1
|
Suman A, Vulpio A, Casari N, Pinelli M. Outstretching population growth theory towards surface contamination. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
2
|
The Preliminary Study of Dust Devil Tracks in Southern Utopia Planitia, Landing Area of Tianwen-1 Mission. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13132601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
China’s first Mars exploration mission (Tianwen-1) landed on the southern part of Mars’ Utopia Planitia on 15 May 2021. The Zhurong rover will focus on high-resolution and in situ observations of key areas on the surface of Mars. Dust devils (DDs) are heat-driven vortices that lift material from the surface and inject it into the atmosphere. The dark or bright surface lineaments left by DDs are called dust devil tracks (DDTs). Dust devils can clear dust from solar panels deposited by gusts and dust storms. Therefore, it is of importance to study the encounter rates of dust devils at the Tianwen-1 landing site for achieving the rover’s long-term scientific goals. Based on High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera (CTX) images, 248 newly formed DDTs in 12 image pairs were firstly identified, and their lengths, widths, and direction in the study area were measured. The distribution of their width frequency follows a −2 differential power law. Secondly, DDT formation rates were computed and analyzed with the range of 0.00006 to 0.1275 ddt km−2 sol−1, mainly affected by factors such as seasons and dust storm occurrence. Thirdly, the solar panel clearing recurrence interval derived from the orbital data in our study area was calculated from ~980 to 166,700 sols. The dust storm occurrence probability at the Tianwen-1 landing area is less than 3%, and there is a special anti-dust coating on board the Zhurong rover. Thus, the Zhurong rover can be considered competent for scientific exploration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bell JF, Maki JN, Mehall GL, Ravine MA, Caplinger MA, Bailey ZJ, Brylow S, Schaffner JA, Kinch KM, Madsen MB, Winhold A, Hayes AG, Corlies P, Tate C, Barrington M, Cisneros E, Jensen E, Paris K, Crawford K, Rojas C, Mehall L, Joseph J, Proton JB, Cluff N, Deen RG, Betts B, Cloutis E, Coates AJ, Colaprete A, Edgett KS, Ehlmann BL, Fagents S, Grotzinger JP, Hardgrove C, Herkenhoff KE, Horgan B, Jaumann R, Johnson JR, Lemmon M, Paar G, Caballo-Perucha M, Gupta S, Traxler C, Preusker F, Rice MS, Robinson MS, Schmitz N, Sullivan R, Wolff MJ. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:24. [PMID: 33612866 PMCID: PMC7883548 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation on the Mars 2020 mission's Perseverance rover. Mastcam-Z consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide broadband red/green/blue and narrowband 400-1000 nm color imaging with fields of view from 25.6° × 19.2° (26 mm focal length at 283 μrad/pixel) to 6.2° × 4.6° (110 mm focal length at 67.4 μrad/pixel). The cameras can resolve (≥ 5 pixels) ∼0.7 mm features at 2 m and ∼3.3 cm features at 100 m distance. Mastcam-Z shares significant heritage with the Mastcam instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. Each Mastcam-Z camera consists of zoom, focus, and filter wheel mechanisms and a 1648 × 1214 pixel charge-coupled device detector and electronics. The two Mastcam-Z cameras are mounted with a 24.4 cm stereo baseline and 2.3° total toe-in on a camera plate ∼2 m above the surface on the rover's Remote Sensing Mast, which provides azimuth and elevation actuation. A separate digital electronics assembly inside the rover provides power, data processing and storage, and the interface to the rover computer. Primary and secondary Mastcam-Z calibration targets mounted on the rover top deck enable tactical reflectance calibration. Mastcam-Z multispectral, stereo, and panoramic images will be used to provide detailed morphology, topography, and geologic context along the rover's traverse; constrain mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of surface materials; monitor and characterize atmospheric and astronomical phenomena; and document the rover's sample extraction and caching locations. Mastcam-Z images will also provide key engineering information to support sample selection and other rover driving and tool/instrument operations decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. A. Ravine
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | - S. Brylow
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Tate
- Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | | | - E. Jensen
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | - K. Paris
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - C. Rojas
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | | | | | - N. Cluff
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - B. Betts
- The Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Univ. College, London, UK
| | - A. Colaprete
- NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA
| | - K. S. Edgett
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | - B. L. Ehlmann
- JPL/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
- Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - R. Jaumann
- Inst. of Geological Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M. Lemmon
- Space Science Inst., Boulder, CO USA
| | - G. Paar
- Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - F. Preusker
- DLR/German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. S. Rice
- Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, WA USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ojha L, Lewis K, Karunatillake S, Schmidt M. The Medusae Fossae Formation as the single largest source of dust on Mars. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2867. [PMID: 30030425 PMCID: PMC6054634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of fine-grained dust is one of the most widespread sedimentary processes occurring on Mars today. In the present climate, eolian abrasion and deflation of rocks are likely the most pervasive and active dust-forming mechanism. Martian dust is globally enriched in S and Cl and has a distinct mean S:Cl ratio. Here we identify a potential source region for Martian dust based on analysis of elemental abundance data. We show that a large sedimentary unit called the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF) has the highest abundance of S and Cl, and provides the best chemical match to surface measurements of Martian dust. Based on volume estimates of the eroded materials from the MFF, along with the enrichment of elemental S and Cl, and overall geochemical similarity, we propose that long-term deflation of the MFF has significantly contributed to the global Martian dust reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lujendra Ojha
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Kevin Lewis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Suniti Karunatillake
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Mariek Schmidt
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Managadze GG, Safronova AA, Luchnikov KA, Vorobyova EA, Duxbury NS, Wurz P, Managadze NG, Chumikov AE, Khamizov RK. A New Method and Mass-Spectrometric Instrument for Extraterrestrial Microbial Life Detection Using the Elemental Composition Analyses of Martian Regolith and Permafrost/Ice. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:448-458. [PMID: 28520473 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new technique for the detection of microorganisms by elemental composition analyses of a sample extracted from regolith, permafrost, and ice of extraterrestrial bodies. We also describe the design of the ABIMAS instrument, which consists of the onboard time-of-flight laser mass-reflectron (TOF LMR) and the sample preparation unit (SPU) for biomass extraction. This instrument was initially approved to fly on board the ExoMars 2020 lander mission. The instrument can be used to analyze the elemental composition of possible extraterrestrial microbial communities and compare it to that of terrestrial microorganisms. We have conducted numerous laboratory studies to confirm the possibility of biomass identification via the following biomarkers: P/S and Ca/K ratios, and C and N abundances. We underline that only the combination of these factors will allow one to discriminate microbial samples from geological ones. Our technique has been tested experimentally in numerous laboratory trials on cultures of microorganisms and polar permafrost samples as terrestrial analogues for martian polar soils. We discuss various methods of extracting microorganisms and sample preparation. The developed technique can be used to search for and identify microorganisms in different martian samples and in the subsurface of other planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids-in particular, Europa, Ganymede, and Enceladus. Key Words: Mass spectrometry-Life-detection instruments-Biomarkers-Earth Mars-Biomass spectra. Astrobiology 17, 448-458.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Managadze
- 1 Space Research Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A A Safronova
- 1 Space Research Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - K A Luchnikov
- 1 Space Research Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E A Vorobyova
- 1 Space Research Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- 2 Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - N S Duxbury
- 3 Department of Physics, Astronomy and Computational Sciences, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia, USA
- 4 Geology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - P Wurz
- 5 Physics Institute, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - N G Managadze
- 1 Space Research Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A E Chumikov
- 1 Space Research Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - R Kh Khamizov
- 6 Institute of Geological Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sobrado JM, Martín-Soler J, Martín-Gago JA. Mimicking Martian dust: An in-vacuum dust deposition system for testing the ultraviolet sensors on the Curiosity rover. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:105113. [PMID: 26520990 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and developed an in-vacuum dust deposition system specifically conceived to simulate and study the effect of accumulation of Martian dust on the electronic instruments of scientific planetary exploration missions. We have used this device to characterize the dust effect on the UV sensor of the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station in the Mars science Laboratory mission of NASA in similar conditions to those found on Mars surface. The UV sensor includes six photodiodes for measuring the radiation in all UV wavelengths (direct incidence and reflected); it is placed on the body of Curiosity rover and it is severely affected by the dust deposited on it. Our experimental setup can help to estimate the duration of reliable reading of this instrument during operation. We have used an analogous of the Martian dust in chemical composition (magnetic species), color, and density, which has been characterized by X-ray spectroscopy. To ensure a Brownian motion of the dust during its fall and a homogeneous coverage on the instrumentation, the operating conditions of the vacuum vessel, determined by partial pressures and temperature, have to be modified to account for the different gravities of Mars with respect to Earth. We propose that our designed device and operational protocol can be of interest to test optoelectronic instrumentation affected by the opacity of dust, as can be the degradation of UV photodiodes in planetary exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Sobrado
