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Chen W, Guenther AB, Jia S, Mao J, Yan F, Wang X, Shao M. Synergistic effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds and soil nitric oxide emissions on summertime ozone formation in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154218. [PMID: 35245546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions play a key role in modulating the formation of ground-level ozone (O3), especially emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and soil nitric oxide (SNO), and their individual effects on O3 formation have been previously quantified and evaluated. However, their synergistic effects remain unclear and have not yet been well assessed. By applying the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Chemistry-Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (WRF/Chem-MEGAN) model, this study reveals that in the presence of sufficient BVOC emissions, which act as a fuel, SNO emissions act as a fuel additive and promote the chemical reactions of BVOCs and the subsequent production of O3. Consequently, the synergistic effects of BVOC and SNO emissions on summertime O3 production surpassed the sum of their individual effects by as much as 10-20 μg m-3 in eastern China in 2014. In order to reduce O3 concentration to a level corresponding to no natural emissions of BVOC or SNO (i.e., the BASE scenario), the anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC) emissions in the scenario considers BVOC and SNO emissions must be reduced by 1.76 times that of the BASE scenario. This study demonstrates that the synergistic effects of BVOC and SNO emissions can impede ground-level O3 regulation and can subsequently impose stricter requirements on anthropogenic precursor emission control in China. The results of this study can also inform efforts in other regions that are still combating ground-level O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fenghua Yan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Huang H, Qian Y, He C, Bair EH, Rittger K. Snow Albedo Feedbacks Enhance Snow Impurity-Induced Radiative Forcing in the Sierra Nevada. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL098102. [PMID: 35859851 PMCID: PMC9285762 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl098102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study employs a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-snow model to investigate the impacts of light-absorbing particles (LAPs) on snow darkening in the Sierra Nevada. After comprehensive evaluation with spatially and temporally complete satellite retrievals, the model shows that LAPs in snow reduce snow albedo by 0.013 (0-0.045) in the Sierra Nevada during the ablation season (April-July), producing a midday mean radiative forcing of 4.5 W m-2 which increases to 15-22 W m-2 in July. LAPs in snow accelerate snow aging processes and reduce snow cover fraction, which doubles the albedo change and radiative forcing caused by LAPs. The impurity-induced snow darkening effects decrease snow water equivalent and snow depth by 20 and 70 mm in June in the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep habitat. The earlier snowmelt reduces root-zone soil water content by 20%, deteriorating the forage productivity and playing a negative role in the survival of bighorn sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Huang
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionRichlandWAUSA
| | - Yun Qian
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionRichlandWAUSA
| | - Cenlin He
- Research Applications LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Edward H. Bair
- Earth Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Karl Rittger
- Institute for Arctic and Alpine ResearchUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
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3
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Li J, Wang Z, Chen L, Lian L, Li Y, Zhao L, Zhou S, Mao X, Huang T, Gao H, Ma J. WRF-Chem simulations of ozone pollution and control strategy in petrochemical industrialized and heavily polluted Lanzhou City, Northwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139835. [PMID: 32526584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the largest petrochemical industrialized city in northwestern China since the 1950s, Lanzhou has been well-known for its heavy surface ozone pollution. Given abundant emission sources of ozone precursors and the favorable environmental conditions for O3 formation, this study performed extensive atmospheric chemistry modeling investigations subject to 11 emission control scenarios. These scenarios increased and decreased emission levels of total volatile organic compound (TVOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the two surface ozone (O3) precursor gases, to examine the relationships between O3 and NOx and TVOC. The modeling investigation was carried out for the summer of 2016 in the downtown and petrochemical industrial suburb in the city of Lanzhou. The results revealed that surface O3 in the downtown area of Lanzhou was controlled by VOCs and in the petrochemical-industrialized western suburb by NOx. Higher ozone levels were simulated in the west suburb of the city as compared with the downtown area, agreeing with measured data. The relationships between modeled TVOC/NOx ratios and O3 reductions, as well as the titration effect, were also discussed. The model results provided useful references for the mitigation strategy of ozone reduction in Lanzhou and other major cities in northwest China with similar climate and topography conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Lulu Lian
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Liuyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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4
