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Lau P, Starick E, Kumar K, Carney CE. Comparing patients treated with CBT for insomnia with healthy sleepers and sleepers with past insomnia on dimensions of sleep health. Sleep Health 2024; 10:515-522. [PMID: 38839483 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) with healthy sleepers and individuals with past but not current insomnia on multidimensional sleep health. METHODS The study evaluates CBT-I on six dimensions of sleep health (regularity, satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, duration) in a sample of individuals with insomnia compared to two other unique sleep samples. Participants were in one of three groups: insomnia (CUR, n = 299), healthy sleeper (HS, n = 122), or past insomnia (PAST, n = 35). Daily diaries and validated measures were employed to capture six dimensions of sleep health. The CUR group received four 60-minute sessions of CBT-I every 2weeks, and sleep health indices were measured at baseline and post-treatment. The HS and PAST groups were measured only at baseline. RESULTS Results of the pairwise t tests indicated improvements in sleep satisfaction, alertness (fatigue but not sleepiness), timing, efficiency, and duration (Cohen's d=0.22 to 1.55). ANCOVA models revealed significant differences in sleep health scores between treated insomnia patients and the other two sleep groups. Treated patients demonstrated less bedtime and risetime variability, in addition to lower napping duration. Overall, the study observed significant changes in various domains of sleep health after four sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; however, differences remain when compared to the other groups in the study. CONCLUSION There may be ongoing sleep vulnerability in patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia though future inclusion of a control group would increase internal validity. Borrowing from transdiagnostic sleep modules may be helpful to support remaining deficits after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parky Lau
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Elisha Starick
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Kumar
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen E Carney
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dong H, Cao Y, Ding X, Yan T, Zhou C, Bi M, Wang H, Wang X, Li J. The influence of night shift work and associated factors on serum uric acid in aircraft maintenance workers. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1969. [PMID: 39044235 PMCID: PMC11267947 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The prevalence of 12-hour shift work is increasing in various occupations. Shift work has been linked to circadian rhythm disruption, which may lead to hormonal changes and metabolic disorders, including alterations in glucose, lipid, and purine metabolism. Despite this, there is limited research on the potential connection between work shifts and abnormal serum uric acid (SUA) levels. Furthermore, the factors that contribute to abnormal SUA levels in shift workers are not well-understood. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the SUA levels of shift workers employed in an aircraft maintenance company, investigate the potential association between shift work and SUA levels, and explore the factors that may influence abnormal SUA levels in shift workers. METHODS A total of 2263 male workers from an aircraft maintenance company were included in this study using the cluster sampling method. The workers were divided into two groups based on their working shifts: night shift (N = 1047, 46.27%) and day working (N = 1216, 53.73%). A survey was conducted between April 1st and June 30th, 2022 to gather information on work, lifestyle, physical examination results, and other relevant factors. The survey included a self-designed demographic information questionnaire to collect data on workers' characteristics, medical history, years of employment, smoking and drinking habits, and main lifestyle behaviors. The workers' SUA levels were measured using uricase colorimetry. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the difference in the abnormal detection rate of SUA between the two groups, and multi-factor logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors that influence abnormal SUA levels. RESULTS The study indicated that 48.9% of night shift workers and 43.8% in the regular day workers had abnormal SUA levels, with a significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 6.125, P = 0.013). Factors such as circadian rhythm type, shift work, age, the taste of diet, type of diet, smoking, overweight or obesity based on body mass index (BMI), concentration of urine creatinine (CREA), total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were found to be correlated with SUA abnormalities (P < 0.05). The risk of developing SUA abnormalities was found to be higher in individuals with an intermittent (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.83-2.12, P < 0.05) or evening circadian rhythm type (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 0.86-2.43, P > 0.05) compared to those with a morning type. Additionally, factors such as night shift work, a high-sodium diet, smoking, a diet high in meat and low in vegetables, being overweight or obese, and higher levels of CREA were also found to increase the risk of developing SUA abnormalities. The study also revealed a significant dose-response relationship between BMI and abnormal uric acid levels. After controlling for other factors, the risk of developing SUA abnormalities was found to be 1.18 times higher in the night shift work group than in the day work group (OR = 1.18, 95% CI:1.02-1.34, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Shift work has been linked to a higher risk of developing SUA abnormalities, and there are several factors that may contribute to this risk. To prevent diseases, it is recommended that enterprises implement better health monitoring and management practices for shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahuang Dong
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Cao
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Ding
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Tenglong Yan
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Chu Zhou
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mingli Bi
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Huining Wang
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Li
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China.
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Tonetti L, Adan A, Natale V. A more accurate assessment of circadian typology is achieved by asking persons to indicate their preferred times rather than comparing themselves with most people. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:53-60. [PMID: 38008991 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2287063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to compare two circadian questionnaires: the Preference Scale (PS) and the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ). A sample of 849 (35.10% men) university students, 421 of whom were Spanish (27.55% men; mean age 21.07 + 2.31) and 428 Italian (42.52% men; mean age 23.26 + 3.01), were administered both questionnaires. Gender (higher morningness in women) and nationality (higher eveningness in Spaniards) differences were replicated with rMEQ but not with PS, in which an inverse association between nationality and circadian preference was observed (i.e. higher morningness in Spaniards). Taking into account that the formulation of the rMEQ items, with its specific times, makes the answers less influenced by socio-cultural bias, we conclude that rMEQ is preferable to PS when evaluating circadian preference in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tonetti
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Natale
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Taji W, Pierson R, Ujma PP. Protocol of the Budapest sleep, experiences, and traits study: An accessible resource for understanding associations between daily experiences, individual differences, and objectively measured sleep. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288909. [PMID: 37856524 PMCID: PMC10586695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is both a neurophysiological state and a biologically necessary behavior that performs a variety of indispensable roles for human health, development, and cognitive functioning. Despite this, comparatively little is known about the relationships between daily experiences and sleep features. Importantly, these relationships are bidirectional in nature, may be differently associated with subjectively and objectively assessed sleep, and may also be modulated by individual differences To address this challenge, we created the Budapest Sleep, Experiences, and Traits Study (BSETS), a multidisciplinary observational sleep study utilizing novel remote EEG devices. BSETS was designed to establish a dataset for future use in investigating the relationships between sleep features and daily experiences. In this paper we describe the protocol of the currently ongoing BSETS, which examines a community-dwelling sample of over 250 healthy participants who are studied in a naturalistic setting using a large questionnaire assessing psychological, demographic, and anthropometric information, as well as evening/morning diaries of sleep and daily experiences, and mobile EEG recordings over a period of 7 days. This dataset will become an accessible resource to the wider scientific community and can be utilized to investigate the complex multidirectional relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sleep, daily experiences, and individual differences, bestowing it with significant value for sleep researchers as well as practitioners working in clinical settings with patients suffering from disordered sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Taji
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Pierson
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ujma PP, Horváth CG, Bódizs R. Daily rhythms, light exposure and social jetlag correlate with demographic characteristics and health in a nationally representative survey. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12287. [PMID: 37516741 PMCID: PMC10387097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of daily activity in humans have been associated with various demographic and health-related factors, but the possibly complex patterns of confounding and interaction between these has not been systematically explored. We use data from Hungarostudy 2021, a nationally representative survey of 7000 Hungarian adults to assess the relationship between self-reported chronotype, social jetlag (using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire), demographic variables and self-reported health and demographic variables, including ethnic minority membership. Supporting the validity of self-reports, participants with later chronotypes reported the lowest daytime sleepiness at a later clock time. We found that older age, female sex, a more eastward and southward geographical position, residence in a smaller settlement, less education and income, religiousness and cohabiting with small children were associated with an earlier chronotype. Younger age, higher education and income, and cohabiting with small children were associated with increased social jetlag. Of the 48 health-related variables surveyed, the relationship with both chronotype and social jetlag were mostly accounted for by age, sex, and socioeconomic effects, but we identified alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity as predictors of both social jetlag and chronotype, while a number of disorders were either positively or negatively associated with chronotype and social jetlag. Our findings from a large, nationally representative sample indicate that both biological and social factors influence chronotype and identified both demographic and health-related variables as risk factors for social jetlag. Our results, however, do not support a causal relationship between light exposure and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Csenge G Horváth
