1
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Bhilare NV, Marulkar VS, Kumar D, Chatap VK, Patil KS, Shirote PJ. An insight into prodrug strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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2
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Le‐Vinh B, Akkuş‐Dağdeviren ZB, Le NN, Nazir I, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Alkaline Phosphatase: A Reliable Endogenous Partner for Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Le‐Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Viet Nam
| | - Zeynep Burcu Akkuş‐Dağdeviren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Nguyet‐Minh Nguyen Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Viet Nam
| | - Imran Nazir
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
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3
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Kaur R, Singh D, Singh RP. Stereoselective Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins via [1,2]-Phospha-Brook Rearrangement in Three-Component Coupling Reaction of α-Ketoesters, o-Quinone Methides, and Dialkyl Phosphites. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15702-15711. [PMID: 34637300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A highly regio- and diastereoselective approach for the synthesis of phosphate substituted dihydrocoumarins via Brønsted base catalyzed [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement is reported. The two-step, one-pot Michael addition of α-phosphonyloxy enolates proceeds by coupling of dialkyl phosphite and α-ketoesters to o-quinone methides, followed by an intramolecular cyclization, providing 3,4-dihydrocoumarin frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Dipak Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ravi P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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4
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Yu H, Yang H, Shi E, Tang W. Development and Clinical Application of Phosphorus-Containing Drugs. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 8:100063. [PMID: 32864606 PMCID: PMC7445155 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing drugs belong to an important class of therapeutic agents and are widely applied in daily clinical practices. Structurally, the phosphorus-containing drugs can be classified into phosphotriesters, phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, phosphoric amides, bisphosphonates, phosphoric anhydrides, and others; functionally, they are often designed as prodrugs with improved selectivity and bioavailability, reduced side effects and toxicity, or biomolecule analogues with endogenous materials and antagonistic endoenzyme supplements. This review summarized the phosphorus-containing drugs currently on the market as well as a few promising molecules at clinical studies, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biological mechanism, and indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - He Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Enxue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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5
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Wiemer AJ. Metabolic Efficacy of Phosphate Prodrugs and the Remdesivir Paradigm. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:613-626. [PMID: 32821882 PMCID: PMC7409933 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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Drugs that contain phosphates (and
phosphonates or phosphinates)
have intrinsic absorption issues and are therefore often delivered
in prodrug forms to promote their uptake. Effective prodrug forms
distribute their payload to the site of the intended target and release
it efficiently with minimal byproduct toxicity. The ability to balance
unwanted payload release during transit with desired release at the
site of action is critical to prodrug efficacy. Despite decades of
research on prodrug forms, choosing the ideal prodrug form remains
a challenge which is often solved empirically. The recent emergency
use authorization of the antiviral remdesivir for COVID-19 exemplifies
a new approach for delivery of phosphate prodrugs by parenteral dosing,
which minimizes payload release during transit and maximizes tissue
payload distribution. This review focuses on the role of metabolic
activation in efficacy during oral and parenteral dosing of phosphate,
phosphonate, and phosphinate prodrugs. Through examining prior structure–activity
studies on prodrug forms and the choices that led to development of
remdesivir and other clinical drugs and drug candidates, a better
understanding of their ability to distribute to the planned site of
action, such as the liver, plasma, PBMCs, or peripheral tissues, can
be gained. The structure–activity relationships described here
will facilitate the rational design of future prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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6
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Arimilli M, Kim C, Dougherty J, Mulato A, Oliyai R, Shaw J, Cundy K, Bischofberger N. Synthesis, in Vitro Biological Evaluation and Oral Bioavailability of 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Propyl]Adenine (PMPA) Prodrugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mn Arimilli
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Cu Kim
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - J Dougherty
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - A Mulato
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - R Oliyai
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jp Shaw
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kc Cundy
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - N Bischofberger
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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7
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Synthesis of a highly water-soluble acacetin prodrug for treating experimental atrial fibrillation in beagle dogs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25743. [PMID: 27160397 PMCID: PMC4861903 DOI: 10.1038/srep25743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that duodenal administration of the natural flavone acacetin can effectively prevent the induction of experimental atrial fibrillation (AF) in canines; however, it may not be used intravenously to terminate AF due to its poor water-solubility. The present study was to design a water-soluble prodrug of acacetin and investigate its anti-AF effect in beagle dogs. Acacetin prodrug was synthesized by a three-step procedure. Aqueous solubility, bioconversion and anti-AF efficacy of acacetin prodrug were determined with different methodologies. Our results demonstrated that the synthesized phosphate sodium salt of acacetin prodrug had a remarkable increase of aqueous solubility in H2O and clinically acceptable solution (5% glucose or 0.9% NaCl). The acacetin prodrug was effectively converted into acacetin in ex vivo rat plasma and liver microsome, and in vivo beagle dogs. Intravenous infusion of acacetin prodrug (3, 6 and 12 mg/kg) terminated experimental AF without increasing ECG QTc interval in beagle dogs. The intravenous LD50 of acacetin prodrug was 721 mg/kg in mice. Our preclinical study indicates that the synthesized acacetin prodrug is highly water-soluble and safe; it effectively terminates experimental AF in beagle dogs and therefore may be a promising drug candidate for clinical trial to treat patients with acute AF.