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), INTA-CSIC, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Martín-Soler
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), INTA-CSIC, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Martín-Gago
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), INTA-CSIC, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kinch KM, Bell JF, Goetz W, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Madsen MB, Sohl-Dickstein J. Dust deposition on the decks of the Mars Exploration Rovers: 10 years of dust dynamics on the Panoramic Camera calibration targets. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2015; 2:144-172. [PMID: 27981072 PMCID: PMC5125412 DOI: 10.1002/2014ea000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Panoramic Cameras on NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers have each returned more than 17,000 images of their calibration targets. In order to make optimal use of this data set for reflectance calibration, a correction must be made for the presence of air fall dust. Here we present an improved dust correction procedure based on a two-layer scattering model, and we present a dust reflectance spectrum derived from long-term trends in the data set. The dust on the calibration targets appears brighter than dusty areas of the Martian surface. We derive detailed histories of dust deposition and removal revealing two distinct environments: At the Spirit landing site, half the year is dominated by dust deposition, the other half by dust removal, usually in brief, sharp events. At the Opportunity landing site the Martian year has a semiannual dust cycle with dust removal happening gradually throughout two removal seasons each year. The highest observed optical depth of settled dust on the calibration target is 1.5 on Spirit and 1.1 on Opportunity (at 601 nm). We derive a general prediction for dust deposition rates of 0.004 ± 0.001 in units of surface optical depth deposited per sol (Martian solar day) per unit atmospheric optical depth. We expect this procedure to lead to improved reflectance-calibration of the Panoramic Camera data set. In addition, it is easily adapted to similar data sets from other missions in order to deliver improved reflectance calibration as well as data on dust reflectance properties and deposition and removal history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjartan M Kinch
- Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - James F Bell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Walter Goetz
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Göttingen Germany
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Jonathan Joseph
- Department of Astronomy Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Morten Bo Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jascha Sohl-Dickstein
- Neural Dynamics and Computation Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lorenz RD, Reiss D. Solar Panel Clearing Events, Dust Devil Tracks, and in-situ Vortex Detections on Mars. ICARUS 2015; 248:162-164. [PMID: 30705464 PMCID: PMC6350794 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spirit rover solar array data, which if publicly-archived would provide a useful window on Mars meteorology, shows dust-clearing events coinciding with the onset of dust devil season in three Mars years. The recurrence interval of 100-700 days is consistent with the extrapolation of Pathfinder and Phoenix vortex encounters indicated by pressure drops of ~6-40 Pa (similar to laboratory measurements of dust lifting threshold) and with observed areas and rates of generation of dust devil tracks on Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D Lorenz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Dennis Reiss
- Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kok JF, Parteli EJR, Michaels TI, Karam DB. The physics of wind-blown sand and dust. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:106901. [PMID: 22982806 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/106901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The transport of sand and dust by wind is a potent erosional force, creates sand dunes and ripples, and loads the atmosphere with suspended dust aerosols. This paper presents an extensive review of the physics of wind-blown sand and dust on Earth and Mars. Specifically, we review the physics of aeolian saltation, the formation and development of sand dunes and ripples, the physics of dust aerosol emission, the weather phenomena that trigger dust storms, and the lifting of dust by dust devils and other small-scale vortices. We also discuss the physics of wind-blown sand and dune formation on Venus and Titan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper F Kok
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lewis KW, Aharonson O, Grotzinger JP, Kirk RL, McEwen AS, Suer TA. Quasi-Periodic Bedding in the Sedimentary Rock Record of Mars. Science 2008; 322:1532-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1161870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Lewis