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Wang H, Wang S, Yu W, Lei X. Consistency of chronotype measurements is affected by sleep quality, gender, longitude, and latitude. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:952-960. [PMID: 37491913 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2237118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronotype has received increasing research attention. However, there remains some confusion about the influence of gender, age, sleep quality, insomnia severity, longitude, and latitude on the consistency of the chronotype measured by the different tools. Chronotype measurement indicators were collected from 421 participants. The midpoint of sleep for actigraphy (MSF_A), sleep diary (MSF_D), and Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) (MSFsc) on free days and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) scores were used to measure the chronotype. In addition, demographic information, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were also collected. A significant correlation was identified between the questionnaires (MSF_D, MSFsc, rMEQ) and actigraphy (MSF_A) as measures of chronotype. MSF_A was associated with sleep latency and sleep disturbance in the PSQI subdimensions. The correlation between MS_D and sleep disturbance was significant. Both rMEQ and MSFsc were significantly correlated with PSQI (total scores and daytime dysfunction) and ISI. The consistency of all chronotype measurements for the questionnaires and actigraphy was influenced by gender. Among them, MSF_D is also affected by age, while only the latitude and sleep disturbance effect was found in the MSFsc. The influence of age, gender, sleep quality, and latitude should be emphasized when measuring the chronotype using self-reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haien Wang
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqing Yu
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Chongqing, China
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Rohan KJ, Burt KB, Norton RJ, Perez J, Iyiewuare P, Terman JM. Change in Seasonal Beliefs Mediates the Durability Advantage of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Over Light Therapy for Winter Depression. Behav Ther 2023; 54:682-695. [PMID: 37330257 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In treating an acute episode of winter depression, cognitive-behavioral therapy for seasonal affective disorder (CBT-SAD) and light therapy are comparably efficacious, with improvement in depression symptoms during CBT-SAD mediated by reduced seasonal beliefs (i.e., maladaptive thoughts about the seasons, light availability, and weather). Here, we tested whether the enduring benefit of CBT-SAD over light therapy following treatment is associated with offsetting seasonal beliefs during CBT-SAD. Currently depressed adults with Major Depression, Recurrent with Seasonal Pattern (N = 177) were randomized to 6 weeks of light therapy or group CBT-SAD and followedup one and two winters after treatment. Outcomes measured during treatment and at each follow-up included depression symptoms on the Structured Clinical Interview for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-SAD Version and Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition. Candidate mediators measured at pre-, mid-, and posttreatment were SAD-specific negative cognitions (Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire; SBQ); general depressogenic cognitions (Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale; DAS); brooding rumination (Ruminative Response Scale-Brooding subscale; RRS-B); and chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; MEQ). Latent growth curve mediation models found a significant positive path from treatment group to the slope of SBQ during treatment, with CBT-SAD showing larger improvements in seasonal beliefs with overall change in seasonal beliefs in the medium-effect range, and significant positive paths from SBQ slope to depression scores at the first and second winter follow-ups, indicating greater change towards more flexible seasonal beliefs during active treatment was associated with less severe depression symptoms following treatment. Estimated indirect effects (treatment group → SBQ change * SBQ change → outcome) were also significant at each follow-up for each outcome with βindirect ranging from .091 to .162. Models also found significant positive paths from treatment group to the slope of MEQ and RRS-B during treatment, with light therapy showing a greater increase in "morningness" and CBT-SAD showing a greater decrease in brooding during active treatment; however, neither construct emerged as a mediator of follow-up depression scores. Change in seasonal beliefs during treatment mediates both the acute antidepressant and long-term effects of CBT-SAD and explains lower depression severity following CBT-SAD relative to light therapy.
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Linkovski O, Naftalovich H, David M, Seror Y, Kalanthroff E. The Effect of Symptom-Provocation on Inhibitory Control in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients Is Contingent upon Chronotype and Time of Day. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4075. [PMID: 37373768 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that alertness can affect inhibitory control, the mechanism responsible for stopping behaviors, thoughts, or emotions. Inhibitory control is particularly important for helping individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) resisting their symptoms. Chronotype is the mechanism governing an individual's fluctuation of alertness throughout the day. Previous studies have shown that individuals with a 'morning' chronotype have worse OCD symptoms in the evening and vice versa. We administered a novel 'symptom-provocation stop signal task' (SP-SST), in which individually tailored OCD triggers were presented and inhibitory control was measured. Twenty-five treatment-seeking OCD patients completed the SP-SST three times per day for seven consecutive days. Stop signal reaction time (SSRT), which measures inhibitory control, was calculated separately for symptom-provocation trials and for neutral trials. Results yielded that: (a) stopping was significantly harder in the symptom-provocation compared to neutral trials, and (b) the chronotype by time-of-day interaction predicts inhibition for both symptom-provocation and neutral trials, indicating better inhibition in the optimal time of day. Furthermore, we concluded that individually tailored OCD triggers have a detrimental effect on inhibitory control. Most importantly, higher alertness levels, which can be predicted by the interaction of chronotype and time of day, affect inhibitory control, both in general and for OCD triggers specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Hadar Naftalovich
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Mor David
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Yuval Seror
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
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Carciofo R. Morning affect or sleep inertia? Comparing the constructs and their measurement. Chronobiol Int 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36912023 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2187211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The construct of Morning Affect (MA; alertness upon awakening/time required to feel fully awake) emerged from exploratory factor analysis of morningness-eveningness questionnaires, and while it has been equated with morningness-eveningness preference it has much conceptual overlap with sleep inertia (SI; the transitional state between sleep and being fully awake). The current study compared questionnaire measures of these constructs to help clarify their inter-relationships. A volunteer sample of 453 students at an English-medium university in China completed an online survey including the Sleep Inertia Questionnaire (SIQ), the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale-improved (MESSi), with subscales for MA, Eveningness, and Distinctness (amplitude of diurnal variation), and the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ). Measures of depression, sleep quality, mindfulness, and personality were also included. Exploratory factor analysis of the SIQ, MESSi, and rMEQ items revealed seven factors: Cognitive, Emotional, and Physiological SI, Responses to SI (including one MA item), and Duration of SI (one SIQ item, 3/5 MA items, and one rMEQ item); Morningness-Eveningness (MESSi Eveningness items, plus 3/5 rMEQ items); Distinctness (3/5 MESSi items). These results suggest that Morning Affect may be better characterised as a general measure of sleep inertia, and may contribute to ongoing development/refinement of questionnaire measures of circadian functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Carciofo
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with poor sleep (e.g., insomnia) and mental health (e.g., depression) experience negative stigma but no studies have examined the relationship between stigma and evening chronotype. The present mixed methods study aimed to assess and describe explicit and implicit attitudes about evening and morning chronotypes in a sample of emerging adults. PARTICIPANTS 49 undergraduates (Mage = 19.9 [SD = 1.5], 83.7% female). METHODS Participants completed self-reports of demographics and chronotype. Attitudes about "night owls" and "early birds" were measured with self-report questionnaires (explicit attitudes) and an Implicit Association Task (implicit attitudes). Participants described associations with evening and morning chronotypes in free-text responses, which were qualitatively coded. RESULTS We found evidence of implicit bias against night owls and for early birds. The positive mean implicit d score was 0.57 (SD = 0.47), indicating a moderate implicit bias for pairing "bad" with "night owl" and "good" with "early bird." No baseline characteristics, including chronotype, were significantly associated with implicit bias. Analyses of explicit bias revealed participants perceived night owls as significantly more lazy, unhealthy, undisciplined, immature, creative, and young. Analysis of free-text responses provided further evidence of these associations. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with hypothesis, undergraduates demonstrated predominantly negative implicit and explicit stigma toward evening chronotypes compared to morning types. As stigma can lead to adverse consequences, future studies should assess the impact of negative societal and self-stigma on evening types. Consideration of societal stigma within clinical intervention contexts could have the potential to reduce shame or other emotions that interfere with sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Dietch
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.,School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Megan Douglas
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.,Trauma Research Consortium, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly Kim
