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Investigation of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) Ozone in East Asia. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) ozone has emerged in recent years to address the air quality baseline on the theoretical limits of air pollution controls. In this study, the influence of Long-range Transport (LRT) of air pollutants from North America and the effect of Stratosphere-Troposphere Transport (STT) on PRB ozone was investigated using GEOS-Chem coupled WRF-CMAQ modelling system. Four distinct seasons in 2006 were simulated to understand better the seasonal and geographical impacts of these externalities on PRB ozone over East Asia (EA). Overall, the LRT impact from North America has been found to be ~0.54 ppbv, while the maximum impacts were found at the mountain stations with values of 2.3 ppbv, 3.3 ppbv, 2.3 ppbv, and 3.0 ppbv for January, April, July, and October, respectively. In terms of PRB ozone, the effect of STT has enhanced the surface background ozone by ~3.0 ppbv, with a maximum impact of 7.8 ppbv found in the northeastern part of East Asia (near Korea and Japan). Springtime (i.e., April) has the most vital STT signals caused by relatively cold weather and unstable atmospheric condition resulting from the transition of the monsoon season. The simulated PRB ozone based on the mean values of the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) is 53 ppbv for spring (April) and 22 ppbv for summer (July). Up to ~1.0 ppbv and ~2.2 ppbv of MDA8 ozone were attributed to LRT and STT, respectively. Among the selected cities, Beijing and Guangzhou have received the most substantial anthropogenic enhancement in MDA8 ozone in summer, ranging from 40.0 ppbv to 56.0 ppbv.
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Zhao S, Russell MG, Hakami A, Capps SL, Turner MD, Henze DK, Percell PB, Resler J, Shen H, Russell AG, Nenes A, Pappin AJ, Napelenok SL, Bash JO, Fahey KM, Carmichael GR, Stanier CO, Chai T. A multiphase CMAQ version 5.0 adjoint. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 13:2925-2944. [PMID: 33343831 PMCID: PMC7745733 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-2925-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a multiphase adjoint for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, a widely used chemical transport model. The adjoint model provides location- and time-specific gradients that can be used in various applications such as backward sensitivity analysis, source attribution, optimal pollution control, data assimilation, and inverse modeling. The science processes of the CMAQ model include gas-phase chemistry, aerosol dynamics and thermodynamics, cloud chemistry and dynamics, diffusion, and advection. Discrete adjoints are implemented for all the science processes, with an additional continuous adjoint for advection. The development of discrete adjoints is assisted with algorithmic differentiation (AD) tools. Particularly, the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) is implemented for gas-phase and aqueous chemistry, and two different automatic differentiation tools are used for other processes such as clouds, aerosols, diffusion, and advection. The continuous adjoint of advection is developed manually. For adjoint validation, the brute-force or finite-difference method (FDM) is implemented process by process with box- or column-model simulations. Due to the inherent limitations of the FDM caused by numerical round-off errors, the complex variable method (CVM) is adopted where necessary. The adjoint model often shows better agreement with the CVM than with the FDM. The adjoints of all science processes compare favorably with the FDM and CVM. In an example application of the full multiphase adjoint model, we provide the first estimates of how emissions of particulate matter (PM2.5) affect public health across the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunliu Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Matthew G. Russell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Amir Hakami
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shannon L. Capps
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Daven K. Henze
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter B. Percell
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jaroslav Resler
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 182 07, Czech Republic
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30331, USA
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30331, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30331, USA
- School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Amanda J. Pappin
- Air Health Effects Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sergey L. Napelenok
- Atmospheric & Environmental Systems Modeling Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Atmospheric & Environmental Systems Modeling Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Atmospheric & Environmental Systems Modeling Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gregory R. Carmichael
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Charles O. Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tianfeng Chai
- College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Turner MD, Henze DK, Hakami A, Zhao S, Resler J, Carmichael GR, Stanier CO, Baek J, Sandu A, Russell AG, Nenes A, Jeong GR, Capps SL, Percell PB, Pinder RW, Napelenok SL, Bash JO, Chai T. Differences between magnitudes and health impacts of BC emissions across the United States using 12 km scale seasonal source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4362-4371. [PMID: 25729920 DOI: 10.1021/es505968b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent assessments have analyzed the health impacts of PM2.5 from emissions from different locations and sectors using simplified or reduced-form air quality models. Here we present an alternative approach using the adjoint of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, which provides source-receptor relationships at highly resolved sectoral, spatial, and temporal scales. While damage resulting from anthropogenic emissions of BC is strongly correlated with population and premature death, we found little correlation between damage and emission magnitude, suggesting that controls on the largest emissions may not be the most efficient means of reducing damage resulting from anthropogenic BC emissions. Rather, the best proxy for locations with damaging BC emissions is locations where premature deaths occur. Onroad diesel and nonroad vehicle emissions are the largest contributors to premature deaths attributed to exposure to BC, while onroad gasoline emissions cause the highest deaths per amount emitted. Emissions in fall and winter contribute to more premature deaths (and more per amount emitted) than emissions in spring and summer. Overall, these results show the value of the high-resolution source attribution for determining the locations, seasons, and sectors for which BC emission controls have the most effective health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Turner