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Evaluation of Regional Air Quality Models over Sydney, Australia: Part 2, Comparison of PM2.5 and Ozone. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate air quality modelling is an essential tool, both for strategic assessment (regulation development for emission controls) and for short-term forecasting (enabling warnings to be issued to protect vulnerable members of society when the pollution levels are predicted to be high). Model intercomparison studies are a valuable support to this work, being useful for identifying any issues with air quality models, and benchmarking their performance against international standards, thereby increasing confidence in their predictions. This paper presents the results of a comparison study of six chemical transport models which have been used to simulate short-term hourly to 24 hourly concentrations of fine particulate matter less than and equal to 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) for Sydney, Australia. Model performance was evaluated by comparison to air quality measurements made at 16 locations for O3 and 5 locations for PM2.5, during three time periods that coincided with major atmospheric composition measurement campaigns in the region. These major campaigns included daytime measurements of PM2.5 composition, and so model performance for particulate sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+) and elemental carbon (EC) was evaluated at one site per modelling period. Domain-wide performance of the models for hourly O3 was good, with models meeting benchmark criteria and reproducing the observed O3 production regime (based on the O3/NOx indicator) at 80% or more of the sites. Nevertheless, model performance was worse at high (and low) O3 percentiles. Domain-wide model performance for 24 h average PM2.5 was more variable, with a general tendency for the models to under-predict PM2.5 concentrations during the summer and over-predict PM2.5 concentrations in the autumn. The modelling intercomparison exercise has led to improvements in the implementation of these models for Sydney and has increased confidence in their skill at reproducing observed atmospheric composition.
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5
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Zhang F, Yu X, Sui X, Chen J, Zhu Z, Yu XY. Evolution of aqSOA from the Air-Liquid Interfacial Photochemistry of Glyoxal and Hydroxyl Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10236-10245. [PMID: 31361474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of photochemical reaction time on glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide at the air-liquid (a-l) interface is investigated using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) enabled by a system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface (SALVI) microreactor. Carboxylic acids are formed mainly by reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the initial reactions. Oligomers, cluster ions, and water clusters formed due to longer photochemistry. Our results provide direct molecular evidence that water clusters are associated with proton transfer and the formation of oligomers and cluster ions at the a-l interface. The oligomer formation is facilitated by water cluster and cluster ion formation over time. Formation of higher m/z oligomers and cluster ions indicates the possibility of highly oxygenated organic components formation at the a-l interface. Furthermore, new chemical reaction pathways, such as surface organic cluster, hydration shell, and water cluster formation, are proposed based on SIMS spectral observations, and the existing understanding of glyoxal photochemistry is expanded. Our in situ findings verify that the a-l interfacial reactions are important pathways for aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiao Sui
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
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Shrivastava M, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, Barbosa HMJ, Berg LK, Brito J, Ching J, Easter RC, Fan J, Fast JD, Feng Z, Fuentes JD, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Alves EG, Gomes H, Gu D, Guenther A, Jathar SH, Kim S, Liu Y, Lou S, Martin ST, McNeill VF, Medeiros A, de Sá SS, Shilling JE, Springston SR, Souza RAF, Thornton JA, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Yee LD, Ynoue R, Zaveri RA, Zelenyuk A, Zhao C. Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1046. [PMID: 30837467 PMCID: PMC6401186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the least understood aspects in atmospheric chemistry is how urban emissions influence the formation of natural organic aerosols, which affect Earth's energy budget. The Amazon rainforest, during its wet season, is one of the few remaining places on Earth where atmospheric chemistry transitions between preindustrial and urban-influenced conditions. Here, we integrate insights from several laboratory measurements and simulate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the Amazon using a high-resolution chemical transport model. Simulations show that emissions of nitrogen-oxides from Manaus, a city of ~2 million people, greatly enhance production of biogenic SOA by 60-200% on average with peak enhancements of 400%, through the increased oxidation of gas-phase organic carbon emitted by the forests. Simulated enhancements agree with aircraft measurements, and are much larger than those reported over other locations. The implication is that increasing anthropogenic emissions in the future might substantially enhance biogenic SOA in pristine locations like the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0230, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, Mainz, D-55020, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Larry K Berg
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Joel Brito
- IMT Lille Douai, University of Lille, SAGE, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Joseph Ching
- Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-1, Nagamine, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Jiwen Fan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jerome D Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Zhe Feng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Eliane Gomes Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, Manaus, AM, 69.060-000, Brazil
| | - Helber Gomes
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Dasa Gu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Sijia Lou
