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Xu H, Xiao K, Pan J, Fu Q, Wei X, Zhou J, Yu Y, Hu X, Ren H, Cheng J, Peng S, Hong N, Ye Y, Su N, He Z, Hu T. Evidence of aircraft activity impact on local air quality: A study in the context of uncommon airport operation. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:603-615. [PMID: 36375942 PMCID: PMC8900605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) was suspended to contain the spread of COVID-19, while Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) saw a tremendous flight reduction. Closure of a major international airport is extremely rare and thus represents a unique opportunity to straightforwardly observe the impact of airport emissions on local air quality. In this study, a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the variations in air pollutant levels in the vicinity of WUH and SHA. The results of bivariate polar plots show that airport SHA and WUH are a major source of nitrogen oxides. NOx, NO2 and NO diminished by 55.8%, 44.1%, 76.9%, and 40.4%, 33.3% and 59.4% during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to those in the same period of 2018 and 2019, under a reduction in aircraft activities by 58.6% and 61.4%. The concentration of NO2, SO2 and PM2.5 decreased by 77.3%, 8.2%, 29.5%, right after the closure of airport WUH on 23 January 2020. The average concentrations of NO, NO2 and NOx scatter plots at downwind of SHA after the lockdown were 78.0%, 47.9%, 57.4% and 62.3%, 34.8%, 41.8% lower than those during the same period in 2018 and 2019. However, a significant increase in O3 levels by 50.0% and 25.9% at WUH and SHA was observed, respectively. These results evidently show decreased nitrogen oxides concentrations in the airport vicinity due to reduced aircraft activities, while amplified O3 pollution due to a lower titration by NO under strong reduction in NOx emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Wuhan Environmental Protection Science Academy, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; East China Air Traffic Management Bureau CAAC, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Junrui Zhou
- Wuhan Environmental Protection Science Academy, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xue Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huarui Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shitao Peng
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Ningning Hong
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Yin Ye
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Ning Su
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Zehui He
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
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Wilde SE, Hopkins JR, Lewis AC, Dunmore RE, Allen G, Pitt JR, Ward RS, Purvis RM. The air quality impacts of pre-operational hydraulic fracturing activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159702. [PMID: 36309263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a short phase in unconventional oil and natural gas (O&G) development. Before fracking there is a lengthy period of preparation, which can represent a significant proportion of the well lifecycle. Extensive infrastructure is delivered onto site, leading to increased volumes of heavy traffic, energy generation and construction work on site. Termed the "pre-operational" period, this is rarely investigated as air quality evaluations typically focus on the extraction phase. In this work we quantify the change in air pollution during pre-operational activities at a shale gas exploration site near Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire, England. Baseline air quality measurements were made two years prior to any shale gas activity and were used as a training dataset for random forest (RF) machine learning models. The models allowed for a comparison between observed air quality during the pre-operational phase and a counterfactual business as usual (BAU) prediction. During the pre-operational phase a significant deviation from the BAU scenario was observed. This was characterised by significant enhancements in NOx and a concurrent reduction in O3, caused by extensive additional vehicle movements and the presence of combustion sources such as generators on the well pad. During the pre-operational period NOx increased by 274 % and O3 decreased by 29 % when compared to BAU model values. There was also an increase in primary emissions of NO2 during the pre-operational phase which may have implications for the attainment of ambient air quality standards in the local surroundings. Unconventional O&G development remains under discussion as a potential option for improving the security of supply of domestic energy, tensioned however against significant environmental impacts. Here we demonstrate that the preparative work needed to begin fracking elevates air pollution in its own right, a further potential disbenefit that should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona E Wilde
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - James R Hopkins
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alastair C Lewis
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rachel E Dunmore
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Grant Allen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchetser, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joseph R Pitt
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchetser, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robert S Ward
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Ruth M Purvis
