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Harvey VL, Datta‐Barua S, Pedatella NM, Wang N, Randall CE, Siskind DE, van Caspel WE. Transport of Nitric Oxide Via Lagrangian Coherent Structures Into the Top of the Polar Vortex. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD034523. [PMID: 34221782 PMCID: PMC8243962 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd034523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The energetic particle precipitation (EPP) indirect effect (IE) refers to the downward transport of reactive odd nitrogen (NOx = NO + NO2) produced by EPP (EPP-NOx) from the polar winter mesosphere and lower thermosphere to the stratosphere where it can destroy ozone. Previous studies of the EPP IE examined NOx descent averaged over the polar region, but the work presented here considers longitudinal variations. We report that the January 2009 split Arctic vortex in the stratosphere left an imprint on the distribution of NO near the mesopause, and that the magnitude of EPP-NOx descent in the upper mesosphere depends strongly on the planetary wave (PW) phase. We focus on an 11-day case study in late January immediately following the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming during which regional-scale Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) formed atop the strengthening mesospheric vortex. The LCSs emerged over the north Atlantic in the vicinity of the trough of a 10-day westward traveling planetary wave. Over the next week, the LCSs acted to confine NO-rich air to polar latitudes, effectively prolonging its lifetime as it descended into the top of the polar vortex. Both a whole atmosphere data assimilation model and satellite observations show that the PW trough remained coincident in space and time with the NO-rich air as both migrated westward over the Canadian Arctic. Estimates of descent rates indicate five times stronger descent inside the PW trough compared to other longitudes. This case serves to set the stage for future climatological analysis of NO transport via LCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lynn Harvey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Seebany Datta‐Barua
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Ningchao Wang
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesHampton UniversityHamptonVAUSA
| | - Cora E. Randall
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Willem E. van Caspel
- Department of PhysicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyNorway
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, University of BergenBergenNorway
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Comparison of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Mid-Latitude Mesosphere Based on Local Microwave Radiometer CO Observations in 2018 and 2019. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12233950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a comparison of the impact of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic in February 2018 (SSW1) and January 2019 (SSW2) on the mid-latitude mesosphere is given. The mesospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and zonal wind in these two major SSW events were observed at altitudes of 70–85 km using a microwave radiometer (MWR) at Kharkiv, Ukraine (50.0°N, 36.3°E). Data from ERA-Interim and MERRA-2 reanalyses and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements were also used. It is shown that: (i) The differences between SSW1 and SSW2, in terms of local variability in zonal wind, temperature, and CO in the stratosphere and mesosphere, were clearly defined by the polar vortex (westerly in cyclonic circulation) and mid-latitude anticyclone (easterly) migrating over the MWR station, therefore; (ii) mesospheric intrusions of CO-rich air into the stratosphere over the Kharkiv region occurred only occasionally, (iii) the larger zonal wave 1–3 amplitudes before SSW1 were followed by weaker polar vortex recovery than that after SSW2, (iv) the strong vortex recovery after SSW2 was supported by earlier event timing (midwinter) favoring vortex cooling due to low solar irradiance and enhanced zonal circulation, and (v) vortex strengthening after SSW2 was accompanied by wave 1–3 amplification in March 2019, which was absent after SSW1. Finally, the influence of the large-scale circulation structures formed in individual major SSW events on the locally recorded characteristics of the atmosphere is discussed.
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Abstract
Extreme polar vortex events known as sudden stratospheric warmings can influence surface winter weather conditions, but their timing is difficult to predict. Here, we examine factors that influence their occurrence, with a focus on their timing and vertical extent. We consider the roles of the troposphere and equatorial stratosphere separately, using a split vortex event in January 2009 as the primary case study. This event cannot be reproduced by constraining wind and temperatures in the troposphere alone, even when the equatorial lower stratosphere is in the correct phase of the quasi biennial oscillation. When the flow in the equatorial upper stratosphere is also constrained, the timing and spatial evolution of the vortex event is captured remarkably well. This highlights an influence from this region previously unrecognised by the seasonal forecast community. We suggest that better representation of the flow in this region is likely to improve predictability of extreme polar vortex events and hence their associated impacts at the surface. Extreme events high up in the winter stratosphere are known to influence our weather and their predictability has potential to improve seasonal weather forecasts. Here, the authors examine factors that influence their generation and highlight a previously unrecognised sensitivity to the upper equatorial stratosphere.
