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Li Y, Zhao Y, Kleeman MJ. Formaldehyde Exposure Racial Disparities in Southeast Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4680-4690. [PMID: 38412365 PMCID: PMC10938643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) exposures during a full year were calculated for different race/ethnicity groups living in Southeast Texas using a chemical transport model tagged to track nine emission categories. Petroleum and industrial emissions were the largest anthropogenic sources of HCHO exposure in Southeast Texas, accounting for 44% of the total HCHO population exposure. Approximately 50% of the HCHO exposures associated with petroleum and industrial sources were directly emitted (primary), while the other 50% formed in the atmosphere (secondary) from precursor emissions of reactive compounds such as ethylene and propylene. Biogenic emissions also formed secondary HCHO that accounted for 11% of the total population-weighted exposure across the study domain. Off-road equipment contributed 3.7% to total population-weighted exposure in Houston, while natural gas combustion contributed 5% in Beaumont. Mobile sources accounted for 3.7% of the total HCHO population exposure, with less than 10% secondary contribution. Exposure disparity patterns changed with the location. Hispanic and Latino residents were exposed to HCHO concentrations +1.75% above average in Houston due to petroleum and industrial sources and natural gas sources. Black and African American residents in Beaumont were exposed to HCHO concentrations +7% above average due to petroleum and industrial sources, off-road equipment, and food cooking. Asian residents in Beaumont were exposed to HCHO concentrations that were +2.5% above average due to HCHO associated with petroleum and industrial sources, off-road vehicles, and food cooking. White residents were exposed to below average HCHO concentrations in all domains because their homes were located further from primary HCHO emission sources. Given the unique features of the exposure disparities in each region, tailored solutions should be developed by local stakeholders. Potential options to consider in the development of those solutions include modifying processes to reduce emissions, installing control equipment to capture emissions, or increasing the distance between industrial sources and residential neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Department
of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael J. Kleeman
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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2
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Li Y, Wu Z, Ji Y, Chen T, Li H, Gao R, Xue L, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang X. Comparison of the ozone formation mechanisms and VOCs apportionment in different ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing in 2019 and 2020: Insights for ozone pollution control strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168332. [PMID: 37949143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has been a tough issue in urban areas of China in the past decade. Clarifying the formation mechanisms of O3 and the sources of its precursors is necessary for the effective prevention of O3 pollution. In this study, a comparative analysis of O3 formation mechanisms and VOCs apportionment for five O3 pollution episodes was carried out at two urban sites (CRAES and CGZ) in Beijing in 2019 and 2020 by applying an observation-based modeling approach in order to obtain insights into O3 pollution control strategies. Results indicated that O3 pollution levels were generally more severe in 2019 than in 2020 during the observation periods. O3 formation at the two sites was both VOCs-limited on O3 polluted days and non-O3 polluted days. Stronger atmospheric oxidation capacity and ROx radicals cycling processes were found on O3 polluted days which could accelerate the local production of O3, and local photochemical production dominated the observed O3 concentrations at the two sites even on non-O3 polluted days. Emission reduction of VOCs should be a priority for mitigating O3 pollution, and alkenes and biogenic VOCs was the priority species at the CRAES and CGZ sites, respectively. Additionally, the reduction of oxygenated VOCs should also be important for the ozone control. Gasoline exhaust at the CRAES site, and solvent utilization and fuel evaporation at the CGZ site were main anthropogenic sources of VOCs. Therefore, local control measures should be further strengthened and differentiated control strategies of VOCs in the aspects of area, time, sources and species should be adopted in urban Beijing in the future. Overall, the findings of this study could provide a scientific understanding of the causes of O3 pollution and significant guidelines for formulating O3 control strategies from the perspective of different ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Niu Z, Kong S, Zheng H, Hu Y, Zheng S, Cheng Y, Yao L, Liu W, Ding F, Liu X, Qi S. Differences in compositions and effects of VOCs from vehicle emission detected using various methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122077. [PMID: 37343912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust and oil fuel evaporation emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The differences in VOC compositions and their effects determined using different methods have not been addressed sufficiently. In this study, VOC samples are obtained from single gasoline and diesel vehicle exhausts using a portable emission measurement system, from a tunnel in Yichang City, and from gasoline and diesel evaporation at gas stations. A total of 107 VOCs are analysed. The calculated VOC source profiles (based on VOC source profiles of single-vehicle type and vehicle fleet composition in the tunnel) and the tested source profiles (from a tunnel test) are compared. The results show that gasoline burning can reduce alkenes from a mass fraction of 53.1% (for evaporation) to 3.6% (for burning), as well as increase the mass fraction of alkenes from 1.3% (for diesel evaporation) to 34.0% (for diesel burning). The calculated VOC source profiles differed from the tested VOC source profiles, with a coefficient of divergence of 0.6. Ethane, ethylene, n-undecane, and n-dodecane are used to distinguish VOCs in gasoline and diesel exhausts. Cis-2-butene, 2-methylpentane, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and n-decane can be used to separate gasoline from diesel. The xylene/ethylbenzene ratios accurately reveal the photochemical age. Gasoline burning increases health risks associated with VOCs compared with gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, it modifies the main contributor to ozone formation potential. This study is expected to facilitate refined VOC source apportionment and studies pertaining to speciated emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China
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Sanda M, Dunea D, Iordache S, Pohoata A, Glod-Lendvai AM, Onutu I. A Three-Year Analysis of Toxic Benzene Levels and Associated Impact in Ploieşti City, Romania. TOXICS 2023; 11:748. [PMID: 37755758 PMCID: PMC10537639 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the levels of benzene and the potential health impact during three years of continuous monitoring (2019-2021), including the COVID-lockdown period from 2020 in a city that is an important Romanian center for petroleum refining and associated product manufacturing. The dataset contains benzene, toluene, NOx, PM10 concentrations, and meteorological factors monitored by six automatic stations from the national network of which four are in the city and two outside. Special attention was given to the benzene dynamics to establish patterns related to the health impact and leukemia. An assessment of the exposure was performed using EPA's ExpoFIRST v. 2.0 for computing the inhalation Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD). The health impact was estimated based on several indicators such as lifetime cancer risk (LCR), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), and Environmental burden of disease (EBD). Overall, the annual average of all stations was almost similar between years i.e., 3.46 in 2019, 3.41 in 2020, and 3.63 µg/m3 in 2021, respectively. The average of all stations during the lockdown period was 2.67 µg/m3, which was lower than the multiannual average of the 2019-2021 period, i.e., 3.5 µg/m3. Significant correlations were present between benzene and other pollutants such as NOx (r = 0.57), PM10 fraction (r = 0.70), and toluene (r = 0.69), and benzene and temperature (r = -0.46), humidity (r = 0.28), and wind speed (r = -0.34). Regarding the ADD, in all scenarios, the most affected age categories are small children, despite a lower outdoor exposure time. From birth to <70 years, the ADD varied depending on the exposure scenario resulting in 3.27 × 10-4, 5.6 × 10-4, and 4.04 × 104 mg/kg-day, and 3.95 × 10-4, 10.6 × 10-4, and 6.76 × 10-4 mg/kg-day for the LADD, respectively. The Integrated Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILTCR) values were 14.1 × 10-5 in winter, 9.04 × 10-5 in spring, 8.74 × 10-5 in summer, and 10.6 × 10-4 in autumn. The ILTCR annual averages were 1.08 × 10-4 (2019), 1.07 × 10-4 (2020), 1.04 × 10-4 (2021), and 1.06 × 10-4 for the entire period. The resulting ILTCR values point out very risky conditions, with the annual averages reaching the definite cancer risk category. The corresponding burden based on the DALY's loss due to leukemia in Ploieşti was estimated at 0.291 (2 μg/m3 benzene), 0.509 (3.5 μg/m3 benzene), 0.582 (4 μg/m3 benzene), and 0.873 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants (6 μg/m3 benzene), respectively. The current study provides useful insights for a better understanding of the exposure levels to benzene and associated health impact in Ploieşti despite the limitations determined by the data hiatus and incomplete or missing information regarding the health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Sanda
- Faculty of Petroleum Processing and Petrochemistry, Petroleum-Gas University, Bulevardul București 39, 100680 Ploieşti, Romania; (M.S.); (I.O.)
| | - Daniel Dunea
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Stefania Iordache
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Alin Pohoata
- Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Glod-Lendvai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
| | - Ion Onutu
- Faculty of Petroleum Processing and Petrochemistry, Petroleum-Gas University, Bulevardul București 39, 100680 Ploieşti, Romania; (M.S.); (I.O.)
