1
|
Kruse SM, Tumminello PR, Moore AN, Lee C, Prather KA, Slade JH. Effects of Relative Humidity and Phase on the Molecular Detection of Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol Using Extractive Electrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12901-12907. [PMID: 39047064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Online mass spectrometry techniques, such as extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS), present an attractive alternative for analyzing aerosol molecular composition due to reduced aerosol sample collection and handling times and improved time resolution. Recent studies show a dependence of EESI-MS sensitivity on particle size and mixing state. This study measured authentic sea spray aerosol (SSA) components generated during a phytoplankton bloom, specifically glycerol, palmitic acid, and potassium ions. We demonstrate temporal variability and trends dependent on specific biological processes occurring in seawater. We found that the EESI-MS sensitivity, after adjusting for pressure variations at the inlet and normalizing to the reagent ion, critically depends on the sample's relative humidity. Relevant SSA species exhibited heightened sensitivity at an elevated relative humidity near the deliquescence relative humidity of sea salt and poorer sensitivity with sparse detection below the efflorescence relative humidity. Modeling the reagent ion's diffusive depth demonstrates that the sample aerosol particle viscosity governs the relative humidity dependence because it modulates the particle's coagulation efficiency and distance the reagent ion diffuses and reacts with components in the particle bulk. The effects of particle size and mixing state are discussed, revealing improved sensitivity of phase-separated components present along the particle surface. This work highlights the importance of the particle phase state in detecting and quantifying molecular components within authentic and complex aerosol particles and the utility of EESI-MS for measuring SSA composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Kruse
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Deigo, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Deigo, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu M, Li H, Wang L, Tian M, Qin X, Zou X, Chen C, Wang G, Deng C, Huang K. Atmospheric saccharides over the East China Sea: Assessment of the contribution of sea-land emission and the aging of levoglucosan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165328. [PMID: 37423276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A one-year observation of aerosols on a remote island was conducted and saccharides were applied to reveal the behaviors of organic aerosol in the East China Sea (ECS). The seasonal fluctuations of total saccharides were relatively small, with annual mean concentration of 64.82 ± 26.88 ng/m3, contributing 10.20 % and 4.90 % to WSOC and OC, respectively. However, the individual species showed significant seasonal variations due to the differences in both the emission sources and the influencing factors between marine and terrestrial areas. Anhydrosugars was the highest species and showed little diurnal variation in air mass from land areas. Primary sugars and primary sugar alcohols showed higher concentrations in blooming spring and summer and were higher in daytime than nighttime due to intense biogenic emissions both in marine and mainland areas. Accordingly, secondary sugar alcohols showed obvious different diurnal variation with ratios of day/night reducing to 0.86 in summer but even increasing to 1.53 in winter, attributing to the additional impact of secondary transmission process. Source appointment suggested that biomass burning emission (36.41 %) and biogenic emission (43.17 %) were the main causes of organic aerosol, while anthropogenic related secondary process and sea salt injection accounted for 13.57 % and 6.85 %, respectively. We further elucidate that the biomass burning emission might be underestimated, as levoglucosan undergoes degradation processes in the atmosphere, which are affected by various atmospheric physicochemical factors, and the degradation degree is particularly severe in remote areas like the oceans. In addition, significantly low ratio of levoglucosan to mannosan (L/M) occurred in air mass from marine area, indicating that levoglucosan was likely be more fully aged after hovering over a large-scale of oceanic area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Fu
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Li
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengke Tian
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guochen Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Kan Huang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burdette TC, Bramblett RL, Zimmermann K, Frossard AA. Influence of Air Mass Source Regions on Signatures of Surface-Active Organic Molecules in Size Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1578-1591. [PMID: 37609122 PMCID: PMC10441572 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles depend on their sources and lifetime in the atmosphere. In coastal regions, sources may include influences from marine, continental, anthropogenic, and natural emissions. In this study, particles in ten diameter-size ranges were collected, and particle number size distributions were measured, at Skidaway Island, GA in May and June 2018. Based on air mass back trajectories and concentrations of major ions in the particles, the air mass source regions were identified as Marine Influenced, Mixed, and Continental Influenced. Organic molecules were extracted from the particles using solid-phase extraction and characterized using tensiometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The presence of surfactants was confirmed in the extracts through the observation of significant surface tension depressions. The organic formulas contained high hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) and low oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios, similar to surfactants and lipid-like molecules. In the Marine Influenced particles, the fraction of formulas identified as surfactant-like was negatively correlated with minimum surface tensions; as the surfactant fraction increased, the surface tension decreased. Analyses of fatty acid compounds demonstrated that organic compounds extracted from the Marine Influenced particles had the highest carbon numbers (18), compared to those of the Mixed (15) and Continental Influenced (9) particles. This suggests that the fatty acids in the Continental Influenced particles may have been more aged in the atmosphere and undergone fragmentation. This is one of the first studies to measure the chemical and physical properties of surfactants in size-resolved particles from different air mass source regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tret C. Burdette
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Rachel L. Bramblett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Kathryn Zimmermann
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia 30043, United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu YC, Gao XX, Zhang HH, Liu YZ, Wang J, Xu F, Zhang GL, Chen ZH. Characteristics and emissions of isoprene and other non-methane hydrocarbons in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and responses to atmospheric aerosol deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162808. [PMID: 36921853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Field investigations in the Northwest Pacific Ocean were carried out to determine the distributions of marine and atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), sources and environmental effects. We also conducted deck incubation experiments to investigate the effects of atmospheric aerosol deposition on NMHCs production. The marine NMHCs displayed an increasing trend from the South Equatorial Current to the Oyashio Current. The enhanced phytoplankton biomass and dissolved organic materials (DOM) content in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension contributed significantly to isoprene and NMHCs production compared with those in tropical waters and the North Pacific subtropical gyre. The Northwest Pacific Ocean was a significant source of atmospheric NMHCs, with average sea-to-air fluxes of 28.0 ± 38.9, 65.2 ± 73.3, 21.0 ± 26.7, 48.7 ± 62.6, 12.7 ± 15.9, 14.2 ± 16.8, and 41.7 ± 80.4 nmol m-2 d-1 for ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, i-butane, n-butane, and isoprene, respectively. Influenced by seawater release and OH radical consumption, the atmospheric NMHCs apart from isoprene displayed upward trends with increasing latitude. The deck incubation showed that the addition of aerosols and acidic aerosols significantly boosted phytoplankton biomass, altered community structure, and accelerated the production of isoprene. However, the other six NMHCs showed no obvious responses to atmospheric aerosol deposition in the incubation experiments. In summary, ocean current movements and atmospheric deposition could influence the production and release of isoprene in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cui Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xu-Xu Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yong-Zheng Liu
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/Institute for advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Ling Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Chen
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/Institute for advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng H, Liu M, Lohmann R, Li D, Vojta S, Katz S, Wang W, Ke H, Wang C, Cai M. Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the South China Sea: Implications for atmospheric transport under monsoon influences. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114982. [PMID: 37121185 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal monsoon variations have significant impact on the atmospheric transport of semi-volatile organic pollutants over the South China Sea (SCS). We analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over the basin and island areas (Yongxing Island and Yongshu Island) in 2017. Gaseous PAHs (0.17-1.4 ng m-3) showed spatio-temporal distinctions in their composition and sources among the basin and island areas. Mixed combustion sources of PAHs were identified over the SCS, including a petroleum source near the island areas. The transport routes of PAHs were inferred by the air mass back trajectories and potential source contribution factor analysis, identifying strong biomass burning signals from the Indochina Peninsula and other Southeast Asian countries. Emissions from approximately 90 % of the combustion sources were transported to basin areas by monsoons, whereas the island areas were dominated by local emissions. This study emphasizes the main potential terrestrial source of PAHs over the SCS under monsoon influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Daning Li
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Simon Vojta
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Samuel Katz
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Weimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yao Y, Zhang Y, Song J, Yuan Q, Wang S, Li X, Zhang Y, Ding X, Xu W, Su X, Lai S. Chemical characterization of marine aerosols from two cruises over the South China Sea: Importance of biomass burning and secondary formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161551. [PMID: 36640875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected during June-July 2015 in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) and August-September 2016 in the western South China Sea (WSCS). Water-soluble ions (WSIs), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic compounds were measured. The average concentrations of WSIs, OC, EC and organic compounds were 19.4 ± 10.9 μg m-3, 2.48 ± 1.54 μgC m-3, 0.31 ± 0.25 μgC m-3 and 789 ± 217 ng m-3 in the NSCS, and were 10.2 ± 4.71 μg m-3, 1.76 ± 1.82 μgC m-3, 0.43 ± 0.32 μgC m-3 and 781 ± 342 ng m-3 in the WSCS. In both cruises, sea salt ions (Na+ and Cl-) and secondary inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) were the main species of WSIs, accounting for 54.0 % and 43.6 % in the NSCS, and for 35.0 % and 54.0 % in the WSCS. The secondary products (dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids) (NSCS: 73.3 %; WSCS: 73.9 %) and saccharides (NSCS: 19.0 %; WSCS: 18.0 %) accounted large fractions of organic compounds in aerosol particles over the SCS. These results suggest sea salt emissions and secondary formation are the main sources of the aerosols over the SCS in summer. The positive correlations between the biomass burning tracers (nss-K+ and levoglucosan) and OC as well as organic compounds indicated that biomass burning from nearby continents was also an important source of organic aerosols over the SCS. Based on back-trajectory analysis and satellite fire spots, Indochina Peninsula and China were proposed as the main continental source areas of non-sea salt WSIs and organic compounds. Our results highlight the significant contribution of continental outflow especially biomass burning and photochemical secondary oxidation to the organic compositions of aerosol particles over the SCS in summertime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinxi Yao
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junwei Song
