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Tseng CM, Chen YS, Ang SJ, Li KC, Peng HC, Gong GC. Probing the outfall-related anomalous Hg levels in the Danshuei Estuarine Coastal, Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113840. [PMID: 35732090 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal and spatial distributions of total mercury (THg) in the Danshuei Estuary and adjacent coastal areas near the ocean outfall of Taipei, Taiwan, have been successfully investigated from May 2003 to January 2005. We found spatio-temporal variation in THg levels in the Danshuei coastal area was the result of sources and supplies of Hg. High THg concentrations in sediments and seawater were particularly found near the effluent outfall. Average THg levels (avg.: 9-22 ng L-1) were much higher than those in surrounding coastal seawaters (avg.:1-2 ng L-1). Organic carbon contents then played vital roles in controlling water and sedimentary Hg concentrations and occurrences. Hg enrichment factor (EF) as an index of contamination status in surface sediments of the Danshuei coastal area averaged 2.0 ± 0.8 (EFs > 1), indicating an extra non-crustal source from anthropogenic loadings. It implies the Dansheui coastal environment nearby the sewer outfall is facing Hg pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mao Tseng
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Jing Ang
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chen Li
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Cheng Peng
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gwo-Ching Gong
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
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2
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Cheng Y, Asaoka Y, Hachiya Y, Moriuchi N, Shiota K, Oshita K, Takaoka M. Mercury emission profile for the torrefaction of sewage sludge at a full-scale plant and application of polymer sorbent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127186. [PMID: 34844339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated mercury (Hg) behavior in a full-scale sewage sludge torrefaction plant with a capacity of 150 wet tons/day, which operates under a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature range of 250-350 °C. Thermodynamic calculations and monitoring results show that elemental Hg (Hg0) was the dominant species in both the pyrolysis gas during the torrefaction stage and in the flue gas from downstream air pollution control devices. A wet scrubber (WS) effectively removed oxidized Hg from the flue gas and moved Hg to wastewater, and an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) removed significant particulate-bound Hg but showed a limited capacity for overall Hg removal. Hg bound to total suspended solids had a much higher concentration than that of dissolved Hg in wastewater. Total suspended solid removal from wastewater is therefore recommended to reduce Hg discharge. Existing air pollution control devices, which consist of a cyclone, WS, and ESP, are not sufficient for Hg removal due to the poor Hg0 removal performance of the WS and ESP; a further Hg0 removal unit is necessary. A commercial packed tower with sorbent polymer catalyst composite material was effective in removing Hg (83.3%) during sludge torrefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ce School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan; Global Resource Sustainability Research Section, Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yuki Asaoka
- Tsukishima Kikai Co., Ltd. Solution, Technology Department, 3-5-1, Harumi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0053, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hachiya
- Tsukishima Kikai Co., Ltd. Solution, Technology Department, 3-5-1, Harumi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0053, Japan
| | - Naoki Moriuchi
- W. L. Gore & Associates, G.K.-14 F, W Building, 1-8-15 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan
| | - Kenji Shiota
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ce School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oshita
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ce School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ce School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
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Sommar J, Osterwalder S, Zhu W. Recent advances in understanding and measurement of Hg in the environment: Surface-atmosphere exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg 0). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137648. [PMID: 32182462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is the major transport pathway for distribution of mercury (Hg) globally. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM, hereafter Hg0) is the predominant form in both anthropogenic and natural emissions. Evaluation of the efficacy of reductions in emissions set by the UN's Minamata Convention (UN-MC) is critically dependent on the knowledge of the dynamics of the global Hg cycle. Of these dynamics including e.g. red-ox reactions, methylation-demethylation and dry-wet deposition, poorly constrained atmosphere-surface Hg0 fluxes especially limit predictability of the timescales of its global biogeochemical cycle. This review focuses on Hg0 flux field observational studies, namely the theory, applications, strengths, and limitations of the various experimental methodologies applied to gauge the exchange flux and decipher active sub-processes. We present an in-depth review, a comprehensive literature synthesis, and methodological and instrumentation advances for terrestrial and marine Hg0 flux studies in recent years. In particular, we outline the theory of a wide range of measurement techniques and detail the operational protocols. Today, the most frequently used measurement techniques to determine the net Hg0 flux (>95% of the published flux data) are dynamic flux chambers for small-scale and micrometeorological approaches for large-scale measurements. Furthermore, top-down approaches based on Hg0 concentration measurements have been applied as tools to better constrain Hg emissions as an independent way to e.g. challenge emission inventories. This review is an up-dated, thoroughly revised edition of Sommar et al. 2013 (DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2012.671733). To the tabulation of >100 cited flux studies 1988-2009 given in the former publication, we have here listed corresponding studies published during the last decade with a few exceptions (2008-2019). During that decade, Hg stable isotope ratios of samples involved in atmosphere-terrestrial interaction is at hand and provide in combination with concentration and/or flux measurements novel constraints to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the bi-directional Hg0 flux. Recent efforts in the development of relaxed eddy accumulation and eddy covariance Hg0 flux methods bear the potential to facilitate long-term, ecosystem-scale flux measurements to reduce the prevailing large uncertainties in Hg0 flux estimates. Standardization of methods for Hg0 flux measurements is crucial to investigate how land-use change and how climate warming impact ecosystem-specific Hg0 sink-source characteristics and to validate frequently applied model parameterizations describing the regional and global scale Hg cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sommar
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China.
