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Chen A, Chen D, Hu X, Harth CM, Young D, Mühle J, Krummel PB, O'Doherty S, Weiss RF, Prinn RG, Fang X. Historical trend of ozone-depleting substances and hydrofluorocarbon concentrations during 2004-2020 derived from satellite observations and estimates for global emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120570. [PMID: 36328288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global concentrations (or mole fractions) and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and their hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) substitutes that are controlled by the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments (MP) are of great interest to both the scientific community and public. Previous studies on global concentrations and emissions have mostly relied on ground-based observations. Here, we assess the global concentrations and emissions of eight MP controlled substances and methyl chloride from ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment high-resolution infrared Fourier transform spectrometer) satellite observations: CFC-11 (CFCl3), CFC-12 (CF2Cl2), CCl4, HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (C2H3Cl2F), HCFC-142b (C2H3ClF2), HFC-23 (CHF3), HFC-134a (C2H2F4), and CH3Cl. Results show that the ACE-FTS satellite observations can be used to derive the concentrations and emissions of these ODSs, HFCs, and CH3Cl, as they are consistent with those derived from the ground-based observations. Our findings imply that the changes in the concentrations and emissions of the ODSs and HFCs closely match the regulatory status of the MP, and satellite observations can be used to monitor the past and future progress of the MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Christina M Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Trends of Studies on Controlled Halogenated Gases under International Conventions during 1999–2018 Using Bibliometric Analysis: A Global Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A lot of research on international convention-controlled halogenated gases (CHGs) has been carried out. However, few bibliometric analyses and literature reviews exist in this field. Based on 734 articles extracted from the Science Citation Index (SCI) Expanded database of the Web of Science, we provided the visualisation for the performance of contributors and trends in research content by using VOSviewer and Science of Science (Sci2). The results showed that the United States was the most productive country, followed by the United Kingdom and China. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had the largest number of publications, followed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of Bristol. In terms of disciplines, environmental science and meteorological and atmospheric science have contributed the most. By using cluster analysis of all keywords, four key research topics of CHGs were identified and reviewed: (1) emissions calculation, (2) physicochemical analysis of halocarbons, (3) evaluation of replacements, and (4) environmental impact. The change in research substances is closely related to the phase-out schedule of the Montreal Protocol. In terms of environmental impact, global warming has always been the most important research hotspot, whereas research on ozone-depleting substances and biological toxicity shows a gradually rising trend.
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Sarkar S, Fan WH, Jia S, Blake DR, Reid JS, Lestari P, Yu LE. A quantitative assessment of distributions and sources of tropospheric halocarbons measured in Singapore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:528-544. [PMID: 29156272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first ground-based atmospheric measurements of 26 halocarbons in Singapore, an urban-industrial city-state in Southeast (SE) Asia. A total of 166 whole air canister samples collected during two intensive 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) campaigns (August-October 2011 and 2012) were analyzed for C1-C2 halocarbons using gas chromatography-electron capture/mass spectrometric detection. The halocarbon dataset was supplemented with measurements of selected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), C1-C5 alkyl nitrates, sulfur gases and carbon monoxide to better understand sources and atmospheric processes. The median observed atmospheric mixing ratios of CFCs, halons, CCl4 and CH3CCl3 were close to global tropospheric background levels, with enhancements in the 1-17% range. This provided the first measurement evidence from SE Asia of the effectiveness of Montreal Protocol and related national-scale regulations instituted in the 1990s to phase-out ozone depleting substances (ODS). First- and second-generation CFC replacements (HCFCs and HFCs) dominated the atmospheric halocarbon burden with HFC-134a, HCFC-22 and HCFC-141b exhibiting enhancements of 39-67%. By combining near-source measurements in Indonesia with receptor data in Singapore, regionally transported peat-forest burning smoke was found to impact levels of several NMHCs (ethane, ethyne, benzene, and propane) and short-lived halocarbons (CH3I, CH3Cl, and CH3Br) in a subset of the receptor samples. The strong signatures of these species near peat-forest fires were potentially affected by atmospheric dilution/mixing during transport and by mixing with substantial urban/regional backgrounds at the receptor. Quantitative source apportionment was carried out using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which identified industrial emissions related to refrigeration, foam blowing, and solvent use in chemical, pharmaceutical and electronics industries as the major source of halocarbons (34%) in Singapore. This was followed by marine and terrestrial biogenic activity (28%), residual levels of ODS from pre-Montreal Protocol operations (16%), seasonal incidences of peat-forest smoke (13%), and fumigation related to quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) applications (7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Sarkar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Wei Hong Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Reid
- Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, 7 Grace Hopper Avenue Stop 2, Monterey, CA 93943-5502, USA