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Qi Yuan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shan Wang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu C, Yue F, Zhan H, Leung KMY, Liu H, Gu W, Zhang R, Chen A, Wang X, Xie Z. Spatiotemporal distribution and influencing factors of secondary organic aerosols in the summer atmosphere from the Bering Sea to the western North Pacific. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160138. [PMID: 36375559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the formation process of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA and ASOA) in the marine atmosphere under the background of global warming, aerosol samples were collected over three summers (i.e., 2014, 2016 and 2018) from the Bering Sea (BS) to the western North Pacific (WNP). The results showed that temporally, atmospheric concentrations of isoprene-derived SOA (SOAI) tracers were the lowest in 2014 regardless of the marine region, while atmospheric concentrations of monoterpenes-derived SOA (SOAM) tracers in this year were the highest and the aerosols were more aged than those in the other two years. In comparison, the concentrations of β-caryophyllene-derived and toluene-derived SOA (SOAC and SOAA) tracers were relatively low overall. Spatially, the concentrations of SOA tracers were significantly higher over the WNP than over the BS, with SOA tracers over the BS mainly coming from marine sources, while the WNP was strongly influenced by terrestrial inputs. In particular, for land-influenced samples from the WNP, NOx-channel products of SOAI were more dependent on O3 and SO2 relative to HO2-channel product, and the high atmospheric oxidation capacity and SO2 could promote the formation of later-generation SOAM products. The extent of terrestrial influence was further quantified using a principal component analysis (PCA)-generalized additive model (GAM), which showed that terrestrial emissions explained more than half of the BSOA tracers' concentrations and contributed almost all of the ASOA tracer. In addition, the assessment of secondary organic carbon (SOC) highlighted the key role of anthropogenic activities in organic carbon levels in offshore areas. Our study revealed significant contributions of terrestrial natural and anthropogenic sources to different SOA over the WNP, and these relevant findings help improve knowledge about SOA in the marine atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengge Hu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
| | - Fange Yue
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haicong Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihua Gu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Afeng Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu C, Trounce H, Dunne E, Griffith DWT, Chambers SD, Williams AG, Humphries RS, Cravigan LT, Miljevic B, Zhang C, Wang H, Wang B, Ristovski Z. Atmospheric concentrations and sources of black carbon over tropical Australian waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159143. [PMID: 36195151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols significantly contribute to radiative budgets globally, however their actual contributions remain poorly constrained in many under-sampled ocean regions. The tropical waters north of Australia are a part of the Indo-Pacific warm pool, regarded as a heat engine of global climate, and are in proximity to large terrestrial sources of BC aerosols such as fossil fuel emissions, and biomass burning emissions from northern Australia. Despite this, measurements of marine aerosols, especially BC remain elusive, leading to large uncertainties and discrepancies in current chemistry-climate models for this region. Here, we report the first comprehensive measurements of aerosol properties collected over the tropical warm pool in Australian waters during a voyage in late 2019. The non-marine related aerosol emissions observed in the Arafura Sea region were more intense than in the Timor Sea marine region, as the Arafura Sea was subject to greater continental outflows. The median equivalent BC (eBC) concentration in the Arafura Sea (0.66 μg m-3) was slightly higher than that in the Timor Sea (0.49 μg m-3). Source apportionment modelling and back trajectory analysis and tracer studies consistently suggest fossil fuel combustion eBC (eBCff) was the dominant contributor to eBC across the entire voyage region, with biomass burning eBC (eBCbb) making significant additional contributions to eBC in the Arafura Sea. eBCff (possibly from ship emissions or oil and gas rigs and their associated activities) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were robustly correlated in the Timor Sea data, whereas eBCbb positively correlated to CCN in the Arafura Sea, suggesting different sources and atmospheric processing pathways occurred in these two regions. This work demonstrates the substantial impact that fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions can have on the composition of aerosols and cloud processes in the remote tropical marine atmosphere, and their potentially significant contribution to the radiative balance of the rapidly warming Indo-Pacific warm pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changda Wu
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haydn Trounce
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erin Dunne
- Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, Australia
| | - David W T Griffith
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Scott D Chambers
- Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Alastair G Williams
- Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Ruhi S Humphries
- Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Luke T Cravigan
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haque MM, Verma SK, Deshmukh DK, Kunwar B, Kawamura K. Seasonal characteristics of biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers in a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136785. [PMID: 36257396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We collected total suspended particulate (TSP) samples from January 2010 to December 2010 at Sapporo deciduous forest to understand the oxidation processes of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique was applied to determine biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) in the TSP samples. We found the predominance of the isoprene SOA (iSOA) tracers (20.6 ng m-3) followed by α/β-pinene SOA (pSOA) tracers (8.25 ng m-3) and β-caryophyllene SOA (cSOA) tracer (1.53 ng m-3) in the forest aerosols. The results showed large isoprene fluxes and relatively high levels of oxidants in the forest atmosphere. The iSOA and pSOA tracers showed a clear seasonal trend with summer and autumn maxima and winter and spring minima. Their seasonal trends were mainly controlled by BVOCs emission from the local broadleaf deciduous forest. Additionally, the regional level of isoprene emissions from the oceanic sources may also be contributed during summertime aerosols. cSOA tracer showed high concentrations in the winter and spring, possibly due to an additional contribution of biomass burning (BB) aerosols from the local or regional BB activities. The biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC) was contributed mainly by the oxidation products of isoprene (136 ngC m-3) followed by β-caryophyllene (63.0 ngC m-3) and α/β-pinene (35.9 ngC m-3). The mass concentration ratio (0.92) of pinonic acid + pinic acid and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid ((PNA + PA)/3-MBTCA) indicates the photochemical transformation of first-generation oxidation products to the higher generation oxidation products. The average ratios of isoprene to α/β-pinene (1.64) and β-caryophyllene (18.6) oxidation products suggested a large difference in the emissions of isoprene and α/β-pinene compared to β-caryophyllene. The cSOA tracers in the forest aerosols are also contributed by BB during the winter and spring. Positive matrix factorization analyses of the BSOA tracers confirmed that organic aerosols of deciduous forests are mostly related to isoprene emissions. This study suggests that isoprene is a more significant precursor for the BSOA than α/β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in a broadleaf deciduous forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mozammel Haque
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Santosh Kumar Verma
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan; State Forensic Science Laboratory, Home Department, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, 492-001, India
| | - Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695-002, India; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Bhagawati Kunwar
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu C, Wei Z, Zhan H, Gu W, Liu H, Chen A, Jiang B, Yue F, Zhang R, Fan S, He P, Leung KMY, Wang X, Xie Z. Molecular characteristics, sources and influencing factors of isoprene and monoterpenes secondary organic aerosol tracers in the marine atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158645. [PMID: 36089018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA) are important components of the remote marine atmosphere. However, the response of BSOA changes to sea ice reduction over the Arctic Ocean remains unclear. Here we investigated isoprene and monoterpenes secondary organic aerosol (SOAI and SOAM) tracers in three years of summer aerosol samples collected from the Arctic Ocean atmosphere. The results indicated that methyltetrols were the most abundant SOAI tracers, while the main oxidation products of monoterpenes varied over the years owing to different aerosol aging. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA)-generalized additive model (GAM) combined with correlation analysis suggested that SOAI tracers were mainly generated by the oxidation of isoprene from marine emissions, while SOAM tracers were probably more influenced by terrestrial transport. Estimation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) indicated that monoterpenes oxidation contributed more than isoprene and that sea ice changes had a relatively small effect on biogenic SOC concentration levels. Our study quantified the contribution of influencing factors to the atmospheric concentration of BSOA tracers in the Arctic Ocean, and showed that there were differences in the sources of precursors for different BSOA. Hence, our findings have contributed to a better understanding of the characteristics, sources and formation of SOA in the atmosphere of the Arctic Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengge Hu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
| | - Zexun Wei
- First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao, China
| | - Haicong Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihua Gu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Afeng Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
| | - Fange Yue
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shidong Fan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pengzhen He
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bikkina P, Bikkina S, Kawamura K. Tracing the biomass burning emissions over the Arabian Sea in winter season: Implications from the molecular distributions and relative abundances of sugar compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157643. [PMID: 35908715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread haze pollution over South Asia typically occurs in winter, affecting the abundance of organic aerosols (OA) over the Arabian Sea due to prevailing meteorology. We determined the concentrations of biomass burning (BB) derived anhydrosugars (levoglucosan: Lev, galactosan: Gal, and mannosan: Man), sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose) and sugar alcohols (arabitol, mannitol, erythritol, and inositol) over the Arabian Sea during a winter cruise (6-24 December 2018). Molecular distributions revealed predominance of levoglucosan or sucrose. Besides, levoglucosan strongly correlated with mannosan, galactosan, sugar alcohols and elemental carbon, emphasizing their BB-origin. Backward air mass trajectories intercepted by the satellite-based fire counts over the Indo-Gangetic Plain together with relationship between stable carbon isotopic composition of TC (δ13CTC) and levoglucosan-C to organic carbon (%), confirmed the impact of BB-derived OA. A comparison of Lev/Man (av. 16.2) and Lev/K+ (av. 0.27) ratios over the Arabian Sea with the source-emissions revealed their origin from crop-residue burning. Rather high concentrations of Lev over the Arabian Sea compared to those documented over the Bay of Bengal, East China Sea, Sea of Japan and the western North Pacific further suggests a stronger impact of BB in the continental outflow over this marine basin. Besides, Lev/K+ ratios in marine aerosols exponentially decreased with an apparent increase in ambient relative humidity and temperature over the Arabian Sea during the South Asian outflow, implying a photochemical oxidation of BBOA. Such field-based relationship of Lev with the meteorological parameters can be useful for modelling the impact of BBOA on the surface Ocean. Besides, the aeolian input of sugar-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) accounted for 83 % and 92 % of that riverine supply to the Arabian Sea, respectively. This means atmospheric dry-deposition of sugars is an important external source of dissolved organic compounds to the surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bikkina
- CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India.