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5
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Li Y, Li H, Zhang X, Ji Y, Gao R, Wu Z, Yin M, Nie L, Wei W, Li G, Wang Y, Luo M, Bai H. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of atmospheric carbonyls during multiple ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing: Insights into control strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160769. [PMID: 36526184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyls have attracted continuous attention due to their critical roles in atmospheric chemistry and their potential hazards to the ecological environment and human health. In this study, atmospheric carbonyls were measured during several ground-level-ozone (O3) pollution episodes at three urban sites (CRAES, IEP and BJUT) in Beijing in 2019 and 2020. Comparative analysis revealed that the carbonyl concentrations were 20.25 ± 6.91 ppb and 13.43 ± 5.13 ppb in 2019 and 2020 in Beijing, respectively, with a significant spatial trend from north to south, and carbonyl levels in urban Beijing were in an upper-intermediate range in China, and higher than those in other countries reported in the literature. A particularly noteworthy phenomenon is the consistency of carbonyl concentrations with variations in O3 concentrations. On O3 polluted days, the carbonyl concentrations were 1.3-1.5 times higher than those on non-O3 polluted days. Secondary formation contributed more to formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde (AA) on O3 polluted days, while the anthropogenic emissions were more significant for acetone (AC) on non-O3 polluted days. Vehicle exhaust and solvent utilization were the main primary contributors to carbonyls. Due to reduced anthropogenic emissions caused by the COVID-19 lockdown and the "Program for Controlling Volatile Organic Compounds in 2020" in China, the contributions of primary emissions to carbonyls decreased in 2020 in Beijing. Human cancer risks to exposed populations from FA and AA increased with elevated O3 levels, and the risks still remained on non-O3 polluted days. The residents around the BJUT site might experience relatively higher human cancer risks than those around the other two sites. The findings in this study confirmed that atmospheric carbonyl pollution and its potential human health hazards cannot be ignored in urban Beijing; therefore, more strict control strategies for atmospheric carbonyls are urgently needed to better protect human health in Beijing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Manfei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guohao Li
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hongxiang Bai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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6
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Dreessen J, Ren X, Gardner D, Green K, Stratton P, Sullivan JT, Delgado R, Dickerson RR, Woodman M, Berkoff T, Gronoff G, Ring A. VOC and trace gas measurements and ozone chemistry over the Chesapeake Bay during OWLETS-2, 2018. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:178-199. [PMID: 36251984 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2136782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ozone Water-Land Environmental Transition Study, 2018 (OWLETS-2) measured total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC) and EPA PAMS Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) on an island site in the northern Chesapeake Bay 2.1 and 3.4 times greater in concentration, respectively, than simultaneous measurements at a land site just 13 km away across the land-water interface. Many PAMS VOCs had larger concentrations at the island site despite lower NEI emissions over the water, but most of the difference comprised species generally consistent with gasoline vapor or exhaust. Sharp chemical differences were observed between the island and mainland and the immediate air ~300 m above the water surface observed by airplane. Ozone formation potential over land was driven by propene and isoprene but toluene and hexane were dominant over the water with little isoprene observed. VOC concentrations over the water were noted to increase diurnally with an inverse pattern to land resulting in increasing NOx sensitivity over the water. Total reactive nitrogen was lower over the water than the nearby land site, but reservoir compounds (NOz) were greater. Ozone production rates were generally slow (~5 ppb hr-1) both at the surface and aloft over the water, even during periods of high ozone (>70 ppbv) at the water surface. However, specific events showed rapid ozone production >40 ppb hr-1 at the water's surface during situations with high VOCs and sufficient NOx. VOC and photochemistry patterns at the island site were driven by marine sources south of the island, implicating marine traffic, and indicate ozone abatement strategies over land may not be similarly applicable to ozone over the water.Implications: Measured chemical properties and patterns driven primarily by marine traffic sources over water during ozone conducive conditions were starkly different to immediately adjacent land sites, implying ozone abatement strategies over land may not be similarly applicable to ozone over the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Dreessen
- Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinrong Ren
- NOAA, Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Gardner
- Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ruben Delgado
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Tim Berkoff
- NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Guillaume Gronoff
- NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Application Inc (SSAI), Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Allison Ring
- University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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Guo W, Yang Y, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li G, Sun W, She J. Chemical reactivity of volatile organic compounds and their effects on ozone formation in a petrochemical industrial area of Lanzhou, Western China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:155901. [PMID: 35569665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of ozone (O3) and its precursors were performed in the summer of 2019 in Lanzhou, a petrochemical industrial city, to better understand the reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on O3 production. During the campaign, the daily maximum 8-hour average (MDA8) O3, NO2, and total VOC (TVOC) concentrations reached 72.2 ± 19.9 ppb, 24.9 ± 10.8 ppb, and 50.8 ± 46.1 ppb, respectively. Alkanes, alkenes, halocarbons, aromatics, and alkynes contributed 45.3%, 24.0%, 16.5%, 10.0%, and 4.2% to TVOCs, respectively. The OH reactivity and relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of VOCs at different times were calculated. The results indicated that alkenes played a predominant role, accounting for an average of 68.5% of the initial VOC reactivity. Compared to other regions, alkenes are relatively more important for O3 formation in the petrochemical industry area of Lanzhou, while aromatics are relatively less important. Generally, O3 formation occurred in a VOC-limited regime in the morning and in a transitional regime in the afternoon. The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a chemical box model was applied to obtain relationships between O3 and its precursors and determine the most effective way to reduce the O3 concentration. Reduction in the non-alkene concentration slightly affected the O3 concentration. In contrast, the effect of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was closely related to the alkene concentration, and NOx concentration reduction could lead to an increase in the O3 concentration when alkenes were abated to less than 80% of the present concentration. To mitigate O3 pollution near the petrochemical industrial area of Lanzhou, reducing the alkene concentration, especially the C4 alkene concentration (1,3-butadiene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene), was the fastest and most effective control strategy. The results of this study serve as a reference for O3 pollution control in petrochemical industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Northwest Institute of Eco-environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuhuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yongle Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing She
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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8
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Shrestha S, Yoon S, Erickson MH, Guo F, Mehra M, Bui AAT, Schulze BC, Kotsakis A, Daube C, Herndon SC, Yacovitch TI, Alvarez S, Flynn JH, Griffin RJ, Cobb GP, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ. Traffic, transport, and vegetation drive VOC concentrations in a major urban area in Texas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155861. [PMID: 35568171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The population of Texas has increased rapidly in the past decade. The San Antonio Field Study (SAFS) was designed to investigate ozone (O3) production and precursors in this rapidly changing, sprawling metropolitan area. There are still many questions regarding the sources and chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas like San Antonio which are affected by a complex mixture of industry, traffic, biogenic sources and transported pollutants. The goal of the SAFS campaign in May 2017 was to measure inorganic trace gases, VOCs, methane (CH4), and ethane (C2H6). The SAFS field design included two sites to better assess air quality across the metro area: an urban site (Traveler's World; TW) and a downwind/suburban site (University of Texas at San Antonio; UTSA). The results indicated that acetone (2.52 ± 1.17 and 2.39 ± 1.27 ppbv), acetaldehyde (1.45 ± 1.02 and 0.93 ± 0.45 ppbv) and isoprene (0.64 ± 0.49 and 1.21 ± 0.85 ppbv; TW and UTSA, respectively) were the VOCs with the highest concentrations. Additionally, positive matrix factorization showed three dominant factors of VOC emissions: biogenic, aged urban mixed source, and acetone. Methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK + MACR) exhibited contributions from both secondary photooxidation of isoprene and direct emissions from traffic. The C2H6:CH4 demonstrated potential influence of oil and gas activities in San Antonio. Moreover, the high O3 days during the campaign were in the NOx-limited O3 formation regime and were preceded by evening peaks in select VOCs, NOx and CO. Overall, quantification of the concentration and trends of VOCs and trace gases in a major city in Texas offers vital information for general air quality management and supports strategies for reducing O3 pollution. The SAFS campaign VOC results will also add to the growing body of literature on urban sources and concentrations of VOCs in major urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Pasco, WA, USA
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Manisha Mehra
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexander A T Bui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin C Schulze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kotsakis