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Faaland P, Vedaa Ø, Langsrud K, Sivertsen B, Lydersen S, Vestergaard CL, Kjørstad K, Vethe D, Ritterband LM, Harvey AG, Stiles TC, Scott J, Kallestad H. Digital cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I): Chronotype moderation on intervention outcomes. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13572. [PMID: 35224810 PMCID: PMC9787033 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using data from 1721 participants in a community-based randomized control trial of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia compared with patient education, we employed linear mixed modelling analyses to examine whether chronotype moderated the benefits of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on self-reported levels of insomnia severity, fatigue and psychological distress. Baseline self-ratings on the reduced version of the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire were used to categorize the sample into three chronotypes: morning type (n = 345; 20%); intermediate type (n = 843; 49%); and evening type (n = 524; 30%). Insomnia Severity Index, Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were assessed pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks). For individuals with self-reported morning or intermediate chronotypes, digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia was superior to patient education on all ratings (Insomnia Severity Index, Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) at follow-up (p-values ≤ 0.05). For individuals with self-reported evening chronotype, digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia was superior to patient education for Insomnia Severity Index and Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, but not on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p = 0.139). There were significant differences in the treatment effects between the three chronotypes on the Insomnia Severity Index (p = 0.023) estimated difference between evening and morning type of -1.70, 95% confidence interval: -2.96 to -0.45, p = 0.008, and estimated difference between evening and intermediate type -1.53, 95% confidence interval: -3.04 to -0.03, p = 0.046. There were no significant differences in the treatment effects between the three chronotypes on the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (p = 0.488) or the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p = 0.536). We conclude that self-reported chronotype moderates the effects of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on insomnia severity, but not on psychological distress or fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Faaland
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,St Olavs University Hospital, ØstmarkaTrondheimNorway
| | - Øystein Vedaa
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,Department of Health PromotionNorwegian Institute of Public HealthBergenNorway,Voss District Psychiatric HospitalNKS BjørkeliVossNorway,Department of Research and DevelopmentSt Olavs University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Knut Langsrud
- St Olavs University Hospital, ØstmarkaTrondheimNorway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,Department of Health PromotionNorwegian Institute of Public HealthBergenNorway,Department of Research and InnovationFonna Health TrustHaugesundNorway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Department of Mental HealthRegional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child WelfareNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Cecilie L. Vestergaard
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,St Olavs University Hospital, ØstmarkaTrondheimNorway
| | - Kaia Kjørstad
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,St Olavs University Hospital, ØstmarkaTrondheimNorway
| | - Daniel Vethe
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,St Olavs University Hospital, ØstmarkaTrondheimNorway
| | - Lee M. Ritterband
- Center for Behavioral Health and TechnologyDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Allison G. Harvey
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tore C. Stiles
- Department of PsychologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyNorway
| | - Jan Scott
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,University of NewcastleNewcastleUK
| | - Håvard Kallestad
- Department of Mental HealthNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,St Olavs University Hospital, ØstmarkaTrondheimNorway
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12
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Does the early bird really get the worm? How chronotype relates to human intelligence. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Hasler BP, Wallace ML, Graves JL, Molina BSG, Pedersen SL. Circadian preference is associated with multiple domains of trait and state level impulsivity. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:792-804. [PMID: 35144510 PMCID: PMC9117436 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2035392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct with well-documented risk for substance use problems at both the trait- and state levels. A circadian preference towards eveningness has been linked to trait-level, global impulsivity, but whether this association holds true across multiple dimensions of impulsivity and whether actual sleep timing shows parallel associations with impulsivity remain unclear. Here, we extend existing literature by investigating whether eveningness is associated with multiple facets of both trait- and state-level impulsivity. We also examined these associations utilizing daily measures of sleep timing and duration and explored whether they differed by sex and/or race. All participants were moderate-to-heavy social drinkers aged 21-35. Primary analyses included 78 participants (100% White male participants: Sample 1) with circadian preference data (Composite Scale of Morningness: CSM) and sleep timing (midsleep) and duration assessed via daily self-report over 10 days. Five facets of impulsivity were assessed via the UPPS-P, both at baseline (full scale; trait-level) and up to 6 times per day over 10 days (reduced scale; state-level). Linear regression and mixed-effects models were used to examine between- and within-person associations of impulsivity with measures of circadian preference, timing, and duration, accounting for covariates. Exploratory analyses combined Sample 1 with an additional more diverse sample (Sample 2), resulting in a total of 182 participants (29.1% self-identified as Black, 29.7% as female) with daily self-report sleep timing and duration only (no circadian preference). Primary between-person models found that eveningness was associated with multiple facets of impulsivity, at trait (lack of perseverance) and state levels (negative and positive urgency, lack of perseverance, and lack of premeditation), while average midsleep and duration were generally unrelated to impulsivity. Primary within-person models largely paralleled the between-person findings. Exploratory analyses in the larger combined Samples 1 and 2 (without circadian preference) found that later midsleep timing was associated with greater mean state-level impulsivity across multiple facets, associations that may differ by race and sex. In a sample of White male participants, circadian preference for eveningness was strongly associated with multiple facets of impulsivity, at both trait- and state-levels, which may contribute to risk for substance use. Preliminary findings suggest sex and race differences in sleep-impulsivity associations, but future research with objective sleep/circadian measures in larger, more diverse samples will be important to clarify implications for sleep-focused prevention and/or treatment of substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant P. Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Meredith L. Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jessica L. Graves
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Brooke S. G. Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Sarah L. Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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14
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Paciello LM, Quante M, Weidenauer C, Rueschman M, Nieratschker V, Poets CF, Randler C. Validity of chronotype questionnaires in adolescents: Correlations with actigraphy. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13576. [PMID: 35246881 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There are only a few validated chronotype and morningness-eveningness questionnaires for adolescents. We evaluated three such questionnaires, namely Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale improved; reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents; and Composite Scale of Morningness in adolescents against actigraphy. Fifty-five healthy 13- to 16-year-old adolescents completed the Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale improved, reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents, Composite Scale of Morningness, and Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, and provided a 7-day actigraphy and sleep diary recording about their sleep-wake patterns. We examined the correlations between sleep-wake and activity parameters, and the questionnaires. The influence of age and sex on chronotype classification was studied using uni- and multivariate analyses. All three chronotype questionnaires showed good internal consistency and convergent validity. Spearman correlations reflected less daytime sleepiness, earlier sleep times, midpoints of sleep, and acrophase in morning-oriented participants. Evening-oriented participants had more sleepiness and later respective sleep-wake times. Chronotype classification differed significantly between questionnaires. The Composite Scale of Morningness classified more participants as morning types when compared with the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (12 versus 7, respectively), and fewer adolescents as evening types (5 versus 9, respectively). Age and sex had no significant influence on questionnaire scores. The Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale improved, reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents, and Composite Scale of Morningness are valid instruments to determine circadian preference in adolescents; however, chronotype classification from the Composite Scale of Morningness and reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents cannot be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie M Paciello
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mirja Quante
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Corina Weidenauer
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Rueschman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanessa Nieratschker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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15
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Scott J, Etain B, Miklowitz D, Crouse JJ, Carpenter J, Marwaha S, Smith D, Merikangas K, Hickie I. A systematic review and meta-analysis of sleep and circadian rhythms disturbances in individuals at high-risk of developing or with early onset of bipolar disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104585. [PMID: 35182537 PMCID: PMC8957543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythms disturbances (SCRD) in young people at high risk or with early onset of bipolar disorders (BD) are poorly understood. We systematically searched for studies of self, observer or objective estimates of SCRD in asymptomatic or symptomatic offspring of parents with BD (OSBD), individuals with presentations meeting recognized BD-at-risk criteria (BAR) and youth with recent onset of full-threshold BD (FT-BD). Of 76 studies eligible for systematic review, 35 (46%) were included in random effects meta-analyses. Pooled analyses of self-ratings related to circadian rhythms demonstrated greater preference for eveningness and more dysregulation of social rhythms in BAR and FT-BD groups; analyses of actigraphy provided some support for these findings. Meta-analysis of prospective studies showed that pre-existing SCRD were associated with a 40% increased risk of onset of BD, but heterogeneity in assessments was a significant concern. Overall, we identified longer total sleep time (Hedges g: 0.34; 95% confidence intervals:.1,.57), especially in OSBD and FT-BD and meta-regression analysis indicated the effect sizes was moderated by the proportion of any sample manifesting psychopathology or receiving psychotropic medications. This evolving field of research would benefit from greater attention to circadian rhythm as well as sleep quality measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Scott
- Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Bruno Etain
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; AP-HP Nord, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
| | - David Miklowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jacob J Crouse
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94-100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Carpenter