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Noskova TV, Lovtskaya OV, Panina MS, Podchufarova DP, Papina TS. Organic carbon in atmospheric precipitation in the urbanized territory of the South of Western Siberia, Russia. PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents the results of studying the contents of total (TOC) and dissolved (DOC) organic carbon in atmospheric precipitation and their deposition fluxes on the territory of the city of Barnaul. Samples of atmospheric precipitation (rain and snow) were collected from May 2016 to December 2020 in the city center, additionally at the end of winter 2018–2019 samples of snow cover were taken in the territory of the city and its environs. The studies showed a significant content of organic carbon (OC) in atmospheric precipitation: the weighted average concentrations for the study period were 7.2 ± 0.6 and 4.2 ± 0.4 mg/L for TOC and DOC, respectively. The annual flux of OC deposition with atmospheric precipitation on the territory of Barnaul over the past three years has varied within 2.4–3.9 t/km2 for TOC and 1.4–2.1 t/km2 for DOC. To visualize the spatial distribution of organic matter over the territory of Barnaul, simple kriging was used, implemented in the Geostatistical Analyst module (ArcGIS® Desktop). The flow of organic carbon input into the snow cover during the winter period was used as data for the geostatistical model. According to the model, the deposition of OC from the atmosphere occurs unevenly throughout the urban area and depends on the location and intensity of pollution sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Noskova
- Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IWEP SB RAS) , 1, Molodezhnaya St. , Barnaul , 656038 , Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Lovtskaya
- Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IWEP SB RAS) , 1, Molodezhnaya St. , Barnaul , 656038 , Russian Federation
| | - Maria S. Panina
- Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IWEP SB RAS) , 1, Molodezhnaya St. , Barnaul , 656038 , Russian Federation
| | - Daria P. Podchufarova
- Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IWEP SB RAS) , 1, Molodezhnaya St. , Barnaul , 656038 , Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S. Papina
- Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IWEP SB RAS) , 1, Molodezhnaya St. , Barnaul , 656038 , Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen J, Kawamura K, Hu W, Liu CQ, Zhang Q, Fu P. Terrestrial lipid biomarkers in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific during 1990-1993 and 2006-2009. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149115. [PMID: 34346364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial lipid biomarkers are one of the key tracers in the studies of atmospheric aerosols. Here, we investigated such organic compounds in marine aerosols collected at Chichijima Island, the western North Pacific for two 4-year periods: 1990-1993 and 2006-2009. A homologous series of lipid biomarkers including C18-C37n-alkanes, C9-C34 fatty acids, and C14-C35 fatty alcohols were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The atmospheric levels of these tracers increased from 1990-1993 to 2006-2009. Their seasonal trends were clearly characterized by winter-spring maxima and summer-fall minima. The relative abundance of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) n-alkanes (C25-C37) and n-alcohols (C20-C35) in total HMW lipids peaked in winter and winter/fall, respectively, whereas those of HMW fatty acids (C20-C34) peaked in summer. Air-mass backward trajectory analyses suggest that the Asian continent, Southeast Asia including tropical regions, and the Central Pacific are the main source regions. The seasonal shift and distribution of the carbon preference index and average chain length for the HMW lipids were controlled by the changes in climatic factors and source regions. The higher abundance of terrestrial lipids during 2006-2009 than 1990-1993 indicates a higher emission from terrestrial plantation in the 2000s than in the early 1990s in upwind regions of East Asia. Furthermore, HMW lipid compounds exhibited much stronger positive correlations with levoglucosan, a biomass-burning tracer, during 2006-2009 than 1990-1993, suggesting that biomass-burning emissions contributed more significantly in this century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu G, Chen L, Xu T, He S, Gao Y. Distributions of water-soluble ions in size-aggregated aerosols over the Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1316-1327. [PMID: 34318848 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate mass size distributions of water-soluble ions in aerosols in the marine boundary layer (MBL) over the Southern Ocean, size-segregated (0.056-18 μm in aerodynamic diameter) aerosols were collected on the 28th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) cruise from November 2011 to March 2012. Major water-soluble inorganic and organic species in aerosols were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC). Results showed that high loadings of aerosol mass were observed over the western sector of the Southern Ocean, attributed to the high mass loadings of Na+ and Cl- in the particles >1.0 μm in diameter and high mass loadings of non-sea-salt (nss) SO42- and methanesulfonate (MSA) in the particles <1.0 μm in diameter. Nss-SO42- and MSA accounted for ∼40% of the total mass in aerosols with particle size <0.56 μm over the eastern sector of the Southern Ocean, while it was elevated to more than 60% over the western sector of the Southern Ocean that could be linked with high marine productivity reflected by high chlorophyll-a occurrence in surface waters in that region. MSA/nss-SO42- ratios showed an increasing trend as latitude increased in the southern hemisphere with a dramatic increase south of 60 °S and the variation of MSA may shape the spatial distribution of the ratios. High MSA concentration and MSA/nss-SO42- ratios were observed in west Antarctica, especially in the supermicron particles. A bimodal mass size distribution of total Ca2+ with a small peak in the 0.18-0.32 μm size range was observed, suggesting different sea spray aerosol (SSA) production mechanisms. Nss-SO42-, MSA was mainly enriched in the particle size range of 0.18 μm to 0.56 μm. The concentrations of formate and oxalate were low and detected only in certain size particles, mainly in the range <0.56-1.8 μm. Further studies should be conducted over the remote Southern Ocean to reveal marine ecosystem-aerosol-climate interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Xu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Liqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry (GCMAC) of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography (TIO), Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Shichang He
- Sansha Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Feng X, Zhang L, Chen J, Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Fu P, Yang X, Zhu L, Zeng Z. Impacts of Chemical Degradation on the Global Budget of Atmospheric Levoglucosan and Its Use As a Biomass Burning Tracer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5525-5536. [PMID: 33754698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan has been widely used to quantitatively assess biomass burning's contribution to ambient aerosols, but previous such assessments have not accounted for levoglucosan's degradation in the atmosphere. We develop the first global simulation of atmospheric levoglucosan, explicitly accounting for its chemical degradation, to evaluate the impacts on levoglucosan's use in quantitative aerosol source apportionment. Levoglucosan is emitted into the atmosphere from the burning of plant matter in open fires (1.7 Tg yr-1) and as biofuels (2.1 Tg yr-1). Sinks of atmospheric levoglucosan include aqueous-phase oxidation (2.9 Tg yr-1), heterogeneous oxidation (0.16 Tg yr-1), gas-phase oxidation (1.4 × 10-4 Tg yr-1), and dry and wet deposition (0.27 and 0.43 Tg yr -1). The global atmospheric burden of levoglucosan is 19 Gg with a lifetime of 1.8 days. Observations show a sharp decline in levoglucosan's concentrations and its relative abundance to organic carbon aerosol (OC) and particulate K+ from near-source to remote sites. We show that such features can only be reproduced when levoglucosan's chemical degradation is included in the model. Using model results, we develop statistical parametrizations to account for the atmospheric degradation in levoglucosan measurements, improving their use for quantitative aerosol source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xu Feng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Suresh Kumar Reddy Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, 695022, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li F, Tsona NT, Li J, Du L. Aqueous-phase oxidation of syringic acid emitted from biomass burning: Formation of light-absorbing compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144239. [PMID: 33412376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Syringic acid is a methoxyphenol model compound derived from biomass burning, and its photooxidation processes have important effects on atmospheric chemistry. However, its aqueous-phase photochemistry remains unclear. In this study, we systematically report the photooxidation of syringic acid induced by OH radicals in the aqueous phase. Employing the relative rate technique, the bimolecular rate constant for syringic acid reaction with OH radicals was acquired to be (1.1 ± 0.3) × 1010 M-1 s-1. Notably, colored products were formed as the reaction progressed. Furthermore, the UV-vis and fluorescence spectra confirmed the formation of light-absorbing organic species, and the results agreed well with previous results on atmospheric and natural humic-like substances (HULIS). The photooxidation products were detected by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), and a possible reaction mechanism was proposed. The aqueous-phase reaction of syringic acid would undergo functionalization process forming a hydroxylation product that enhances the degree of oxidation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA), and goes through dimerization process by C-C or C-O coupling of phenoxy radicals which may conduce to the formation of HULIS. These findings suggest that the photooxidation of syringic acid is an important pathway for highly oxygenated phenolic aqSOA formation, providing a secondary source for HULIS in a liquid phase or in deliquescent particles surrounded by a layer of water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Deng J, Gao Y, Zhu J, Li L, Yu S, Kawamura K, Fu P. Molecular markers for fungal spores and biogenic SOA over the Antarctic Peninsula: Field measurements and modeling results. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143089. [PMID: 33160669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic organic aerosols are important components of atmospheric organic aerosols and play vital roles in atmospheric chemistry, global climate, and biogeochemical cycles of carbon. However, studies on biogenic organic aerosols in the vast regions of the Southern Ocean and over the coastal waters of the Antarctic, especially Antarctic Peninsula, are still extremely limited. To understand the concentrations, molecular composition and seasonality of biogenic organic aerosols in Antarctica, atmospheric aerosols were collected at the Palmer Station on the west Antarctic Peninsula experiencing dramatic climate warming. Molecular marker compounds of fungal spores and secondary organic aerosols formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and monoterpene were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Concentrations of sugar alcohols and biogenic SOA tracers both presented seasonal patterns with higher average concentrations in summer (90.7 and 122 pg m-3) than in winter (8.88 and 57.2 pg m-3). Sugar alcohols and biogenic SOA tracers were predominated by mannitol and isoprene oxidation products. Relative contributions of fungal-spore organic carbon (OC), isoprene-derived secondary OC (SOC) and monoterpene-derived SOC estimated with tracer-based methods were 26.2%, 55.6% and 18.2%, respectively. The observed seasonality of total biogenic SOA and some molecular species at the Antarctic Peninsula was further supported by the results from the global model CESM/IMPACT. Model results also suggest higher biogenic SOA in East Antarctica than that in West Antarctica, which is attributed to the influence of vertical atmospheric circulation. Our results of air-mass trajectory indicate the potential influence of marine emissions on the biogenic organic aerosols over the Antarctic Peninsula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Jialei Zhu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Linjie Li