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Universities Space Research Association, NASA/GSFC, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - George P Cobb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Prenni AJ, Benedict KB, Day DE, Sive BC, Zhou Y, Naimie L, Gebhart KA, Dombek T, De Boskey M, Hyslop NP, Spencer E, Chew QM, Collett JL, Schichtel BA. Wintertime haze and ozone at Dinosaur National Monument. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:951-968. [PMID: 35254216 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2048922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dinosaur National Monument (DINO) is located near the northeastern edge of the Uinta Basin and often experiences elevated levels of wintertime ground-level ozone. Previous studies have shown that high ozone mixing ratios in the Uinta Basin are driven by elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from regional oil and gas development coupled with temperature inversions and enhanced photochemistry from persistent snow cover. Here, we show that persistent snow cover and temperature inversions, along with abundant ammonia, also lead to wintertime haze in this region. A study was conducted at DINO from November 2018 through May 2020 where ozone, speciated fine and coarse aerosols, inorganic gases, and VOCs were measured. Three National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) ozone exceedances were observed in the first winter, and no exceedances were observed in the second winter. In contrast, elevated levels of particulate matter were observed both winters, with 24-h averaged particle light extinction exceeding 100 Mm-1. These haze events were dominated by ammonium nitrate, and particulate organics were highly correlated with ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate formation was limited by nitric acid in winter. As such, reductions in regional NOx emissions should reduce haze levels and improve visibility at DINO in winter. Long-term measurements of particulate matter from nearby Vernal, Utah, suggest that visibility impairment is a persistent issue in the Uinta Basin in winter. From April through October 2019, relatively clean conditions occurred, with average particle extinction of ~10 Mm-1. During this period, ammonium nitrate concentrations were lower by more than an order of magnitude, and contributions from coarse mass and soil to haze levels increased. VOC markers indicated that the high levels of observed pollutants in winter were likely from local sources related to oil and gas extraction activities.Implications: Elevated ground-level ozone and haze levels were observed at Dinosaur National Monument in winter. Haze episodes were dominated by ammonium nitrate, with 24-h averaged particle light extinction exceeding 100 Mm-1, reducing visual range near the surface to ~35 km. Despite elevated ammonium nitrate concentrations, additional gas-phase ammonia was available, such that any increase in NOx emissions in the region is likely to lead to even greater haze levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Prenni
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Derek E Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Barkley C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lilly Naimie
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristi A Gebhart
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Tracy Dombek
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miranda De Boskey
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole P Hyslop
- University of California, Davis, Air Quality Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
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10
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Xu C, Gao L, Lyu Y, Qiao L, Huang D, Liu Y, Li D, Zheng M. Molecular characteristics, sources and environmental risk of aromatic compounds in particulate matter during COVID-2019: Nontarget screening by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107421. [PMID: 35868078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds, including many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are suspected carcinogens and may originate from different sources. To investigate the impact of anthropogenic emission reductions on unknown aromatic compounds in particulate matter, we collected samples during the pre-COVID period in 2020, the COVID-19 lockdown period in 2020, and the same period as the lockdown in 2019. Besides the 16 PAHs, other aromatic compounds were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Four main compound classes were identified: CH, CHO, CHNO, and CHOS. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed the aromatic compounds varied during the different periods. Compared with before the pandemic, the relative abundances of aromatic compounds with low degrees of unsaturation and long alkyl chains (e.g., alkylbenzenes) increased. These compounds probably mainly arose from fossil fuel combustion and petrochemical industry emissions. The CHO compounds, which were dominated by those with high degrees of oxidation, might originate from secondary organic aerosols. Aromatic aldehydes (e.g., cyclamen aldehyde) and benzoates (e.g., 2-ethylhexyl benzoate) probably with high toxicity deserve more attention. During lockdown, nitro derivatives of condensed PAHs were the main CHNO compounds, and the numbers of homologs decreased perhaps because of significant reductions in NOx and PAHs. CHOS compounds with long carbon chains and low degrees of unsaturation were predominant and the numbers of homologs increased. Five compounds (e.g. 1,3-dimethyl pyrene) were predicted to possibly exhibit persistent and bio-accumulated by EPI Suite model, which need further research. The results provide insight on aromatic compounds and their source appointment in atmospheric particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Bejing 100012, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Yibing Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Bejing 100012, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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11
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Meng Y, Song J, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liu X, Guo H, Zhong L, Ou Y, Zhou Y, Zhang T, Yue D, Lai S. Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:104-117. [PMID: 34949340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a receptor site (Wan Qing Sha, WQS) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region from September to November of 2017. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 36.3 ± 27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes (55.5%), followed by aromatics (33.3%). The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime, resulting in the formation of ozone (O3). Five VOC sources were resolved by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, including solvent usage (28.6%), liquid petroleum gas (LPG) usage (24.4%), vehicle exhaust (21.0%), industrial emissions (13.2%) and gasoline evaporation (12.9%). The regional transport air masses from the upwind cities of south China can result in the elevated concentrations of TVOCs. Low ratios of TVOCs/NOx (1.53 ± 0.88) suggested that the O3 formation regime at WQS site was VOC-limited, which also confirmed by a photochemical box model with the master chemical mechanism (PBM-MCM). Furthermore, the observation on high-O3 episode days revealed that frequent O3 outbreaks at WQS were mainly caused by the regional transport of anthropogenic VOCs especially for aromatics and the subsequent photochemical reactions. This study provides valuable information for policymakers to propose the effective control strategies on photochemical pollution in a regional perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Meng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junwei Song
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Lewei Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Xufei Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liuju Zhong
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan 528216, China
| | - Yubo Ou
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China.
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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12
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Kumar A, Hakkim H, Ghude SD, Sinha V. Probing wintertime air pollution sources in the Indo-Gangetic Plain through 52 hydrocarbons measured rarely at Delhi & Mohali. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149711. [PMID: 34438157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During wintertime, the Indo-Gangetic Plain suffers from severe air pollution affecting several hundred million people. Here we present unprecedented measurements and source analyses of 52 NMHCs (25 alkanes, 16 aromatics, 10 alkenes and one alkyne) in the cities of Delhi and Mohali (300 km north of Delhi) during wintertime (Dec 2016-Jan 2017). NMHCs were measured using a thermal desorption gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionisation detectors with data traceable to WMO standards. The ten most abundant NMHCs that were measured were the same at both Delhi and Mohali: propane, n-butane, acetylene, ethane, toluene, i-butane, ethene, i-pentane, benzene and propene and accounted for >50% of total measured NMHC mass concentration (137 ± 5.8 μg m-3 in Mohali and 239 ± 7.7 μg m-3 in Delhi). Ambient NMHCs and calculated hydroxyl radical reactivity were approximately twice as high in Delhi relative to Mohali, and 2-12 times higher than most other mega-cities, except Lahore and Karachi. Using chemical source signatures, traffic and LPG usage emissions were identified as the major contributor of these reactive NMHCs at both sites during nighttime, with additional minor contributions of garbage burning in Mohali, and evaporative fuel and biomass burning emissions in Delhi. Comparison of NMHC/CO and NMHC/C2H2 ratios over Mohali and Delhi, to other cities, suggested gasoline/petrol-fuelled vehicles were major NMHC emitters within the traffic source. The data from both Mohali and Delhi suggest that a large fraction of the fleet comprised vehicles with older emission control in both Mohali and Delhi. Analyses revealed poor representation of propene, ethene and trimethylbenzenes in the emission inventory (EDGARv4.3.2) over Mohali and Delhi. This study provides key data and new insights into the sources of reactive NMHCs (lifetime < few days) that drive regional wintertime pollution through direct effects and the formation of secondary pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sachin D Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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13
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Using High-Frequency Information and RH to Estimate AQI Based on SVR. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113630. [PMID: 34071076 PMCID: PMC8197084 DOI: 10.3390/s21113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan’s Executive Yuan has set up many air quality monitoring stations to monitor air pollution in the environment. The current weather forecast also includes information used to predict air pollution. Since air quality indicators have a considerable impact on people, the development of a simple, fast, and low-cost method to measure the AQI value is a worthy topic of research. In this study, a method was proposed to estimate AQI. Visibility had a clear positive relationship with AQI. When images and AQI were compared, it was easy to see that visibility decreased with the AQI value increase. Distance is the main factor affecting visibility, so measuring visibility with images has also become a research topic. Images with high and low PM2.5 concentrations were used to obtain regions of interest (RoI). The pixels in the RoI were calculated to obtain high-frequency information. The high-frequency information of RoI, RH, and true AQI was used for training via SVR, which was used to generate the model for AQI estimation. One year of experimental samples was collected for the experiment. Two indices were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed method could be used to estimate AQI with acceptable performance in a simple, fast, and low-cost way.
