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Yue Z, Gou S, Sun S, Yang W, Chen Y, Wang Y, Lin H, Di K, Lin Y, Li X, Wu F. Geological context of the Chang'e-6 landing area and implications for sample analysis. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100663. [PMID: 39071219 PMCID: PMC11283046 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on returned samples can provide ground truth for the study of the geological evolution history of the Moon. However, previous missions all collected samples from the near side of the Moon, which is significantly different from the far side of the Moon in terms of the thickness of the lunar crust, magma activity, and composition. Therefore, the samples from the far side of the Moon are of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the history of the Moon. China's Chang'e-6 (CE-6) probe has successfully landed on the lunar far side and will return samples in the coming days. With the precise location of the CE-6 landing site, a detailed analysis of the geological background is conducted in this research. The landing site of CE-6 is within the Apollo crater, which is inside the largest impact basin on the Moon, i.e., the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin. According to the numerical simulation of the formation process of the SPA basin, CE-6 landed at the edge of the SPA impact melting zone, which is presumably composed of impact melt of the lunar mantle. The Apollo crater subsequently excavated deep material again, which constitutes the basement of the CE-6 landing area. Later, erupted basalt covered these basement rocks, and they also constitute the main source of the CE-6 samples. Based on the dating method of crater size-frequency distribution, we find that the basalt is ∼2.50 Ga. The CE-6 samples also possibly contain basement rocks as excavated and ejected by craters, and they can provide crucial information for our understanding of lunar geological history along with the basalt samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sheng Gou
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yexin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Honglei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaichang Di
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Yang C, Zhang X, Bruzzone L, Liu B, Liu D, Ren X, Benediktsson JA, Liang Y, Yang B, Yin M, Zhao H, Guan R, Li C, Ouyang Z. Comprehensive mapping of lunar surface chemistry by adding Chang'e-5 samples with deep learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7554. [PMID: 37985761 PMCID: PMC10661975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lunar surface chemistry is essential for revealing petrological characteristics to understand the evolution of the Moon. Existing chemistry mapping from Apollo and Luna returned samples could only calibrate chemical features before 3.0 Gyr, missing the critical late period of the Moon. Here we present major oxides chemistry maps by adding distinctive 2.0 Gyr Chang'e-5 lunar soil samples in combination with a deep learning-based inversion model. The inferred chemical contents are more precise than the Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) maps and are closest to returned samples abundances compared to existing literature. The verification of in situ measurement data acquired by Chang'e 3 and Chang'e 4 lunar rover demonstrated that Chang'e-5 samples are indispensable ground truth in mapping lunar surface chemistry. From these maps, young mare basalt units are determined which can be potential sites in future sample return mission to constrain the late lunar magmatic and thermal history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lorenzo Bruzzone
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jon Atli Benediktsson
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yanchun Liang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minghao Yin
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Haishi Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Renchu Guan
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunlai Li
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ziyuan Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
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3
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Liu B. Reflectivity. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LUNAR SCIENCE 2023:1030-1033. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14541-9_207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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4
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Basalt Chronology of the Orientale Basin Based on CE-2 CCD Imaging and Implications for Lunar Basin Volcanism. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The specific duration between the impact event and subsequent volcanic flows is highly variable based on previous works. The method of crater size-frequency distribution (CSFD) has been previously used to date the basalt in Orientale Basin, which yielded inconsistent resultant Absolute Model Age (AMA) ranges. The inconsistency may be attributed to the choice of counting area and identified superposed craters. In this study, we integrated the Chang’E-2 (CE-2) imaging data (7 m/pix) and the IIM and 20 m CE-2 DTMS data, re-divided Mare Orientale, and re-estimated the age of the basalts there. The ages revealed that (1) the central basalts had multiphase eruptions, beginning at 3.77 Ga (30 My after the impact event) with the longest duration of 1.51 Gy; (2) the edge basalts have a similar features as the central basalts, beginning at 3.75–3.50 Ga (50–300 My after the impact) with the longest duration of 0.67 Gy. Compared with the basalts along the basinal margin, the central basalts have higher Ti but lower Mg# contents, consistent with the basaltic magma fractionation trend. Spatial distribution characteristics indicate that the basalt eruption occurred in the impact direction upstream and in the center, but almost absent in the impact direction downstream. Accordingly, we speculate that the longevity of the lunar mare basaltic volcanism was affected by gravity changes, material balance, and other post-impact processes.