- Divison of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Oded Aharonson
- Divison of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - John P. Grotzinger
- Divison of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Randolph L. Kirk
- Divison of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Divison of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Terry-Ann Suer
- Divison of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sharma R, Wyatt C, Zhang J, Mazumder MK, Calle CI, Mardesich N. Performance Analysis of Electrodynamic Self-Cleaning Transparent Films for its Applications to Mars and Lunar Missions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1109/07ias.2007.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Kinch KM, Sohl-Dickstein J, Bell JF, Johnson JR, Goetz W, Landis GA. Dust deposition on the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) calibration targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Golombek MP, Grant JA, Crumpler LS, Greeley R, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Weitz CM, Sullivan R, Christensen PR, Soderblom LA, Squyres SW. Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC USA
| | - L. S. Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - R. Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. M. Weitz
- Planetary Science Institute; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - R. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cantor BA, Kanak KM, Edgett KS. Mars Orbiter Camera observations of Martian dust devils and their tracks (September 1997 to January 2006) and evaluation of theoretical vortex models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine M. Kanak
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Johnson JR, Sohl-Dickstein J, Grundy WM, Arvidson RE, Bell J, Christensen P, Graff T, Guinness EA, Kinch K, Morris R, Shepard MK. Radiative transfer modeling of dust-coated Pancam calibration target materials: Laboratory visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - James Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Phil Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Trevor Graff
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Edward A. Guinness
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Kjartan Kinch
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - Michael K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Golombek MP, Crumpler LS, Grant JA, Greeley R, Cabrol NA, Parker TJ, Rice JW, Ward JG, Arvidson RE, Moersch JE, Fergason RL, Christensen PR, Castaño A, Castaño R, Haldemann AFC, Li R, Bell JF, Squyres SW. Geology of the Gusev cratered plains from the Spirit rover transverse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. S. Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | | | - R. Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - T. J. Parker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. G. Ward
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - A. Castaño
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. Castaño
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. F. C. Haldemann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kahre MA, Murphy JR, Haberle RM. Modeling the Martian dust cycle and surface dust reservoirs with the NASA Ames general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Cockell CS, Schuerger AC, Billi D, Friedmann EI, Panitz C. Effects of a simulated martian UV flux on the cyanobacterium, Chroococcidiopsis sp. 029. ASTROBIOLOGY 2005; 5:127-140. [PMID: 15815164 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2005.5.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dried monolayers of Chroococcidiopsis sp. 029, a desiccation-tolerant, endolithic cyanobacterium, were exposed to a simulated martian-surface UV and visible light flux, which may also approximate to the worst-case scenario for the Archean Earth. After 5 min, there was a 99% loss of cell viability, and there were no survivors after 30 min. However, this survival was approximately 10 times higher than that previously reported for Bacillus subtilis. We show that under 1 mm of rock, Chroococcidiopsis sp. could survive (and potentially grow) under the high martian UV flux if water and nutrient requirements for growth were met. In isolated cells, phycobilisomes and esterases remained intact hours after viability was lost. Esterase activity was reduced by 99% after a 1-h exposure, while 99% loss of autofluorescence required a 4-h exposure. However, cell morphology was not changed, and DNA was still detectable by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining after an 8-h exposure (equivalent to approximately 1 day on Mars at the equator). Under 1 mm of simulant martian soil or gneiss, the effect of UV radiation could not be detected on esterase activity or autofluorescence after 4 h. These results show that under the intense martian UV flux the morphological signatures of life can persist even after viability, enzymatic activity, and pigmentation have been destroyed. Finally, the global dispersal of viable, isolated cells of even this desiccation-tolerant, ionizing-radiation-resistant microorganism on Mars is unlikely as they are killed quickly by unattenuated UV radiation when in a desiccated state. These findings have implications for the survival of diverse microbial contaminants dispersed during the course of human exploratory class missions on the surface of Mars.