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xie Q, Su S, Chen S, Zhang Q, Yue S, Zhao W, Du H, Ren H, Wei L, Cao D, Xu Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, Fu P. Molecular characterization of size-segregated organic aerosols in the urban boundary layer in wintertime Beijing by FT-ICR MS. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:457-478. [PMID: 33237085 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic aerosols, complicated mixtures of organic compounds, are important constituents of atmospheric particulate matter. However, little is known about the size distributions and vertical profiles of these constituents at a molecular level in the urban boundary layer. Here, we characterized the molecular compositions of size-segregated samples collected simultaneously at two heights (8 m and 260 m above ground level) in urban Beijing during the winter of 2018. The CHO, CHNO, CHOS, and CHNOS subgroups in water-soluble organic carbon were characterized using a 15-T ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. We found that both their numbers and magnitudes increased with a decrease in the particle size, especially for high molecular weight (HMW) compounds, except CHNOS. The number of CHNOS species also increased in the coarse mode, presumably because the alkalinity could inhibit their hydrolysis in the coarse mode. The compounds in small particles with higher O/C ratios and carbon oxidation state were possibly more aged, while the coarse particles with more lipid- and peptide-like compounds should originate from fresh emissions. Moreover, as the oxidation state increases in small particles, functionalization is enhanced for sulfur-containing compounds with fracturing of the benzene ring, while CHO and CHNO are potentially dominated by demethylation with ring-retaining products. It is worth noting that common compounds with the same molecular characteristics accounted for more than 86% of the total compounds between 260 m and ground level (8 m), demonstrating that the aerosols were well mixed in the urban boundary layer. Nonetheless, the relative content of the compounds was higher at ground level due to the impact of primary emissions, which increased with the particle size. In addition, the compounds in submicron particles were more oxidized at 260 m, while the opposite was observed in the coarse mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu YC, Li JL, Wang J, Zhuang GC, Liu XT, Zhang HH, Yang GP. Occurance, emission and environmental effects of non-methane hydrocarbons in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116305. [PMID: 33360599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distributions, fluxes, and environmental effects of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were investigated in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in spring. The average concentrations of ethane, propane, i-/n-butane, ethylene, propylene and isoprene in the seawater were 18.1 ± 6.4, 15.4 ± 4.7, 6.8 ± 2.9, 6.4 ± 3.2, 67.1 ± 26.7, 20.5 ± 8.7 and 17.1 ± 11.1 pmol L-1, respectively. The alkenes in the surface seawater were more abundant than their saturated homologs and NMHCs concentrations (with the exception of isoprene) decreased with carbon number. The spatial variations of isoprene were consistent with the distributions of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Nitzschia mainly contributed to the production of isoprene, while the others' distributions might be related to their photochemical production. Observations in atmospheric NMHCs indicated alkanes in the marine atmosphere decreased from inshore to offshore due to influence of the continental emissions, while alkenes were largely derived from the oceanic source. In addition, no apparent diurnal discrepancy of atmospheric NMHCs (except for isoprene) were found between daytime and night. As the main sink of NMHCs in seawater, the average sea-to-air fluxes of ethane, propane, i-/n-butane, ethylene and propylene were 31.70, 29.75, 18.49, 15.89, 239.6, 67.94 and 52.41 nmol m-2 d-1, respectively. The average annual emissions of isoprene accounted for 0.1-1.3% of the global ocean emissions, which indicated that the coastal and shelf areas might be significant sources of isoprene. Furthermore, this study represents the first effort to estimate the environmental effects caused by NMHCs over the YS and the ECS and the results demonstrated contributions of alkanes to ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation were lower than those of the alkenes and the largest contributor was isoprene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cui Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian-Long Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; EnvironmentResearch Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Guang-Chao Zhuang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
| | - Xi-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Singh N, Banerjee T, Murari V, Deboudt K, Khan MF, Singh RS, Latif MT. Insights into size-segregated particulate chemistry and sources in urban environment over central Indo-Gangetic Plain. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128030. [PMID: 33297051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Size-segregated airborne fine (PM2.1) and coarse (PM>2.1) particulates were measured in an urban environment over central Indo-Gangetic plain in between 2015 and 2018 to get insights into its nature, chemistry and sources. Mean (±1σ) concentration of PM2.1 was 98 (±76) μgm-3 with a seasonal high during winter (DJF, 162 ± 71 μgm-3) compared to pre-monsoon specific high in PM>2.1 (MAMJ, 177 ± 84 μgm-3) with an annual mean of 170 (±69) μgm-3. PM2.1 was secondary in nature with abundant secondary inorganic aerosols (20% of particulate mass) and water-soluble organic carbon (19%) against metal enriched (25%) PM>2.1, having robust signature of resuspensions from Earth's crust and road dust. Ammonium-based neutralization of particulate acidity was essentially in PM2.1 with an indication of predominant H2SO4 neutralization in bisulfate form compared to Ca2+ and Mg2+-based neutralization in PM>2.1. Molecular distribution of n-alkanes homologues (C17-C35) showed Cmax at C23 (PM2.1) and C18 (PM>2.1) with weak dominance of odd-numbered n-alkanes. Carbon preference index of n-alkanes was close to unity (PM2.1: 1.4 ± 0.3; PM>2.1: 1.3 ± 0.4). Fatty acids (C12-C26) were characterized with predominance of even carbon with Cmax at n-hexadecanoic acid (C16:0). Low to high molecular weight fatty acid ratio ranged from 2.0 (PM>2.1) to 5.6 (PM2.1) with vital signature of anthropogenic emissions. Levoglucosan was abundant in PM2.1 (758 ± 481 ngm-3) with a high ratio (11.6) against galactosan, emphasizing robust contribution from burning of hardwood and agricultural residues. Receptor model resolves secondary aerosols and biomass burning emissions (45%) as the most influential sources of PM2.1 whereas, crustal (29%) and secondary aerosols (29%) were found responsible for PM>2.1; with significant variations among the seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tirthankar Banerjee
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Vishnu Murari
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Karine Deboudt
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R S Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li W, Chen M, Ge X, Gu C, Yu W, Nie D. Validation of a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for measuring carbohydrates in aerosol samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460941. [PMID: 32044124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates (such as levoglucosan) are a class of important water-soluble organic compounds in atmosphere. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was applied to characterize carbohydrates in aerosol particles. Since carbohydrate was a kind of compound with low response in mass spectrometry, the conventional HPLC-MS/MS method was not sensitive enough to determine it. When acetate acid was added into mobile phase as buffer, the transition of [M+CH3COO]-→[M-H]- could be selected as the quantification ions. In the range from 1.0 μg L-1 to 20 μg mL-1, the coefficients of regression (r2) were more than 0.990, and relative standard deviations (RSD) for replicated injections were lower than 2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were lower than 2.5 ng L-1 and 10 ng L-1, respectively. The precision and accuracy were examined by spiked samples at three different concentration levels (10 μg L-1, 100 μg L-1, and 500 μg L-1) in five replicates. Recovery ratios ranged from 85% to 115% with RSD lower than 16%. Matrix effects of different carbohydrates ranged from 62% to 120%. The most sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to analyze 40 aerosol samples successfully. The carbohydrates including three sugar alcohols (threitol, arabitol and sorbitol), one monosaccharide sugar (inositol), two disaccharides (sucrose, trehalose), one anhydrosugar (levoglucosan) and one 2-methyltetrols (2-Methylbutane-1,2,3,4-tretraol) were successfully quantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Chuanxin Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dongyang Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu key laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qi Y, Fu P, Li S, Ma C, Liu C, Volmer DA. Assessment of molecular diversity of lignin products by various ionization techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136573. [PMID: 31955087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a highly complex, plant-derived natural biomass component, the analysis of which requires significant demands on the analytical platform. Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been shown to be able to readily assess the complexity of lignin and lignin degradation products by assigning tens of thousands of compounds with elemental formulae. Nevertheless, many experimental and instrumental parameters introduce discrimination towards certain components, which limits the comprehensive MS analysis. As a result, a complete characterization of the lignome remains a challenge. The present study investigated a degraded lignin sample using FT-ICR MS and compared several atmospheric pressure ionization methods, e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric-pressure photoionization. The results clearly show that the number of heteroatoms (e.g., N, S, P) in the sample greatly increases the chemical diversity of lignin, while at the same time also providing potentially useful biomarkers. We demonstrate here that FT-ICR MS was able to directly isolate isotopically pure single components from the ultra-complex mixture for subsequent structural analysis, without the time-consuming chromatographic separation. CAPSULE: Various ionization techniques coupled to FT-ICR MS provide a powerful tool to assess the lignome coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Siliang Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Congqiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang T, Yang W, Han C, Yang H, Xue X. Heterogeneous reaction of ozone with syringic acid: Uptake of O 3 and changes in the composition and optical property of syringic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113632. [PMID: 31785942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Syringic acid, which is a typical methoxyphenol emitted from wood combustion, can provide heterogeneous reaction sites for gaseous active components, influencing the concentrations of trace gases and the compositions of syringic acid. The heterogeneous uptake of O3 on syringic acid was investigated using a flow tube reactor under ambient pressure. The initial uptake coefficient (γi) and the steady-state uptake coefficient (γss) of O3 linearly increased with syringic acid mass (0-0.16 μg cm-2) and temperature (278-328 K), while they decreased with increasing the O3 concentration and the O2 content. The γi was independent of relative humidity (20%-70%), whereas γss decreased with relative humidity (7%-70%). The compositional changes of syringic acid by the ozonization were analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), confirming the generation of 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone. In addition, compared to that of fresh syringic acid, the mass absorption efficiency of syringic acid aged by O3 exhibited an increase in the range of 290-320 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - He Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiangxin Xue
