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Pokharel M, Jensen JD, John KK, Christy KR, Taylor-Burton S, Upshaw S. Visual Tailoring and Skin Cancer Prevention: Comparing Personalized, Stock, and Non-Ultraviolet Images. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:2582-2591. [PMID: 35765121 PMCID: PMC9924001 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2022.2091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Past research has demonstrated that ultraviolet (UV) photos - which reveal skin damage as dark patches - can increase preventive behaviors. Emerging camera technology facilitates personalized UV photos for interventions, yet little is known about how personalized photos compare to other visuals and what cognitive or affective mechanism explains their persuasive impact. To engage this research line, the current study compared the impact of personalized UV (PUV), stock UV (SUV), and non-UV (NUV) photos and, to advance theorizing on fear appeals, explored underlying affective mechanisms including physiological fear. A sample of 169 undergraduate students participated in a 3 (Visual conditions: PUV, SUV, NUV) × 2 (Efficacy conditions: No efficacy and Efficacy) between-participants message experiment on a computer equipped with iMotions 6.4 that tracked real-time physiological responses (facial expression and skin conductance). Results demonstrated that PUV skin damage photos produced significantly greater self-reported fear and positive valence (detected by facial expression analysis) than NUV and SUV visuals. Mediation analysis demonstrated that fear had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between exposure to PUV skin damage visuals and behavior expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manusheela Pokharel
- Department of Communication Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Jakob D. Jensen
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kevin K. John
- School of Communications, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Katheryn R. Christy
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Sean Upshaw
- School of Advertising & Public Relations, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
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Aue T, Hoeppli ME, Scharnowski F, Steyrl D. Contributions of diagnostic, cognitive, and somatovisceral information to the prediction of fear ratings in spider phobic and non-spider-fearful individuals. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:296-304. [PMID: 34304084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological responding is a key characteristic of fear responses. Yet, it is unknown whether the time-consuming measurement of somatovisceral responses ameliorates the prediction of individual fear responses beyond the accuracy reached by the consideration of diagnostic (e.g., phobic vs. non phobic) and cognitive (e.g., risk estimation) factors, which can be more easily assessed. METHOD We applied a machine learning approach to data of an experiment, in which spider phobic and non-spider fearful participants (diagnostic factor) faced pictures of spiders. For each experimental trial, participants specified their personal risk of encountering the spider (cognitive factor), as well as their subjective fear (outcome variable) on quasi-continuous scales, while diverse somatovisceral responses were registered (heart rate, electrodermal activity, respiration, facial muscle activity). RESULTS The machine-learning analyses revealed that fear ratings were predominantly predictable by the diagnostic factor. Yet, when allowing for learning of individual patterns in the data, somatovisceral responses contributed additional information on the fear ratings, yielding a prediction accuracy of 81% explained variance. Moreover, heart rate prior to picture onset, but not heart rate reactivity increased predictive power. LIMITATIONS Fear was solely assessed by verbal reports, only 27 females were considered, and no generalization to other anxiety disorders is possible. CONCLUSIONS After training the algorithm to learn about individual-specific responding, somatovisceral patterns can be successfully exploited. Our findings further point to the possibility that the expectancy-related autonomic state throughout the experiment predisposes an individual to experience specific levels of fear, with less influence of the actual visual stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Aue
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Marie-Eve Hoeppli
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Understanding Pediatric Pain (CUPP), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA; Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Steyrl
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Busscher B, Spinhoven P, de Geus EJC. Synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity during flight as an indicator of treatment outcome for aviophobia: A longitudinal study with 3-year follow-up. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 67:101443. [PMID: 30583795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Emotion can be seen as the organizing process that coordinates response systems to deal effectively with challenges and opportunities. Synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity is regarded as an indication of this organizing process. Synchrony is expected to increase with the intensity of emotional stimuli. Conversely, adaptive emotional functioning could be indicated by progressive synchrony upon increasing demands, and the magnitude of synchrony could be an indication of progress during therapy. METHODS We examined whether synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity over repeated exposures increased from watching a flight video through simulated flight to actual flight, and whether the magnitude of synchronous change predicted favourable short- and long-term treatment outcome within a group of 77 aviophobic participants during CBT. RESULTS Results did not show a relationship between the intensity of the phobic stimuli and the magnitude of synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity. Moreover, synchronous change across both response systems did not predict treatment outcome. LIMITATIONS By design this study had no control group. Additional treatment or life events between end of treatment and 3-year follow-up were not assessed. CONCLUSION The results provide only weak support for the functionalistic view that successful treatment of anxiety disorders is indicated by synchronous change in reactivity across emotional response systems. The relationship between these systems is likely to be affected by many intervening variables including higher order cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Busscher
- VALK Foundation, Postbox 110, 2300, AC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ruiz-García A, Valero-Aguayo L, Hurtado-Melero F. Creating a Computerized Instrument for the Assessment of Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 22:E44. [PMID: 31640832 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2019.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new computerized instrument (the Multimedia Behavioral Avoidance Test, or MBAT) for blood-injury-injection phobia (BII) assessment is presented. Analogous stimuli such as images and videos can also elicit anxiety responses; thus, they can be used for the assessment of phobia. The MBAT was applied to participants via computer, and subjective anxiety responses and time latency were recorded. The MBAT was composed of 30 original images and 30 videos related to blood, injury and injections. The MBAT was compared with other pencil-and-paper questionnaires for BII phobia, and heart rate was also measured with a pulsioximeter. The participants included 160 students and professionals (34.5% males, 65.6% females; mean 28.6 years old). The results showed a high reliability for internal consistency in images and videos (α = .98 both), with a single factor that groups all the items. In addition, the MBAT had high concurrent validity (r = .78 to .85) with the different anxiety scales compared. The MBAT diagnosed 12 participants with possible BII phobia. It is a useful instrument in the assessment of this kind of phobia because it is easier and quicker than pencil-and-paper questionnaires, it uses more objective measurements, and it is useful in planning subsequent exposure with images and videos.