| | - Puji Lestari
- Environmental Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, JL. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Liya E Yu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Rhoderick GC, Hall BD, Harth CM, Kim JS, Lee J, Montzka SA, Mühle J, Reimann S, Vollmer MK, Weiss RF. Comparison of halocarbon measurements in an atmospheric dry whole air sample. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2015; 3:000075. [PMID: 26753167 PMCID: PMC4702251 DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing awareness of climate change/global warming, and continuing concerns regarding stratospheric ozone depletion, will require continued measurements and standards for many compounds, in particular halocarbons that are linked to these issues. In order to track atmospheric mole fractions and assess the impact of policy on emission rates, it is necessary to demonstrate measurement equivalence at the highest levels of accuracy for assigned values of standards. Precise measurements of these species aid in determining small changes in their atmospheric abundance. A common source of standards/scales and/or well-documented agreement of different scales used to calibrate the measurement instrumentation are key to understanding many sets of data reported by researchers. This report describes the results of a comparison study among National Metrology Institutes and atmospheric research laboratories for the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113); the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b); and the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), all in a dried whole air sample. The objective of this study is to compare calibration standards/scales and the measurement capabilities of the participants for these halocarbons at trace atmospheric levels. The results of this study show agreement among four independent calibration scales to better than 2.5% in almost all cases, with many of the reported agreements being better than 1.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Rhoderick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Bradley D. Hall
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Christina M. Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla (SIO), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jin Seog Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Yusong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsoon Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Yusong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen A. Montzka
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla (SIO), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Stefan Reimann
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin K. Vollmer
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ray F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla (SIO), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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Skiba U, Jones SK, Dragosits U, Drewer J, Fowler D, Rees RM, Pappa VA, Cardenas L, Chadwick D, Yamulki S, Manning AJ. UK emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1175-85. [PMID: 22451103 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signatories of the Kyoto Protocol are obliged to submit annual accounts of their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which include nitrous oxide (N(2)O). Emissions from the sectors industry (3.8 Gg), energy (14.4 Gg), agriculture (86.8 Gg), wastewater (4.4 Gg), land use, land-use change and forestry (2.1 Gg) can be calculated by multiplying activity data (i.e. amount of fertilizer applied, animal numbers) with simple emission factors (Tier 1 approach), which are generally applied across wide geographical regions. The agricultural sector is the largest anthropogenic source of N(2)O in many countries and responsible for 75 per cent of UK N(2)O emissions. Microbial N(2)O production in nitrogen-fertilized soils (27.6 Gg), nitrogen-enriched waters (24.2 Gg) and manure storage systems (6.4 Gg) dominate agricultural emission budgets. For the agricultural sector, the Tier 1 emission factor approach is too simplistic to reflect local variations in climate, ecosystems and management, and is unable to take into account some of the mitigation strategies applied. This paper reviews deviations of observed emissions from those calculated using the simple emission factor approach for all anthropogenic sectors, briefly discusses the need to adopt specific emission factors that reflect regional variability in climate, soil type and management, and explains how bottom-up emission inventories can be verified by top-down modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Skiba
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK.
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Manning AJ. The challenge of estimating regional trace gas emissions from atmospheric observations. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:1943-1954. [PMID: 21502168 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses some of the major issues that surround estimating regional emissions of trace gases from atmospheric observations through inversion modelling. Inversion methods use modelled knowledge of how emissions dilute in the atmosphere as they travel from their source to an observation point, together with the observations, to calculate a grid of emissions. The problem is one of minimizing the mismatch between a modelled and observed time series of concentration. There are many methods of comparing time series, some involving a priori knowledge others without. The location, terrain and height of the observation station can also be very significant in determining how well a model can represent the dilution from emission source to receptor. The inversion solution (emission map) will assign some of the sources incorrectly for a variety of reasons, e.g. local sources, intermittent releases, errors in the modelled transport or observation, and the choice of the spatial and temporal resolution of the emission map. The reasons for uncertainty in the modelled emissions are discussed along with suggestions as to how some of these can be minimized. Using multiple stations to further constrain the inversion should reduce the uncertainty; however, care is needed if the potential improvements are to be realized.