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nouara A, Panagiotopoulos C, Balesdent J, Violaki K, Bard E, Fagault Y, Repeta DJ, Sempéré R. Liquid chromatographic isolation of individual carbohydrates from environmental matrices for stable carbon analysis and radiocarbon dating. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1067:137-146. [PMID: 31047145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are among the most abundant organic molecules in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; however, very few studies have addressed their isotopic signature using compound-specific isotope analysis, which provides additional information on their origin (δ13C) and fate (Δ14C). In this study, semi-preparative liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RI) was employed to produce pure carbohydrate targets for subsequent offline δ13C and Δ14C isotopic analysis. δ13C analysis was performed by elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) whereas Δ14C analysis was performed by an innovative measurement procedure based on the direct combustion of the isolated fractions using an elemental analyzer coupled to the gas source of a mini carbon dating system (AixMICADAS). In general, four successive purifications with Na+, Ca2+, Pb2+, and Ca2+ cation-exchange columns were sufficient to produce pure carbohydrates. These carbohydrates were subsequently identified using mass spectrometry by comparing their mass spectra with those of authentic standards. The applicability of the proposed method was tested on two different environmental samples comprising marine particulate organic matter (POM) and total suspended atmospheric particles (TSP). The obtained results revealed that for the marine POM sample, the δ13C values of the individual carbohydrates ranged from -18.5 to -16.8‰, except for levoglucosan and mannosan, which presented values of -27.2 and -26.2‰, respectively. For the TSP sample, the δ13C values ranged from -26.4 to -25.0‰. The galactose and glucose Δ14C values were 19 and 43‰, respectively, for the POM sample. On the other hand, the levoglucosan radiocarbon value was 33‰ for the TSP sample. These results suggest that these carbohydrates exhibit a modern age in both of these samples. Radiocarbon HPLC collection window blanks, measured after the addition of phthalic acid (14C free blank), ranged from -988 to -986‰ for the abovementioned compounds, indicating a very small background isotopic influence from the whole purification procedure. Overall, the proposed method does not require derivatization steps, produces extremely low blanks, and may be applied to different types of environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Nouara
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jérôme Balesdent
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Collège de France, IRD, INRA, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Kalliopi Violaki
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Edouard Bard
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Collège de France, IRD, INRA, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yoann Fagault
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Collège de France, IRD, INRA, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Daniel James Repeta
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao F, Feng YJ, Liu YR, Jiang S, Huang T, Wang ZH, Xu CX, Huang W. Enhancement of Atmospheric Nucleation by Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules: A Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5367-5377. [PMID: 31199633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) by gas-particle conversion is the main source of atmospheric aerosols. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) and sulfuric acid (SA) are important NPF participants. 2-Methylglyceric acid (MGA), a kind of HOMs, is a tracer of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols. The nucleation mechanisms of MGA with SA were studied using density functional theory and atmospheric cluster dynamics simulation in this study, along with that of MGA with methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a comparison. Our theoretical works indicate that the (MGA)(SA) and (MGA)(MSA) clusters are the most stable ones in the (MGA) i(SA) j ( i = 1-2, j = 1-2) and (MGA) i(MSA) j ( i = 1-2, j = 1-2) clusters, respectively. Both the formation rates of (MGA)(SA) and (MGA)(MSA) clusters are quite large and could have significant contributions to NPF. The results imply that the homomolecular nucleation of MGA is unlikely to occur in the atmosphere, and MGA and SA can effectively contribute to heteromolecular nucleation mainly in the form of heterodimers. MSA exhibits properties similar to SA in its ability to form clusters with MGA but is slightly weaker than SA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , China.,School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ya-Juan Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Yi-Rong Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , China
| | - Zi-Hang Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Cai-Xin Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , China.,School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China.,Center for Excellent in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chakraborty P, Sampath S, Mukhopadhyay M, Selvaraj S, Bharat GK, Nizzetto L. Baseline investigation on plasticizers, bisphenol A, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the surface soil of the informal electronic waste recycling workshops and nearby open dumpsites in Indian metropolitan cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:1036-1045. [PMID: 31091636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) has emerged as a global environmental problem because of its massive production volume and un-structured management policy. Since the rate of e-waste accumulation is startling and the combinatorial effects of toxicants are complex, we have investigated six phthalic acid esters (PAEs), bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)), bisphenol A (BPA), sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eight heavy metals (HMs) in the surface soil of e-waste recycling workshops and nearby open dumpsites in four metropolitan cities of India viz., New Delhi (north), Kolkata (east), Mumbai (west) and Chennai (south). Average concentration of ∑16PAHs (1259 ng/g), ∑6PAEs (396 ng/g), BPA (140 ng/g) and ∑8HM (1288 mg/kg) in the informal e-waste recycling sites were higher than ∑16PAHs (1029 ng/g), ∑6PAEs (93 ng/g), BPA (121 ng/g) and ∑8HM (675 mg/kg) in dumpsites. Almost 50-90% of BPA, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), ∑7carcPAHs and copper (Cu) were from e-waste sites predominantly from metal recovery sites (EWR). Extensive combustion of e-waste particularly in the EWR sites at New Moore market and Pudupet in Chennai and Wire Lane, Kurla of Mumbai can explain the segregation of diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and carcinogenic PAHs in the first principal component (PC-1). Copper and lead along with highly abundant plasticizers like DEHP, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and BPA were loaded in PC-2. Combined impact of burning the plastic cables in e-waste and acid leaching process especially at Mandoli in New Delhi might have driven this result. Loading of chrysene, DEHA and low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs mostly in dumpsite soil might have resulted from incomplete combustion of dumped e-waste. Copper was found to exhibit the highest pollution estimated by geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Maximum estimated carcinogenic risk for adults via dermal contact was due to copper, followed by chromium, lead and nickel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Srimurali Sampath
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Moitraiyee Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sakthivel Selvaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | | | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Iodide Accelerates the Processing of Biogenic Monoterpene Emissions on Marine Aerosols. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7574-7580. [PMID: 31459850 PMCID: PMC6648763 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine photosynthetic organisms emit organic gases, including the polyolefins isoprene (C5H8) and monoterpenes (MTPs, C10H16), into the boundary layer. Their atmospheric processing produces particles that influence cloud formation and growth and, as a result, the Earth's radiation balance. Here, we report that the heterogeneous ozonolysis of dissolved α-pinene by O3(g) on aqueous surfaces is dramatically accelerated by I-, an anion enriched in the ocean upper microlayer and sea spray aerosols (SSAs). In our experiments, liquid microjets of α-pinene solutions, with and without added I-, are dosed with O3(g) for τ < 10 μs and analyzed online by pneumatic ionization mass spectrometry. In the absence of I-, α-pinene does not detectably react with O3(g) under present conditions. In the presence of ≥ 0.01 mM I-, in contrast, new signals appear at m/z = 169 (C9H13O3 -), m/z = 183 (C10H15O3 -), m/z = 199 (C10H15O4 -), m/z = 311 (C10H16IO3 -), and m/z = 461 (C20H30IO4 -), plus m/z = 175 (IO3 -), and m/z = 381 (I3 -). Collisional fragmentation splits CO2 from C9H13O3 -, C10H15O3 - and C10H15O4 -, and I- plus IO- from C10H16IO3 - as expected from a trioxide IOOO•C10H16 - structure. We infer that the oxidative processing of α-pinene on aqueous surfaces is significantly accelerated by I- via the formation of IOOO- intermediates that are more reactive than O3. A mechanism in which IOOO- reacts with α-pinene (and likely with other unsaturated species) in competition with its isomerization to IO3 - accounts for present results and the fact that soluble iodine in SSA is mostly present as iodine-containing organic species rather than the thermodynamically more stable iodate. By this process, a significant fraction of biogenic MTPs and other unsaturated gases may be converted to water-soluble species rather than emitted to the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National
Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J. Colussi
- Linde
Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wan X, Kawamura K, Ram K, Kang S, Loewen M, Gao S, Wu G, Fu P, Zhang Y, Bhattarai H, Cong Z. Aromatic acids as biomass-burning tracers in atmospheric aerosols and ice cores: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:216-228. [PMID: 30677666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is one of the largest sources of carbonaceous aerosols with adverse impacts on air quality, visibility, health and climate. BB emits a few specific aromatic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic and dehydroabietic acids) which have been widely used as key indicators for source identification of BB-derived carbonaceous aerosols in various environmental matrices. In addition, measurement of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids in snow and ice cores have revealed the historical records of the fire emissions. Despite their uniqueness and importance as tracers, our current understanding of analytical methods, concentrations, diagnostic ratios and degradation processes are rather limited and scattered in literature. In this review paper, firstly we have summarized the most established methods and protocols for the measurement of these aromatic acids in aerosols and ice cores. Secondly, we have highlighted the geographical variability in the abundances of these acids, their diagnostic ratios and degradation processes in the environments. The review of the existing data indicates that the concentrations of aromatic acids in aerosols vary greatly with locations worldwide, typically more abundant in urban atmosphere where biomass fuels are commonly used for residential heating and/or cooking purposes. In contrast, their concentrations are lowest in the polar regions which are avoid of localized emissions and largely influenced by long-range transport. The diagnostic ratios among aromatic acids can be used as good indicators for the relative amounts and types of biomass (e.g. hardwood, softwood and herbaceous plants) as well as photochemical oxidation processes. Although studies suggest that the degradation processes of the aromatic acids may be controlled by light, pH and hygroscopicity, a more careful investigation, including closed chamber studies, is highly appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mark Loewen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hemraj Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aswini AR, Hegde P, Nair PR, Aryasree S. Seasonal changes in carbonaceous aerosols over a tropical coastal location in response to meteorological processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1261-1279. [PMID: 30625656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Near-surface atmospheric aerosols (PM10) collected from a tropical coastal location in south-west peninsular Indian region for a duration of 6 years (2012-18) (N = 461) were analysed for carbonaceous aerosol components, the less studied aerosol species. Organic carbon (OC), its water soluble-insoluble (WSOC and WIOC) components, primary-secondary (POC and SOC) fractions and elemental carbon (EC) were examined for understanding the annual, seasonal, day-night variations in abundance pattern along with associated physical and meteorological processes. Total carbonaceous aerosols accounting for 36% of the collected aerosol mass with 31.5% organic matter (OM) and 4.5% EC respectively, exhibited consistent seasonal pattern throughout the study period with high concentration during winter followed by post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon. Delineation of marine and continental components of carbonaceous species based on their relative dominance during different air-mass periods, shows that while marine aerosols were a combination of natural sources comprising of volatile, semi-volatile species and secondary organics (from marine VOC precursors); the continental aerosols were composed of anthropogenic combustion sources (fossil fuel, biomass emissions etc). Based on the measurements of OC and EC during 2005-09 and 2012-18, their long term trends (for more than a decade) were investigated. Although OC showed an increasing tendency, EC exhibited a decrease with the total carbonaceous aerosols exhibiting a gradual decreasing trend over the years, indicating that they do not strictly reverberate the reported increasing trend observed over north-central parts of India. This can be presumed to be due to the reduced anthropogenic inputs over the location owing to the control measures and policies. The strong convective activity and large scale monsoon phenomena also helps in the effective dispersion of pollutants. Making use of comprehensive measurement of carbonaceous aerosols and the previous measurements of other aerosol components, an improved chemical composition model is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Aswini
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - Prabha R Nair
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Aryasree
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kang M, Guo H, Wang P, Fu P, Ying Q, Liu H, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Characterization and source apportionment of marine aerosols over the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2679-2688. [PMID: 30463123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of the importance of marine atmosphere for accurately estimating global aerosol budget and climate impacts has arisen recently. However, studies are limited due to the difficulty and inconvenience in sampling as well as the diversity of sources. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to investigate the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical components over the East China Sea (ECS) and offshore regions. In spite of slight under-predictions, model predictions agree well with observations over the ECS and along the coast. PM2.5 and its major components in the mainland are higher than in marine area, suggesting Asian continent is a major emitter of marine aerosols. PM2.5 and its components in marine regions show higher abundance during daytime than nighttime, while it is opposite in continental regions. Aerosol phase SO42- is the most abundant component of PM2.5 over the ECS with an average concentration of 5.12 μg m-3, followed by NH4+ (1.02 μg m-3) and primary organic aerosol (POA) (0.92 μg m-3). Industry and ship emissions are the top two contributors to primary (PPM) and total PM2.5 over the ECS, while industry and agriculture sectors are major sources for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), followed by ship emissions. For terrestrial regions, industry and agriculture are predominant sources of PM2.5 and SIA, while industry and residential activities are the top two contributors to PPM. This study improves the understanding of transport and accumulation of air pollutants over the ECS and adjacent regions, and provides useful information for designing efficient control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu Q, Xie Z, Wang X, Kang H, Zhang Y, Ding X, Zhang P. Monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids over oceans from the East China Sea to the Arctic Ocean: Roles of ocean emissions, continental input and secondary formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:284-292. [PMID: 29859444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are major components in marine organic aerosols. Many studies on the occurrence, sources and sinks of organic acids over oceans in the low and middle latitudes have been conducted. However, the understanding of relative contributions of specific sources to organic acids over oceans, especially in the high latitudes, is still inadequate. This study measured organic acids, including C14:0 - C32:0 saturated monocarboxylic acids (MCAs), C16:1, C18:1 and C18:2 unsaturated MCAs, and di-C4 - di-C10 dicarboxylic acids (DCAs), in the marine boundary layer from the East China Sea to the Arctic Ocean during the 3rd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 08). The average concentrations were 18 ± 16 ng/m3 and 11 ± 5.4 ng/m3 for ΣMCA and ΣDCA, respectively. The levels of saturated MCAs were much higher than those of unsaturated DCAs, with peaks at C16:0, C18:0 and C14:0. DCAs peaked at di-C4, followed by di-C9 and di-C8. Concentrations of MCAs and DCAs generally decreased with increasing latitudes. Sources of MCAs and DCAs were further investigated using principal component analysis with a multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model. Overall, carboxylic acids originated from ocean emissions, continental input (including biomass burning, anthropogenic emissions and terrestrial plant emissions), and secondary formation. All the five sources contributed to MCAs with ocean emissions as the predominant source (48%), followed by biomass burning (20%). In contrast, only 3 sources (i.e., secondary formation (50%), anthropogenic emissions (41%) and biomass burning (9%)) contributed to DCAs. Furthermore, the sources varied with regions. Over the Arctic Ocean, only secondary formation and anthropogenic emissions contributed to MCAs and DCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Song J, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Fu P, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Wang S, Huang X, Xu W, Cao Z, Gromov S, Lai S. Influence of biomass burning on atmospheric aerosols over the western South China Sea: Insights from ions, carbonaceous fractions and stable carbon isotope ratios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1800-1809. [PMID: 30093156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected during a cruise campaign over the western South China Sea (SCS) from August to September 2014. Ten water-soluble ions (WSI), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and stable carbon isotope ratios of total carbon (δ13CTC) were measured. The average concentrations of total WSI, OC and EC were 7.91 ± 3.44 μg/m3, 2.04 ± 1.25 μg/m3 and 0.30 ± 0.22 μg/m3, respectively. Among the investigated WSI, sulfate (SO42-), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) were the most abundant species, accounting for 39.2%, 24.5% and 14.3% of the total mass of the WSI, respectively. Significantly positive correlations of OC and EC with non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K+), a tracer for biomass burning, suggest that biomass burning is the major source of carbonaceous aerosols. The values of δ13CTC ranged from -26.6‰ to -24.4‰ with an average of -25.3 ± 0.7‰. Based on the literature data of δ13CTC, back-trajectory analysis and satellite fire spots, we propose that C3 plant burning in Southeast Asia significantly contributes to carbonaceous aerosols over the western SCS. This is also supported by a good correlation between δ13CTC and the mass ratios of nss-K+/TC. Furthermore, high Cl- depletion (73 ± 23%) was observed in the aerosols over the western SCS. Given the neutralization of SO42- by ammonium (NH4+), excess nss-SO42- and oxalate (C2O42-) made major contributions to Cl- depletion in the samples strongly influenced by biomass burning. This study provides useful information to better understand the influence of biomass burning on atmospheric aerosols over the SCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Environment Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lishan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Cao
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sergey Gromov
- Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zheng L, Yang X, Lai S, Ren H, Yue S, Zhang Y, Huang X, Gao Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, Fu P. Impacts of springtime biomass burning in the northern Southeast Asia on marine organic aerosols over the Gulf of Tonkin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:285-297. [PMID: 29494922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles (PM2.5) samples, collected at Weizhou Island over the Gulf of Tonkin on a daytime and nighttime basis in the spring of 2015, were analyzed for primary and secondary organic tracers, together with organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of total carbon (TC). Five organic compound classes, including saccharides, lignin/resin products, fatty acids, biogenic SOA tracers and phthalic acids, were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Levoglucosan was the most abundant organic species, indicating that the sampling site was under strong influence of biomass burning. Based on the tracer-based methods, the biomass-burning-derived fraction was estimated to be the dominant contributor to aerosol OC, accounting for 15.7% ± 11.1% and 22.2% ± 17.4% of OC in daytime and nighttime samples, respectively. In two episodes E1 and E2, organic aerosols characterized by elevated concentrations of levoglucosan as well as its isomers, sugar compounds, lignin products, high molecular weight (HMW) fatty acids and β-caryophyllinic acid, were attributed to the influence of intensive biomass burning in the northern Southeast Asia (SEA). However, the discrepancies in the ratios of levoglucosan to mannosan (L/M) and OC (L/OC) as well as the δ13C values suggest the type of biomass burning and the sources of organic aerosols in E1 and E2 were different. Hardwood and/or C4 plants were the major burning materials in E1, while burning of softwood and/or C3 plants played important role in E2. Furthermore, more complex sources and enhanced secondary contribution were found to play a part in organic aerosols in E2. This study highlights the significant influence of springtime biomass burning in the northern SEA to the organic molecular compositions of marine aerosols over the Gulf of Tonkin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong Ren
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State-owned Assets Management Office, Guilin Tourism University, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yuanguan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yele Sun