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14
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Hui L, Ma T, Gao Z, Gao J, Wang Z, Xue L, Liu H, Liu J. Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds during high ozone episodes: A case study at a site in the eastern Guanzhong Plain, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129072. [PMID: 33302209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study performed continuous measurements of 105 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Weinan in the eastern Guanzhong Plain from 1 July to September 19, 2019. Ozone (O3) episode and non-episode days were identified according to China Ambient Air Quality Standard, and the concentrations of total quantified VOCs (TVOCs) were 33.43 ± 13.64 ppbv and 29.13 ± 14.31 ppbv, respectively. During different O3 pollution episodes, alkanes comprised the highest proportion to TVOC concentrations, while alkenes contributed the most to ozone formation potential (OFP). In addition, O3 episode days were mainly caused by enhanced emissions of precursors and meteorological conditions favorable to O3 production. Based on Empirical Kinetic Modelling Approach (EKMA), the O3 formation in Weinan was found in the transitional regime, in which the synergistic reduction of VOCs and nitrogen oxide (NOx) would be more effective for O3 reduction. Eight sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, with natural gas (NG)/liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage as the most significant contributor to VOC concentration, followed by vehicle exhaust, biomass burning, solvent usage, fuel evaporation, rubber/plastic industrial emissions, biogenic source, and mixed industrial emissions. Furthermore, rubber/plastic industrial emissions, solvent usage, fuel evaporation, and vehicle exhaust were the most significant sources to O3 formation. Based on conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), vehicle exhaust, fuel evaporation, and solvent usage were mainly local emissions, while other sources were mainly affected by regional transport. This study provides useful reference for research on the atmospheric photochemical formation of O3 and evidence for regional O3 reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Tong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zongjiang Gao
- Nanjing Intelligent Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250013, China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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15
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Gu Y, Liu B, Li Y, Zhang Y, Bi X, Wu J, Song C, Dai Q, Han Y, Ren G, Feng Y. Multi-scale volatile organic compound (VOC) source apportionment in Tianjin, China, using a receptor model coupled with 1-hr resolution data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115023. [PMID: 32593924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The multi-scale chemical characteristics and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analysed in Tianjin, China, using 1-hr resolution VOC-species data between November 1, 2018 and March 15, 2019. The average total VOC (TVOC) concentration was 30.6 ppbv during the heating season. The alkanes accounted for highest proportion of the TVOC, while the alkenes were the predominant species forming ozone, especially ethylene. Compared to the clean period, the concentration of acetylene during the haze events showed highest increase rate, followed by the ethane; and the concentrations and proportions of alkanes and alkenes were highest during the growth stage (GS) of haze events. The multi-scale apportionment results suggested petrochemical industry and solvent usage (PI/SU, 31.2%), vehicle emissions and liquefied petroleum gas (VE/LPG, 20.5%), and combustion emissions (CE, 19.1%) were the main VOC sources during the heating season. Compared to the clean period, the contributions of PI/SU, VE/LPG, CE, and refinery emissions notably increased during the haze events, while that of gasoline evaporation decreased. The contributions of PI/SU and RPI showed significantly increase during the GS of haze events, whereas most sources decreased during the dissipation stage of haze events. Diurnal-variations in source contributions during the haze events were clearer than the clean period, and the contributions of PI/SU, VE/LPG, and CE during the haze events were markedly higher at night. These findings provide valuable information to inform effective VOC control and prevention measures with specific relevance for the control of ozone pollution in Tianjin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yafei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yan Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ge Ren
- Ying Da Chang An Insurance Brokers Group CO., LTD, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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16
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Xiong Y, Du K. Source-resolved attribution of ground-level ozone formation potential from VOC emissions in Metropolitan Vancouver, BC. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137698. [PMID: 32169644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common regulatory approach for managing ground-level ozone (O3) formation is based upon reducing the emission of total VOC in VOC limited regions, and the emission of NOx in NOx limited regions. However, the characteristic VOC species emitted from different sources are of different ozone formation potentials (OFP). Without an in-depth understanding of the relative OFP contributions from specific sources, the effectiveness of the existing approach for controlling ground-level O3 at the regional scale is limited. This study collected and analyzed five years (2012-2016) of monitoring data for 56 most photochemically reactive VOC species at Port Moody, an industrial city in Metro Vancouver, Canada that has experienced elevated O3 levels in its ambience. Source-specific contributions to OFP were quantified for major VOC emitters to deliberate the underlying causes of elevated O3 recently observed in this populated region. Six sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, consisting of fuel production and combustion, fuel evaporation, vehicle exhaust, industrial coatings/solvents, petrochemical source, and other industrial emission. Although the top three contributors to total VOCs are fuel production and combustion (34.5%), fuel evaporation (21.4%), and vehicle exhaust (20.6%), the top three contributors to OFP are fuel production and combustion (27.1%), vehicle exhaust (23.7%), and industrial coatings/solvents (17.2%). Additionally, potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was conducted to generate the geographical distribution of VOC and OFP sources in different seasons. The results revealed that, in the Metro Vancouver area, the OFP hotspots have been significantly different from the VOC emission hotspots. In general, regional sources, especially those located in the northeastern direction of Metro Vancouver, have greater influence on the VOCs levels. However, OFP has been predominantly affected by transportation and industrial sources at the local scale. Therefore, to formulate effective strategies for reducing ground-level O3, the seasonal and spatial variations of major OFP sources should be assessed by the regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
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17
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Song J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yuan Q, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zou S, Xu W, Lai S. A case study on the characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons over the South China Sea: Implication of land-sea air exchange. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:134754. [PMID: 31837869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the characteristics of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) over the northern South China Sea (SCS) during a cruise campaign from September to October 2013. The mixing ratios of the total NMHCs ranged from 1.45 to 7.13 ppbv with an average of 3.54 ± 1.81 ppbv. Among the measured NMHCs, alkanes and aromatics were the major groups, accounting for 45.8 ± 8.7% and 28.7 ± 12.3% of the total NMHCs, respectively. Correlations of NMHCs with typical source tracers suggest that light alkanes and benzene were largely contributed by vehicular exhaust via long-range transport, while the other aromatics might be related to industrial sources and marine ship emissions. The spatial variations of NMHCs were observed with higher mixing ratios of NMHCs in the samples collected in the offshore areas than those in the coastal areas. Air mass back-trajectory analysis and diagnostic ratios of NMHCs show that the elevations of the total NMHCs were caused by the regional pollution transport from the southeast coast of China and/or southern China. The ozone formation potentials (OFPs) of NMHCs were calculated and the results show that the aromatics associated with marine ship emissions were the important contributors to the total OFP. This study provides useful information on the interaction between continental outflow and marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Luo H, Li G, Chen J, Lin Q, Ma S, Wang Y, An T. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and ozone formation potentials of volatile organic compounds from three typical functional areas in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109141. [PMID: 31999999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is currently one of the most important air pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can easily react with atmospheric radicals to form ozone. In-field measurement of VOCs may help in estimating the local VOC photochemical pollution level. METHOD This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of VOCs during winter at three typical sites of varying classification in China; industrial (Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development District (GETDD)), urban (Guangzhou higher education mega center (HEMC)), and rural (Pingyuan county (PYC)), using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). RESULTS The concentrations of total VOCs (TVOCs) at the GETDD, HEMC and PYC sites were 352.5, 129.2 and 75.1 ppb, respectively. The dominant category of VOCs is nitrogen-containing VOCs (NVOCs, accounting for 43.3% of TVOCs) at GETDD, of which C4H11N (m/z+ = 74.10, butyl amine) was the predominant chemical species (80.5%). In contrast, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the most abundant at HEMC and PYC, accounting for 60.2% and 64.1% of the total VOCs, respectively; here, CH4O (m/z+ = 33.026, methanol) was the major compound, accounting for 40.5% of the VOCs at HEMC and 50.9% at PYC. The ratios of toluene to benzene (T/B) were calculated for different measured sites, as the ratios of T/B can reveal source resolution of aromatic VOCs. The average contributions to total ozone formation potentials (OFP) of the total measured VOCs in each area were 604.9, 315.9 and 111.7 μg/m3 at GETDD, HEMC and PYC, respectively; the highest OFP contributors of the identified VOCs were aliphatic hydrocarbons (AlHs) at GETDD, aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) at HEMC, and OVOCs at PYC. CONCLUSIONS OFP assessment indicated that the photochemical pollution caused by VOCs at GETDD was serious, and was also significant in the HEMC region. The dominant VOC OFP groups (AlHs and AHs) should be prioritized for control, in order to help reduce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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19
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Petrochemical and Industrial Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds Analyzed via Regional Wind-Driven Network in Shanghai. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the development of industrialization and urbanization, secondary pollution is becoming increasingly serious in the Yangtze River Delta. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of the near-surface ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and other secondary pollutants. In this study, we chose a serious ozone pollution period (01 May–31 July 2017) in Jinshan, which is a petrochemical and industrial area in Shanghai. We explored the VOCs distribution characteristics and contribution to secondary pollutants via constructing a regional network based on wind patterns. We determined that dense pollutants were accumulated at adjacent sites under local circulation (LC), and pollution from petrochemical discharge was more serious than industry for all sites under southeast (SE) wind. We also found that cyclopentane, o-xylene, m/p-xylene, 1-3-butadiene, and 1-hexene were priority-controlled species as they were most vital to form secondary pollutants. This study proves that regional network analysis can be successfully applied to explore pollution characteristics and regional secondary pollutants formation.