| | - Stefan Osterwalder
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Kalinchuk V, Aksentov K, Karnaukh V. Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the surface air over the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril-Kamchatka sector of the Pacific Ocean in August-September 2017. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:668-679. [PMID: 30849628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The northwestern Pacific Ocean including the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk is one of the least studied regions in terms of mercury behavior and distribution in the sea-atmosphere system. In August and September 2017, we determined gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the surface air over this water areas along a 12,000 km cruise. Concentrations varied from 1.07 to 2.74 ng m-3, with an average value of 1,68 ± 0.23 ng m-3 (N = 1853). The average concentrations for the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril-Kamchatka sector of the Pacific Ocean were 1.61 ng m-3, 1.71 ng m-3 and 1.61 ng m-3, respectively. The maximum concentrations were observed in the Sea of Okhotsk during periods when air masses arrived from the southern and central Kuril Islands. We believe that the reason for that was volcanic activity. The minimum concentrations were registered in air masses arriving from the northeastern Russia and from open sea areas. In the Sea of Okhotsk we measured Hg(0) concentrations near the cyclone eye and did not register any increase due to increased turbulence. This fact contradicts the previously expressed hypothesis that a strong turbulence above the sea surface causes enhanced Hg(0) concentrations in the air. Apparently there are additional or completely different influencing factors which could provide such increase. Also we found that the diurnal Hg(0) cycle in the Sea of Japan was the opposite of the diurnal Hg(0) cycle in the Sea of Okhotsk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Kalinchuk
- V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
| | - Kirill Aksentov
- V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Viktor Karnaukh
- V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
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Nguyen DL, Kim JY, Shim SG, Ghim YS, Zhang XS. Shipboard and ground measurements of atmospheric particulate mercury and total mercury in precipitation over the Yellow Sea region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:262-274. [PMID: 27814543 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first ever shipboard measurements for atmospheric particulate mercury (Hg(p)) over the Yellow Sea and ground measurements for atmospheric Hg(p) and total mercury (THg) in precipitation at the remote sites (Deokjeok and Chengshantou) and the urban sites (Seoul and Ningbo) surrounding the Yellow Sea were carried out during 2007-2008. The Hg(p) regional background concentration of 56.3 ± 55.6 pg m-3 over the Yellow Sea region is much higher than the typical background concentrations of Hg(p) in terrestrial environments (<25 pg m-3) which implies significant impact of anthropogenic mercury emission sources from East Asia. The episodes of highly elevated Hg(p) concentrations at the Korean remote site were influenced through long-range transport from source regions in the Liaoning Province - one of China's most mercury-polluted regions and in the western region of North Korea. Interestingly, wet scavenging of atmospheric Hg(p) is the predominant mechanism regulating concentration of THg in precipitation at the Chinese sites; whereas, wet scavenging of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) might play the more important role than that of Hg(p) at the Korean sites. The highest annual wet and dry deposition fluxes of Hg were found at the Ningbo site. The comparison between wet and dry deposition fluxes suggested that dry deposition might play the more important role than wet deposition in Chinese urban areas (source regions); whereas, wet deposition is more important in Korean areas (downwind regions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Luong Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shang-Gyoo Shim
- Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sung Ghim
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao-Shan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Ci Z, Wang C, Wang Z, Zhang X. Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:199-208. [PMID: 24999267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Yellow Sea in East Asia receives great Hg input from regional emissions. However, Hg cycling in this marine system is poorly investigated. In late spring and late fall 2012, we determined gaseous elemental Hg (GEM or Hg(0)) in air and dissolved gaseous Hg (DGM, mainly Hg(0)) in surface waters to explore the spatial-temporal variations of Hg(0) and further to estimate the air/sea Hg(0) flux in the Yellow Sea. The results showed that the GEM concentrations in the two cruises were similar (spring: 1.86±0.40 ng m(-3); fall: 1.84±0.50 ng m(-3)) and presented similar spatial variation pattern with elevated concentrations along the coast of China and lower concentrations in the open ocean. The DGM concentrations of the two cruises were also similar with 27.0±6.8 pg L(-1) in the spring cruise and 28.2±9.0 pg L(-1) in the fall cruise and showed substantial spatial variation. The air/sea Hg(0) fluxes in the spring cruise and fall cruise were estimated to be 1.06±0.86 ng m(-2) h(-1) and 2.53±2.12 ng m(-2) h(-1), respectively. The combination of this study and our previous summer cruise showed that the summer cruise presented enhanced values of GEM, DGM and air/sea Hg(0) flux. The possible reason for this trend was that high solar radiation in summer promoted Hg(0) formation in seawater, and the high wind speed during the summer cruise significantly increased Hg(0) emission from sea surface to atmosphere and subsequently enhanced the GEM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Ci