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Interfacial photochemistry at the ocean surface is a global source of organic vapors and aerosols. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2101. [PMID: 29844311 PMCID: PMC5974316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of the oceans acts as a global sink and source for trace gases and aerosol particles. Recent studies suggest that photochemical reactions at this air/water interface produce organic vapors, enhancing particle formation in the atmosphere. However, current model calculations neglect this abiotic source of reactive compounds and account only for biological emissions. Here we show that interfacial photochemistry serves as a major abiotic source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on a global scale, capable to compete with emissions from marine biology. Our results indicate global emissions of 23.2–91.9 TgC yr–1 of organic vapors from the oceans into the marine atmosphere and a potential contribution to organic aerosol mass of more than 60% over the remote ocean. Moreover, we provide global distributions of VOC formation potentials, which can be used as simple tools for field studies to estimate photochemical VOC emissions depending on location and season. Volatile organic compounds are photochemically produced in the ocean surface microlayer, but estimates are missing. Here the authors combine experiments and observations to quantify photochemical emissions of volatile organic compounds and show that they are comparable to biological production.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kang M, Yang F, Ren H, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Li L, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Lai S, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang Z, Sun Y, Fu P. Influence of continental organic aerosols to the marine atmosphere over the East China Sea: Insights from lipids, PAHs and phthalates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:339-350. [PMID: 28697387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected during a marine cruise in the East China Sea from May 18 to June 12, 2014. They were analyzed for solvent extractable organic compounds (lipid compounds, PAHs and phthalates) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to better understand the sources and source apportionment of aerosol pollution in the western North Pacific. Higher concentrations were observed in the terrestrially influenced aerosol samples on the basis of five-day backward air mass trajectories, especially for aerosols collected near coastal areas. Phthalates were found to be the dominant species among these measured compound classes (707±401ngm-3 for daytime and 313±155ngm-3 for nighttime), followed by fatty acids, fatty alcohols, n-alkanes and PAHs. In general, the daytime abundances for these compounds are higher than nighttime, possibly attributable to more intensive anthropogenic activities during the daytime. The factor analysis indicates that biomass burning, fungal activities and fossil fuel combustion maybe the main emission sources for organic aerosols over the East China Sea. This study demonstrates that the East Asian continent can be a natural emitter of biogenic and anthropogenic organics to the marine atmosphere through long-range transport, which controls the chemical composition and concentration of organic aerosols over the East China Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Romagnoli P, Vichi F, Balducci C, Imperiali A, Perilli M, Paciucci L, Petracchini F, Cecinato A. Air quality study in the coastal city of Crotone (Southern Italy) hosting a small-size harbor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25260-25275. [PMID: 28929369 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and gaseous pollutants were collected from the harbor and the urban area of Crotone (Southern Italy) in October 2015. The atmospheric concentrations of organic substances associated to PM10 were determined daily, while gaseous pollutants (BTEX, O3, SO2, NOx, NO2, and NH3) were monitored on monthly basis by means of diffusive sampling. Total PAHs reached, on the average, 1.56 ± 0.72, 0.33 ± 0.14, and 0.59 ± 0.37 ng/m3 at the urban monitoring stations (Fiore, Fermi) and at the harbor, respectively. The percent distribution and diagnostic concentration ratios of PAHs were similar at Fermi and harbor, whereas differences were found through comparison with Fiore site. Biogenic n-alkanes (n-C29, and n-C31) were the most abundant components, indicating the important impact of terrestrial higher plants in all sites. On the other hand, n-C23-n-C25 homologs originated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel were not negligible (CPI2.5 = 2.4) in harbor, confirming the role of anthropogenic sources there. Inside the harbor, SO2 concentrations ranged from 5.6 to 14.8 μg/m3 showing the maximum value within the old part of the harbor (touristic port). A statistical significant difference between the harbor and the surroundings was indeed observed for this pollutant, which is a specific marker of ship emissions. The other gaseous species monitored did not exhibit the same distribution, with exception of NH3 and benzene, whose concentration values ranged from 2.8 to 6.9 μg/m3 and 0.3 to 1.4 μg/m3, respectively, and peaked at the same harbor site. Similarities were found in NOx, NO2, and O3 concentration distributions, showing high values in the New Port area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vichi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Andrea Imperiali
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Lucia Paciucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shang D, Hu M, Guo Q, Zou Q, Zheng J, Guo S. Effects of continental anthropogenic sources on organic aerosols in the coastal atmosphere of East China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:350-361. [PMID: 28609736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although organic compounds in marine atmospheric aerosols have significant effects on climate and marine ecosystems, they have rarely been studied, especially in the coastal regions of East China. To assess the origins of the organic aerosols in the East China coastal atmosphere, PM2.5 samples were collected from the atmospheres of the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and Changdao Island during the CAPTAIN (Campaign of Air PolluTion At INshore Areas of Eastern China) field campaign in the spring of 2011. The marine atmospheric aerosol samples that were collected were grouped based on the backward trajectories of their air masses. The organic carbon concentrations in the PM2.5 samples from the marine and Changdao Island atmospheres were 5.5 ± 3.1 μgC/m3 and 6.9 ± 2.4 μgC/m3, respectively, which is higher than in other coastal water atmospheres. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the marine atmospheric PM2.5 samples was 17.0 ± 20.2 ng/m3, indicating significant continental anthropogenic influences. The influences of fossil fuels and biomass burning on the composition of organic aerosols in the coastal atmosphere of East China were found to be highly dependent on the origins of the air masses. Diesel combustion had a strong impact on air masses from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and gasoline emissions had a more significant impact on the "North China" marine atmospheric samples. The "Northeast China" marine atmospheric samples were most impacted by biomass burning. Coal combustion contributed significantly to the compositions of all of the atmospheric samples. The proportions of secondary compounds increased as samples aged in the marine atmosphere indicating that photochemical oxidation occured during transport. Our results quantified ecosystem effects on marine atmospheric aerosols and highlighted the uncertainties that arise when modeling marine atmospheric PM2.5 without considering high spatial resolution source data and meteorological parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingfeng Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Zou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yan Y, Fu P, Jing B, Peng C, Boreddy SKR, Yang F, Wei L, Sun Y, Wang Z, Ge M. Hygroscopic behavior of water-soluble matter in marine aerosols over the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:307-316. [PMID: 27842964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter (WSM) in marine aerosols over the East China Sea, which were collected during a Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) sharing cruise in 2014. Hygroscopic growth factors (g) of WSM were measured by a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA) with an initial dry particle mobility diameter of 100nm. The observed g at 90% relative humidity (RH), g(90%)WSM, defined as the ratio of the particle diameter at 90% RH to that at RH<5% (initial dry diameter), ranged from 1.67 to 2.41 (mean±std: 1.99±0.23). The g values were lower than that of seawater (2.1) but comparable with those reported for marine aerosols (1.79-2.08). The H-TDMA retrieved hygroscopicity parameter of WSM, κWSM, ranged from 0.46 to 1.56 (0.88±0.35). The observed g(90%)WSM during the daytime ranged from 1.67 to 2.40 (1.95±0.21) versus 1.71 to 2.41 (2.03±0.26) during the nighttime. κWSM was 0.81±0.32 in the daytime and 0.95±0.40 in the nighttime. The day/night differences of g(90%)WSM and κWSM indicated that nighttime marine aerosols were more hygroscopic than those in daytime, which was likely related to enhanced heterogeneous reaction of ammonium nitrate in nighttime and the higher Cl-/Na+ molar ratios obtained (0.80) in nighttime than those (0.47) in daytime. Inorganic ions accounted for 72-99% of WSM with SO42- being the dominant species, contributing to 47% of the total inorganic ion mass. The declined g(90%) comparing with sea water was likely due to the transport of anthropogenic aerosols, chemical aging of dust particles, the contribution of biomass burning products, and the aerosol hygroscopic growth inhibition of organics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo Jing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - S K R Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Santos GTAD, Santos PSM, Duarte AC. Vanillic and syringic acids from biomass burning: Behaviour during Fenton-like oxidation in atmospheric aqueous phase and in the absence of light. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 313:201-208. [PMID: 27085101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion is a threat to the environment since it emits to the atmosphere organic compounds, which may react and originate others more aggressive. This work studied the behaviours of vanillic and syringic acids, small aromatic tracers of biomass burning, during Fenton-like oxidation in aqueous phase and absence of light. For both compounds, the extent of oxidation increased with pH decrease from neutral to acid in atmospheric waters, but for vanillic acid the neutral pH was not able of promoting the oxidation. With the oxidation of both acids were formed chromophoric compounds, and the formation rate increased with the degree of electron-donator substituents in benzene ring. The initial and produced compounds were not totally degraded up to 24h of reaction at pH 4.5, suggesting that the night period may be not sufficient for their full degradation in atmospheric waters. The major compounds formed were the 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid for vanillic acid, and the 1,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxybenzene for syringic acid. These findings suggest the occurrence of an ipso attack by the hydroxyl radical preferential to the methoxy and carboxyl groups of vanillic and syringic acids, respectively. It is important to highlight that for both aromatic acids the main compounds produced are also small aromatic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela T A D Santos
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S M Santos