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8
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Patil S, Lis LG, Schumacher RJ, Norris BJ, Morgan ML, Cuellar RAD, Blazar BR, Suryanarayanan R, Gurvich VJ, Georg GI. Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug of Triptolide: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Efficacy in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Xenografts. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9334-44. [PMID: 26596892 PMCID: PMC4678411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
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A disodium phosphonooxymethyl
prodrug of the antitumor agent triptolide
was prepared from the natural product in three steps (39% yield) and
displayed excellent aqueous solubility at pH 7.4 (61 mg/mL) compared
to the natural product (17 μg/mL). The estimated shelf life
(t90) for hydrolysis of the prodrug at
4 °C and pH 7.4 was found to be two years. In a mouse model of
human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), the prodrug administered intraperitoneally
was effective in reducing or eliminating xenograft tumors at dose
levels as low as 0.3 mg/kg when given daily and at 0.9 mg/kg when
given less frequently. When given via intraperitoneal and oral routes
at daily doses of 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, the prodrug was also effective
and well tolerated in a mouse model of human ovarian cancer (A2780).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Lev G Lis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Robert J Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Beverly J Norris
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Monique L Morgan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca A D Cuellar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vadim J Gurvich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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9
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Liu C, Lin J, Hynes J, Wu H, Wrobleski ST, Lin S, Dhar TGM, Vrudhula VM, Sun JH, Chao S, Zhao R, Wang B, Chen BC, Everlof G, Gesenberg C, Zhang H, Marathe PH, McIntyre KW, Taylor TL, Gillooly K, Shuster DJ, McKinnon M, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Schieven GL, Leftheris K. Discovery of ((4-(5-(Cyclopropylcarbamoyl)-2-methylphenylamino)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazine-6-carbonyl)(propyl)carbamoyloxy)methyl-2-(4-(phosphonooxy)phenyl)acetate (BMS-751324), a Clinical Prodrug of p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7775-84. [PMID: 26359680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In search for prodrugs to address the issue of pH-dependent solubility and exposure associated with 1 (BMS-582949), a previously disclosed phase II clinical p38α MAP kinase inhibitor, a structurally novel clinical prodrug, 2 (BMS-751324), featuring a carbamoylmethylene linked promoiety containing hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (HPA) derived ester and phosphate functionalities, was identified. Prodrug 2 was not only stable but also water-soluble under both acidic and neutral conditions. It was effectively bioconverted into parent drug 1 in vivo by alkaline phosphatase and esterase in a stepwise manner, providing higher exposure of 1 compared to its direct administration, especially within higher dose ranges. In a rat LPS-induced TNFα pharmacodynamic model and a rat adjuvant arthritis model, 2 demonstrated similar efficacy to 1. Most importantly, it was shown in clinical studies that prodrug 2 was indeed effective in addressing the pH-dependent absorption issue associated with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Lin
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John Hynes
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hong Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stephen T Wrobleski
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shuqun Lin
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Vivekananda M Vrudhula
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jung-Hui Sun
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sam Chao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gerry Everlof
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christoph Gesenberg
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Punit H Marathe
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kim W McIntyre
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Tracy L Taylor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kathleen Gillooly
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David J Shuster
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Murray McKinnon
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John H Dodd
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gary L Schieven
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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10
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11
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Karaman R. Prodrugs Design Based on Inter- and Intramolecular Chemical Processes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:643-68. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Karaman