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20
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Su YC, Chen WH, Fan CL, Tong YH, Weng TH, Chen SP, Kuo CP, Wang JL, Chang JS. Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) supported by Model Simulation and Source Markers - Using Petrochemical Emissions as a Showcase. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112848. [PMID: 31421578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of positive matrix factorization (PMF) in a region with a major Petrochemical Complex, a prominent source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as a showcase of PMF applications. The PMF analysis fully exploited the quality and quantity of the observation data, sufficed by a cluster of 9 monitoring sites within a 20 km radius of the petro-complex. Each site provided continuous data of 54 speciated VOCs and meteorological variables. Wind characteristics were highly seasonal and played a decisive role in the source-receptor relationship, hence the dataset was divided into three sub-sets in accordance with the prevailing wind flows. A full year of real-time data were analyzed by PMF to resolve into various distinct source types including petrochemical, urban, evaporative, long-range air parcels, etc., with some sites receiving more petro-influence than others. To minimize subjectivity in the assignment of the PMF source factors, as commonly seen in some PMF works, this study attempted to solidify PMF results by supporting with two tools of spatially/temporally resolved air-quality model simulations and observation data. By exploiting the two supporting tools, the dynamic process of individual sources to a receptor were rationalized. Percent contributions from these sources to the receptor sites were calculated by summing over the occurrence of different source types. Interestingly, although the Petro-complex is the single largest local VOC source in the 20 km radius study domain, all monitoring sites in the region received far less influence from the Petro-complex than from other emission types within or outside the region, which together add up to more than 70% of the total VOC abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng-Po Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, USA
| | | | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan.
| | - Julius S Chang
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, USA
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21
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Song M, Liu X, Tan Q, Feng M, Qu Y, An J, Zhang Y. Characteristics and formation mechanism of persistent extreme haze pollution events in Chengdu, southwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:1-12. [PMID: 31071625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extreme PM2.5 and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) pollution often occurs simultaneously during the winter. To study the formation mechanism of two pollution events in Chengdu from 23 December 2016 to 31 January 2017, we explored the weather conditions, chemical composition, secondary pollutant conversion, aerosol hygroscopic growth, and potential source contribution function (PSCF) during this period. During the study period, the humidity was high (67.9%), the wind speed was low (1.0 m s-1), the height of the planetary boundary layer was low (463.4 m), and the atmosphere remained stationary. The potential source regions of PM2.5 and NMHCs were locally polluted sites in the southwestern and southern regions of Chengdu, affected by the southwesterly air mass trajectories. PM2.5 and sulfur oxidation ratios (SOR), nitrogen oxidation ratios (NOR) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) showed a strong positive correlation. As pollution increased, the conversion from SO2, NOx and NMHCs to sulfate, nitrate and SOAs increased, resulting in an increase in the secondary aerosol concentration. As the relative humidity increases, aerosols begin to undergo rapid hygroscopic growth, which seriously affects the visibility of the atmosphere. In general, pollutant emissions, static weather, and secondary conversion, among other factors, lead to the occurrence of this persistent extreme haze pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Sun J, Wang Y, Wu F, Tang G, Wang L, Wang Y, Yang Y. Vertical characteristics of VOCs in the lower troposphere over the North China Plain during pollution periods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:907-915. [PMID: 29157970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, photochemical smog and gray haze-fog have frequently appeared over northern China. To determine the spatial distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOC) during a pollution period, tethered balloon flights were conducted over a suburban site on the North China Plain. Statistical analysis showed that the VOCs concentrations peaked at the surface, and decreased with altitude. A rapid decrease appeared from the surface to 400 m, with concnetrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and halocarbons decreasing by 48.0%, 53.3%, 43.3% and 51.1%, respectively. At heights in the range of 500-1000 m, alkenes concnetrations decline by 40.2%; alkanes and halocarbons concnetrations only decreased by 24.8% and 6.4%, respectively; and aromatics increased slightly by 5.5%. High concentrations VOCs covered a higher range of height (400 m) on heavy pollution days due to lacking of diffusion power. The VOCs concentrations decreased by 50% at 200 m on light pollution days. The transport of air mass affected the composition and concentration of high-altitude VOCs, especially on lightly polluted days. These air masses originated in areas with abundant traffic and combustion sources. Reactive aromatics (kOH>20,000 ppm-1 min-1 and kOH<20,000 ppm-1 min-1) were the main contributor to the ozone formation, accounting for 37%, on the surface on light pollution days. The contribution increased to 52% with pollution aggravated, and increased to 64% with height. The contributions of reactive aromatics were influenced by the degree of air mass aging. Under the umbrella of aging air mass, the contribution of reactive aromatics increased with height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Center of Technical Support and Service, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Fangkun Wu
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Center of Technical Support and Service, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lili Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
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23
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Bari MA, Kindzierski WB. Ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in communities of the Athabasca oil sands region: Sources and screening health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:602-614. [PMID: 29331893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of ambient levels and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and associated public health risks was carried out at two northern Alberta oil sands communities (Fort McKay and Fort McMurray located < 25 km and >30 km from oil sands development, respectively) for the period January 2010-March 2015. Levels of total detected VOCs were comparatively similar at both communities (Fort McKay: geometric mean = 22.8 μg/m3, interquartile range, IQR = 13.8-41 μg/m3); (Fort McMurray: geometric mean = 23.3 μg/m3, IQR = 12.0-41 μg/m3). In general, methanol (24%-50%), alkanes (26%-32%) and acetaldehyde (23%-30%) were the predominant VOCs followed by acetone (20%-24%) and aromatics (∼9%). Mean and maximum ambient concentrations of selected hazardous VOCs were compared to health risk screening criteria used by United States regulatory agencies. The Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify and apportion VOC sources at Fort McKay and Fort McMurray. Five sources were identified at Fort McKay, where four sources (oil sands fugitives, liquid/unburned fuel, ethylbenzene/xylene-rich and petroleum processing) were oil sands related emissions and contributed to 70% of total VOCs. At Fort McMurray six sources were identified, where local sources other than oil sands development were also observed. Contribution of aged air mass/regional transport including biomass burning emissions was ∼30% of total VOCs at both communities. Source-specific carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values were also calculated and were below acceptable and safe levels of risk, except for aged air mass/regional transport (at both communities), and ethylbenzene/xylene-rich (only at Fort McMurray).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Aynul Bari
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-57 South Academic Building, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9 Canada.