Collapse
|
19
|
Arvidson RE, Anderson RC, Bartlett P, Bell JF, Blaney D, Christensen PR, Chu P, Crumpler L, Davis K, Ehlmann BL, Fergason R, Golombek MP, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Guinness EA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff K, Johnson J, Landis G, Li R, Lindemann R, McSween H, Ming DW, Myrick T, Richter L, Seelos FP, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Wang A, Wilson J. Localization and physical properties experiments conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:821-4. [PMID: 15297662 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The precise location and relative elevation of Spirit during its traverses from the Columbia Memorial station to Bonneville crater were determined with bundle-adjusted retrievals from rover wheel turns, suspension and tilt angles, and overlapping images. Physical properties experiments show a decrease of 0.2% per Mars solar day in solar cell output resulting from deposition of airborne dust, cohesive soil-like deposits in plains and hollows, bright and dark rock coatings, and relatively weak volcanic rocks of basaltic composition. Volcanic, impact, aeolian, and water-related processes produced the encountered landforms and materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Aharonson O, Schorghofer N, Gerstell MF. Slope streak formation and dust deposition rates on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Aharonson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Norbert Schorghofer
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Marguerite F. Gerstell
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ferri F, Smith PH, Lemmon M, Rennó NO. Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferri
- Center of Studies and Activities for Space (CISAS), “G. Colombo,”; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Peter H. Smith
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Mark Lemmon
- Texas A and M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Nilton O. Rennó
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Crisp JA, Adler M, Matijevic JR, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Kass DM. Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Mark Adler
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Jacob R. Matijevic
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - David M. Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Arvidson RE, Anderson RC, Haldemann AFC, Landis GA, Li R, Lindemann RA, Matijevic JR, Morris RV, Richter L, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Snider NO. Physical properties and localization investigations associated with the 2003 Mars Exploration rovers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Arvidson
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | | | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | | | | | - L. Richter
- DLR Institut für Raumsimulation; Köln Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - N. O. Snider
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schuerger AC, Mancinelli RL, Kern RG, Rothschild LJ, McKay CP. Survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis on spacecraft surfaces under simulated martian environments: implications for the forward contamination of Mars. ICARUS 2003; 165:253-276. [PMID: 14649627 DOI: 10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in a Mars simulation chamber (MSC) to characterize the survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis under high UV irradiation and simulated martian conditions. The MSC was used to create Mars surface environments in which pressure (8.5 mb), temperature (-80, -40, -10, or +23 degrees C), gas composition (Earth-normal N2/O2 mix, pure N2, pure CO2, or a Mars gas mix), and UV-VIS-NIR fluence rates (200-1200 nm) were maintained within tight limits. The Mars gas mix was composed of CO2 (95.3%), N2 (2.7%), Ar (1.7%), O2 (0.2%), and water vapor (0.03%). Experiments were conducted to measure the effects of pressure, gas composition, and temperature alone or in combination with Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR light environments. Endospores of B. subtilis, were deposited on aluminum coupons as monolayers in which the average density applied to coupons was 2.47 x 10(6) bacteria per sample. Populations of B. subtilis placed on aluminum coupons and subjected to an Earth-normal temperature (23 degrees C), pressure (1013 mb), and gas mix (normal N2/O2 ratio) but illuminated with a Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR spectrum were reduced by over 99.9% after 30 sec exposure to Mars-normal UV fluence rates. However, it required at least 15 min of Mars-normal UV exposure to reduce bacterial populations on aluminum coupons to non-recoverable levels. These results were duplicated when bacteria were exposed to Mars-normal environments of temperature (-10 degrees C), pressure (8.5 mb), gas composition (pure CO2), and UV fluence rates. In other experiments, results indicated that the gas composition of the atmosphere and the temperature of the bacterial monolayers at the time of Mars UV exposure had no effects on the survival of bacterial endospores. But Mars-normal pressures (8.5 mb) were found to reduce survival by approximately 20-35% compared to Earth-normal pressures (1013 mb). The primary implications of these results are (a) that greater than 99.9% of bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft are likely to be inactivated within a few tens of seconds to a few minutes on the surface of Mars, and (b) that within a single Mars day under clear-sky conditions bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft will be sterilized. Furthermore, these results suggest that the high UV fluence rates on the martian surface can be an important resource in minimizing the forward contamination of Mars.
Collapse
|
26
|
Merrison JP, Bertelsen P, Frandsen C, Gunnlaugsson P, Knudsen JM, Lunt S, Madsen MB, Mossin LA, Nielsen J, Nørnberg P, Rasmussen KR, Uggerhøj E. Simulation of the Martian dust aerosol at low wind speeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Merrison
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. Frandsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Gunnlaugsson
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - J. M. Knudsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Lunt
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - L. A. Mossin
- Department of Earth Sciences; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - J. Nielsen
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - P. Nørnberg
- Department of Earth Sciences; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | | | - E. Uggerhøj
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johnson JR. Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Sullivan R, Thomas P, Veverka J, Malin M, Edgett KS. Mass movement slope streaks imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Bridges NT, Crisp JA, Bell JF. Characteristics of the Pathfinder APXS sites: Implications for the composition of Martian rocks and soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Golombek MP, Bridges NT. Erosion rates on Mars and implications for climate change: Constraints from the Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|