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Adan Medeiros
- Amazonas State University, Center of Superior Studies of Tefé, R. Brasília, Tefé, AM, 69470000, Brazil
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John E Shilling
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Stephen R Springston
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, NY, 11973, USA
| | - R A F Souza
- Amazonas State University, Superior School of Technology, Av Darcy Vargas, Manaus, AM, 69050020, Brazil
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Rita Ynoue
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508090, Brazil
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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7
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MacDonald AB, Dadashazar H, Chuang PY, Crosbie E, Wang H, Wang Z, Jonsson HH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Sorooshian A. Characteristic Vertical Profiles of Cloud Water Composition in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Relationships With Precipitation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:3704-3723. [PMID: 32025449 PMCID: PMC7002026 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study uses airborne cloud water composition measurements to characterize the vertical structure of air-equivalent mass concentrations of water-soluble species in marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected in the months of July and August between 2011 and 2016 and analyzed for water-soluble ionic and elemental composition. Three characteristic profiles emerge: (i) a reduction of concentration with in-cloud altitude for particulate species directly emitted from sources below cloud without in-cloud sources (e.g., Cl- and Na+), (ii) an increase of concentration with in-cloud altitude (e.g., NO2 - and formate), and (iii) species exhibiting a peak in concentration in the middle of cloud (e.g., non-sea-salt SO4 2-, NO3 -, and organic acids). Vertical profiles of rainout parameters such as loss frequency, lifetime, and change in concentration with respect to time show that the scavenging efficiency throughout the cloud depth depends strongly on the thickness of the cloud. Thin clouds exhibit a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud top, while thick clouds have a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud base. The implications of these results for treatment of wet scavenging in models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Y Chuang
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Haflidi H Jonsson
- Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Solazzo E, Bianconi R, Hogrefe C, Curci G, Tuccella P, Alyuz U, Balzarini A, Barô R, Bellasio R, Bieser J, Brandt J, Christensen JH, Colette A, Francis X, Fraser A, Vivanco MG, Jiménez-Guerrero P, Im U, Manders A, Nopmongcol U, Kitwiroon N, Pirovano G, Pozzoli L, Prank M, Sokhi RS, Unal A, Yarwood G, Galmarini S. Evaluation and error apportionment of an ensemble of atmospheric chemistry transport modeling systems: multivariable temporal and spatial breakdown. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:3001-3054. [PMID: 30147713 PMCID: PMC6105295 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-3001-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Through the comparison of several regional-scale chemistry transport modeling systems that simulate meteorology and air quality over the European and North American continents, this study aims at (i) apportioning error to the responsible processes using timescale analysis, (ii) helping to detect causes of model error, and (iii) identifying the processes and temporal scales most urgently requiring dedicated investigations. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) and tackles model performance gauging through measurement-to-model comparison, error decomposition, and time series analysis of the models biases for several fields (ozone, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, wind speed, and temperature). The operational metrics (magnitude of the error, sign of the bias, associativity) provide an overallsense of model strengths and deficiencies, while apportioning the error to its constituent parts (bias, variance, and covariance) can help assess the nature and quality of the error. Each of the error components is analyzed independently and apportioned to specific processes based on the corresponding timescale (long scale, synoptic, diurnal, and intraday) using the error apportionment technique devised in the former phases of AQMEII. The application of the error apportionment method to the AQMEII Phase 3 simulations provides several key insights. In addition to reaffirming the strong impact of model inputs (emission and boundary conditions) and poor representation of the stable boundary layer on model bias, results also highlighted the high interdependencies among meteorological and chemical variables, as well as among their errors. This indicates that the evaluation of air quality model performance for individual pollutants needs to be supported by complementary analysis of meteorological fields and chemical precursors to provide results that are more insightful from a model development perspective. This will require evaluaion methods that are able to frame the impact on error of processes, conditions, and fluxes at the surface. For example, error due to emission and boundary conditions is dominant for primary species (CO, particulate matter (PM)), while errors due to meteorology and chemistry are most relevant to secondary species, such as ozone. Some further aspects emerged whose interpretation requires additional consideration, such as the uniformity of the synoptic error being region- and model-independent, observed for several pollutants; the source of unexplained variance for the diurnal component; and the type of error caused by deposition and at which scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efisio Solazzo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | | | - Christian Hogrefe
- Environmental Protection Agency, Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gabriele Curci