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunjie Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
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7
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Fu X, Feng X, Sommar J, Wang S. A review of studies on atmospheric mercury in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 421-422:73-81. [PMID: 22134034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fast developing economy, mercury (Hg) emissions to the atmosphere from Chinese mainland have increased rapidly in recent years. Consequently, this issue has received a considerable attention internationally. This paper reviews the current understanding of and knowledge on atmospheric Hg emissions, distribution and transport in China. The magnitude of Hg emissions to the atmosphere from Chinese anthropogenic sources has been estimated to be in the range of 500-700 tons per year, whereby comprising a significant proportion of the globe total anthropogenic emissions. Emissions of Hg from natural surfaces including bare soil, water, and vegetation covered soil tend in a comparison to be higher in China than in Europe and North America, indicating the importance of this source category. Atmospheric Hg exhibits a significant concentration variability among urban, semi-remote, and remote areas. Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) concentrations in urban areas of China were often 1.5 - 5 folds higher compared to the corresponding settings in North America and Europe. In turn, particulate mercury (PHg) concentrations in urban areas of China were up to two orders of magnitude higher compared to North America and Europe. Atmospheric observations made at strictly remote sites in China also include the presence of occasional high concentrations of TGM, and the more short-lived fractions PHg and Reactive Gaseous Mercury (RGM). Accordingly, Hg deposition fluxes tended to be higher in China, with remote areas and urban areas being 1-2 times and 1-2 magnitude higher than those in North America and Europe, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
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8
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Kang H, Xie Z. Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1424-1430. [PMID: 22432276 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
TGM measurements on board ships have proved to provide valuable complementary information to measurements by a ground based monitoring network. During the third China Arctic Research Expedition (from July 11 to September 24, 2008), TGM concentrations over the marine boundary layer along the cruise path were in-situ measured using an automatic mercury vapor analyzer. Here we firstly reported the results in Japan Sea, North Western Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, where there are rare reports. The value ranged between 0.30 and 6.02 ng/m3 with an average of (1.52 +/- 0.68) ng/m3, being slightly lower than the background value of Northern Hemisphere (1.7 ng/m3). Notably TGM showed considerably spatial and temporal variation. Geographically, the average value of TGM in Bering Sea was higher than those observed in Japan Sea and North Western Pacific Ocean. In the north of Japan Sea TGM levels were found to be lower than 0.5 ng/m3 during forward cruise and displayed obviously diurnal cycle, indicating potential oxidation of gaseous mercury in the atmosphere. The pronounced episode was recorded as well. Enhanced levels of TGM were observed in the coastal regions of southern Japan Sea during backward cruise due primarily to air masses transported from the adjacent mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. When ship returned back and passed through Kamchatka Peninsula TGM increased by the potential contamination from volcano emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kang
- Institute of Polar Environment, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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9
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Nguyen HT, Kim MY, Kim KH. The influence of long-range transport on atmospheric mercury on Jeju Island, Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1295-1307. [PMID: 19906407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and relevant environmental parameters were measured at a remote area on Jeju Island, Korea from May 2006 to May 2007. The hourly mean concentration of Hg for the entire study period was 3.85+/-1.68ng m(-3) (range of 0.10-17.9: n=7450). The temporal patterns of Hg at the island site were characterized by the relative dominance in spring/fall over summer/winter and in daytime over nighttime. The possible impact of Asian dust (AD) on Hg distribution was examined by assessing its relationship with PM(10) data. Because of a strong inverse log-log correlation between Hg and PM(10) levels (above 200microg m(-3)), a direct relationship between the two parameters is difficult to account for. However, the analysis of air mass movement patterns confirmed that the Hg levels on Jeju Island were affected most by the combined effects of major source processes in the surrounding areas: industrial and AD (China), industrial (Korea), and volcanic activity (Japan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Thi Nguyen
- Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yin X, Yao C, Song J, Li Z, Zhang C, Qian W, Bi D, Li C, Teng Y, Wu L, Wan H, Luo Y. Mercury contamination in vicinity of secondary copper smelters in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, China: levels and contamination in topsoils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1787-1793. [PMID: 19304360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we aim to investigate the extent of soil contamination by Hg, particularly by anthropogenic Hg, and tentatively estimate the total Hg (Hg(T)) accumulation in topsoils (0-15 cm) in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province--a secondary Cu smelter of China. The results show that the levels of soil Hg in the vicinity of the smelters have been substantially elevated following local smelting activities. The spatial distribution of soil Hg in this area reveals a rapid decrease as the distance from the smelter reaches 1.5 km, which is probably due to the quick deposition process of particulate Hg and reactive gaseous Hg emitted from the smelters. The total accumulation of Hg(T) in the topsoils of the study area of 10.9 km(2) is approximately 365-561 kg and of which 346-543 kg might be contributed by anthropogenic emission alone with an annual emission of 17.3-27.2 kg Hg to the topsoils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Fang GC, Wu YS, Chang TH. Comparison of atmospheric mercury (Hg) among Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan during 2000-2008. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 162:607-615. [PMID: 18620803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The paper reviewed studies about total gaseous mercury, atmospheric particulate of mercury and average dry deposition fluxes of mercury in Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan. This study compared sample collection and analytical methods for mercury in Asian countries. Analytical results indicated that the primary mercury sources are anthropogenic source (for example coal burning) and high temperature processes. This study also elucidates the sources, analytical tools, and the average concentrations for atmospheric mercury (Hg) for these Asian countries during 2000-2008. This study indicated that the total gaseous mercury concentrations were higher in urban area than that in suburban area in Asian countries (Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan). As for the seasonal variations, in general, the average total gaseous mercury concentrations were higher in winter than that in summer especially in China. In addition, the average total gaseous mercury concentrations were higher in mining areas than that in the rest of the other areas. And the total gaseous mercury concentrations were decreasing as this distance increasing. These phenomena revealed that the total gaseous mercury concentrations are reduced by long-distance transportation especially in the main land of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Air Toxic and Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Hungkuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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12
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Choi EM, Kim SH, Holsen TM, Yi SM. Total gaseous concentrations in mercury in Seoul, Korea: Local sources compared to long-range transport from China and Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:816-822. [PMID: 19110355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured every 5min and hourly, respectively, in Seoul, Korea, from February 2005 through December 2006. The mean concentrations of TGM and CO were 3.44+/-2.13ngm(-3) and 613+/-323ppbv, respectively. TGM and CO concentrations were highest during the winter and lowest during the summer. In total, 154 high TGM concentration events were identified: 86 were classified as long-range transport events and 68 were classified as local events. The TGM and CO concentrations were well correlated during all long-range transport events and were weakly correlated during local events. Five-day backward trajectory analysis for long-range transport events showed four potential source regions: China (79%), Japan (13%), the Yellow Sea (6%), and Russia (2%). Our results suggest that measured DeltaTGM/DeltaCO can be used to identify long-range transported mercury and to estimate mercury emissions from long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Yeongon-dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Strode SA, Jaeglé L, Jaffe DA, Swartzendruber PC, Selin NE, Holmes C, Yantosca RM. Trans-Pacific transport of mercury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Swartzendruber PC, Chand D, Jaffe DA, Smith J, Reidmiller D, Gratz L, Keeler J, Strode S, Jaeglé L, Talbot R. Vertical distribution of mercury, CO, ozone, and aerosol scattering