| | - Warren B Kindzierski
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-57 South Academic Building, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9 Canada
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24
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Riedel TP, DeMarini DM, Zavala J, Warren SH, Corse EW, Offenberg JH, Kleindienst TE, Lewandowski M. Mutagenic atmospheres resulting from the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon and NO x mixtures. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2018; 178:164-172. [PMID: 29725240 PMCID: PMC5921836 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated to limit air pollution and the consequent health effects, the photooxidation products generally are not. Thus, we examined the mutagenicity in Salmonella TA100 of photochemical atmospheres generated in a steady-state atmospheric simulation chamber by irradiating mixtures of single aromatic VOCs, NOx, and ammonium sulfate seed aerosol in air. The 10 VOCs examined were benzene; toluene; ethylbenzene; o-, m-, and p-xylene; 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene; m-cresol; and naphthalene. Salmonella were exposed at the air-agar interface to the generated atmospheres for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 h. Dark-control exposures produced non-mutagenic atmospheres, illustrating that the gas-phase precursor VOCs were not mutagenic at the concentrations tested. Under irradiation, all but m-cresol and naphthalene produced mutagenic atmospheres, with potencies ranging from 2.0 (p-xylene) to 10.4 (ethylbenzene) revertants m3 mgC-1 h-1. The mutagenicity was due exclusively to direct-acting late-generation products of the photooxidation reactions. Gas-phase chemical analysis showed that a number of oxidized organic chemical species enhanced during the irradiated exposure experiments correlated (r ≥ 0.81) with the mutagenic potencies of the atmospheres. Molecular formulas assigned to these species indicated that they likely contained peroxy acid, aldehyde, alcohol, and other functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theran P. Riedel
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jose Zavala
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Eric W. Corse
- Jacobs Technology, Cary, North Carolina, United States
| | - John H. Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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25
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Abstract
Though refineries and petrochemical industries meet society’s energy demands and produce a range of useful chemicals, they can also affect air quality. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified polluted air as the single largest environmental risk, and hence it is necessary to strive for and maintain good air quality. To manage potential health impacts, it is important to implement proper air quality management by understanding the link between specific pollutant sources and resulting population exposures. These industries release pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds, greenhouse gases and particulate matter, from various parts of their operations. Air quality should be monitored and controlled more meticulously in developing nations where increased energy demands, industrialization and overpopulation has led to more emissions and lower air quality. This paper presents a review of findings and highlights from various studies on air quality impacts of petroleum refining and petrochemical plants in many regions in the world.
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26
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An J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu B. Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds in an Urban Environment at the Yangtze River Delta, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 72:335-348. [PMID: 28190079 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected continuously during June-August 2013 and December 2013-February 2014 at an urban site in Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta. The positive matrix factorization receptor model was used to analyse the sources of VOCs in different seasons. Eight and seven sources were identified in summer and winter, respectively. In summer and winter, the dominant sources of VOCs were vehicular emissions, liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas (LPG/NG) usage, solvent usage, biomass/biofuel burning, and industrial production. In summer, vehicular emissions made the most significant contribution to ambient VOCs (38%), followed by LPG/NG usage (20%), solvent usage (19%), biomass/biofuel burning (13%), and industrial production (10%). In winter, LPG/NG usage accounted for 36% of ambient VOCs, whereas vehicular emissions, biomass/biofuel burning, industrial production and solvent usage contributed 30, 18, 9, and 6%, respectively. The contribution of LPG/NG usage in winter was approximately four times that in summer, whereas the contribution from biomass/biofuel burning in winter was more than twice that in summer. The sources related to vehicular emissions and LPG/NG usages were important. Using conditional probability function analysis, the VOC sources were mainly associated with easterly, northeasterly and southeasterly directions, pointing towards the major expressway and industrial area. Using the propylene-equivalent method, paint and varnish (23%) was the highest source of VOCs in summer and biomass/biofuel burning (36%) in winter. Using the ozone formation potential method, the most important source was biomass/biofuel burning (32% in summer and 47% in winter). The result suggests that the biomass/biofuel burning and paint and varnish play important roles in controlling ozone chemical formation in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Junxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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27
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Liu B, Liang D, Yang J, Dai Q, Bi X, Feng Y, Yuan J, Xiao Z, Zhang Y, Xu H. Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds based on 1-year of observational data in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:757-769. [PMID: 27567166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
From November 2014 to October 2015, the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), O3 and NOx were simultaneously monitored by using online instruments at the air monitoring station belonged to Tianjin Environmental Protection Bureau (TEPB). The results indicated that VOCs concentrations were higher in autumn and lower in spring, while O3 concentrations were higher in summer, and lower in winter. The diurnal variations of VOCs and NOx (NO2 plus NO) showed opposite tendency comparing to that of O3. The concentrations of alkanes were higher (the average of 18.2 ppbv) than that of aromatics (5.3 ppbv) and alkenes (5.2 ppbv), however, the alkenes and aromatics made larger contributions to ozone because of their high reactivity. Tianjin belonged to the VOC-limited region during most of seasons (except summer) according to the VOC/NOx ratios (the 8:1 threshold). The automobile exhaust, industrial emission, liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas (LPG/NG), combustion, gasoline evaporation, internal combustion engine emission and solvent usage were identified as major sources of VOCs by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model in Tianjin, and the contributions to VOCs for the entire year were 23.1%, 19.9%, 18.6%, 10.6%, 8.7%, 5.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The conditional probability function (CPF) analysis indicated that the contributing directions of automobile exhaust and industrial emission were mainly affected by source distributions, and that of other sources might be mainly affected by wind direction. The backward trajectory analysis indicated that the trajectory of air mass originated from Mongolia, which reflected the features of large-scale and long-distance air transport, and that of beginning in Jiangsu, Shandong and Tianjin, which showed the features of small-scale and short-distance. Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei and Northwest of Shandong were identified as major potential source-areas of VOCs by using potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Danni Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
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An J, Zou J, Wang J, Lin X, Zhu B. Differences in ozone photochemical characteristics between the megacity Nanjing and its suburban surroundings, Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19607-17. [PMID: 26272292 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid economic growth has led to a significant increase in ozone (O3) precursor emissions in many regions of China. Improved understanding of O3 formation in response to different precursor emissions is imperative to address the highly nonlinear O3 problem and to provide a solid scientific basis for efficient O3 abatement in these regions. A comparative study was conducted in summer using a set of observational data at urban and suburban sites in Nanjing. The results showed that high O3 concentrations were frequently encountered at both sites. The probability distributions of O3 in both sites show a fair resemblance to each other, suggesting strong regional mixing over the polluted Nanjing. A distinction between the characteristics of O3 precursors has been found at different sites. During the observation period, O3 concentrations varied monthly, reaching a minimum in June and peaking in August. The daily maximum O3 concentration was found to exceed 80 ppb for 27 days at residential area (RA), whereas it only exceeded 80 ppb for 22 days at industrial area (IA), 16 days at traffic area (TA), and 14 days at commercial area (CA). This pattern suggests a higher continuous ozone exposure risk at RA. The daily maximum O3 concentrations at different sites were 135.1 ppb (IA), 134.1 ppb (RA), 129.2 ppb (TA), and 110.6 ppb (CA), respectively. The daily maximum O3 concentration occurred at 16:00 in IA, at 17:00 in TA and CA, and at 18:00 in RA. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) showed similar double-peak diurnal cycles. NO2 showed maximum values in June and minimum values in July. CO showed a similar diurnal variation to NO2. This effect may be explained by their common sources and the similar chemical losses. During the day, O3 tended to rapidly increase during the morning, reaching a maximum value of 9-11 ppb h(-1). The differences in O3 and NO2 between workdays and weekends were small. The CO levels were higher on weekdays than on weekends in urban areas and were higher on weekends than on weekdays in suburban areas. A sensitivity study performed with an observation-based model (OBM) showed alkenes to be the largest contributor to O3 production. The production of O3 in the Nanjing area is generally limited by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whereas high nitric oxide (NO) concentrations suppress O3 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin An
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jianan Zou
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Junxiu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Wang M, Chen W, Shao M, Lu S, Zeng L, Hu M. Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 28:128-136. [PMID: 25662247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25th to 27th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th-8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene (T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was 5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2-1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wentai Chen