- CETEMPS, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ummugulsum Alyuz
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Rocio Barô
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. CIOyN, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Institute of Coastal Research, Chemistry Transport Modelling Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399,4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H. Christensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399,4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Augistin Colette
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Xavier Francis
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Andrea Fraser
- Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Marta Garcia Vivanco
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- CIEMAT. Avda. Complutense 40., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. CIOyN, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399,4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Astrid Manders
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Luca Pozzoli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marje Prank
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ranjeet S. Sokhi
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alper Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Greg Yarwood
- Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, CA 94998, USA
| | - Stefano Galmarini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
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9
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Kooperman GJ, Pritchard MS, Ghan SJ, Wang M, Somerville RCJ, Russell LM. Constraining the influence of natural variability to improve estimates of global aerosol indirect effects in a nudged version of the Community Atmosphere Model 5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Koffi B, Schulz M, Bréon FM, Griesfeller J, Winker D, Balkanski Y, Bauer S, Berntsen T, Chin M, Collins WD, Dentener F, Diehl T, Easter R, Ghan S, Ginoux P, Gong S, Horowitz LW, Iversen T, Kirkevåg A, Koch D, Krol M, Myhre G, Stier P, Takemura T. Application of the CALIOP layer product to evaluate the vertical distribution of aerosols estimated by global models: AeroCom phase I results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Huang Y, Wu S, Dubey MK, French NHF. Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:6329-6343. [PMID: 24174929 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-6329-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols including organic carbon and black carbon have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a fixed hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around one day. We have implemented a new detailed aging scheme for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to account for both the chemical oxidation and the physical condensation-coagulation effects, where τ is affected by local atmospheric environment including atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, hydroxyl radical and sulfuric acid. The updated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variations with the global average (up to 11 km altitude) calculated to be 2.6 days. The chemical aging effects are found to be strongest over the tropical regions driven by the low ozone concentrations and high humidity there. The τ resulted from chemical aging generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in humidity. The condensation-coagulation effects are found to be most important for the high-latitude areas, in particular the polar regions, where the τ values are calculated to be up to 15 days. When both the chemical aging and condensation-coagulation effects are considered, the total atmospheric burdens and global average lifetimes of BC, black carbon, (OC, organic carbon) are calculated to increase by 9% (3%) compared to the control simulation, with considerable enhancements of BC and OC concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere. Model evaluations against data from multiple datasets show that the updated aging scheme improves model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols for some regions, especially for the remote areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The improvement helps explain the persistent low model bias for carbonaceous aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere reported in literature. Further model sensitivity simulations focusing on the continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols demonstrate that previous studies using the old aging scheme could have significantly underestimated the intercontinental transport of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Huang Y, Wu S, Dubey M, French NHF. Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:10.5194/acpd-12-28993-2012. [PMID: 24174929 PMCID: PMC3809914 DOI: 10.5194/acpd-12-28993-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols including organic carbon and black carbon have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a fixed hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around one day. We have implemented a new detailed aging scheme for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to account for both the chemical oxidation and the physical condensation-coagulation effects, where τ is affected by local atmospheric environment including atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, hydroxyl radical and sulfuric acid. The updated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variations with the global average (up to 11 km altitude) calculated to be 2.6 days. The chemical aging effects are found to be strongest over the tropical regions driven by the low ozone concentrations and high humidity there. The τ resulted from chemical aging generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in humidity. The condensation-coagulation effects are found to be most important for the high-latitude areas, in particular the polar regions, where the τ values are calculated to be up to 15 days. When both the chemical aging and condensation-coagulation effects are considered, the total atmospheric burdens and global average