coefficient in the Pacific Northwest during the spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Smith PN, Cobb GP, Godard-Codding C, Hoff D, McMurry ST, Rainwater TR, Reynolds KD. Contaminant exposure in terrestrial vertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:41-64. [PMID: 17706848 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Here we review mechanisms and factors influencing contaminant exposure among terrestrial vertebrate wildlife. There exists a complex mixture of biotic and abiotic factors that dictate potential for contaminant exposure among terrestrial and semi-terrestrial vertebrates. Chemical fate and transport in the environment determine contaminant bioaccessibility. Species-specific natural history characteristics and behavioral traits then play significant roles in the likelihood that exposure pathways, from source to receptor, are complete. Detailed knowledge of natural history traits of receptors considered in conjunction with the knowledge of contaminant behavior and distribution on a site are critical when assessing and quantifying exposure. We review limitations in our understanding of elements of exposure and the unique aspects of exposure associated with terrestrial and semi-terrestrial taxa. We provide insight on taxa-specific traits that contribute, or limit exposure to, transport phenomenon that influence exposure throughout terrestrial systems, novel contaminants, bioavailability, exposure data analysis, and uncertainty associated with exposure in wildlife risk assessments. Lastly, we identify areas related to exposure among terrestrial and semi-terrestrial organisms that warrant additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Smith
- The Institute of Environmental & Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Radke LF, Friedli HR, Heikes BG. Atmospheric mercury over the NE Pacific during spring 2002: Gradients, residence time, upper troposphere lower stratosphere loss, and long-range transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Selin NE, Jacob DJ, Park RJ, Yantosca RM, Strode S, Jaeglé L, Jaffe D. Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Wang ZW, Chen ZS, Duan N, Zhang XS. Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:176-80. [PMID: 17915725 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915+. Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7+/-1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6+/-0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4+/-4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3+/-3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5+/-5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9+/-3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7+/-3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5+/-7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0 concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-wei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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19
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Zhang L, Wong MH. Environmental mercury contamination in China: sources and impacts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:108-21. [PMID: 16914205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review article focused on the current status of mercury (Hg) contamination in different ecological compartments in China, and their possible environmental and health impacts, focusing on some major cities. Mercury emission from non-ferrous metals smelting (especially zinc smelting), coal combustion and miscellaneous activities (of which battery and fluorescent lamp production and cement production are the largest), contributed about 45%, 38% and 17%, respectively, to the total Hg emission based on the data of 1999. Mercury contamination is widespread in different ecological compartments such as atmosphere, soil and water. There is evidence showing bioaccumulation and biomagnification of Hg in aquatic food chains, with higher concentrations detected in carnivorous fish. In terms of human exposure to Hg, fish consumption is the major exposure pathway for residents living in coastal cities such as Hong Kong, but inhalation may be another major source, affecting human health in areas with severe atmospheric Hg, such as Guiyang City (Guizhou Province). The first case study indicated that after closure of the acetic acid plant 20 years at Songyuan City (Jilin Province), 16.7% of residents' hair still contained Hg concentration in excess of 1 mg/kg (the reference dosage value, RfD set by USEPA). The second case study indicated that the male residents of Hong Kong who consumed more than four or more meals of fish per week tended to contain higher Hg in their hair, which was linked to their subfertility. There is also increasing evidence showing that skin disorders and autism in Hong Kong children are related to their high Hg body loadings (hair, blood and urine), through prenatal methyl Hg exposure. There seems to be an urgent need to identify the sources of Hg, speciation and concentrations in different ecological compartments, which may lead to high body loadings in human beings. Adverse health effects of residents living in places with a higher background level of Hg, due to long-term exposure to chronic levels of Hg through oral intake should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Science and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