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Tao S, Lu X, Levac N, Bateman AP, Nguyen TB, Bones DL, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A, Yang X. Molecular characterization of organosulfates in organic aerosols from Shanghai and Los Angeles urban areas by nanospray-desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10993-1001. [PMID: 25184338 DOI: 10.1021/es5024674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fine aerosol particles in the urban areas of Shanghai and Los Angeles were collected on days that were characterized by their stagnant air and high organic aerosol concentrations. They were analyzed by nanospray-desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with high mass resolution (m/Δm = 100,000). Solvent mixtures of acetonitrile and water and acetonitrile and toluene were used to extract and ionize polar and nonpolar compounds, respectively. A diverse mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons, organosulfates, organonitrates, and organics with reduced nitrogen were detected in the Los Angeles sample. A majority of the organics in the Shanghai sample were detected as organosulfates. The dominant organosulfates that were detected at two locations have distinctly different molecular characteristics. Specifically, the organosulfates in the Los Angeles sample were dominated by biogenic products, while the organosulfates of a yet unknown origin found in the Shanghai sample had distinctive characteristics of long aliphatic carbon chains and low degrees of oxidation and unsaturation. The use of the acetonitrile and toluene solvent facilitated the observation of this type of organosulfates, which suggests that they could have been missed in previous studies that relied on sample extraction using common polar solvents. The high molecular weight and low degree of unsaturation and oxidization of the uncommon organosulfates suggest that they may act as surfactants and plausibly affect the surface tension and hygroscopicity of atmospheric particles. We propose that direct esterification of carbonyl or hydroxyl compounds by sulfates or sulfuric acid in the liquid phase could be the formation pathway of these special organosulfates. Long-chain alkanes from vehicle emissions might be their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikang Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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Salameh T, Afif C, Sauvage S, Borbon A, Locoge N. Speciation of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from anthropogenic sources in Beirut, Lebanon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10867-10877. [PMID: 24833189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of emissions from the different anthropogenic sources of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) is essential for modeling and source apportionment studies. The speciated profiles of major NMHC sources in Lebanon, including road transport, gasoline vapor, power generation, and solvent use were established. Field sampling have been carried out by canisters in 2012. Around 67 NMHC (C2 to C9) were identified and quantified by using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Typical features of the roadway emissions included high percentages of isopentane, butane, toluene, xylenes, ethylene, and ethyne. Gasoline evaporation profiles included high percentage of the C4-C5 saturated hydrocarbons reaching 59 %. The main compounds of the power generator emissions are related to combustion. Toluene and C8-C9 aromatics were the most abundant species in emissions from paint applications. Finally, the impact of the use of region-specific source profile is tackled regarding the implication on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Salameh
- Université Lille Nord de France, 59000, Lille, France,
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32
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Amodio M, de Gennaro G, Marzocca A, Trizio L, Tutino M. Assessment of impacts produced by anthropogenic sources in a little city near an important industrial area (Modugno, Southern Italy). ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:150397. [PMID: 23476120 PMCID: PMC3582101 DOI: 10.1155/2013/150397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An annual monitoring campaign of VOCs, consisting of twelve sampling periods, was carried out from June 2008 to June 2009 in Modugno, a city located in the Apulia region (Southern Italy), in order to assess the urban air quality, identify the main emission sources, and quantify the cancer and no-cancer risk attributable to inhalation exposures. Monitoring, carried out by using the Radiello diffusive samplers, was conducted in eleven sampling sites throughout the city taking into account the traffic density and the architecture of the city. From the study of the data, it was found that, among all considered VOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are the pollutants at higher concentration. The analysis of VOC concentrations, the study of the topography of the city, and the use of different diagnostic ratios between the BTEX species showed that the vehicular traffic emissions were the predominant source of VOCs in the urban area of Modugno. Despite that the annual concentration of benzene is lower than the regulatory limit, the estimation of cancer risk showed that the global lifetime cancer risk attributed to the investigated VOC exposure was not negligible and therefore should be taken into account in future regulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Amodio
- LEnviroS srl, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi de Gennaro
- LEnviroS srl, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Marzocca
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Trizio
- LEnviroS srl, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tutino
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Neuman JA, Aikin KC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Holloway JS, Meinardi S, Nowak JB, Parrish DD, Peischl J, Perring AE, Pollack IB, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Trainer M. Ozone and alkyl nitrate formation from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill atmospheric emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wood EC, Herndon SC, Fortner EC, Onasch TB, Wormhoudt J, Kolb CE, Knighton WB, Lee BH, Zavala M, Molina L, Jones M. Combustion and Destruction/Removal Efficiencies of In-Use Chemical Flares in the Greater Houston Area. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202717m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezra C. Wood
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821,
United States
- Department
of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, 330 Arnold House, 715
North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9304, United States
| | - Scott C. Herndon
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821,
United States
| | - Ed C. Fortner
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821,
United States
| | - Timothy B. Onasch
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821,
United States
| | - Joda Wormhoudt
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821,
United States
| | - Charles E. Kolb
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821,
United States
| | - W. Berk Knighton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, 103 Chemistry and Biochemistry
Building, P.O. Box 173400, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Ben H. Lee
- School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Harvard University, Geological
Museum, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Miguel Zavala
- Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, 3252 Holiday Court, Suite
223, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Luisa Molina
- Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, 3252 Holiday Court, Suite
223, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marvin Jones
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, 12100 Park 35 Circle, Austin, Texas 78753,
United States
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35
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Park C, Schade GW, Boedeker I. Characteristics of the flux of isoprene and its oxidation products in an urban area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhyoun Park
- Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Gunnar W. Schade
- Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Ian Boedeker
- Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
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36
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Schade GW, Khan S, Park C, Boedeker I. Rural southeast Texas air quality measurements during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:1070-1081. [PMID: 22070040 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2011.608621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The authors conducted air quality measurements of the criteria pollutants carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone together with meteorological measurements at a park site southeast of College Station, TX, during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study II (TexAQS). Ozone, a primary focus of the measurements, was above 80 ppb during 3 days and above 75 ppb during additional 8 days in summer 2006, suggestive of possible violations of the ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in this area. In concordance with other air quality measurements during the TexAQS II, elevated ozone mixing ratios coincided with northerly flows during days after cold front passages. Ozone background during these days was as high as 80 ppb, whereas southerly air flows generally provided for an ozone background lower than 40 ppb. Back trajectory analysis shows that local ozone mixing ratios can also be strongly affected by the Houston urban pollution plume, leading to late afternoon ozone increases of as high as 50 ppb above background under favorable transport conditions. The trajectory analysis also shows that ozone background increases steadily the longer a southern air mass resides over Texas after entering from the Gulf of Mexico. In light of these and other TexAQS findings, it appears that ozone air quality is affected throughout east Texas by both long-range and regional ozone transport, and that improvements therefore will require at least a regionally oriented instead of the current locally oriented ozone precursor reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar W Schade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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37
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Boeke NL, Marshall JD, Alvarez S, Chance KV, Fried A, Kurosu TP, Rappenglück B, Richter D, Walega J, Weibring P, Millet DB. Formaldehyde columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Urban versus background levels and evaluation using aircraft data and a global model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 116. [PMID: 33716354 DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