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Al-Quds University; P.O. Box 20002 Jerusalem Palestine
- Department of Science; University of Basilicata; Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
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12
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Bang SC, Lee KC, Sharma VK, Sharma N, Yang HS, Jung SH. Synthesis of Water Soluble Analogs of Arylsulfonylimidazolidinone (JSH-2282). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.7.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Dosa PI, Ward T, Castro RE, Rodrigues CMP, Steer CJ. Synthesis and evaluation of water-soluble prodrugs of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), an anti-apoptotic bile acid. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1002-11. [PMID: 23640741 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid with demonstrated anti-apoptotic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. However, its utility is hampered by limited aqueous solubility. As such, water-soluble prodrugs of UDCA could have an advantage over the parent bile acid in indications where intravenous administration might be preferable, such as decreasing damage from stroke or acute kidney injury. Five phosphate prodrugs were synthesized, including one incorporating a novel phosphoryloxymethyl carboxylate (POMC) moiety. These prodrugs were highly water-soluble, but showed significant differences in chemical stability, with oxymethylphosphate prodrugs being the most unstable. In a series of NMR experiments, the POMC prodrug was bioactivated to UDCA by alkaline phosphatase (AP) faster than a prodrug containing a phosphate directly attached to the alcohol at the 3-position of UDCA. Both of these prodrugs showed significant anti-apoptotic activity in a series of in vitro assays, although the POMC prodrug required the addition of AP for activity, while the other compound was active without exogenous AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Dosa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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14
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Liu C, Lin J, Everlof G, Gesenberg C, Zhang H, Marathe PH, Malley M, Galella MA, McKinnon M, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Schieven GL, Leftheris K. Synthesis and evaluation of carbamoylmethylene linked prodrugs of BMS-582949, a clinical p38α inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3028-33. [PMID: 23578688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of carbamoylmethylene linked prodrugs of 1 (BMS-582949), a clinical p38α inhibitor, were synthesized and evaluated. Though the phosphoryloxymethylene carbamates (3, 4, and 5) and α-aminoacyloxymethylene carbamates (22, 23, and 26) were found unstable at neutral pH values, fumaric acid derived acyloxymethylene carbamates (2, 28, and 31) were highly stable under both acidic and neutral conditions. Prodrugs 2 and 31 were also highly soluble at both acidic and neutral pH values. At a solution dose of 14.2mpk (equivalent to 10mpk of 1), 2 gave essentially the same exposure of 1 compared to dosing 10mpk of 1 itself. At a suspension dose of 142mpk (equivalent to 100mpk of 1), 2 demonstrated that it could overcome the solubility issue associated with 1 and provide a much higher exposure of 1. To our knowledge, the unique type of prodrugs like 2, 28, and 31 was not reported in the past and could represent a novel prodrug approach for secondary amides, a class of molecules frequently identified as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States.
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15
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Vaddi HK, Banks SL, Chen J, Hammell DC, Crooks PA, Stinchcomb AL. Human skin permeation of 3-O-alkyl carbamate prodrugs of naltrexone. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:2611-25. [PMID: 18972573 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
N-Monoalkyl and N,N-dialkyl carbamate prodrugs of naltrexone (NTX), an opioid antagonist, were synthesized and their in vitro permeation across human skin was determined. Relevant physicochemical properties were also determined. Most prodrugs exhibited lower melting points, lower aqueous solubilities, and higher oil solubilities than NTX. The flux values from N-monoalkyl carbamate prodrugs were significantly higher than those from NTX and N,N-dialkyl carbamates. The melting points of N-monoalkyl carbamate prodrugs were quite low compared to the N,N-dialkyl carbamate prodrugs and NTX. Heats of fusion for the N,N-dialkyl carbamate prodrugs were higher than that for NTX. N-Monoalkyl carbamate prodrugs had higher stratum corneum/vehicle partition coefficients than their N,N-dialkyl counterparts. Higher percent prodrug bioconversion to NTX in skin appeared to be related to increased skin flux. N,N-Dialkyl carbamate prodrugs were more stable in buffer and in plasma than N-monoalkyl carbamate prodrugs. In conclusion, N-monoalkyl carbamate prodrugs of NTX improved the systemic delivery of NTX across human skin in vitro. N,N-Dialkyl substitution in the prodrug moiety decreased skin permeation and plasma hydrolysis to the parent drug. The cross-sectional area of the carbamate head group was the major determinant of flux of the N-monoalkyl and N,N-dialkyl carbamate prodrugs of NTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haranath K Vaddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA
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16
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Yuan H, Li N, Lai Y. Evaluation of in vitro models for screening alkaline phosphatase-mediated bioconversion of phosphate ester prodrugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1443-7. [PMID: 19372225 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.026245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating a phosphate prodrug is one of the common approaches for circumventing poor solubility issues of a parent drug. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was determined in rat intestine mucosa scraps, human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells, and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to characterize in vitro models for ALP-mediated phosphate prodrug conversion. In addition, fosphenytoin and fosfluconazole were used as probe prodrugs to evaluate the models. The highest amount of ALP was detected in rat intestinal mucosa scraps, whereas ALP in 5-day cultured MDCK cells was minimal. As anticipated, ALP levels correlated with the parent drug conversion; the shortest cleavage half-life (t(1/2)) was observed in rat mucosa scraps; and MDCK cells showed the slowest conversion. Furthermore, the polarized conversion for the prodrugs was observed in Caco-2 monolayer cells, suggesting the polarized localization of alkaline in differentiated Caco-2 cells. The rate of ALP-mediated conversion was prodrug concentration-dependent with Michaelis-Menten constants of 1160 and 351 microM for fosphenytoin and fosfluconazole, respectively, determined in Caco-2 cells. The results revealed that whereas the intestinal mucosa scraps reserved the highest ALP activities and were shown as a promising in vitro tool for screening the bioconversion of phosphate prodrug, Caco-2 monolayers could provide the predictive information of bioconversion and further offer the capability in characterizing the permeability of prodrug and parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Dhareshwar SS, Stella VJ. Your prodrug releases formaldehyde: should you be concerned? No! J Pharm Sci 2009; 97:4184-93. [PMID: 18288723 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The title of this commentary contains a frequently asked question whenever someone presents or proposes a prodrug strategy that releases formaldehyde as a result of bioconversion of a prodrug to parent drug. Formaldehyde, a highly water-soluble one-carbon molecule, is endogenous to cells, tissues, and body fluids. Although formaldehyde is generated and incorporated into essential metabolic processes by the human body, exposure to large amounts of formaldehyde vapor can irritate the nasal mucosa and may potentially be carcinogenic. It also gives a positive Ames test. Metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde involves rapid oxidation to formic acid catalyzed by glutathione dependent and independent dehydrogenases in the liver and erythrocytes. Balancing this rapid detoxification pathway is endogenous formation from normal metabolic processes and exogenous formaldehyde input, resulting in approximately 0.1 mM systemic levels. The possibility that formaldehyde released upon bioconversion of prodrugs might induce toxicity has been repeatedly stated, but no convincing evidence for this perceived toxicity has been documented in experimental studies. Therefore, as pharmaceutical chemists and not as toxicologists, we present our perspective on the apparent concern with release of formaldehyde as a by-product of in vivo bioconversion of selective prodrugs, and suggest that in comparison to the total amount of daily endogenous formaldehyde production from metabolism, and exogenous exposure from food and the environment, the amount generated by prodrugs is minute and is unlikely to cause any systemic toxicity in humans. Such an argument does not preclude formaldehyde-based toxicity assessment of a prodrug. Instead, it reduces the risk that in vivo liberation of formaldehyde will cause undue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep S Dhareshwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible derivatives of drug molecules that undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active parent drug, which can then exert the desired pharmacological effect. In both drug discovery and development, prodrugs have become an established tool for improving physicochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacologically active agents. About 5-7% of drugs approved worldwide can be classified as prodrugs, and the implementation of a prodrug approach in the early stages of drug discovery is a growing trend. To illustrate the applicability of the prodrug strategy, this article describes the most common functional groups that are amenable to prodrug design, and highlights examples of prodrugs that are either launched or are undergoing human trials.