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20
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Swartzendruber PC, Jaffe DA, Prestbo EM, Weiss-Penzias P, Selin NE, Park R, Jacob DJ, Strode S, Jaeglé L. Observations of reactive gaseous mercury in the free troposphere at the Mount Bachelor Observatory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Wong CSC, Duzgoren-Aydin NS, Aydin A, Wong MH. Sources and trends of environmental mercury emissions in Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 368:649-62. [PMID: 16405972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on environmental mercury emissions in Asia and elaborates its probable trend in the future and associated implications given the anticipated socioeconomic outlook and other macro-environmental factors. Among the various regions, Asia has become the largest contributor of anthropogenic atmospheric Hg, responsible for over half of the global emission. In the next few decades, a significant increase in anthropogenic Hg emissions in Asia is likely owing to rapid economic and industrial development, unless drastic measures are taken. In particular, the dominance of Asia in some Hg-emitting industries, such as coal combustion, steel production and gold mining, provokes a serious environmental concern over their potential contributions of incidental Hg in the region. Moreover, the increasing prevalence of electrical and electronic manufacturing industry as a user and a contributor of Hg in Asia is also worrying. Specifically, disposal of obsolete electrical and electronic wastes represents a phenomenon increasingly encountered in Asia. In addition to escalating anthropogenic Hg emissions in Asia, associated environmental and health implications may also exacerbate in the region for the probable effects of a unique combination of climatic (e.g. subtropical climate), environmental (e.g. acid rain) and socioeconomic factors (e.g. high population density). Hence, much effort is still needed to understand the role of Asia in global Hg cycle and associated environmental and health effects in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby S C Wong
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China.
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22
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Wu Y, Wang S, Streets DG, Hao J, Chan M, Jiang J. Trends in anthropogenic mercury emissions in China from 1995 to 2003. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:5312-8. [PMID: 16999104 DOI: 10.1021/es060406x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed multiple-year inventories of anthropogenic mercury emissions in China for 1995 through 2003. We estimate that total Hg emissions from all anthropogenic sources increased at an average annual rate of 2.9% during the period 1995-2003, reaching 696 (+/- 307) t in 2003, with a speciation split of 395 t of Hg0, 230 t of Hg2+, and 70 t of Hg(p). Nonferrous metals smelting and coal combustion continue to be the two leading mercury sources in China, as nonferrous metals production and coal consumption keep increasing. Nonferrous metals smelting and coal combustion together contributed approximately 80% of total Hg emissions during the past decade. Hg emissions from coal combustion increased from 202 t in 1995 to 257 t in 2003 at an average annual rate of 3.0%. Among all of the coal consumption sectors, the power sector is the leading one in Hg emissions growth, up by 5.9% annually. Hg emissions from nonferrous metals smelting increased from 230 t in 1995 to 321 t in 2003 at an average annual rate of 4.2%. Although Hg emissions related to gold smelting decreased since 1996, other nonferrous metals such as zinc, lead, and copper contributed significant Hg growth at annual rates of 8.5%, 13.0%, and 6.9%, respectively. At provincial level, the trends of Hg emissions show significant variation. The uncertainty level decreased from +/- 78% (95% confidence interval) in the estimate of total emissions in 1995, to +/- 44% in 2003. This is primarily attributed to the decreased emissions from those Hg sources with the largest uncertainty in both activity levels and emission factors, such as artisanal gold smelting, mercury mining, and battery/fluorescent lamp production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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Weiss-Penzias P, Jaffe DA, Swartzendruber P, Dennison JB, Chand D, Hafner W, Prestbo E. Observations of Asian air pollution in the free troposphere at Mount Bachelor Observatory during the spring of 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Weiss-Penzias
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - Daniel A. Jaffe
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - Philip Swartzendruber
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - James B. Dennison
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - Duli Chand
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - William Hafner
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
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24
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Pan L, Woo JH, Carmichael GR, Tang Y, Friedli HR, Radke LF. Regional distribution and emissions of mercury in east Asia: A modeling analysis of Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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