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7
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Rigby M, Ganesan AL, Prinn RG. Deriving emissions time series from sparse atmospheric mole fractions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Manning AJ, O'Doherty S, Jones AR, Simmonds PG, Derwent RG. Estimating UK methane and nitrous oxide emissions from 1990 to 2007 using an inversion modeling approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Duchatelet P, Demoulin P, Hase F, Ruhnke R, Feng W, Chipperfield MP, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Walker KA, Mahieu E. Hydrogen fluoride total and partial column time series above the Jungfraujoch from long-term FTIR measurements: Impact of the line-shape model, characterization of the error budget and seasonal cycle, and comparison with satellite and model data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Zhang YL, Guo H, Wang XM, Simpson IJ, Barletta B, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Cheng HR, Saunders SM, Lam SHM. Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Young CJ, Mabury SA. Atmospheric perfluorinated acid precursors: chemistry, occurrence, and impacts. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 208:1-109. [PMID: 20811862 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6880-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) can be found from the hydrolysis of perfluoroacyl fluorides and chlorides, which can be produced in three separate ways in the atmosphere. Alternatively, PFCAs can be formed directly in the gas phase through reaction of perfluoroacyl peroxy radicals or perfluorinated aldehyde hydrates. All five mechanisms have been elucidated using smog chamber techniques. Yields of the PFCAs from this process vary from less than 10% to greater than 100%, depending on the mechanism. The formation of perfluorosulfonic acids in the atmosphere can also occur, though the mechanism has not been entirely elucidated. A large number of compounds have been confirmed as perfluorinated acid precursors, including CFC-replacement compounds, anesthetics, fluorotelomer compounds, and perfluorosulfonamides. Levels of some of these compounds have been measured in the atmosphere, but concentration for the majority have yet to be detected. It is clear that atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursors contributes to the overall burden of PFAs, though the extent to which this occurs is compound and environment dependent and is difficult to assess accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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12
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O'Doherty S, Cunnold DM, Miller BR, Mühle J, McCulloch A, Simmonds PG, Manning AJ, Reimann S, Vollmer MK, Greally BR, Prinn RG, Fraser PJ, Steele LP, Krummel PB, Dunse BL, Porter LW, Lunder CR, Schmidbauer N, Hermansen O, Salameh PK, Harth CM, Wang RHJ, Weiss RF. Global and regional emissions of HFC-125 (CHF2CF3) from in situ and air archive atmospheric observations at AGAGE and SOGE observatories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Folini D, Kaufmann P, Ubl S, Henne S. Region of influence of 13 remote European measurement sites based on modeled carbon monoxide mixing ratios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Wang JS, McElroy MB, Logan JA, Palmer PI, Chameides WL, Wang Y, Megretskaia IA. A quantitative assessment of uncertainties affecting estimates of global mean OH derived from methyl chloroform observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Maione M, Giostra U, Arduini J, Belfiore L, Furlani F, Geniali A, Mangani G, Vollmer MK, Reimann S. Localization of source regions of selected hydrofluorocarbons combining data collected at two European mountain stations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 391:232-240. [PMID: 18054996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ground-based in situ measurements of hydrofluorocarbons HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-152a, which are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol, are carried out at four European sites within the SOGE (System of Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe) program. Concentrations measured at the high mountain stations of Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) and Mte Cimone (Italy) together with back-trajectory statistical analysis are used in order to identify potential source regions on a European scale. Combining concentration data recorded at the two sites allows to reduce one of the problem which is inherent to the back-trajectory approach, i.e. the localisation of "ghost" sources in the wake of real sources. In this way, a more reliable picture of the location of European potential source regions is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maione
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Miller BR, Weiss RF, Salameh PK, Tanhua T, Greally BR, Mühle J, Simmonds PG. Medusa: A Sample Preconcentration and GC/MS Detector System for in Situ Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, and Sulfur Compounds. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1536-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702084k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Miller
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ray F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Peter K. Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Toste Tanhua
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Brian R. Greally
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Peter G. Simmonds
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