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Simplício AL, Clancy JM, Gilmer JF. Prodrugs for amines. Molecules 2008; 13:519-47. [PMID: 18463563 PMCID: PMC6245426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to review the published strategies for the production of prodrugs of amines. The review is divided in two main groups of approaches: those that rely on enzymatic activation and those that take advantage of physiological chemical conditions for release of the drugs. A compilation of the most important approaches is presented in the form of a table, where the main advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are also referred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Simplício
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República – EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
| | - John M. Clancy
- School of Pharmacy, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; E-mails: ;
| | - John F. Gilmer
- School of Pharmacy, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; E-mails: ;
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Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo characterization of novel ethyl dioxy phosphate prodrug of propofol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 34:110-7. [PMID: 18403185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel ethyl dioxy phosphate prodrug of propofol (3) was synthesized and characterized in vitro and in vivo as safer alternative for phosphonooxymethyl prodrugs. The synthesis of 3 was achieved via vinyl and 1-chloroethyl ether intermediates, followed by addition of phosphate group. Aqueous solubility and chemical stability of 3 was determined in buffer solutions and the bioconversion of 3 to propofol was determined in vitro and in vivo. The results show that 3 greatly enhanced the aqueous solubility of propofol (solubility over 10 mg/mL) and the stability in buffer solution (t1/2=5.2+/-0.2 days at pH 7.4, r.t.) was sufficient for i.v. administration. The enzymatic hydrolysis of 3 to propofol was extremely rapid in vitro (t1/2=21+/-3s) and 3 was readily converted to propofol in vivo in rats. During bioconversion, 3 releases acetaldehyde, a less toxic compound than the formaldehyde released from the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of propofol (Aquavan), currently undergoing clinical trials. The maximum plasma concentration of propofol, 3.0+/-0.2 microg/mL, was reached within 2.1+/-0.8 min after the i.v. administration of 3. The present study indicates that ethyl dioxy phosphate represents a potentially useful water-soluble prodrug structure suitable for i.v. administration.
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Huttunen KM, Mähönen N, Leppänen J, Vepsäläinen J, Juvonen RO, Raunio H, Kumpulainen H, Järvinen T, Rautio J. Novel Cyclic Phosphate Prodrug Approach for Cytochrome P450-activated Drugs Containing an Alcohol Functionality. Pharm Res 2007; 24:679-87. [PMID: 17372695 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A cyclic phosphate prodrug of a descriptive molecule containing an alcohol functionality was designed, synthesized and characterized in vitro as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) -selective prodrug. MATERIALS AND METHODS To achieve efficient CYP-oxidation and prodrug bioconversion, 1,3-cyclic propyl ester of phosphate was designed to have a C4-aryl substituent and synthesized using phosphorus(III) chemistry. The two-step bioconversion of the cyclic phosphate prodrug was evaluated in vitro using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP enzymes. RESULTS This cyclic phosphate prodrug underwent initial CYP-catalyzed oxidation and was mainly catalyzed by the CYP3A4 form. The hydroxylated product was slowly converted to a ring-opened intermediate, which subsequently transformed by beta-elimination reaction to a free phosphate. The free phosphate was further dephosphorylated by microsomal phosphatases, releasing the parent molecule with a free hydroxyl group. The cyclic phosphate was reasonably stable in buffer solutions at the pH range 1.0-9.0. CONCLUSIONS Since CYP enzymes reside predominantly in the liver and secondarily in the small intestine, the results indicate that cyclic phosphate prodrugs represent a very feasible liver- or intestinal-targeted drug delivery strategy for drug molecules containing an alcohol functionality. This may potentially improve the efficacy and the safety profile of the alcoholic parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Vaddi HK, Hamad MO, Chen J, Banks SL, Crooks PA, Stinchcomb AL. Human skin permeation of branched-chain 3-0-alkyl ester and carbonate prodrugs of naltrexone. Pharm Res 2005; 22:758-65. [PMID: 15906171 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-2592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physicochemical characterization and in vitro human skin diffusion studies of branched-chain ester and carbonate prodrugs of naltrexone (NTX) were compared and contrasted with straight-chain ester and carbonate NTX prodrugs. METHODS Human skin permeation rates, thermal parameters, solubilities in mineral oil and