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The search for lunar mantle rocks exposed on the surface of the Moon. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4659. [PMID: 34344883 PMCID: PMC8333336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lunar surface is ancient and well-preserved, recording Solar System history and planetary evolution processes. Ancient basin-scale impacts excavated lunar mantle rocks, which are expected to remain present on the surface. Sampling these rocks would provide insight into fundamental planetary processes, including differentiation and magmatic evolution. There is contention among lunar scientists as to what lithologies make up the upper lunar mantle, and where they may have been exposed on the surface. We review dynamical models of lunar differentiation in the context of recent experiments and spacecraft data, assessing candidate lithologies, their distribution, and implications for lunar evolution. Vast, ancient impact basins scattered mantle materials across the lunar surface. We review lunar evolution models to identify candidate mantle lithologies, then assess orbital observations to evalutae the current distribution of these materials and implications for fundamental planetary processes.
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An Empirical Model to Estimate Abundance of Nanophase Metallic Iron (npFe0) in Lunar Soils. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lunar soils gradually become mature when they are exposed to a space environment, and nanophase metallic iron (npFe0) generates within them. npFe0 significantly changes the optical properties of lunar soils and affects the interpretation of the remotely sensed data of the lunar surface. In this study, a correlation analysis was conducted between npFe0 abundance and reflectance spectra at short wavelengths for lunar soil samples in four size groups based on their spectral and compositional data, collected by the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC). Results show that 540 nm single scattering albedo (SSA) of lunar soils correlates well with their corresponding npFe0 abundance for each size group of lunar soil samples. However, it is poorly correlated with npFe0 abundance when all size groups were considered because of the strong interference from grain size variation of lunar soils. To minimize the effect of grain size, the correlation of npFe0 abundance with the spectral ratio of 540 nm/810 nm SSA of all size groups for LSCC samples was calculated and results show that a higher correlation existed between them (R2 = 0.91). This ratio can serve as a simple empirical model for estimating npFe0 abundance in lunar soils. However, bias could be introduced to the estimation result when lunar soils possess a high content of agglutinitic glass and ilmenite. Our future work will focus on improving the model’s performance for these lunar soils.
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7
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Liu B. Reflectivity. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LUNAR SCIENCE 2020:1-5. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05546-6_207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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8
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Peplowski PN, Beck AW, Lawrence DJ. Geochemistry of the lunar highlands as revealed by measurements of thermal neutrons. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2016; 121:388-401. [PMID: 27830110 PMCID: PMC5076490 DOI: 10.1002/2015je004950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermal neutron emissions from the lunar surface provide a direct measure of bulk elemental composition that can be used to constrain the chemical properties of near-surface (depth <1 m) lunar materials. We present a new calibration of the Lunar Prospector thermal neutron map, providing a direct link between measured count rates and bulk elemental composition. The data are used to examine the chemical and mineralogical composition of the lunar surface, with an emphasis on constraining the plagioclase concentration across the highlands. We observe that the regions of lowest neutron absorption, which correspond to estimated plagioclase concentrations of >85%, are generally associated with large impact basins and are colocated with clusters of nearly pure plagioclase identified with spectral reflectance data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew W Beck
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel Maryland USA
| | - David J Lawrence
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel Maryland USA
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9
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An ACOR-Based Multi-Objective WSN Deployment Example for Lunar Surveying. SENSORS 2016; 16:209. [PMID: 26861350 PMCID: PMC4801585 DOI: 10.3390/s16020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can gather in situ real data measurements and work unattended for long periods, even in remote, rough places. A critical aspect of WSN design is node placement, as this determines sensing capacities, network connectivity, network lifetime and, in short, the whole operational capabilities of the WSN. This paper proposes and studies a new node placement algorithm that focus on these aspects. As a motivating example, we consider a network designed to describe the distribution of helium-3 (3He), a potential enabling element for fusion reactors, on the Moon. 3He is abundant on the Moon’s surface, and knowledge of its distribution is essential for future harvesting purposes. Previous data are inconclusive, and there is general agreement that on-site measurements, obtained over a long time period, are necessary to better understand the mechanisms involved in the distribution of this element on the Moon. Although a mission of this type is extremely complex, it allows us to illustrate the main challenges involved in a multi-objective WSN placement problem, i.e., selection of optimal observation sites and maximization of the lifetime of the network. To tackle optimization, we use a recent adaptation of the ant colony optimization (ACOR) metaheuristic, extended to continuous domains. Solutions are provided in the form of a Pareto frontier that shows the optimal equilibria. Moreover, we compared our scheme with the four-directional placement (FDP) heuristic, which was outperformed in all cases.