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94-100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, and Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Daniel Smith
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathleen Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Ian Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94-100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia
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16
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Cheung FTW, Ho AWY, Chan JWY, Li X, Chan NY, Zhang J, Ho CS, Wing YK, Li SX. Validation of the Chinese version of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ HK) in Hong Kong Chinese youths. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:678-689. [PMID: 35086397 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2025821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype, referred to as an individual's diurnal preference of timing for rest and activity, can be subjectively measured using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). However, the validity of MCTQ has yet to be tested in the youth population. In addition, it remains uncertain if MCTQ is a good measure of chronotype in individuals with insomnia. The current study aimed to validate the Chinese version of MCTQ (MCTQHK) in the youth population and to explore the utility of MCTQHK in individuals with insomnia. The original MCTQ was translated into Chinese language using the translation-back-translation method. Part one of this study included 988 youths who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires online consisting of the MCTQHK and the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) for the measures of circadian preference, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to assess insomnia symptoms, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depressive symptoms. Test-retest reliability was examined in 442 participants at one-month follow-up. Of the overall sample, 69 participants were randomly drawn to complete the second part of the study, which included prospective 7-day actigraphy monitoring and a further subset (n = 40) additionally completed a laboratory-based assessment of dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) as a circadian phase marker. A total of 659 participants with valid responses were finally included in the analyses of the data collected from part one of the study (female = 67.7%; mean age: 20.7 ± 2.02). Results showed that MCTQ parameters, namely the midpoint of sleep on free days (MSF), midpoint of sleep on workdays (MSW), and midpoint of sleep adjusted for sleep debt (MSFsc), were significantly correlated with MEQ score (r = -.514 to -.650, p < .01). Test-retest reliability for MCTQHK was good (intraclass correlation = 0.75 to 0.84). Later MSFsc was significantly associated with greater insomnia and depressive symptoms after controlling for age and sex. All MCTQ parameters showed significant correlations with actigraphy-based midpoint of sleep and circadian rhythm parameters, i.e., acrophase and L5 onset (r = .362 to .619, p < .01), as well as DLMO (r = .393 to .517, p < .05). The associations remained significant after controlling for age. MSFsc derived from MCTQ was significantly correlated with MEQ score in both the healthy sleepers and participants with insomnia (as defined by ISI > 14), r = -.600, p < .001 and r = -.543, p < .001, respectively. The present study demonstrated that MCTQHK is suitable for assessing chronotype with good reliability and validity in Chinese youths and supported the utility of MCTQHK in individuals with insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Tin Wai Cheung
- Sleep Research Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amy Wing Yin Ho
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joey Wing Yan Chan
- Li Chiu Kong Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Li
- Sleep Research Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ngan Yin Chan
- Li Chiu Kong Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jihui Zhang
- Guang Dong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chung Shun Ho
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Kwok Wing
- Li Chiu Kong Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shirley Xin Li
- Sleep Research Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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17
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Schneider J, Fárková E, Bakštein E. Human chronotype: Comparison of questionnaires and wrist-worn actigraphy. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:205-220. [PMID: 34806526 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1992418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the accuracy of chronotype estimation from actigraphy while evaluating the required recording length and stability over time. Chronotypes have an important role in chronobiological and sleep research. In outpatient studies, chronotypes are typically evaluated by questionnaires. Alternatively, actigraphy provides potential means for measuring chronotype characteristics objectively, which opens many applications in chronobiology research. However, studies providing objective, critical evaluation of agreement between questionnaire-based and actigraphy-based chronotypes are lacking. We recorded 3-months of actigraphy and collected Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) results from 122 women. Regression models were applied to evaluate the questionnaire-based chronotypes scores using selected actigraphy features. Changes in predictive strength were evaluated based on actigraphy recordings of different duration. The actigraphy was significantly associated with the questionnaire-based chronotype, and the best single-feature-based models explained 37% of the variability (R2) for MEQ (p < .001), 47% for mid-sleep time MCTQ-MSFsc (p < .001), and 19% for social jetlag MCTQ-SJLrel (p < .001). Concerning stability in time, the Mid-sleep and Acrophase features showed high levels of stability (test-retest R ~ 0.8), and actigraphy-based MSFscacti and SJLrelacti showed high temporal variability (test-retest R ~ 0.45). Concerning required recording length, features estimated from recordings with 3-week and longer observation periods had sufficient predictive power on unseen data. Additionally, our data showed that the subjectively reported extremes of the MEQ, MCTQ-MSFsc, and MCTQ-SJLrel are commonly overestimated compared to objective activity peak and middle of sleep differences measured by actigraphy. Such difference may be associated with chronotype time-variation. As actigraphy is considered accurate in sleep-wake cycle detection, we conclude that actigraphy-based chronotyping is appropriate for large-scale studies, especially where higher temporal variability in chronotype is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Schneider
- Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Fárková
- Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Bakštein
- Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Naftalovich H, Anholt GE, Keren R, Ben Arush O, Kalanthroff E. Waxing and waning: The roles of chronotype and time of day in predicting symptom fluctuations in obsessive-compulsive disorder using a daily-monitoring design. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:91-97. [PMID: 34461354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms fluctuate throughout the day, but scientists are not sure what underlies these fluctuations. One factor which may explain how OCD symptoms wax and wane throughout the day is alertness. Increased alertness is associated with greater inhibitory control, a factor which plays a significant role in patients' ability to overcome their OCD symptoms. The current study examined the relationship between chronotype (morningness/eveningness preference, a measure of alertness) and within-day OCD symptom severity fluctuations. We hypothesized that increased alertness leads to better inhibitory abilities and, therefore, reduced OCD symptoms. OCD Symptoms were measured through 7-days of monitoring in which participants were asked to retrospectively rate their symptoms at several timepoints throughout the day. Chronotype was measured using the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Consistent with our hypotheses, results revealed an interaction between chronotype and time of day, such that those with an eveningness preference tended to have worse symptoms in the morning, and vice versa. In addition, we also report novel findings regarding the effect of bedtime, sleep duration, and sleep quality on symptom severity the next day. Taken together, these findings suggest that alertness may modulate OCD symptom severity throughout the day such that individuals experience more severe symptoms during times of low alertness. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Naftalovich
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Gideon E Anholt
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Rotem Keren
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Oded Ben Arush
- The Obsessive and Compulsive Related Disorders Center, Modi'in, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Cabanel N, Schmidt AM, Fockenberg S, Brückmann K, Müller MJ, Kundermann B, Haag A. Circadian preference and sleep quality in healthy controls and psychiatric inpatients with major depressive disorder - An actigraphy study incorporating morning and evening mood assessments. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:249-260. [PMID: 34724857 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1994583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is frequently accompanied by sleep disturbance. Regarding diurnal preference (chronotype), sleep problems and low mood have been associated with evening orientation. Considering diurnal preference, we investigated subjective restorative value of sleep and actigraphy sleep parameters together with mood assessments twice a day, i.e. in the morning and evening, during weekdays and weekends in MDD psychiatric inpatients and healthy controls (HCs). The restorative value of sleep was higher during the weekend in HC, and bedtimes and risetimes were delayed during the weekend compared to weekdays in HC and MDD. Morning mood affected subjective sleep ratings in both groups, while association with symptom severity (BDI) in MDD remained insignificant. In HC, better evening mood was associated with later bedtimes. Regarding the chronotype in HC, evening orientation was associated with relatively low restorative value of sleep during weekdays, and morning orientation was associated with relatively higher actigraphy sleep efficiency during weekdays compared to weekend. In MDD, an association of evening orientation with later rise times could be observed, while no chronotype dependent effect emerged regarding the restorative value of sleep or sleep efficiency. Our results emphasize that research on sleep in MDD should incorporate weekdays as well as weekends, chronotype assessment, and measures of morning and evening mood, as these can be associated with ratings of the subjective restorative value of sleep (i.e. in our study, better morning mood was associated with higher restorative values), but also with behavioral sleep parameters (i.e. in our study, more positive evening mood was associated with later bedtimes). Potentially, the restorative value of sleep in MDD evening types can be improved by maintaining a regular sleep schedule, which needs to be investigated in an experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cabanel
- Vitos Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Konstantin Brückmann
- Vitos Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias J Müller
- Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Oberberg Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Kundermann
- Vitos Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Haag
- Vitos Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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20