buffer, and stabilities in buffer and plasma were determined. Partition coefficients between stratum corneum and vehicle were determined for straight- and branched-chain esters with the same number of carbon atoms. RESULTS Branched prodrugs had lower melting points, lower buffer solubilities, and higher mineral oil solubilities than NTX. The transdermal flux values from all of these branched prodrugs were significantly lower than flux values from the straight-chain ester and the methyl carbonate prodrugs. Straight-chain prodrugs had higher partition coefficient values and higher calculated thermodynamic activities than their branched-chain counterparts. The prodrug hydrolysis to NTX in buffer and plasma was slower for prodrugs with increased branching. CONCLUSIONS Branched-chain prodrugs with bulky moieties had smaller stratum corneum-vehicle partition coefficients and lower thermodynamic activities that resulted in smaller transdermal flux values than straight-chain prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haranath K Vaddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Hanson BA, Schowen RL, Stella VJ. A mechanistic and kinetic study of the E-ring hydrolysis and lactonization of a novel phosphoryloxymethyl prodrug of camptothecin. Pharm Res 2003; 20:1031-8. [PMID: 12880289 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024410322870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was done to determine the E-ring hydrolysis and lactonization mechanism of a water-soluble 20-phosphoryloxymethyl (POM) prodrug of camptothecin (P-CPT). Specifically, the role of the phosphate group in facilitating E-ring hydrolysis was examined. METHODS Resolution between the lactone and carboxylate forms of P-CPT and camptothecin (CPT) was achieved with a RPHPLC assay using UV-visible detection. E-ring P-CPT hydrolysis and lactonization kinetics were followed using 20 mM acetate or phosphate buffer (micro = 0.15 NaCl) over the pH range of 4 to 8 at 25.0 degrees C. A kinetic solvent isotope effect (KSIE) study was used to further probe the mechanism of E-ring hydrolysis. RESULTS The hydrolysis and lactonization reactions followed pseudo-first-order kinetics in the approach to equilibrium. The equilibrium ratio of the open and closed forms of P-CPT was dependent on pH, with the closed form dominant at low pH and the open form dominant at high pH. Buffer concentration changes had little to no effect on the rate of P-CPT E-ring hydrolysis. The KSIE study provided an overall isotope effect of 2.47 and a proton inventory KSIE consistent with an intramolecular general base catalysis. CONCLUSIONS P-CPT has a pH-dependent equilibrium between the lactone and carboxylate forms similar but not identical to that of CPT. The results suggest a hydrolysis reaction mechanism that involves a single site hydrogen exchange facilitated intramolecularly by the dianionic phosphate moiety of P-CPT via either general base catalysis of the lactone ring attack by water or breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Hanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Nam NH, Kim Y, You YJ, Hong DH, Kim HM, Ahn BZ. Water soluble prodrugs of the antitumor agent 3-[(3-amino-4-methoxy)phenyl]-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-one. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1021-9. [PMID: 12614888 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen prodrugs of the antitumor agent 3-[(3-amino-4-methoxy)phenyl]-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-one (1) were prepared to improve its water solubility and potency. These prodrugs include alpha-amino acid (1a-1h), aliphatic amino acid (1i-1l), phosphoramidate (1m), and phosphate (1n) derivatives. All of the prodrugs showed improved water solubility. A number of the amino acid prodrugs (1a, 1b, 1d-1f, 1h, 1j, and 1k) exhibited more potent antitumor activity compared to the parent compound (1). The phosphate prodrug 1n also offered a potent antitumor activity, but the phosphoramidate 1m did not show any antitumor activity in vivo. None of the prodrugs exhibited significant toxicities in mice. These results indicate that the design and preparation of the amino acid prodrugs (1a, 1b, 1d-1f, 1h, 1j, and 1k) and phosphate prodrug (1n) are beneficial for enhancing the antitumor activity of 1. The similar approaches may be used to improve water solubility and bioactivity of other poorly soluble aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Hai Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon 305-764, South Korea.
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Annesley TM, Kurzyniec S, Nordblom GD, Buchanan N, Pool W, Reily M, Talaat R, Roberts WL. Glucuronidation of Prodrug Reactive Site: Isolation and Characterization of Oxymethylglucuronide Metabolite of Fosphenytoin. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.5.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: This investigation was undertaken to identify the structure of a novel immunoreactive metabolite derived from fosphenytoin that has been hypothesized previously as present in sera from renally impaired patients receiving this prodrug.