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Greally BR, Manning AJ, Reimann S, McCulloch A, Huang J, Dunse BL, Simmonds PG, Prinn RG, Fraser PJ, Cunnold DM, O'Doherty S, Porter LW, Stemmler K, Vollmer MK, Lunder CR, Schmidbauer N, Hermansen O, Arduini J, Salameh PK, Krummel PB, Wang RHJ, Folini D, Weiss RF, Maione M, Nickless G, Stordal F, Derwent RG. Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Greally BR, Simmonds PG, O'Doherty S, McCulloch A, Miller BR, Salameh PK, Mühle J, Tanhua T, Harth C, Weiss RF, Fraser PJ, Krummel PB, Dunse BL, Porter LW, Prinn RG. Improved continuousin situmeasurements of C1–C3PFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, CFCs and SF6in Europe and Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15693430500402614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Wilson SR, Solomon KR, Tang X. Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality due to stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:301-10. [PMID: 17344964 DOI: 10.1039/b700022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-understood that reductions in air quality play a significant role in both environmental and human health. Interactions between ozone depletion and global climate change will significantly alter atmospheric chemistry which, in turn, will cause changes in concentrations of natural and human-made gases and aerosols. Models predict that tropospheric ozone near the surface will increase globally by up to 10 to 30 ppbv (33 to 100% increase) during the period 2000 to 2100. With the increase in the amount of the stratospheric ozone, increased transport from the stratosphere to the troposphere will result in different responses in polluted and unpolluted areas. In contrast, global changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) are not predicted to be large, except where influenced by the presence of oxidizable organic matter, such as from large-scale forest fires. Recent measurements in a relatively clean location over 5 years showed that OH concentrations can be predicted by the intensity of solar ultraviolet radiation. If this relationship is confirmed by further observations, this approach could be used to simplify assessments of air quality. Analysis of surface-level ozone observations in Antarctica suggests that there has been a significant change in the chemistry of the boundary layer of the atmosphere in this region as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion. The oxidation potential of the Antarctic boundary layer is estimated to be greater now than before the development of the ozone hole. Recent modeling studies have suggested that iodine and iodine-containing substances from natural sources, such as the ocean, may increase stratospheric ozone depletion significantly in polar regions during spring. Given the uncertainty of the fate of iodine in the stratosphere, the results may also be relevant for stratospheric ozone depletion and measurements of the influence of these substances on ozone depletion should be considered in the future. In agreement with known usage and atmospheric loss processes, tropospheric concentrations of HFC-134a, the main human-made source of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), is increasing rapidly. As HFC-134a is a potent greenhouse gas, this increasing concentration has implications for climate change. However, the risks to humans and the environment from substances, such as TFA, produced by atmospheric degradation of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are considered minimal. Perfluoropolyethers, commonly used as industrial heat transfer fluids and proposed as chlorohydrofluorocarbon (CHFC) substitutes, show great stability to chemical degradation in the atmosphere. These substances have been suggested as substitutes for CHFCs but, as they are very persistent in the atmosphere, they may be important contributors to global warming. It is not known whether these substances will contribute significantly to global warming and its interaction with ozone depletion but they should be considered for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Greally BR, Nickless G, Simmonds PG. Retention behaviour of volatile C1–C3 fluoroalkanes upon selected preconcentration adsorbents. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:49-57. [PMID: 16939686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The retention behaviour of several gaseous fluorinated greenhouse gases on carbon-based adsorbents is presented. Retention, calculated on the basis of compound breakthrough volume (BTV), is dependent on the molecular composition of the adsorbate, with compounds possessing chlorine or polarizable hydrogens being better retained than those possessing higher fluorine content. Of the adsorbents tested the carbon molecular sieves (CMSs) of highest surface area show greater retention than those with lower area. Retention of fluorocarbons is generally higher on activated charcoals but this adsorbent type can cause irreversible retention, possible degradation and is more difficult to use practically due to its heterogeneous composition. These breakthrough volume results can be used to determine the best combination and quantities of each adsorbent that can be used within a preconcentration device with a view to developing an analytical system for the determination of fluorocarbon gases in low concentration air samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Greally
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Simmonds PG, Manning AJ, Cunnold DM, McCulloch A, O'Doherty S, Derwent RG, Krummel PB, Fraser PJ, Dunse B, Porter LW, Wang RHJ, Greally BR, Miller BR, Salameh P, Weiss RF, Prinn RG. Global trends, seasonal cycles, and European emissions of dichloromethane, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene from the AGAGE observations at Mace Head, Ireland, and Cape Grim, Tasmania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Andrady A, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Ballaré CL, Björn LO, Bornman JF, Caldwell M, Callaghan T, Cullen AP, Erickson DJ, de Gruijl FR, Häder DP, Ilyas M, Kulandaivelu G, Kumar HD, Longstreth J, McKenzie RL, Norval M, Redhwi HH, Smith RC, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Takizawa Y, Tang X, Teramura AH, Torikai A, van der Leun JC, Wilson SR, Worrest RC, Zepp RG. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2004. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:177-84. [PMID: 15779130 DOI: 10.1039/b418650h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the linkages between ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and climate change has become more apparent.
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