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Bjorvatn B, Pallesen S, Saxvig IW, Waage S. Daylight Saving Time preferences in Norway: Do individual chronotype and home address' latitude and longitude matter? Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1449-1459. [PMID: 34034618 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1931278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Daylight Saving Time is highly debated and associated with several health risks. Health experts recommend terminating adjusting the clock time, and to keep permanent standard (winter) time year around. The aims of the study were to investigate preferences for keeping or terminating this biannual adjustment of clock times and for permanent standard or summer time, in the general Norwegian population. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether such preferences depended on individual chronotype and home address' latitude/longitude. The online survey included 47,194 participants. Chronotype was measured with the Composite Scale of Morningness (morning types, intermediate types, evening types). Results showed that 78.2% preferred to terminate adjusting the clock time. Summer time year around was preferred by 61.5% whereas 29.1% preferred standard time year around, and 9.4% did not have any preference. Preferences for terminating adjustment of clock times and summer time year around were found in all chronotypes and regardless of living south (latitude 58-59°N), north (latitude 69-71°N), west (longitude 5-6°E) or east (longitude 19-31°E). However, a relatively larger proportion of evening chronotypes preferred to terminate adjusting the clock time compared to morning chronotypes, and relatively more people living north or east preferred termination than people living south or west, respectively. Permanent standard time was more strongly preferred by extreme morning types in comparison with the other chronotypes. In conclusion, nearly four out of five participants reported to prefer to terminate adjusting the clock time, in line with recommendations. However, in contrast to advice from health experts, permanent summer time was preferred by twice as many as permanent standard time. Both chronotype and home address' latitude and longitude mattered in regard to such preferences, but only to a small degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild W Saxvig
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Waage
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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21
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Abstract
A large number of previous studies reported a link between circadian preference and psychometric intelligence with mixed results and various hypotheses about the source of this correlation. In this study, we aimed to update a previous meta-analysis about the correlation between circadian preference and intelligence. Our literature search identified a large number of new studies, resulting in an increase of over 100% in the number of studies and over 400% in the number of involved participants (total k = 30, total N = 11160) over the previous meta-analysis, sampling a much wider age range from children to adults in late middle age. Our meta-analysis revealed no significant link between morningness and intelligence (r = -0.008) when the entire sample was studied, and no evidence for publication bias. This overall effect, however, obscured the moderating effect of age. The morningness-intelligence correlation decreased with mean sample age (R2 = 54%), ranging from a non-significant positive trend in children and adolescents to a significant negative correlation after young adulthood. Eveningness was positively correlated with intelligence (r = 0.056), but this finding is based on a more age-restricted sample and only reached significance with some model specifications. We hypothesize that the age-moderated correlation between circadian preference and intelligence reflects social effects, where more intelligent individuals are more able to adjust their daily schedules to their natural circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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A daily diary study of sleep chronotype among Mexican-origin adolescents and parents: Implications for adolescent behavioral health. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:313-322. [PMID: 32308171 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study used daily assessments of sleep to examine stability and change in sleep chronotype in adolescents and their parents. The study assessed adolescent sleep chronotype according to age, gender, and parent chronotype, and evaluated its associations with emotional and behavioral problems in youth. Participants included of 417 Mexican American adolescents (Mage = 16.0 years, Range = 13.9-20.0) and 403 caregivers, who reported bed and wake times daily for 2 consecutive weeks at two time points spaced 1 year apart. In addition, adolescents completed established self-report questionnaires of emotional and behavioral problems. Chronotype was computed as the midsleep point from bed to wake time on free days, correcting for sleep debt accumulated across scheduled days. Multilevel modeling showed a curvilinear association between adolescent age and chronotype, with a peak eveningness observed between ages 16 to 17. Adolescent and parent chronotypes were contemporaneously correlated, but each was only moderately stable over the 1-year period. Later adolescent chronotype was contemporaneously associated with more substance use in all adolescents. Individual development and the family context shape sleep chronotype in adolescents and parents. Sleep chronotype is implicated in adolescent behavioral health.
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23
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Saxvig IW, Evanger LN, Pallesen S, Hysing M, Sivertsen B, Gradisar M, Bjorvatn B. Circadian typology and implications for adolescent sleep health. Results from a large, cross-sectional, school-based study. Sleep Med 2021; 83:63-70. [PMID: 33990068 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To investigate circadian typology in a large, representative sample of Norwegian adolescents, and its implications for sleep health. METHODS The sample included 3920 1st year high school students aged 16-17 years. Respondents completed a web-based survey, including the short version of the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and items on sleep-related behaviors (eg electronic media usage in bed, consumption of caffeinated beverages), sleep beliefs and daytime sleepiness. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVAs and Chi-squared tests. RESULTS In all, 7.8% were categorized as morning, 52.3% as intermediate and 39.9% as evening types, respectively. Evening types had later sleep timing, longer sleep latency, more social jetlag and shorter school day sleep duration than morning types, with intermediate types displaying a sleep pattern between these two extremes. None of the circadian types met the minimum recommended amount of sleep on school nights (ie 8+ hours), and only morning types had a mean sleep duration of 7+ hours (7:19 h, nearly 1 h more than evening types who slept 6:20 h, p < 0.001). Evening types reported more use of electronic media in bed, more consumption of caffeinated beverages and more daytime sleepiness than the other circadian types. They were also less satisfied with their school day sleep duration and perceived it more difficult to change their sleep pattern. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that eveningness represents a sleep health challenge for older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild West Saxvig
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; Centre for Sleep Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Linn Nyjordet Evanger
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Optentia, The Vaal Triangle Campus of the North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Mari Hysing
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna, HF, Norway; Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Michael Gradisar
- College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; Centre for Sleep Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
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Saksvik-Lehouillier I, Nordhaug L, Owesen SM, Karlsen HR. The rhythm of affect, autonomy, competence and relatedness: A pilot diary study. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:480-488. [PMID: 33567920 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1867156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the circadian rhythm of affect, autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the at-home sleep environmental setting. Participants completed electronic questionnaires at 06:30 h, 16:00 h and 21:00 h for seven days. Ninety-six respondents participated. Among these, 70 were students (73.7%; of which 65.7% were 18-25 years of age, the remainder being 26 years old or more) and 25 nonstudents (26.3%; all 26 years old or more), with one person neglecting to report such status. A total of 24 (25.0%) respondents had full-time jobs during the data collection, 51 (53.1%) had a part-time job, and 21 (21.9%) did not have a job. There was significant difference between times of day for positive affect, autonomy frustration, and competence frustration. This included an increase in positive affect from morning to afternoon, and reduction in autonomy frustration and competence frustration from afternoon to evening. Chronotype was not related to the daily variations in the studies psychological variables. We conclude that although there are some intra-daily variations in some of the basic needs, these are not as strong as those seen for positive affect, in terms of consistency across several days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Nordhaug
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine Marie Owesen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard R Karlsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Fárková E, Novák JM, Manková D, Kopřivová J. Comparison of Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) Czech version. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1591-1598. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1787426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fárková
- Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan M. Novák
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Manková
- Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kopřivová
- Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jankowski K. Composite Scale of Morningness: Psychometric properties, validity with Munich ChronoType Questionnaire and age/sex differences in Poland. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 30:166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe present study aimed at testing psychometric properties of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and validating it with mid sleep on free days (MSF) derived from the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) in Poland, along with analyzing age and sex differences in the CSM and MSF. A sample of 952 Polish residents (62.6% females) aged between 13 and 46 was tested. Additionally, a sample of 33 university students were given MCTQ and filled in a sleep diary for 8 days. MSF derived from MCTQ was related to the one from sleep diary (r = .44). The study revealed good reliability of the CSM (α = .84) and its validity: greater morningness preference was associated with earlier MSF from MCTQ (r = –.52). CSM scores were distributed over its full range, with a mean of 34, and did not differ between sexes, although females were earlier than males by 23 minutes in MSF. Regarding age, eveningness estimated with both CSM and MSF was greatest in subjects aged 16–18 years, and a shift toward eveningness during puberty and a shift back toward morningness in older age was observed. The Polish version of the CSM consisted of two components of morningness. Cutoff scores were: for evening types (lower 10%) 24 or less, for morning types (upper 10%) 43 or more. The Polish CSM presents good psychometric properties, which are similar to those reported in other language versions, and also presents sex/age patterns similar to those found previously.
