sporamineA and with dicot-preferred native signal peptide sequence of AAT gene. A dicot preferred translation initiation context sequence, 38 bp alfalfa mosaic virus untranslated region were incorporated at 5' while an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (KDEL) was incorporated at 3' end of the gene. The modified gene was synthesized by PCR based method using overlapping oligonucleotides. Tomato plants were genetically engineered by nuclear transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbouring three different constructs pPAK, pSAK and pNAK having modified AAT gene with different signal peptide sequences under the control of CaMV35S duplicated enhancer promoter. Promising transgenic plants expressing recombinant AAT protein upto 1.55% of total soluble leaf protein has been developed and characterized. Plant-expressed recombinant AAT protein with molecular mass of around approximately 50 kDa was biologically active, showing high specific activity and efficient inhibition of elastase activity. The enzymatic deglycosylation established proper glycosylation of the plant-expressed recombinant AAT protein in contrast to unglycosylated rAAT expressed in E. coli ( approximately 45 kDa). Our results demonstrate feasibility for high-level expression of biologically active, glycosylated human alpha-1-antitrypsin in transgenic tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Agarwal
- Plant Transgenic Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, PO Box 436, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Sharma MK, Singh NK, Jani D, Sisodia R, Thungapathra M, Gautam JK, Meena LS, Singh Y, Ghosh A, Tyagi AK, Sharma AK. Expression of toxin co-regulated pilus subunit A (TCPA) of Vibrio cholerae and its immunogenic epitopes fused to cholera toxin B subunit in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:307-318. [PMID: 17962948 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For protection against cholera, it is important to develop efficient vaccine capable of inducing anti-toxin as well as anti-colonizing immunity against Vibrio cholerae infections. Earlier, expression of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in tomato was reported by us. In the present investigation, toxin co-regulated pilus subunit A (TCPA), earlier reported to be an antigen capable of providing anti-colonization immunity, has been expressed in tomato. Further, to generate more potent combinatorial antigens, nucleotides encoding P4 or P6 epitope of TCPA were fused to cholera toxin B subunit gene (ctxB) and expressed in tomato. Presence of transgenes in the tomato genome was confirmed by PCR and expression of genes was confirmed at transcript and protein level. TCPA, chimeric CTB-P4 and CTB-P6 proteins were also expressed in E. coli. TCPA protein expressed in E. coli was purified to generate anti-TCPA antibodies in rabbit. Immunoblot and G(M1)-ELISA verified the synthesis and assembly of pentameric chimeric proteins in fruit tissue of transgenic tomato plants. The chimeric protein CTB-P4 and CTB-P6 accumulated up to 0.17 and 0.096% of total soluble protein (TSP), respectively, in tomato fruits. Whereas expression of TCPA, CTB-P4 and CTB-P6 in E. coli can be utilized for development of conventional vaccine, expression of these antigens which can provide both anti-toxin as well as anti-colonization immunity, has been demonstrated in plants, in a form which is potentially capable of inducing immune response against cholera infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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Joensuu JJ, Niklander-Teeri V, Brandle JE. Transgenic plants for animal health: plant-made vaccine antigens for animal infectious disease control. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2008; 7:553-577. [PMID: 32214922 PMCID: PMC7089046 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-008-9088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A variety of plant species have been genetically modified to accumulate vaccine antigens for human and animal health and the first vaccine candidates are approaching the market. The regulatory burden for animal vaccines is less than that for human use and this has attracted the attention of researchers and companies, and investment in plant-made vaccines for animal infectious disease control is increasing. The dosage cost of vaccines for animal infectious diseases must be kept to a minimum, especially for non-lethal diseases that diminish animal welfare and growth, so efficient and economic production, storage and delivery are critical for commercialization. It has become clear that transgenic plants are an economic and efficient alternative to fermentation for large-scale production of vaccine antigens. The oral delivery of plant-made vaccines is particularly attractive since the expensive purification step can be avoided further reducing the cost per dose. This review covers the current status of plant-produced vaccines for the prevention of disease in animals and focuses on barriers to the development of such products and methods to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Joensuu
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON Canada N5V 4T3
| | - V. Niklander-Teeri
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. E. Brandle
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON Canada N5V 4T3
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