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10
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Andrews-Hanna JC, Asmar SW, Head JW, Kiefer WS, Konopliv AS, Lemoine FG, Matsuyama I, Mazarico E, McGovern PJ, Melosh HJ, Neumann GA, Nimmo F, Phillips RJ, Smith DE, Solomon SC, Taylor GJ, Wieczorek MA, Williams JG, Zuber MT. Ancient igneous intrusions and early expansion of the Moon revealed by GRAIL gravity gradiometry. Science 2012; 339:675-8. [PMID: 23223393 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The earliest history of the Moon is poorly preserved in the surface geologic record due to the high flux of impactors, but aspects of that history may be preserved in subsurface structures. Application of gravity gradiometry to observations by the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission results in the identification of a population of linear gravity anomalies with lengths of hundreds of kilometers. Inversion of the gravity anomalies indicates elongated positive-density anomalies that are interpreted to be ancient vertical tabular intrusions or dikes formed by magmatism in combination with extension of the lithosphere. Crosscutting relationships support a pre-Nectarian to Nectarian age, preceding the end of the heavy bombardment of the Moon. The distribution, orientation, and dimensions of the intrusions indicate a globally isotropic extensional stress state arising from an increase in the Moon's radius by 0.6 to 4.9 kilometers early in lunar history, consistent with predictions of thermal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Andrews-Hanna
- Department of Geophysics and Center for Space Resources, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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11
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Wu Y, Xue B, Zhao B, Lucey P, Chen J, Xu X, Li C, Ouyang Z. Global estimates of lunar iron and titanium contents from the Chang' E-1 IIM data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Ling Z, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhang G, Liu B, Ren X, Mu L, Liu J, Li C. Preliminary results of TiO2 mapping using Imaging Interferometer data from Chang’E-1. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Ling Z, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang W, Bian W, Ren X, Mu L, Liu J, Li C. Preliminary results of FeO mapping using Imaging Interferometer data from Chang’E-1. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Glotch TD, Lucey PG, Bandfield JL, Greenhagen BT, Thomas IR, Elphic RC, Bowles N, Wyatt MB, Allen CC, Hanna KD, Paige DA. Highly Silicic Compositions on the Moon. Science 2010; 329:1510-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1192148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Schultz PH, Staid MI, Pieters CM. Lunar activity from recent gas release. Nature 2006; 444:184-6. [PMID: 17093445 DOI: 10.1038/nature05303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Samples of material returned from the Moon have established that widespread lunar volcanism ceased about 3.2 Gyr ago. Crater statistics and degradation models indicate that last-gasp eruptions of thin basalt flows continued until less than 1.0 Gyr ago, but the Moon is now considered to be unaffected by internal processes today, other than weak tidally driven moonquakes and young fault systems. It is therefore widely assumed that only impact craters have reshaped the lunar landscape over the past billion years. Here we report that patches of the lunar regolith in the Ina structure were recently removed. The preservation state of relief, the number of superimposed small craters, and the 'freshness' (spectral maturity) of the regolith together indicate that features within this structure must be as young as 10 Myr, and perhaps are still forming today. We propose that these features result from recent, episodic out-gassing from deep within the Moon. Such out-gassing probably contributed to the radiogenic gases detected during past lunar missions. Future monitoring (including Earth-based observations) should reveal the composition of the gas, yielding important clues to volatiles archived at great depth over the past 4-4.5 Gyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Schultz
- Brown University, Geological Sciences, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-1846, USA.
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16
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Li L. Partial least squares modeling to quantify lunar soil composition with hyperspectral reflectance measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Hawke BR. Remote sensing and geologic studies of the Balmer-Kapteyn region of the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Wilcox BB, Lucey PG, Gillis JJ. Mapping iron in the lunar mare: An improved approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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20
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Li L. Highland contamination in lunar mare soils: Improved mapping with multiple end-member spectral mixture analysis (MESMA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Giguere TA. Remote sensing studies of the Lomonosov-Fleming region of the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Chevrel SD, Pinet PC, Daydou Y, Maurice S, Lawrence DJ, Feldman WC, Lucey PG. Integration of the Clementine UV-VIS spectral reflectance data and the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer data: A global-scale multielement analysis of the lunar surface using iron, titanium, and thorium abundances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Chevrel
- Groupe de Recherches de Géodésie Spatiale; Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées; Toulouse France
| | - P. C. Pinet
- Groupe de Recherches de Géodésie Spatiale; Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées; Toulouse France
| | - Y. Daydou
- Groupe de Recherches de Géodésie Spatiale; Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées; Toulouse France
| | - S. Maurice
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées; Toulouse France
| | - D. J. Lawrence
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - W. C. Feldman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - P. G. Lucey
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology; University of Hawaii; Honolulu Hawaii USA
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23
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Lawrence DJ, Feldman WC, Elphic RC, Little RC, Prettyman TH, Maurice S, Lucey PG, Binder AB. Iron abundances on the lunar surface as measured by the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray and neutron spectrometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Lawrence
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - W. C. Feldman
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - R. C. Elphic