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Majumdar P, Sahu S. Morningness orientation is an important determinant to circadian misalignment and tolerance: an Asian perspective. Chronobiol Int 2019; 37:2-28. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1682597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piya Majumdar
- Ergonomics and Occupational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Subhashis Sahu
- Ergonomics and Occupational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
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Lien M, Bredeli E, Sivertsen B, Kallestad H, Pallesen S, Smith ORF, Faaland P, Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Vedaa Ø. Short and long-term effects of unguided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia in morning and evening persons: a post-hoc analysis. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1384-1398. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1647435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Lien
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Einar Bredeli
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Kallestad
- Division of Mental Health Care, Department of Østmarka, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Otto R. F. Smith
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick Faaland
- Division of Mental Health Care, Department of Østmarka, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lee M. Ritterband
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Øystein Vedaa
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health Care, Department of Østmarka, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Carciofo R, Song N. The Chinese Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale improved (MESSi): validity, reliability, and associations with sleep quality, personality, affect and life satisfaction. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1036-1046. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1608225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Carciofo
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi‘an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Song
- School of English for Specific Purposes, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
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Kato Y, Urbán R, Saito S, Yoshida K, Kurokawa M, Rigó A. Psychometric properties of a Japanese version of Composite Scale of Morningness. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01092. [PMID: 30627685 PMCID: PMC6321967 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the factor structure and validity of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) in Japanese samples. A sample of 348 Japanese university students (196 men, 152 women) and 170 adults from the community (50 men, 120 women) completed a questionnaire including the CSM, the Diurnal Type Scale (DTS) and questions regarding sleeping and waking times. Four measurement models were compared, and a two-factor measurement model with Morningness/Time of day preference (α = 0.78) and Morning Affect/Alertness (α = 0.80) factors yielded the closest fit. Both Morningness/Time of day preference and Morning Affect/Alertness were positively correlated with DTS score. Morningness/Ttime of day preference was negatively correlated with the midpoint of sleep on weekdays and free days. The measurement model was invariant across the university and community groups. The community group, which was older, was characterized by greater morningness. The results provide evidence of the validity of the Japanese CSM, thus opening up the possibility of including Japanese samples in cross-cultural research on morningness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Kato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada Tsurukabuto 3-11, 6578501, Kobe, Japan
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella u. 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Seiichi Saito
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada Tsurukabuto 3-11, 6578501, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keigo Yoshida
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada Tsurukabuto 3-11, 6578501, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michinori Kurokawa
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition Osaka Shoin Women's University, Hishiyanishi 4-2-26, 5778550, Higashi Osaka, Japan
| | - Adrien Rigó
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella u. 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary
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Kaufmann CN, Gershon A, Depp CA, Miller S, Zeitzer JM, Ketter TA. Daytime midpoint as a digital biomarker for chronotype in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2018; 241:586-591. [PMID: 30172210 PMCID: PMC6436809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with later sleep and daily activity (evening rather than morning chronotype). Objective chronotype identification (e.g., based on actigraphs/smartphones) has potential utility, but to date, chronotype has mostly been assessed by questionnaires. Given the ubiquity of accelerometer-based devices (e.g. actigraphs/smartphones) worn/used during daytime and tendency to recharge rather than wear at night, we assessed chronotype using daytime (rather than sleep) interval midpoints. METHODS Sixty-one participants with BD type I (BD-I) or II (BD-II) and 61 healthy controls completed 25-50 days of continuous actigraphy. The Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) was completed by a subset of this group. Daytime activity midpoint was calculated for each daytime interval, excluding naps. Evening chronotype was defined as having a daytime interval midpoint at or after 16:15:00 (4:15:00 PM). RESULTS BD versus controls had delayed daytime midpoint (mean ± standard deviation) (16:49:07 ± 01:26:19 versus 16:12:51 ± 01:02:14, p < 0.01), and greater midpoint variability (73.3 ± 33.9 min versus 58.1 ± 18.3 min, p < 0.01). Stratifying by gender and age, females and adolescents with BD had delayed and more variable daytime midpoints versus controls. Adults with BD had greater midpoint variability than controls. Within-person mean and standard deviations of daytime midpoints were highly correlated with sleep midpoints (r = 0.99, p < 0.01 and r = 0.86, p < 0.01, respectively). Daytime midpoint mean was also significantly correlated with the CSM (r = -0.56, p < 0.01). LIMITATIONS Small sample size; analyses not fully accounting for daytime napping. CONCLUSIONS Wrist actigraphy for determination of daytime midpoints is a potential tool to identify objective chronotype. Exploration of the use of consumer devices (wearables/smartphones) is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Kaufmann
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anda Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Colin A. Depp
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shefali Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jamie M. Zeitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Terence A. Ketter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
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More than just sleeping in: a late timing of sleep is associated with health problems and unhealthy behaviours in adolescents. Sleep Med 2018; 56:66-72. [PMID: 30545801 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE New research suggests that the timing of sleep, or chronotype, affects the mental well-being of adolescents, however evidence of its links to physical health is limited. We investigated the associations between chronotype and various health outcomes and behaviours in a national sample of Canadian adolescents. METHODS Data were from the 2014 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey (29,470 students; ages 10-18). Chronotype was estimated using the midpoint of sleep on weekends, corrected for catch-up sleep. We tested the associations with physical health (headache, stomach ache, back ache, dizziness, overweight, self-rated health) and health behaviours (consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, soft drinks, and energy drinks, smoking, physical activity, screen time) using random-effects regressions adjusted for sleep duration and individual, family, and school characteristics. RESULTS The average chronotype was 4:11 a.m. for boys and 4:10 for girls. Each 1-h delay in chronotype was associated with more headaches, stomach aches, and back aches [proportional odds ratios (PropORs) 1.08, 1.08, 1.07, respectively (boys), 1.10, 1.10, 1.08, respectively (girls)], and dizziness and worse self-rated health in girls (PropORs 1.10 and 1.09, respectively), but not overweight. A 1-h delay in chronotype also related to daily soft drink consumption [ORs 1.17 (boys), 1.11 (girls)], smoking [ORs 1.23 (boys), 1.37 (girls)], screen time [additional 0.64 h (boys), 0.74 h (girls)], less vegetable consumption in boys (OR 0.96), and daily energy drink consumption in girls (OR 1.42). CONCLUSION A later chronotype related to worse physical health and unhealthy behaviours in Canadian adolescents. Studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
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Vedaa Ø, Pallesen S, Erevik EK, Svensen E, Waage S, Bjorvatn B, Sivertsen B, Harris A. Long working hours are inversely related to sick leave in the following 3 months: a 4-year registry study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 92:457-466. [PMID: 30406330 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long working hours (≥ 12 h shifts) on sick leave using objective records of shift work exposure and of sick leave. METHODS A total of 1538 nurses (mean age 42.5, SD 12.0; response rate 42%) participated. Payroll and archival sick leave data over a 4-year period were retrieved from employers' records and aggregated over every third calendar month. A multilevel negative binomial model was used to investigate the effects of exposure to long working hours, on subsequent sick leave rates the following 3 months. Covariates included prior sick leave, number of shifts worked, night and evening shifts, personality, and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Exposure to long working hours was associated with fewer sick leave days in the subsequent 3 months [adjusted model, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.946, 95% CI 0.919-0.973, p < 0.001]. The interaction long working hours by a number of work days showed that sick leave days the subsequent 3 months was higher by long shifts when number of shifts was high compared to when number of shifts was low [adjusted model, IRR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000-1.004, p < 0.05]. DISCUSSION Long working hours was associated with fewer sick leave days. The restorative effects of extra days off with long working hours are discussed as possible explanations to this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Vedaa
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Zander Kaaes Gate 7, 5018, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgt 12, 5015, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eilin K Erevik
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgt 12, 5015, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erling Svensen
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Waage
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Post Box 7807, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Post Box 7807, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Zander Kaaes Gate 7, 5018, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Møllervegen 22, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Anette Harris
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgt 12, 5015, Bergen, Norway
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How Young “Early Birds” Prefer Preservation, Appreciation and Utilization of Nature. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, the Two Major Environmental Value model (2-MEV) has been applied to measure adolescent environmental attitudes by covering two higher order factors: (i) Preservation of Nature (PRE) which measures protection preferences and (ii) Utilization of Nature (UTL) which quantifies preferences towards exploitation of nature. In addition to the 2-MEV scale, we monitored the Appreciation of Nature (APR) which, in contrast to the UTL, monitors the enjoyable utilization of nature. Finally, we employed the Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) which monitors the diurnal preferences and associates with personality and behavioral traits. In this study, we analyzed data from 429 Irish students (14.65 years; ±1.89 SD) with the aim of reconfirming the factor structure of the 2-MEV+APR and monitoring the relationship between the MESC and the environmental values (PRE, UTL, APR). Our findings identified a significant association between PRE and APR with MESC. In addition, we observed a gender difference. Our results suggest that morningness preference students are more likely to be protective of and appreciative towards nature. Recommendations for outreach programs as well as conclusions for environmental education initiatives in general are discussed.