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Perdigones BC, Lee S, Cohen RC, Park JH, Min KE. Two Decades of Changes in Summertime Ozone Production in California's South Coast Air Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10586-10595. [PMID: 35855520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) continues to be a threat to human health and agricultural productivity. While O3 control is challenging, tracking underlying formation mechanisms provides insights for regulatory directions. Here, we describe a comprehensive analysis of the effects of changing emissions on O3 formation mechanisms with observational evidence. We present a new approach that provides a quantitative metric for the ozone production rate (OPR) and its sensitivity to precursor levels by interpreting two decades of in situ observations of the six criteria air pollutants(2001-2018). Applying to the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB), California, we show that by 2016-2018, the basin was at the transition region between nitrogen oxide (NOx)-limited and volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited chemical regimes. Assuming future weather conditions are similar to 2016-2018, we predict that NOx-focused reduction is required to reduce the number of summer days the SoCAB is in violation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (70 ppbv) for O3. Roughly, ∼40% (∼60%) NOx reductions are required to reduce the OPR by ∼1.8 ppb/h (∼3.3 ppb/h). This change would reduce the number of violation days from 28 to 20% (10%) in a year, mostly in summertime. Concurrent VOC reductions which reduce the production rate of HOx radicals would also be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begie C Perdigones
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
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Sha Q, Liu X, Yuan Z, Zheng J, Lou S, Wang H, Li X, Yu F. Upgrading Emission Standards Inadvertently Increased OH Reactivity from Light-Duty Diesel Truck Exhaust in China: Evidence from Direct LP-LIF Measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9968-9977. [PMID: 35770386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular exhaust is an important source of reactive gases responsible for the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the atmosphere. Although significant efforts have been made to characterize the chemical compounds associated with vehicular exhaust, there is still a wealth of compounds that are unable to be detected, posing uncertainties in estimating their contribution to atmospheric reactivity. In this study, by improving laser-induced fluorescence techniques, we achieved the first-ever direct measurement of the total OH reactivity (TOR) from light-duty diesel truck (LDDT) exhaust with different emission standards. We found that the TOR from the LDDT exhaust was 80-130 times the TOR from the gasoline exhaust measured in Japan. Unexpectedly, we discovered increased TOR emissions along with upgrading emission standards, possibly as a collective result of high combustion temperature in the engine and the oxidation catalysts in the exhaust after-treatment that favor production of highly oxidized organics in the stricter emission standard. Most of these oxidized organics are unable to be speciated by routine measurements, resulting in the missing OH reactivity increasing rapidly from 1.91% for China III to 42.0% for China V LDDT. Upgrading the emission standard failed to reduce the TOR from LDDT exhaust, which may inadvertently promote the contribution of LDDT to the formation of ozone and SOA pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing'e Sha
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Zhang Y, Li D, Ma Y, Dubois C, Wang X, Perrier S, Chen H, Wang H, Jing S, Lu Y, Lou S, Yan C, Nie W, Chen J, Huang C, George C, Riva M. Field Detection of Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules in Shanghai by Chemical Ionization-Orbitrap. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7608-7617. [PMID: 35594417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol, formed through atmospheric oxidation processes, plays an important role in affecting climate and human health. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive campaign in the megacity of Shanghai during the 2019 International Import Expo (EXPO), with the first deployment of a chemical ionization─Orbitrap mass spectrometer for ambient measurements. With the ultrahigh mass resolving power of the Orbitrap mass analyzer (up to 140,000 Th/Th) and capability in dealing with massive spectral data sets by positive matrix factorization, we were able to identify the major gas-phase oxidation processes leading to the formation of oxygenated organic molecules (OOM) in Shanghai. Nine main factors from three independent sub-range analysis were identified. More than 90% of OOM are of anthropogenic origin and >60% are nitrogen-containing molecules, mainly dominated by the RO2 + NO and/or NO3 chemistry. The emission control during the EXPO showed that even though the restriction was effectual in significantly lowering the primary pollutants (20-70% decrease), the secondary oxidation products responded less effectively (14% decrease), or even increased (50 to >200%) due to the enhancement of ozone and the lowered condensation sink, indicating the importance of a stricter multi-pollutant coordinated strategy in primary and secondary pollution mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Dandan Li
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Clement Dubois
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xinke Wang
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
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Unexpected response of nitrogen deposition to nitrogen oxide controls and implications for land carbon sink. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3126. [PMID: 35668096 PMCID: PMC9170707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems in China receive the world’s largest amount of reactive nitrogen (N) deposition. Recent controls on nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions in China to tackle air pollution are expected to decrease N deposition, yet the observed N deposition fluxes remain almost stagnant. Here we show that the effectiveness of NOx emission controls for reducing oxidized N (NOy = NOx + its oxidation products) deposition is unforeseen in Eastern China, with one-unit reduction in NOx emission leading to only 55‒76% reductions in NOy-N deposition, as opposed to the high effectiveness (around 100%) in both Southern China and the United States. Using an atmospheric chemical transport model, we demonstrate that this unexpected weakened response of N deposition is attributable to the enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity by NOx emissions reductions. The decline in N deposition could bear a penalty on terrestrial carbon sinks and should be taken into account when developing pathways for China’s carbon neutrality. Recent vigorous controls in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions in China cannot result in proportionate decreases in regional atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity offsets those reductions of precursor emissions.