- †Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daven K Henze
- †Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amir Hakami
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shunliu Zhao
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jaroslav Resler
- §Nonlinear Modeling, Institute of Computer Science, Prague 182 07, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory R Carmichael
- ∥Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Charles O Stanier
- ∥Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jaemeen Baek
- ∥Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Adrian Sandu
- ⊥Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Athanasios Nenes
- ▲School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gill-Ran Jeong
- ◇Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul 156-849, Republic of Korea
| | - Shannon L Capps
- □Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Peter B Percell
- ◆Department of Geosciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Rob W Pinder
- □Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Sergey L Napelenok
- □Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jesse O Bash
- □Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Tianfeng Chai
- ■College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- △Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Estimating Aerosol Emissions by Assimilating Remote Sensing Observations into a Global Transport Model. REMOTE SENSING 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/rs4113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kondo Y, Oshima N, Kajino M, Mikami R, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Verma RL, Kajii Y, Kato S, Takami A. Emissions of black carbon in East Asia estimated from observations at a remote site in the East China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hu Y, Odman MT, Russell AG. Top-down analysis of the elemental carbon emissions inventory in the United States by inverse modeling using Community Multiscale Air Quality model with decoupled direct method (CMAQ-DDM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kopacz M, Jacob DJ, Henze DK, Heald CL, Streets DG, Zhang Q. Comparison of adjoint and analytical Bayesian inversion methods for constraining Asian sources of carbon monoxide using satellite (MOPITT) measurements of CO columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hakami A, Henze DK, Seinfeld JH, Singh K, Sandu A, Kim S, Byun D, Li Q. The adjoint of CMAQ. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:7807-17. [PMID: 18075092 DOI: 10.1021/es070944p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An adjoint model for the internationally used Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling platform of the U.S. EPA is developed. The adjoint version for CMAQ (CMAQ-ADJ) provides the user community with forward (decoupled direct method or DDM) and backward (adjoint) sensitivity analysis capabilities. Current implementation is for gas-phase processes. Discrete adjoints are implemented for all processes with the exception of horizontal advection, for which, because of inherent discontinuities in the advection scheme, the continuous approach is superior. The adjoint of chemistry is constructed by interfacing CMAQ with the kinetic pre-processor, which provides for increased flexibility in the choice of chemical solver and facilitates the implementation of new chemical mechanisms. The adjoint implementation is evaluated both on a process-by-process basis and for the full model. In general, adjoint results show good agreement with brute-force and DDM sensitivities. As expected for a continuous adjoint implementation in a nonlinear scheme, the agreement is not perfect for horizontal transport. Sensitivities of various air quality, public health, and environmental metrics with respect to emissions are calculated using the adjoint method. In order to show applicability to regional climate studies, as an example, the sensitivities of these metrics with respect to local temperatures are calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hakami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Generoso S, Bréon FM, Chevallier F, Balkanski Y, Schulz M, Bey I. Assimilation of POLDER aerosol optical thickness into the LMDz-INCA model: Implications for the Arctic aerosol burden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hakami A, Seinfeld JH, Chai T, Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Sandu A. Adjoint sensitivity analysis of ozone nonattainment over the continental United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:3855-64. [PMID: 16830553 DOI: 10.1021/es052135g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An application of the adjoint method in air quality management is demonstrated. We use a continental scale chemical transport model (STEM) to calculate the sensitivities of a nationwide U.S. ozone national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) nonattainment metric to precursor emissions for the period July 1 to August 15, 2004. The model shows low bias and error (-4 and 24%, respectively), particularly for areas with high ozone concentrations. The nonattainment metric accounts for both 1-h and 8-h ozone standards, but is dominated by the 8-h exceedances (97% of the combined metric). Largest values of sensitivities are found to be with respect to emissions in the south and southeast U.S., Ohio River Valley, and California. When nonattainment sensitivities are integrated over the entire U.S., NOx emissions account for the largest contribution (62% of the total), followed by biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs (24% and 14%, respectively). For NOx emissions, point/area and mobile sources account for 54% and 46% of the total sensitivities, respectively. We also provide a state-by-state comparison for the nonattainment magnitude, nonattainment sensitivity, and emission magnitudes to explore the influence of interstate transport of ozone and its precursors, and policy implications of the results. Our analysis of the nationwide ozone nonattainment metric suggests that simple cap-and-trade programs may prove inadequate in achieving sought-after air quality objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hakami
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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