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Markarian SA, Gildner DJ, Pickett SM, Warnke AS. Morningness-eveningness and social anxiety symptoms: the influence of depression symptoms on the indirect effect through punishment sensitivity and experiential avoidance. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:214-224. [PMID: 30311810 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1529679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety has recently been linked to morningness-eveningness; however, the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well known. As such, the purpose of the current study is to propose a model by which morningness-eveningness is related to social anxiety symptoms through punishment sensitivity and experiential avoidance within an adult American, community sample recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). It was hypothesized that experiential avoidance and punishment sensitivity would be associated with increased social anxiety symptoms and that morningness-eveningness would be negatively related to social anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, eveningness was hypothesized to be associated with increased punishment sensitivity and in turn, greater experiential avoidance. Lastly, the relationship between morningness-eveningness and social anxiety was hypothesized to be mediated by punishment sensitivity among the group with high depression levels, but not among the group with lesser depression symptoms. The results indicated that eveningness was related to social anxiety symptoms through experiential avoidance, and that depression symptoms influenced the relationship between morningness-eveningness and punishment sensitivity such that, in those high in depression symptoms, there was a significant association between eveningness and punishment sensitivity, but not among those with lower depression levels. The study findings build upon existing chronobiological research and addresses inconsistencies in previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Gildner
- a Department of Psychology , Oakland University , Rochester , USA
| | - Scott M Pickett
- a Department of Psychology , Oakland University , Rochester , USA.,b Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine , Florida State University, College of Medicine
| | - Andrew S Warnke
- a Department of Psychology , Oakland University , Rochester , USA
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Tonetti L, Natale V. Discrimination between extreme chronotypes using the full and reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:181-187. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1525392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tonetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Natale
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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37
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Faßl C, Quante M, Mariani S, Randler C. Preliminary findings for the validity of the Morningness–Eveningness-Stability Scale improved (MESSi): Correlations with activity levels and personality. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:135-142. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1519570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Faßl
- Department of Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mirja Quante
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sara Mariani
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women`s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Randler
- Department of Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Lundeen J, McCall WV, Krystal A, Looney S. Validating functional data analysis measures from 24-h actigraphy data. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1424771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Lundeen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - William Vaughn McCall
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Andrew Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen Looney
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Subjective versus objective evening chronotypes in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:342-349. [PMID: 28843917 PMCID: PMC5626649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed sleep timing is common in bipolar disorder (BD). However, most research is based upon self-reports. We examined relationships between subjective versus objective assessments of sleep timing in BD patients versus controls. METHODS We studied 61 individuals with bipolar I or II disorder and 61 healthy controls. Structured clinical interviews assessed psychiatric diagnoses, and clinician-administered scales assessed current mood symptom severity. For subjective chronotype, we used the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) questionnaire, using original and modified (1, ¾, ⅔, and ½ SD below mean CSM score) thresholds to define evening chronotype. Objective chronotype was calculated as the percentage of nights (50%, 66.7%, 75%, or 90% of all nights) with sleep interval midpoints at or before (non-evening chronotype) vs. after (evening chronotype) 04:15:00 (4:15:00a.m.), based on 25-50 days of continuous actigraph data. RESULTS BD participants and controls differed significantly with respect to CSM mean scores and CSM evening chronotypes using modified, but not original, thresholds. Groups also differed significantly with respect to chronotype based on sleep interval midpoint means, and based on the threshold of 75% of sleep intervals with midpoints after 04:15:00. Subjective and objective chronotypes correlated significantly with one another. Twenty-one consecutive intervals were needed to yield an evening chronotype classification match of ≥ 95% with that made using the 75% of sleep intervals threshold. LIMITATIONS Limited sample size/generalizability. CONCLUSIONS Subjective and objective chronotype measurements were correlated with one another in participants with BD. Using population-specific thresholds, participants with BD had a later chronotype than controls.
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Andreassen CS, Bakker AB, Bjorvatn B, Moen BE, Magerøy N, Shimazu A, Hetland J, Pallesen S. Working Conditions and Individual Differences Are Weakly Associated with Workaholism: A 2-3-Year Prospective Study of Shift-Working Nurses. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2045. [PMID: 29209265 PMCID: PMC5702308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on individual differences and the demand-support-control model in relation to workaholism. We hypothesized that unfavorable working conditions (high job demands, low job control/decision latitude, and low social support at work) and individual differences concerning sleep/wake-related variables (high flexibility, high morningness, and low languidity) would be related to workaholism measured 2–3 years later. Survey data stemmed from a prospective cohort of shift-working nurses (N = 1,308). The results showed that social support at work was negatively related to workaholism, whereas job demands were positively related to workaholism. Flexibility in terms of time for working/sleeping was also positively related to workaholism. The analyses further revealed that workaholism was inversely associated with age as well as having a child or having a child move in. Conjointly, the independent variables explained 6.4% of the variance in workaholism, while their relative importance was small overall. After controlling for all other independent variables, high job demands had the strongest relationship (small-to-medium) with workaholism. This implies that less pressure from the external environment to work excessively hard may prevent an increase in workaholic behaviors. Overall, the study adds to our understanding of the relationships between working conditions, individual differences, and workaholism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnold B Bakker
- Center of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente E Moen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Magerøy
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Akihito Shimazu
- Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jørn Hetland
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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41
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Au J, Reece J. The relationship between chronotype and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2017; 218:93-104. [PMID: 28463712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanding our understanding of the factors that influence depression is crucial for prognosis and treatment. In light of increasing evidence of an association between disrupted circadian rhythms and affective symptoms, a meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship between an eveningness chronotype and depression. METHODS Electronic searches of the PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were conducted in February 2016. Relevant reviews, related journals, and reference lists were manually searched. Statistical data were reported or transformed to a Fisher's z correlational coefficient for effect size analysis. RESULTS Data from 36 studies (n =15734) met the inclusion criteria and were analysed under a random effects model. Nearly all included studies utilised the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) or the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) as a measure of chronotype. Overall effect size from 58 effect sizes was small (z=-.20; 95% CI: -.18 to -.23). Effect sizes based on the CSM were significantly larger than those based on the MEQ. There was no evidence of publication bias. LIMITATIONS The number of studies comparing different mood disorders or the potential moderating effects of gender and age were too few to draw conclusions regarding their respective effect sizes. Future research should utilise longitudinal designs to draw causal inferences on the directionality of this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this meta-analysis indicate an eveningness orientation is somewhat associated with more severe mood symptoms. Chronobiological approaches may contribute to the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Au
- School of Psychological Sciences, Australian College of Applied Psychology, Sydney, Australia.