Methods: The metabolite was isolated from uremic sera using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Structural analysis was performed using HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), deuterium exchange, and chemical derivatization. Immunoreactivity was evaluated using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
Results: The metabolite had a parent ion at m/z 457 in the negative-ion mode and fragmented to yield the m/z 251 of phenytoin, as well as other mass fragments of phenytoin. Mass fragments associated with glucuronic acid were also present. The chromatographic peak corresponding to this metabolite demonstrated immunoreactivity sufficient to lead to falsely increased reported values for phenytoin immunoassays. The observed immunoreactivity was also proportional to the relative concentration of the metabolite in collected fractions. Analysis by NMR indicated the presence of phenyl groups with chemical shifts identical to those of phenytoin, as well as the presence of a methylene bridge, which was consistent with the same methylene bridge present on the phosphate ester of fosphenytoin. Comparative analysis of serum samples from renally impaired patients receiving phenytoin vs fosphenytoin using multiple reaction monitoring quantification demonstrated that this metabolite was associated with fosphenytoin administration.
Conclusions: A unique immunoreactive oxymethylglucuronide metabolite derived from fosphenytoin has been isolated from sera from uremic patients receiving this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Annesley
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Room 2G332, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0054
| | | | | | - Nathan Buchanan
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William Pool
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Michael Reily
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Rasmy Talaat
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William L Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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Yuan LC, Dahl TC, Oliyai R. Degradation kinetics of oxycarbonyloxymethyl prodrugs of phosphonates in solution. Pharm Res 2001; 18:234-7. [PMID: 11405296 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011044804823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Yuan
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, USA
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Zhu Z, Chen HG, Goel OP, Chan OH, Stilgenbauer LA, Stewart BH. Phosphate prodrugs of PD154075. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1121-4. [PMID: 10843232 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the preparation of phosphate prodrugs of PD154075, several strategies of linking a phosphate group to the indole moiety were studied. A novel linker, p-hydroxymethylbenzoyloxymethoxycarbonyl, was discovered to provide the phosphate prodrug of PD154075 (compound 9) with significantly increased aqueous solubility, sufficient stability in aqueous solution and good bio-reconversion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- Chemical Development, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Krise JP, Narisawa S, Stella VJ. A novel prodrug approach for tertiary amines. 2. Physicochemical and in vitro enzymatic evaluation of selected N-phosphonooxymethyl prodrugs. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:922-7. [PMID: 10479355 DOI: 10.1021/js9803813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary amine prodrugs resulting from N-phosphonooxymethyl derivatization of the tertiary amine functionality of drugs represents a novel approach for improving their water solubility. Separate reports have demonstrated the synthetic feasibility and rapid and quantitative prodrug to parent drug conversion in rats and dogs. This work is a preliminary evaluation of the physicochemical and in vitro enzymatic reversion properties of selected prodrugs. The loxapine prodrug had over a 15 000-fold increase in aqueous solubility relative to loxapine free base at pH 7.4. The loxapine prodrug was also shown to be quite stable at neutral pH values. The time for degradation product (parent drug) precipitation from an aqueous prodrug formulation would be expected to dictate the shelf life. Using this assumption, together with solubility and elevated temperature chemical stability studies, the shelf life of a parenteral formulation of the loxapine prodrug was projected to be close to 2 years at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C. In addition, the prodrugs of cinnarizine and loxapine have been shown to be substrates for alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme found throughout the human body, and revert to the parent compound in its presence. The results from these evaluations demonstrate that the derivatives examined have many of the ideal properties required for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Krise
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Yang Q, Liu XY, Yoshimoto M, Kuboi R, Miyake J. Covalent immobilization of unilamellar liposomes in gel beads for chromatography. Anal Biochem 1999; 268:354-62. [PMID: 10075826 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For immobilized (proteo)liposome chromatography, unilamellar liposomes were covalently bound within gel beads that had been activated by CNBr, N-hydroxysuccinimide, tresyl, or chloroformate. Liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and 2 mol% of amino-containing lipid (phosphatidylethanolamine-caproylamine) were immobilized in the activated gels at 5-35 micromol lipid/ml gel and yields of 11-70%. The highest immobilized amount was found in chloroformate-activated TSK G6000PW gel, which contains large pore size (>100 nm). Liposomes composed of PC alone could also be attached to the chloroformate-activated gels at 33-42 micromol/ml gel and yields of 58-65%, probably by crosslinking of the phosphate moiety of phospholipid with the active group of the adsorbent. Liposomes prepared by various phospholipids with or without amino-containing lipids can generally be immobilized in the chloroformate-activated gels. The covalently bound liposomes were characterized by their high stability, unilamellarity, permeability of the membranes, and drug-membrane partition properties. A stable membrane phase was constructed for chromatographic experiments to be performed under extreme elution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yang