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Chu X, Zhao J, Lu X, Harvey VL, Jones RM, Becker E, Chen C, Fong W, Yu Z, Roberts BR, Dörnbrack A. Lidar Observations of Stratospheric Gravity Waves From 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.69°E), Antarctica: 2. Potential Energy Densities, Lognormal Distributions, and Seasonal Variations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:7910-7934. [PMID: 31032162 PMCID: PMC6473597 DOI: 10.1029/2017jd027386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five years of Fe Boltzmann lidar's Rayleigh temperature data from 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo are used to characterize gravity wave potential energy mass density (E pm), potential energy volume density (E pv), vertical wave number spectra, and static stability N 2 in the stratosphere 30-50 km. E pm (E pv) profiles increase (decrease) with altitude, and the scale heights of E pv indicate stronger wave dissipation in winter than in summer. Altitude meanE ¯ pm andE ¯ pv obey lognormal distributions and possess narrowly clustered small values in summer but widely spread large values in winter.E ¯ pm andE ¯ pv vary significantly from observation to observation but exhibit repeated seasonal patterns with summer minima and winter maxima. The winter maxima in 2012 and 2015 are higher than in other years, indicating interannual variations. Altitude meanN 2 ¯ varies by ~30-40% from the midwinter maxima to minima around October and exhibits a nearly bimodal distribution. Monthly mean vertical wave number power spectral density for vertical wavelengths of 5-20 km increases from summer to winter. Using Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 data, we find that large values ofE ¯ pm during wintertime occur when McMurdo is well inside the polar vortex. Monthly meanE ¯ pm are anticorrelated with wind rotation angles but positively correlated with wind speeds at 3 and 30 km. Corresponding correlation coefficients are -0.62, +0.87, and +0.80, respectively. Results indicate that the summer-winter asymmetry ofE ¯ pm is mainly caused by critical level filtering that dissipates most gravity waves in summer.E ¯ pm variations in winter are mainly due to variations of gravity wave generation in the troposphere and stratosphere and Doppler shifting by the mean stratospheric winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Chu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Jian Zhao
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Xian Lu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - V. Lynn Harvey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - R. Michael Jones
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Erich Becker
- Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsUniversity of RostockKühlungsbornGermany
| | - Cao Chen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Weichun Fong
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Brendan R. Roberts
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Andreas Dörnbrack
- DLR OberpfaffenhofenInstitute für Physik der AtmosphäreOberpfaffenhofenGermany
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Role of Wind Filtering and Unbalanced Flow Generation in Middle Atmosphere Gravity Wave Activity at Chatanika Alaska. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mitchell DM, Gray LJ, Charlton-Perez AJ. The structure and evolution of the stratospheric vortex in response to natural forcings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hitchman MH, Rogal MJ. Influence of tropical convection on the Southern Hemisphere ozone maximum during the winter to spring transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Waugh DW, Polvani LM. Stratospheric polar vortices. THE STRATOSPHERE: DYNAMICS, TRANSPORT, AND CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009gm000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bardeen CG, Toon OB, Jensen EJ, Marsh DR, Harvey VL. Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of meteoric dust in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rösevall JD, Murtagh DP, Urban J, Feng W, Eriksson P, Brohede S. A study of ozone depletion in the 2004/2005 Arctic winter based on data from Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nardi B, Gille JC, Barnett JJ, Randall CE, Harvey VL, Waterfall A, Reburn WJ, Leblanc T, McGee TJ, Twigg LW, Thompson AM, Godin-Beekmann S, Bernath PF, Bojkov BR, Boone CD, Cavanaugh C, Coffey MT, Craft J, Craig C, Dean V, Eden TD, Francis G, Froidevaux L, Halvorson C, Hannigan JW, Hepplewhite CL, Kinnison DE, Khosravi R, Krinsky C, Lambert A, Lee H, Loh J, Massie ST, McDermid IS, Packman D, Torpy B, Valverde-Canossa J, Walker KA, Whiteman DN, Witte JC, Young G. Initial validation of ozone measurements from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ioannidou L, Yau MK. A climatology of the Northern Hemisphere winter anticyclones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Randall CE, Harvey VL, Singleton CS, Bailey SM, Bernath PF, Codrescu M, Nakajima H, Russell JM. Energetic particle precipitation effects on the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere in 1992–2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Singleton CS, Randall CE, Harvey VL, Chipperfield MP, Feng W, Manney GL, Froidevaux L, Boone CD, Bernath PF, Walker KA, McElroy CT, Hoppel KW. Quantifying Arctic ozone loss during the 2004–2005 winter using satellite observations and a chemical transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lukovich JV, Barber DG. Atmospheric controls on sea ice motion in the southern Beaufort Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Karpetchko A, Kyrö E, Knudsen BM. Arctic and Antarctic polar vortices 1957–2002 as seen from the ERA-40 reanalyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manney GL. The remarkable 2003–2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Funke B, López-Puertas M, Gil-López S, von Clarmann T, Stiller GP, Fischer H, Kellmann S. Downward transport of upper atmospheric NOxinto the polar stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the Antarctic 2003 and Arctic 2002/2003 winters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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