| | - John Reece
- School of Psychological Sciences, Australian College of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia
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Randler C. Chronotype correlates with developmental index, intelligence and academic achievement: A study based on nationwide indicators. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:985-992. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1332070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pallesen S, Gundersen HS, Kristoffersen M, Bjorvatn B, Thun E, Harris A. The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Soccer Skills. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:812-829. [PMID: 28485189 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517707412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many athletes sleep poorly due to stress, travel, and competition anxiety. In the present study, we investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on soccer skills (juggling, dribbling, ball control, continuous kicking, 20 and 40 m sprint, and 30 m sprint with changes of direction). In all, 19 male junior soccer players (14-19 years old) were recruited and participated in a cross-balanced experimental study comprising two conditions; habitual sleep and 24 hours sleep deprivation. In both conditions, testing took place between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m. Order of tests was counterbalanced. Each test was conducted once or twice in a sequence repeated three times. The results revealed a negative effect of sleep deprivation on the continuous kicking test. On one test, 30 meter sprint with directional changes, a significant condition × test repetition interaction was found, indicating a steeper learning curve in the sleep deprived condition from Test 1 to Test 2 and a steeper learning curve in the rested condition from Test 2 to Test 3. The results are discussed in terms of limitations and strengths, and recommendations for future studies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ståle Pallesen
- 1 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,2 Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Stokvold Gundersen
- 3 Department of Sport and Physical Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- 3 Department of Sport and Physical Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- 2 Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,4 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirunn Thun
- 1 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,4 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette Harris
- 1 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Spanish Adaptation of the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale improved (MESSi). SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 20:E23. [DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the present study was to conduct the preliminary adaptation of the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale improved (MESSi) to Spanish population, testing its factor structure and construct validity. Participants were 261 adults (65% women;M= 31.4,SD= 12.01) who filled out measures of Morningness-Eveningness (MESSi and CSM), sleep habits, personality traits, positive and negative affect, and subjective level of alertness during the day. Psychometric results supported a three factorial model with the factors Morning Affect, Eveningness and Distinctness (RMSEA = .072). The factors showed good internal consistence (α = 0.72–0.85). The pattern of correlations between MESSi and the other measures were in the expected direction (low to moderated size effects). Morning Affect was positively predicted by morning chronotype (R2= .64), Eveningness was negatively predicted by age and positively by evening chronotype (R2= .41), and Distinctness was negatively predicted by sex (women reported higher DI than men) and age (R2= .08). This study provides evidence for the factor structure of a new measure of Morningness-Eveningness based on a rigorous psychometric evaluation.
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Randler C, Faßl C, Kalb N. From Lark to Owl: developmental changes in morningness-eveningness from new-borns to early adulthood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45874. [PMID: 28378787 PMCID: PMC5381104 DOI: 10.1038/srep45874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Morningness-eveningness or chronotype changes significantly throughout the life span. This has been reported for the transition during adolescence in some studies, and to a lesser extent in early adulthood. Primary and pre-school children have been under investigation in fewer studies. This is the first comprehensive study covering the age range from very young children until early adulthood (0-30 years) based on the same measurement instrument. Here, we show that the turn towards eveningness starts at an early age in German children. Based on 26,214 cross-sectional data, we further show that at the end of adolescence, morningness-eveningness does not significantly change during early adulthood. Sex differences arise during puberty and remain until 30 years. The breaking point for the turn towards morningness is 15.7 years in girls and 17.2 boys. At the age of 0-1 years, there are about 70% morning types, and about 1% evening types, while at the age of 16 years, only 5% are morning types and 19% are evening types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Randler
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, D-70726 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Corina Faßl
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, D-70726 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Kalb
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, D-70726 Tuebingen, Germany
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Rahafar A, Randler C, Vollmer C, Kasaeian A. Prediction of school achievement through a multi-factorial approach – The unique role of chronotype. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Vedaa Ø, Pallesen S, Waage S, Bjorvatn B, Sivertsen B, Erevik E, Svensen E, Harris A. Short rest between shift intervals increases the risk of sick leave: a prospective registry study. Occup Environ Med 2016; 74:496-501. [PMID: 27827302 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to use objective registry data to prospectively investigate the effects of quick returns (QR, <11 hours of rest between shifts) and night shifts on sick leave. METHODS A total of 1538 nurses (response rate =41.5%) answered questionnaires on demographics and personality and provided consent to link this information to registry data on shift work and sick leave from employers' records. A multilevel negative binomial model was used to investigate the predictive effect of exposure to night shifts and QR every month for 1 year, on sick leave the following month. RESULTS Exposure to QR the previous month increased the risk for sick leave days (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.066, 95% CI 1.022 to 1.108, p<0.01) and sick leave spells (IRR=1.059, 95% CI 1.025 to 1.097, p<0.001) the following month, whereas night shifts did not. 83% per cent of the nurses experienced QR within a year, and on average they were exposed to 3.0 QR per month (SD=1.6). Personality characteristics associated with shift work tolerance (low on morningness, low on languidity and high on flexibility) were not associated with sick leave, and did not moderate the relationship between QR and sick leave. CONCLUSIONS We found a positive linear relationship between QR and sick leave. Avoiding QR may help reduce workers' sick leave. The restricted recovery opportunity associated with QR may give little room for beneficial effects of individual characteristics usually associated with shift work tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Vedaa
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Waage
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,The Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Eilin Erevik
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anette Harris
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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49
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Randler C, Díaz-Morales JF, Rahafar A, Vollmer C. Morningness-eveningness and amplitude - development and validation of an improved composite scale to measure circadian preference and stability (MESSi). Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:832-48. [PMID: 27123963 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1171233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Measuring morningness-eveningness is an important aspect of individual differences because it is associated with many aspects of personality and health. The present study outlines recent advancements in the field of measurement and proposes an improved assessment of morningness-eveningness, such as the measurement of circadian amplitude, updating and reflecting new item developments, addressing the clock time based measures, the morning-biased items and the aspect of uni versus multidimensionality. Four studies have been carried out in Germany to present a novel development (with a total sample of N = 1181). In study I, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed three dimensions, one of morningness, one of eveningness and one of amplitude/stability. Then, items were reduced to present a clearer factor structure by removing ambiguous items. In the second study, a shortened questionnaire was applied, with 15 items (5 per construct), but Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) did not provide acceptable fit indices. Refining items were made in study III, which again showed a clearer factor structure in EFA, and subsequently, in study IV, the refined set of 15 items provided a good fit of a CFA. The final questionnaire was tested for validity by applying clock times, personality questions and alertness ratings. Thus, this newly developed questionnaire contains three distinct dimensions. To reflect the new content, the scale is labelled morningness-eveningness-stability-scale improved (MESSi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Randler
- a Institute of Natural Sciences, Geography & Technology , University of Education Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,d Department of Biology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany.,e LEAD Graduate School , & Research Network , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Juan F Díaz-Morales
- b Department of Individual Differences and Work, Faculty of Psychology , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Arash Rahafar
- a Institute of Natural Sciences, Geography & Technology , University of Education Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,d Department of Biology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Christian Vollmer
- c Institute of Psychology, University of Education Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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50
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Prospective study of predictors and consequences of insomnia: personality, lifestyle, mental health, and work-related stressors. Sleep Med 2015; 20:51-8. [PMID: 27318226 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively investigate the reciprocal relationships between personality traits, lifestyle factors, mental health, sleepiness, and work-related stressors against insomnia. METHODS A total of 799 Norwegian shift-working nurses (mean age 33.2 years, 90% female) participated in this prospective cohort study. They were assessed on self-report instruments (Bergen Insomnia Scale, Diurnal Type Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised, Work-Family Interface Scale, among others) in 2008/2009 (wave 1) and 2011 (wave 3). Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the bidirectional relationship between a wide range of individual and work-related variables and insomnia. RESULTS Languidity (β = 0.18***), anxiety (β = 0.11**), depression (β = 0.14***), exposure to bullying behavior (β = 0.08*), and negative spillover between work and family life (work to family, β = 0.08*; family to work, β = 0.07*) predicted increased symptoms of insomnia over time. Morningness (β = -0.09*) and positive spillover from work to family (β = -0.11**) predicted less symptoms of insomnia over time. No support was found for night work as a predictor of increased insomnia. Insomnia was a precursor for anxiety (β = 0.11**), but not for depression (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001). CONCLUSION The data suggested that insomnia more often emerges as a consequence of individual and work-related factors than as a precursor to them. The scope of factors causing insomnia, and factors protecting against it, should be further investigated. Insomnia should be considered in prediction models for mental illnesses and as an outcome of adverse work-related experiences.
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