- National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305,
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Shaw JP, Sueoko CM, Oliyai R, Lee WA, Arimilli MN, Kim CU, Cundy KC. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs. Pharm Res 1997; 14:1824-9. [PMID: 9453075 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012108719462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A series of prodrugs designed to enhance the oral bioavailability of the antiretroviral agent 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA; 1) have been synthesized, including a bis-(acyloxymethyl) ester 2 and a series of bis-(alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl) esters 3-9. The in vitro biological stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics of these prodrugs were evaluated to support selection of a prodrug candidate for clinical evaluation. METHODS The in vitro biological stability of the prodrugs was examined in dog tissues (intestinal homogenate, plasma and liver homogenate). The apparent half-lives were determined based on the disappearance of prodrug using reverse-phase HPLC with UV detection. Oral bioavailability of PMPA from each prodrug was determined in fasted beagle dogs. Concentrations of PMPA in plasma were determined by HPLC following fluorescence derivatization. Data for prodrugs were compared to historical data for intravenous PMPA. RESULTS All prodrug were rapidly hydrolyzed in dog plasma and tissues (t1/2 < 60 min). In fasted beagle dogs, bis-[(pivaloyloxy)methyl] PMPA (bis-POM PMPA) 2 had the highest oral bioavailability as PMPA (37.8 +/- 5.1%). The oral bioavailabilities of PMPA from bis-(alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl) esters ranged from 16.0% to 30.7% and PMPA was the major metabolite formed. CONCLUSIONS There was a correlation between oral bioavailability and intestinal stability of bis-(alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester prodrugs (r2 = 0.96). Lipophilicity (log P) was not a good predictor of oral bioavailability. The most labile prodrugs in dog intestinal homogenates, bis-(n-butyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) PMPA 5 and bis-(neo-pentyloxy-carbonyloxymethyl) PMPA 8 (t1/2 < 5 min) had the lowest oral bioavailabilities. Based on good oral bioavailability (30.1%), chemical and intestinal stability bis-(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) PMPA (bis-POC PMPA) 4 was selected as a candidate for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Shaw
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, USA
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Freeman S, Ross KC. 3 Prodrug Design for Phosphates and Phosphonates. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Golik J, Wong HS, Chen SH, Doyle TW, Kim Wright J, Knipe J, Rose WC, Casazza AM, Vyas D. Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of paclitaxel phosphonooxymethyl ethers: a novel class of water soluble paclitaxel pro-drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fleisher D, Bong R, Stewart BH. Improved oral drug delivery: solubility limitations overcome by the use of prodrugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-409x(95)00103-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alexander J, Bindra DS, Glass JD, Holahan MA, Renyer ML, Rork GS, Sitko GR, Stranieri MT, Stupienski RF, Veerapanane H, Cook JJ. Investigation of (Oxodioxolenyl)methyl carbamates as nonchiral bioreversible prodrug moieties for chiral amines. J Med Chem 1996; 39:480-6. [PMID: 8558516 DOI: 10.1021/jm9506175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of (oxodioxolenyl)methyl carbamates and their evaluation as novel nonchiral prodrug moieties for chiral primary and secondary amino functional drugs are described. 4-(Carbamoylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolene derivatives of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine with 5-methyl, 5-phenyl, and 5-anisyl substitution (5a, 5b, and 5c) on the dioxolenone ring were prepared as model amine prodrugs by a one step process involving displacement of p-nitrophenol from appropriately substituted ring opening of these carbamates led to a cascade reaction resulting in the rapid and quantitative regeneration of the parent amine drug. Aryl substitution did not significantly alter the hydrolysis rates of these dioxolenone carbamates in buffers at pH 1 and 7.4 or in rat plasma, although the hydrolysis rates of 5-phenyl- (1b) and 5-anisyl- 4-methyl-1,3-dioxol-4-en-2-one (1c) in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer were 2-3 fold faster than that of the 5-methyl-substituted analog (1a). Application of this prodrug strategy to the chiral fibrinogen receptor antagonist L-734,217 resulted in a prodrug that gave quantitative reconversion in rat and dog plasma in vitro and oral bioavailability of 23 +/- 6% in dogs for the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alexander
- INTER Research Division, Merck Research Laboratories, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, USA
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Vyas DM, Kadow JF. Paclitaxel: a unique tubulin interacting anticancer agent. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995; 32:289-337. [PMID: 8577920 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Vyas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
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