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Grünert SC, Sass JO. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency: one disease - many faces. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:48. [PMID: 32059735 PMCID: PMC7023732 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency (HMGCLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketogenesis and leucine degradation due to mutations in HMGCL. Method We performed a systematic literature search to identify all published cases. Two hundred eleven patients of whom relevant clinical data were available were included in this analysis. Clinical course, biochemical findings and mutation data are highlighted and discussed. An overview on all published HMGCL variants is provided. Results More than 95% of patients presented with acute metabolic decompensation. Most patients manifested within the first year of life, 42.4% already neonatally. Very few individuals remained asymptomatic. The neurologic long-term outcome was favorable with 62.6% of patients showing normal development. Conclusion This comprehensive data analysis provides a systematic overview on all published cases with HMGCLD including a list of all known HMGCL mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Grünert
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstr. 1, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jörn Oliver Sass
- Research Group Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Natural Sciences & Institute for Functional Gene Analytics (IFGA), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany.
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Fernandes CG, Rodrigues MDN, Seminotti B, Colín-González AL, Santamaria A, Quincozes-Santos A, Wajner M. Induction of a Proinflammatory Response in Cortical Astrocytes by the Major Metabolites Accumulating in HMG-CoA Lyase Deficiency: the Role of ERK Signaling Pathway in Cytokine Release. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3586-3595. [PMID: 26099308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (HMGA) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency. It is biochemically characterized by predominant tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate (HMG) and 3-methylglutarate (MGA). Affected patients commonly present acute symptoms during metabolic decompensation, including vomiting, seizures, and lethargy/coma accompanied by metabolic acidosis and hypoketotic hypoglycemia. Although neurological manifestations are common, the pathogenesis of brain injury in this disease is poorly known. Astrocytes are important for neuronal protection and are susceptible to damage by neurotoxins. In the present study, we investigated the effects of HMG and MGA on important parameters of redox homeostasis and cytokine production in cortical cultured astrocytes. The role of the metabolites on astrocyte mitochondrial function (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction) and viability (propidium iodide incorporation) was also studied. Both organic acids decreased astrocytic mitochondrial function and the concentrations of reduced glutathione without altering cell viability. In contrast, they increased reactive species formation (2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) oxidation), as well as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF α release through the ERK signaling pathway. Taken together, the data indicate that the principal compounds accumulating in HMGA induce a proinflammatory response in cultured astrocytes that may possibly be involved in the neuropathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gonçalves Fernandes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marília Danyelle Nunes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Colín-González
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No 2600 - Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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da Rosa M, Seminotti B, Amaral A, Parmeggiani B, de Oliveira F, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Disruption of redox homeostasis and histopathological alterations caused by in vivo intrastriatal administration of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid to young rats. Neuroscience 2014; 277:281-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Leipnitz G, Seminotti B, Fernandes CG, Amaral AU, Beskow AP, Silva LDB, Zanatta Â, Ribeiro CA, Vargas CR, Wajner M. Striatum is more vulnerable to oxidative damage induced by the metabolites accumulating in 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA lyase deficiency as compared to liver. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:351-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhian Leipnitz
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Carolina G. Fernandes
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Alexandre U. Amaral
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Ana Paula Beskow
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Lucila de B. Silva
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Ângela Zanatta
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - César A.J. Ribeiro
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Carmen R. Vargas
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrazil
- Serviço de Genética MédicaHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreRSBrazil
- Universidade Luterana do BrasilCanoasRSBrazil
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Carrasco P, Menao S, López-Viñas E, Santpere G, Clotet J, Sierra AY, Gratacós E, Puisac B, Gómez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Pie J, Casals N. C-terminal end and aminoacid Lys48 in HMG-CoA lyase are involved in substrate binding and enzyme activity. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91:120-7. [PMID: 17459752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) lyase adopts a (betaalpha)(8) TIM barrel structure with an additional beta9, alpha11 and alpha12 helices. Location of HMG part of the substrate has been suggested but the binding mode for the CoA moiety remains to be resolved. As mutation F305 fs(-2), which involves the last 21 residues of the protein, and mutation K48N caused 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria in two patients, we examined the role of the C-terminal end and Lys(48) in enzyme activity. Expression studies of various C-terminal-end-deleted and K48N-mutated proteins revealed that residues 311-313 (localized in the loop between alpha11 and alpha12 helices) and Lys(48) are essential for enzyme activity. An in silico docking model locating HMG-CoA on the surface of the enzyme implicates Asn(311) and Lys(313) in substrate binding by establishing multiple polar contacts with phosphate and ribose groups of adenosine, and Lys(48) by contacting the carboxyl group of the panthotenic acid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carrasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain
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Al-Sayed M, Imtiaz F, Alsmadi OA, Rashed MS, Meyer BF. Mutations underlying 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA lyase deficiency in the Saudi population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 7:86. [PMID: 17173698 PMCID: PMC1764877 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (3HMG, McKusick: 246450) is an autosomal recessive branched chain organic aciduria caused by deficiency of the enzyme 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA lyase (HL, HMGCL, EC 4.1.3.4). HL is encoded by HMGCL gene and many mutations have been reported. 3HMG is commonly observed in Saudi Arabia. METHODS We utilized Whole Genome Amplification (WGA), PCR and direct sequencing to identify mutations underlying 3HMG in the Saudi population. Two patients from two unrelated families and thirty-four 3HMG positive dried blood spots (DBS) were included. RESULTS We detected the common missense mutation R41Q in 89% of the tested alleles (64 alleles). 2 alleles carried the frame shift mutation F305fs (-2) and the last two alleles had a novel splice site donor IVS6+1G>A mutation which was confirmed by its absence in more than 100 chromosomes from the normal population. All mutations were present in a homozygous state, reflecting extensive consanguinity. The high frequency of R41Q is consistent with a founder effect. Together the three mutations described account for >94% of the pathogenic mutations underlying 3HMG in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION Our study provides the most extensive genotype analysis on 3HMG patients from Saudi Arabia. Our findings have direct implications on rapid molecular diagnosis, prenatal and pre-implantation diagnosis and population based prevention programs directed towards 3HMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeenaldeen Al-Sayed
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqa Imtiaz
- Arabian Diagnostics Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Alsmadi
- Arabian Diagnostics Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Rashed
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- National Laboratory for Newborn Screening, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian F Meyer
- Arabian Diagnostics Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Yýlmaz Y, Ozdemir N, Ekinci G, Baykal T, Kocaman C. Corticospinal tract involvement in a patient with 3-HMG coenzyme A lyase deficiency. Pediatr Neurol 2006; 35:139-41. [PMID: 16876013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase deficiency, an inborn error of ketone body synthesis and leucine degradation, is a rare disorder. There are few reports demonstrating clinical and neuroradiologic findings of this condition. This report describes a 3.5-year-old previously healthy male who was admitted with complex partial seizures and was diagnosed as having 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase deficiency. The patient's previous medical history was unremarkable. His development and neurologic examination were normal. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging indicated prominent corticospinal tract and pontine involvement with focal cerebral white matter changes which have not been described in the literature before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yüksel Yýlmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Mir C, Lopez-Viñas E, Aledo R, Puisac B, Rizzo C, Dionisi-Vici C, Deodato F, Pié J, Gomez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Casals N. A single-residue mutation, G203E, causes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria by occluding the substrate channel in the 3D structural model of HMG-CoA lyase. J Inherit Metab Dis 2006; 29:64-70. [PMID: 16601870 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-006-0138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects ketogenesis and leucine metabolism. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene coding for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase (HL). To date 26 different mutations have been described. A (betaalpha)(8) TIM barrel structure has been proposed for the protein, and almost all missense mutations identified so far localize in the beta sheets that define the inside cavity. We report an Italian patient who bears homozygously a novel HL mutation, c.608G > A (p. G203E) in beta sheet six. A structural model of the mutated protein suggests that glutamic acid 203 impedes catalysis by blocking the entrance to the inner cavity of the enzyme. Loss of functionality has been confirmed in expression studies in E. coli, which demonstrate that the G203E mutation completely abolishes enzyme activity. Beta sheet six and beta sheet two are the two protein regions that accumulate most missense mutations, indicating their importance in enzyme functionality. A model for the mechanism of enzyme function is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Catalonia, C/ Josep Trueta s/n, E-08190 Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
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Forouhar F, Hussain M, Farid R, Benach J, Abashidze M, Edstrom WC, Vorobiev SM, Xiao R, Acton TB, Fu Z, Kim JJP, Miziorko HM, Montelione GT, Hunt JF. Crystal structures of two bacterial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyases suggest a common catalytic mechanism among a family of TIM barrel metalloenzymes cleaving carbon-carbon bonds. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:7533-45. [PMID: 16330546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507996200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase catalyzes the terminal steps in ketone body generation and leucine degradation. Mutations in this enzyme cause a human autosomal recessive disorder called primary metabolic aciduria, which typically kills victims because of an inability to tolerate hypoglycemia. Here we present crystal structures of the HMG-CoA lyases from Bacillus subtilis and Brucella melitensis at 2.7 and 2.3 A resolution, respectively. These enzymes share greater than 45% sequence identity with the human orthologue. Although the enzyme has the anticipated triose-phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel fold, the catalytic center contains a divalent cation-binding site formed by a cluster of invariant residues that cap the core of the barrel, contrary to the predictions of homology models. Surprisingly, the residues forming this cation-binding site and most of their interaction partners are shared with three other TIM barrel enzymes that catalyze diverse carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions believed to proceed through enolate intermediates (4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase, 2-isopropylmalate synthase, and transcarboxylase 5S). We propose the name "DRE-TIM metallolyases" for this newly identified enzyme family likely to employ a common catalytic reaction mechanism involving an invariant Asp-Arg-Glu (DRE) triplet. The Asp ligates the divalent cation, while the Arg probably stabilizes charge accumulation in the enolate intermediate, and the Glu maintains the precise structural alignment of the Asp and Arg. We propose a detailed model for the catalytic reaction mechanism of HMG-CoA lyase based on the examination of previously reported product complexes of other DRE-TIM metallolyases and induced fit substrate docking studies conducted using the crystal structure of human HMG-CoA lyase (reported in the accompanying paper by Fu, et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 7526-7532). Our model is consistent with extensive mutagenesis results and can guide subsequent studies directed at definitive experimental elucidation of this enzyme's reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Forouhar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Puisac B, López-Viñas E, Moreno S, Mir C, Pérez-Cerdá C, Menao S, Lluch D, Pié A, Gómez-Puertas P, Casals N, Ugarte M, Hegardt F, Pié J. Skipping of exon 2 and exons 2 plus 3 of HMG-CoA lyase (HL) gene produces the loss of beta sheets 1 and 2 in the recently proposed (beta-alpha)8 TIM barrel model of HL. Biophys Chem 2005; 115:241-5. [PMID: 15752612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA lyase (HL) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects ketogenesis and leucine catabolism. We report a new Spanish patient who bears the frequent nonsense mutation G109T (Mediterranean mutation). This mutation can produce aberrant splicing with three mRNA variants: one of the expected size, the second with deletion of exon 2, and the third with deletion of exons 2 and 3. Recently our group proposed a 3D model for human HL containing a (beta-alpha)(8) (TIM) barrel structure. We have studied the effect of the deletions of exon 2 and exons 2 plus 3 on the proposed HL model. Exon 2 skipping led to the loss of beta-sheet 1, and the skipping of exons 2 and 3 caused the disappearance of alpha helix 1 and beta-sheets 1 and 2.-
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Puisac
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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