lifetimes of BC, black carbon, (OC, organic carbon) are calculated to increase by 9% (3%) compared to the control simulation, with considerable enhancements of BC and OC concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere. Model evaluations against data from multiple datasets show that the updated aging scheme improves model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols for some regions, especially for the remote areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The improvement helps explain the persistent low model bias for carbonaceous aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere reported in literature. Further model sensitivity simulations focusing on the continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols demonstrate that previous studies using the old aging scheme could have significantly underestimated the intercontinental transport of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Huang
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - S. Wu
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - M.K. Dubey
- Earth System Observations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - N. H. F. French
- Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Gettelman A, Liu X, Ghan SJ, Morrison H, Park S, Conley AJ, Klein SA, Boyle J, Mitchell DL, Li JLF. Global simulations of ice nucleation and ice supersaturation with an improved cloud scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11217-22. [PMID: 20534566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910818107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of cloud and precipitation formation processes remains incomplete, yet global precipitation is predominantly produced by clouds containing the ice phase. Ice first forms in clouds warmer than -36 degrees C on particles termed ice nuclei. We combine observations from field studies over a 14-year period, from a variety of locations around the globe, to show that the concentrations of ice nuclei active in mixed-phase cloud conditions can be related to temperature and the number concentrations of particles larger than 0.5 microm in diameter. This new relationship reduces unexplained variability in ice nuclei concentrations at a given temperature from approximately 10(3) to less than a factor of 10, with the remaining variability apparently due to variations in aerosol chemical composition or other factors. When implemented in a global climate model, the new parameterization strongly alters cloud liquid and ice water distributions compared to the simple, temperature-only parameterizations currently widely used. The revised treatment indicates a global net cloud radiative forcing increase of approximately 1 W m(-2) for each order of magnitude increase in ice nuclei concentrations, demonstrating the strong sensitivity of climate simulations to assumptions regarding the initiation of cloud glaciation.
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Kammermann L, Gysel M, Weingartner E, Herich H, Cziczo DJ, Holst T, Svenningsson B, Arneth A, Baltensperger U. Subarctic atmospheric aerosol composition: 3. Measured and modeled properties of cloud condensation nuclei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang Y, Vijayaraghavan K, Wen XY, Snell HE, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional ozone and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 1. A 1 year CMAQ simulation and evaluation using surface and satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Matsui H, Koike M, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Kita K, Miyazaki Y, Hu M, Chang SY, Blake DR, Fast JD, Zaveri RA, Streets DG, Zhang Q, Zhu T. Spatial and temporal variations of aerosols around Beijing in summer 2006: Model evaluation and source apportionment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yue X, Wang H, Wang Z, Fan K. Simulation of dust aerosol radiative feedback using the Global Transport Model of Dust: 1. Dust cycle and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang M, Penner JE, Liu X. Coupled IMPACT aerosol and NCAR CAM3 model: Evaluation of predicted aerosol number and size distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Krishtal A, Senet P, Van Alsenoy C. Influence of Structure on the Polarizability of Hydrated Methane Sulfonic Acid Clusters. J Chem Theory Comput 2008; 4:2122-9. [PMID: 26620483 DOI: 10.1021/ct800295h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Krishtal
- Chemistry Department, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 5209 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Senet
- Chemistry Department, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 5209 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Christian Van Alsenoy
- Chemistry Department, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 5209 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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22
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Zakey AS, Giorgi F, Bi X. Modeling of sea salt in a regional climate model: Fluxes and radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Hoose C, Lohmann U, Stier P, Verheggen B, Weingartner E. Aerosol processing in mixed-phase clouds in ECHAM5-HAM: Model description and comparison to observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Jacobson MZ, Kaufman YJ, Rudich Y. Examining feedbacks of aerosols to urban climate with a model that treats 3-D clouds with aerosol inclusions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu X, Penner JE, Das B, Bergmann D, Rodriguez JM, Strahan S, Wang M, Feng Y. Uncertainties in global aerosol simulations: Assessment using three meteorological data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Verma S, Boucher O, Reddy MS, Upadhyaya HC, Le Van P, Binkowski FS, Sharma OP. Modeling and analysis of aerosol processes in an interactive chemistry general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Fast JD, Gustafson WI, Easter RC, Zaveri RA, Barnard JC, Chapman EG, Grell GA, Peckham SE. Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Liu X. Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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