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Wang S, Song T, Shiraiwa M, Song J, Ren H, Ren L, Wei L, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Fu P, Lai S. Occurrence of Aerosol Proteinaceous Matter in Urban Beijing: An Investigation on Composition, Sources, and Atmospheric Processes During the "APEC Blue" Period. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7380-7390. [PMID: 31117537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol proteinaceous matter is comprised of a substantial fraction of bioaerosols. Its origins and interactions in the atmosphere remain poorly understood. We present observations of total proteins, combined, and free amino acids (CAAs and FAAs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples in urban Beijing before and during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. The decreases in proteins, CAAs and FAAs levels were observed after the implementation of restrictive emission controls. Significant changes were observed for the composition profiles in FAAs with the predominance of valine before the APEC and glycine during the APEC, respectively. These variations could be attributed to the influence of sources, atmospheric processes, and meteorological conditions. FAAs (especially valine and glycine) were suggested to be released by the degradation of high molecular weight proteins/polypeptides by atmospheric oxidants (i.e., ozone and free radicals) and nitrogen dioxide. Besides daytime reactions, nighttime chemistry was found to play an important role in the atmospheric formation of valine during the nights, suggesting the possible influence of NO3 radicals. Our findings provide new insights into the significant impacts of atmospheric oxidation capacity on the occurrence and transformation of aerosol proteinaceous matter which may affect its environmental, climate and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Tianli Song
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Junwei Song
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Now at Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 , Germany
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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Lu H, Lyu X, Cheng H, Ling Z, Guo H. Overview on the spatial-temporal characteristics of the ozone formation regime in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:916-929. [PMID: 31089656 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3), a main component in photochemical smog, is a secondary pollutant formed through complex photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the past few decades, with the rapid economic development, industrialization and urbanization, the mixing ratio of O3 has increased substantially in China. O3 non-attainment days have been frequently observed. Despite great efforts made in the past few years, it is still difficult to alleviate O3 pollution in China, due to its non-linear relationship with the precursors. In view of the severe situation in China, this study presents a comprehensive review on the spatial-temporal variations of the relationship between O3 and its precursors (i.e. O3 formation regime), built upon the previous reviews of the spatial-temporal variations of O3 and its precursor levels. Valuable findings from previous studies are laid out for a better understanding of O3 pollution, followed by implications for the control of O3 pollution. This literature review indicates that O3 formation in most areas of the North China Plain (NCP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions is in a VOC-limited regime during the high-O3 seasons due to dramatic emissions from human activities in cities. Outside these metropolitan areas, a NOx-limited regime dominates rural/remote areas. From summer to winter, the O3 formation regime over China shows a tendency to shift to a VOC-limited regime. Furthermore, O3 formation in China shifted toward increasing sensitivity to VOC emissions before the 12th Five-Year-Plan. However, after the 12th Five-Year-Plan, successful reduction of NOx slowed down this trend. Further effective control of VOCs is expected to achieve sustained O3 attainment in the future. To timely solve the current O3 pollution problem, precise control of O3 precursors is proposed, together with the joint prevention and control of regional air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxian Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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PM1 Chemical Characterization during the ACU15 Campaign, South of Mexico City. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Cheng P, Cheng Y, Lu K, Su H, Yang Q, Zou Y, Zhao Y, Dong H, Zeng L, Zhang Y. An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:895-907. [PMID: 24218819 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) was developed, consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography (SC-IC). SC-IC is featured by small size (50 x 35 x 25 cm) and modular construction, including three independent parts: the sampling unit, the transfer and supporting unit, and the detection unit. High collection efficiency (> 99%) was achieved with 25 micromol/L Na2CO3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds. This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution, with a measurement uncertainty of 7%. Potential interferences from NO(x), NO2+SO2, NO2+VOCs, HONO+O3, HNO3, peroxyacetyl nitrite (PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions. Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project, inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP (long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta. Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks. Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv. However, deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations (i.e. < 0.3 ppbv), which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species. To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions, more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies, especially at low HONO concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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11
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Yuan B, Shao M, de Gouw J, Parrish DD, Lu S, Wang M, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Song Y, Zhang J, Hu M. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban air: How chemistry affects the interpretation of positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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