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Fu P, Ho SSH, Ho KF, Liu F, Zou S, Wang S, Lai S. Non-polar organic compounds in marine aerosols over the northern South China Sea: Influence of continental outflow. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:332-339. [PMID: 27023121 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Filter samples of total suspended particle (TSP) collected during a cruise campaign over the northern South China Sea (SCS) from September to October 2013 were analyzed for non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs) as well as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble ions. A total of 115 NPOCs species in groups of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), iso-/antiso-alkanes, hopanes, steranes, methylalkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and phthalates were detected. The characteristics of NPOCs in marine TSP samples were investigated to understand the sources from the Asian continent and other regions. The concentrations of total NPOCs ranged from 19.8 to 288.2 ng/m(3) with an average of 87.9 ng/m(3), which accounted for 0.8-1.7% (average 1.0%) of organic matter (OM). n-Alkanes was the predominant group, accounting for 43.1-79.5%, followed by PAHs (5.5-44.4%) and hopanes (1.6-11.4%). We found that primary combustion (biomass burning/fossil fuel combustion) was the dominant source for the majority of NPOCs (89.1%). Biomass burning in southern/southeastern China via long-range transport was proposed to be a major contributor of NPOCs in marine aerosols over the northern SCS, suggested by the significant correlations between nss-K(+) and NPOCs groups as well as the analysis of air mass back-trajectory and fire spots. For the samples with strong continental influence, the strong enhancement in concentrations of n-alkanes, PAHs, hopanes and steranes were attributed to fossil fuel (coal/petroleum) combustion. In addition, terrestrial plants waxes were another contributor to NPOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pathway, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cochran RE, Laskina O, Jayarathne T, Laskin A, Laskin J, Lin P, Sultana C, Lee C, Moore KA, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Analysis of Organic Anionic Surfactants in Fine and Coarse Fractions of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2477-86. [PMID: 26828238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of organic compounds in freshly emitted sea spray aerosol (SSA) has been shown to be size-dependent, with an increasing organic fraction in smaller particles. Here we have used electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry in negative ion mode to identify organic compounds in nascent sea spray collected throughout a 25 day mesocosm experiment. Over 280 organic compounds from ten major homologous series were tentatively identified, including saturated (C8-C24) and unsaturated (C12-C22) fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives (including saturated oxo-fatty acids (C5-C18) and saturated hydroxy-fatty acids (C5-C18), organosulfates (C2-C7, C12-C17) and sulfonates (C16-C22). During the mesocosm, the distributions of molecules within some homologous series responded to variations among the levels of phytoplankton and bacteria in the seawater. The average molecular weight and carbon preference index of saturated fatty acids significantly decreased within fine SSA during the progression of the mesocosm, which was not observed in coarse SSA, sea-surface microlayer or in fresh seawater. This study helps to define the molecular composition of nascent SSA and biological processes in the ocean relate to SSA composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Camille Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kathryn A Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ding X, He QF, Shen RQ, Yu QQ, Zhang YQ, Xin JY, Wen TX, Wang XM. Spatial and seasonal variations of isoprene secondary organic aerosol in China: Significant impact of biomass burning during winter. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20411. [PMID: 26842612 PMCID: PMC4740749 DOI: 10.1038/srep20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is a substantial contributor to global secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The formation of isoprene SOA (SOAI) is highly influenced by anthropogenic emissions. Currently, there is rare information regarding SOAI in polluted regions. In this study, one-year concurrent observation of SOAI tracers was undertaken at 12 sites across China for the first time. The tracers formed from the HO2-channel exhibited higher concentrations at rural sites, while the tracer formed from the NO/NO2-channel showed higher levels at urban sites. 3-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diols exhibited linear correlations with their ring-opening products, C5-alkenetriols. And the slopes were steeper in the southern China than the northern China, indicating stronger ring-opening reactions there. The correlation analysis of SOAI tracers with the factor determining biogenic emission and the tracer of biomass burning (levoglucosan) implied that the high level of SOAI during summer was controlled by biogenic emission, while the unexpected increase of SOAI during winter was largely due to the elevated biomass burning emission. The estimated secondary organic carbon from isoprene (SOCI) exhibited the highest levels in Southwest China. The significant correlations of SOCI between paired sites implied the regional impact of SOAI in China. Our findings implicate that isoprene origins and SOAI formation are distinctive in polluted regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Quan-Fu He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ru-Qin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tian-Xue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fu P, Kawamura K, Chen J, Miyazaki Y. Secondary production of organic aerosols from biogenic VOCs over Mt. Fuji, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8491-8497. [PMID: 24999968 DOI: 10.1021/es500794d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated organic molecular compositions of summertime aerosols collected at the summit of Mt. Fuji (3776 m a.s.l.) in July-August 2009. More than 120 organic species were identified using GC/MS. Concentrations of both primary and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers in whole-day samples were 4-20 times higher than those in nighttime samples, suggesting that valley breeze is an efficient mechanism to uplift the aerosols and precursors from the ground surface to mountaintop in daytime. Using a tracer-based method, we estimated the concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOC) derived from isoprene, α/β-pinene, and β-caryophyllene to be 2.2-51.2 ngC m(-3) in nighttime and 227-1120 ngC m(-3) during whole-day. These biogenic SOCs correspond to 0.80-31.9% and 26.8-57.4% of aerosol organic carbon in nighttime and whole-day samples, respectively. This study demonstrates that biogenic SOA, which is controlled by the valley breeze, is a significant fraction of free tropospheric aerosols over Mt. Fuji in summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
You Y, Smith ML, Song M, Martin ST, Bertram AK. Liquid–liquid phase separation in atmospherically relevant particles consisting of organic species and inorganic salts. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2014.890786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
45
|
Secondary organic aerosols over oceans via oxidation of isoprene and monoterpenes from Arctic to Antarctic. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2280. [PMID: 23880782 PMCID: PMC3721125 DOI: 10.1038/srep02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene and monoterpenes are important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in continents. However, their contributions to aerosols over oceans are still inconclusive. Here we analyzed SOA tracers from isoprene and monoterpenes in aerosol samples collected over oceans during the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Research Expeditions. Combined with literature reports elsewhere, we found that the dominant tracers are the oxidation products of isoprene. The concentrations of tracers varied considerably. The mean average values were approximately one order of magnitude higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. High values were generally observed in coastal regions. This phenomenon was ascribed to the outflow influence from continental sources. High levels of isoprene could emit from oceans and consequently have a significant impact on marine SOA as inferred from isoprene SOA during phytoplankton blooms, which may abruptly increase up to 95 ng/m3 in the boundary layer over remote oceans.
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao X, Wang X, Ding X, He Q, Zhang Z, Liu T, Fu X, Gao B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Deng X, Wu D. Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, South China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:110-121. [PMID: 24649696 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14-C32 fatty acids, C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5 collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14-C32 fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20-C32 fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14-C18 fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14-C32 fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14-C18 fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%-85% of the C20-C32 fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%-95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles. OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS OF GASES AND PARTICLES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25643-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
48
|
Levoglucosan indicates high levels of biomass burning aerosols over oceans from the Arctic to Antarctic. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3119. [PMID: 24176935 PMCID: PMC3814847 DOI: 10.1038/srep03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning is known to affect air quality, global carbon cycle, and climate. However, the extent to which biomass burning gases/aerosols are present on a global scale, especially in the marine atmosphere, is poorly understood. Here we report the molecular tracer levoglucosan concentrations in marine air from the Arctic Ocean through the North and South Pacific Ocean to Antarctica during burning season. Levoglucosan was found to be present in all regions at ng/m3 levels with the highest atmospheric loadings present in the mid-latitudes (30°–60° N and S), intermediate loadings in the Arctic, and lowest loadings in the Antarctic and equatorial latitudes. As a whole, levoglucosan concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere were comparable to those in the Northern Hemisphere. Biomass burning has a significant impact on atmospheric Hg and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) from pole-to-pole, with more contribution to WSOC in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ding X, Wang X, Xie Z, Zhang Z, Sun L. Impacts of Siberian biomass burning on organic aerosols over the North Pacific Ocean and the Arctic: primary and secondary organic tracers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3149-3157. [PMID: 23441622 DOI: 10.1021/es3037093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the 2003 Chinese Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE2003) from the Bohai Sea to the high Arctic (37°N-80°N), filter-based particle samples were collected and analyzed for tracers of primary and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) as well as water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Biomass burning (BB) tracer levoglucosan had comparatively much higher summertime average levels (476 ± 367 pg/m(3)) during our cruise due to the influence of intense forest fires then in Siberia. On the basis of 5-day back trajectories, samples with air masses passing through Siberia had organic tracers 1.3-4.4 times of those with air masses transporting only over the oceans, suggesting substantial contribution of continental emissions to organic aerosols in the marine atmosphere. SOA tracers from anthropogenic aromatics were negligible or not detected, while those from biogenic terpenenoids were ubiquitously observed with the sum of SOA tracers from isoprene (623 ± 414 pg/m(3)) 1 order of magnitude higher than that from monoterpenes (63 ± 49 pg/m(3)). 2-Methylglyceric acid as a product of isoprene oxidation under high-NOx conditions was dominant among SOA tracers, implying that these BSOA tracers were not formed over the oceans but mainly transported from the adjacent Siberia where a high-NOx environment could be induced by intense forest fires. The carbon fractions shared by biogenic SOA tracers and levoglucosan in WSOC in our ocean samples were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those previously reported in continental samples, BB emissions or chamber simulation samples, largely due to the chemical evolution of organic tracers during transport. As a result of the much faster decline in levels of organic tracers than that of WSOC during transport, the trace-based approach, which could well reconstruct WSOC using biogenic SOA and BB tracers for continental samples, only explained ∼4% of measured WSOC during our expedition if the same tracer-WSOC or tracer-SOC relationships were applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|