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - R. C. Little
- Diagnostic Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - T. H. Prettyman
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - S. Maurice
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées; Toulouse France
| | - P. G. Lucey
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology; University of Hawaii; Honolulu Hawaii USA
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24
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25
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Grier JA, McEwen AS, Lucey PG, Milazzo M, Strom RG. Optical maturity of ejecta from large rayed lunar craters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Pieters CM, Head JW, Gaddis L, Jolliff B, Duke M. Rock types of South Pole-Aitken basin and extent of basaltic volcanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Feldman WC, Maurice S, Lawrence DJ, Little RC, Lawson SL, Gasnault O, Wiens RC, Barraclough BL, Elphic RC, Prettyman TH, Steinberg JT, Binder AB. Evidence for water ice near the lunar poles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Spudis
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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29
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30
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31
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Feldman WC, Lawrence DJ, Elphic RC, Vaniman DT, Thomsen DR, Barraclough BL, Maurice S, Binder AB. Chemical information content of lunar thermal and epithermal neutrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Lucey PG, Blewett DT, Jolliff BL. Lunar iron and titanium abundance algorithms based on final processing of Clementine ultraviolet-visible images. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Haskin LA, Gillis JJ, Korotev RL, Jolliff BL. The materials of the lunar Procellarum KREEP Terrane: A synthesis of data from geomorphological mapping, remote sensing, and sample analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Elphic RC, Lawrence DJ, Feldman WC, Barraclough BL, Maurice S, Binder AB, Lucey PG. Lunar rare earth element distribution and ramifications for FeO and TiO2: Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Le Mouélic S, Langevin Y, Erard S, Pinet P, Chevrel S, Daydou Y. Discrimination between maturity and composition of lunar soils from integrated Clementine UV-visible/near-infrared data: Application to the Aristarchus Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pinet PC, Shevchenko VV, Chevrel SD, Daydou Y, Rosemberg C. Local and regional lunar regolith characteristics at Reiner Gamma Formation: Optical and spectroscopic properties from Clementine and Earth-based data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Feldman WC, Lawrence DJ, Elphic RC, Barraclough BL, Maurice S, Genetay I, Binder AB. Polar hydrogen deposits on the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jolliff BL, Gillis JJ, Haskin LA, Korotev RL, Wieczorek MA. Major lunar crustal terranes: Surface expressions and crust-mantle origins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gaddis LR, Hawke BR, Robinson MS, Coombs C. Compositional analyses of small lunar pyroclastic deposits using Clementine multispectral data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Korotev RL. The great lunar hot spot and the composition and origin of the Apollo mafic (“LKFM”) impact-melt breccias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bussey DBJ, Spudis PD. Compositional studies of the Orientale, Humorum, Nectaris, and Crisium lunar basins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pieters CM, Tompkins S. Tsiolkovsky crater: A window into crustal processes on the lunar farside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yingst RA, Head JW. Geology of mare deposits in South Pole-Aitken basin as seen by Clementine UV/VIS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chevrel SD, Pinet PC, Head JW. Gruithuisen domes region: A candidate for an extended nonmare volcanism unit on the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jolliff BL. Clementine UVVIS multispectral data and the Apollo 17 landing site: What can we tell and how well? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lawrence DJ, Feldman WC, Barraclough BL, Binder AB, Elphic RC, Maurice S, Thomsen DR. Global elemental maps of the moon: the Lunar Prospector gamma-Ray spectrometer. Science 1998; 281:1484-9. [PMID: 9727970 DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5382.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer spectra along with counting rate maps of thorium, potassium, and iron delineate large compositional variations over the lunar surface. Thorium and potassium are highly concentrated in and around the nearside western maria and less so in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Counting rate maps of iron gamma-rays show a surface iron distribution that is in general agreement with other measurements from Clementine and the Lunar Prospector neutron detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lawrence
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Mail Stop D466, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Feldman WC, Barraclough BL, Maurice S, Elphic RC, Lawrence DJ, Thomsen DR, Binder AB. Major compositional units of the moon: lunar prospector thermal and fast neutrons. Science 1998; 281:1489-93. [PMID: 9727971 DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5382.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Global maps of thermal and fast neutron fluxes from the moon suggest three end-member compositional units. A high thermal and low fast neutron flux unit correlates with the lunar highlands and is consistent with feldspathic rocks. The South Pole-Aitken basin and a strip that surrounds the nearside maria have intermediate thermal and fast neutron flux levels, consistent with more mafic rocks. There appears to be a smooth transition between the most mafic and feldspathic compositions, which correspond to low and high surface altitudes, respectively. The maria show low thermal and high fast neutron fluxes, consistent with basaltic rocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- WC Feldman
- W. C. Feldman, B. L. Barraclough, R. C. Elphic, D. J. Lawrence, D. R. Thomsen, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D-466, Los Alamos NM 87545, USA. S. Maurice, Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, 14 avenue Ed Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France. A. B. Binder, L
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Lucey PG, Taylor GJ, Hawke BR, Spudis PD. FeO and TiO2concentrations in the South Pole-Aitken basin: Implications for mantle composition and basin formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97je03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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