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Aue T, Chauvigné LAS, Bristle M, Okon-Singer H, Guex R. Expectancy influences on attention to threat are only weak and transient: Behavioral and physiological evidence. Biol Psychol 2016; 121:173-186. [PMID: 27396748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Can prior expectancies shape attention to threat? To answer this question, we manipulated the expectancies of spider phobics and nonfearful controls regarding the appearance of spider and bird targets in a visual search task. We observed robust evidence for expectancy influences on attention to birds, reflected in error rates, reaction times, pupil diameter, and heart rate (HR). We found no solid effect, however, of the same expectancies on attention to spiders; only HR revealed a weak and transient impact of prior expectancies on the orientation of attention to threat. Moreover, these asymmetric effects for spiders versus birds were observed in both phobics and controls. Our results are thus consistent with the notion of a threat detection mechanism that is only partially permeable to current expectancies, thereby increasing chances of survival in situations that are mistakenly perceived as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Aue
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Mirko Bristle
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Raphaël Guex
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Brain systems underlying encounter expectancy bias in spider phobia. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 15:335-48. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database. Behav Res Methods 2014; 46:596-610. [PMID: 23996831 PMCID: PMC4030128 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Selecting appropriate stimuli to induce emotional states is essential in affective research. Only a few standardized affective stimulus databases have been created for auditory, language, and visual materials. Numerous studies have extensively employed these databases using both behavioral and neuroimaging methods. However, some limitations of the existing databases have recently been reported, including limited numbers of stimuli in specific categories or poor picture quality of the visual stimuli. In the present article, we introduce the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS), which consists of 1,356 realistic, high-quality photographs that are divided into five categories (people, faces, animals, objects, and landscapes). Affective ratings were collected from 204 mostly European participants. The pictures were rated according to the valence, arousal, and approach–avoidance dimensions using computerized bipolar semantic slider scales. Normative ratings for the categories are presented for each dimension. Validation of the ratings was obtained by comparing them to ratings generated using the Self-Assessment Manikin and the International Affective Picture System. In addition, the physical properties of the photographs are reported, including luminance, contrast, and entropy. The new database, with accompanying ratings and image parameters, allows researchers to select a variety of visual stimulus materials specific to their experimental questions of interest. The NAPS system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use by request at http://naps.nencki.gov.pl.
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The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database. Behav Res Methods 2014. [PMID: 23996831 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1/tables/4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Selecting appropriate stimuli to induce emotional states is essential in affective research. Only a few standardized affective stimulus databases have been created for auditory, language, and visual materials. Numerous studies have extensively employed these databases using both behavioral and neuroimaging methods. However, some limitations of the existing databases have recently been reported, including limited numbers of stimuli in specific categories or poor picture quality of the visual stimuli. In the present article, we introduce the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS), which consists of 1,356 realistic, high-quality photographs that are divided into five categories (people, faces, animals, objects, and landscapes). Affective ratings were collected from 204 mostly European participants. The pictures were rated according to the valence, arousal, and approach-avoidance dimensions using computerized bipolar semantic slider scales. Normative ratings for the categories are presented for each dimension. Validation of the ratings was obtained by comparing them to ratings generated using the Self-Assessment Manikin and the International Affective Picture System. In addition, the physical properties of the photographs are reported, including luminance, contrast, and entropy. The new database, with accompanying ratings and image parameters, allows researchers to select a variety of visual stimulus materials specific to their experimental questions of interest. The NAPS system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use by request at http://naps.nencki.gov.pl .
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