[1] We combine aircraft measurements (Second Texas Air Quality Study, Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations, Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment: Phase B) over the United States, Mexico, and the Pacific with a 3-D model (GEOS-Chem) to evaluate formaldehyde column (ΩHCHO) retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and assess the information they provide on HCHO across local to regional scales and urban to background regimes. OMI ΩHCHO correlates well with columns derived from aircraft measurements and GEOS-Chem (R = 0.80). For the full data ensemble, OMI's mean bias is -3% relative to aircraft-derived ΩHCHO (-17% where ΩHCHO > 5 × 1015 molecules cm-2) and -8% relative to GEOS-Chem, within expected uncertainty for the retrieval. Some negative bias is expected for the satellite and model, given the plume sampling of many flights and averaging over the satellite and model footprints. Major axis regression for OMI versus aircraft and model columns yields slopes (95% confidence intervals) of 0.80 (0.62-1.03) and 0.98 (0.73-1.35), respectively, with no significant intercept. Aircraft measurements indicate that the normalized vertical HCHO distribution, required by the satellite retrieval, is well captured by GEOS-Chem, except near Mexico City. Using measured HCHO profiles in the retrieval algorithm does not improve satellite-aircraft agreement, suggesting that use of a global model to specify shape factors does not substantially degrade retrievals over polluted areas. While the OMI measurements show that biogenic volatile organic compounds dominate intra-annual and regional ΩHCHO variability across the United States, smaller anthropogenic ΩHCHO gradients are detectable at finer spatial scales (∼20-200 km) near many urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Boeke
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sergio Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly V Chance
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas P Kurosu
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernhard Rappenglück
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - James Walega
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Petter Weibring
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Min S, Bin W, Sihua L, Bin Y, Ming W. Effects of Beijing Olympics control measures on reducing reactive hydrocarbon species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:514-519. [PMID: 21128631 DOI: 10.1021/es102357t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stringent air-quality control measures were implemented for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. This large-scale manmade experiment provided an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to reduce the reactivity of hydrocarbons (HCs) from emission sources, which is important for ground-level ozone abatement. Photochemical initial concentrations (PICs), i.e., the levels of HCs from sources before undergoing chemical reactions, were calculated from ambient measurements. PICs obtained using the ratio method for HCs and the sequential reaction model for alkyl nitrates were in good agreement. Propene, 1-butene, iso-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-pentene, and m,p-xylene were identified as key reactive species in terms of their photochemical consumptions and correspondent ozone formation potentials (OFPs). During the Olympics and Paralympics, the PICs of these seven species were reduced by 27-66%, contributing 20% to the reduction in total PICs and 60% to the reduction in total OFP compared with June levels. Source apportionments from the chemical mass balance model indicated that gasoline vehicle exhaust was the predominant contributor to the key reactive species (45-78%). Reductions of gasoline vehicle exhaust during the Olympics and Paralympics explained 53-77% and 59-68% of the reductions in PICs of the key reactive HCs and total OFP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Min
- The State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Zaveri RA, Voss PB, Berkowitz CM, Fortner E, Zheng J, Zhang R, Valente RJ, Tanner RL, Holcomb D, Hartley TP, Baran L. Overnight atmospheric transport and chemical processing of photochemically aged Houston urban and petrochemical industrial plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Washenfelder RA, Trainer M, Frost GJ, Ryerson TB, Atlas EL, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Holloway JS, Parrish DD, Peischl J, Richter D, Schauffler SM, Walega JG, Warneke C, Weibring P, Zheng W. Characterization of NOx, SO2, ethene, and propene from industrial emission sources in Houston, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Rivera C, Mellqvist J, Samuelsson J, Lefer B, Alvarez S, Patel MR. Quantification of NO2and SO2emissions from the Houston Ship Channel and Texas City industrial areas during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Parrish DD, Allen DT, Bates TS, Estes M, Fehsenfeld FC, Feingold G, Ferrare R, Hardesty RM, Meagher JF, Nielsen-Gammon JW, Pierce RB, Ryerson TB, Seinfeld JH, Williams EJ. Overview of the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Gilman JB, Kuster WC, Goldan PD, Herndon SC, Zahniser MS, Tucker SC, Brewer WA, Lerner BM, Williams EJ, Harley RA, Fehsenfeld FC, Warneke C, de Gouw JA. Measurements of volatile organic compounds during the 2006 TexAQS/GoMACCS campaign: Industrial influences, regional characteristics, and diurnal dependencies of the OH reactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Tang JH, Chan LY, Chang CC, Liu S, Li YS. Characteristics and sources of non-methane hydrocarbons in background atmospheres of eastern, southwestern, and southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Liu Y, Shao M, Kuster WC, Goldan PD, Li X, Lu S, de Gouw JA. Source identification of reactive hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs in the summertime in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:75-81. [PMID: 19209587 DOI: 10.1021/es801716n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is important to identify the sources of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Beijing for effective ground-level ozone abatement. In this paper, semihourly measurements of hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were taken at an urban site in Beijing in August2005. C2-C5 alkenes, isoprene, and C1-C3 aldehydes were determined as "key reactive species" by their OH loss rates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to define the major sources of reactive species and to classify the dominant air mass types at the sampling site. Vehicle exhaust was the largest contributor to reactive alkenes. More aged air masses with enriched OVOCs traveled mainly from the east or southeast of Beijing. The OVOC sources were estimated by a least-squares fit approach and included primary emissions, secondary sources, and background. Approximately half of the C1-C3 aldehydes were attributed to secondary sources, while regional background accounted for 21-23% of the mixing ratios of aldehydes. Primary anthropogenic emissions were comparable to biogenic contributions (10-16%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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46
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Bates TS, Quinn PK, Coffman D, Schulz K, Covert DS, Johnson JE, Williams EJ, Lerner BM, Angevine WM, Tucker SC, Brewer WA, Stohl A. Boundary layer aerosol chemistry during TexAQS/GoMACCS 2006: Insights into aerosol sources and transformation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Millet DB, Jacob DJ, Boersma KF, Fu TM, Kurosu TP, Chance K, Heald CL, Guenther A. Spatial distribution of isoprene emissions from North America derived from formaldehyde column measurements by the OMI satellite sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Badol C, Locoge N, Léonardis T, Galloo JC. Using a source-receptor approach to characterise VOC behaviour in a French urban area influenced by industrial emissions. Part I: study area description, data set acquisition and qualitative data analysis of the data set. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 389:441-452. [PMID: 17956761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The global objective of this two part study was (1) to conduct VOC measurements in order to further understand VOC behaviour in an urban area influenced by industrial emissions and (2) to evaluate the role of these specific sources relative to urban sources. In this first paper a thorough descriptive and qualitative analysis is performed. A second article will be devoted to the quantitative analysis using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) modelling. In the Dunkerque (France) area most industrial sources are situated in the north and the west of the receptor site whereas urban and traffic sources are located in the south and the east. A data set constituted of nearly 330,000 VOC data has been developed from the hourly measurements of 53 VOCs for 1 year from September 2002 to August 2003. It also contains meteorological parameters such as temperature, wind direction and wind speed. Using different graphical methods, the influence of the different sources on the ambient VOC concentrations has been highlighted at different time scales. In this work, the analysis of daily time series for the 53 VOCs shows the influence of traffic exhaust emissions because of the increases at traffic rush hours. Besides, the seasonal evolution of the VOC/acetylene ratio points out the influence of evaporative sources on ambient VOC concentration. Concerning other point sources, the variations of measured VOC concentrations for different wind directions and scatter plots of VOC hourly concentrations highlight the influence of some industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Badol
- Ecole des Mines de Douai, Département Chimie et Environnement, 941 rue Charles Bourseul, BP 10838, 59508 Douai Cedex, France.
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Pszenny AAP, Fischer EV, Russo RS, Sive BC, Varner RK. Estimates of Cl atom concentrations and hydrocarbon kinetic reactivity in surface air at Appledore Island, Maine (USA), during International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation/Chemistry of Halogens at the Isles of Shoals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. P. Pszenny
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | | | - Rachel S. Russo
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Barkley C. Sive
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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Williams EJ, Fehsenfeld FC, Jobson BT, Kuster WC, Goldan PD, Stutz J, McClenny WA. Comparison of ultraviolet absorbance, chemiluminescence, and DOAS instruments for ambient ozone monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:5755-62. [PMID: 17007137 DOI: 10.1021/es0523542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the accuracy of ozone measurements made by monitors that determine ozone concentrations in ambient air by UV absorption. These monitors are typically used to measure ozone for the purpose of establishing local compliance to air-quality standards. The study was predicated by the concern that commercially available UV absorbance O3 monitors may be subject to interference from volatile organic carbon (VOC) species that absorb light at 254 nm. To test for these and other effects, we compared simultaneous O3 measurements made by a commercial UV O3 monitor with an O3-NO chemiluminescence instrument, which is not subject to interference by VOC compounds. The comparisons were carried out in the summers of 1999 and 2000 at urban/industrial sites in Nashville and Houston, and in 2004 aboard a ship in the Gulf of Maine. In the two urban areas, we also compared the 03 measurements from these two methods with O3 measurements made by a long-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS). Our tests indicate that, with well-maintained monitors, there are no significant interferences even in areas with significant ambient concentrations of potentially interfering VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Williams
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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