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Conspicuous Smooth and White Egg-Shaped Sulfur Structures on a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Formed by Sulfide-Oxidizing Bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0095521. [PMID: 34468192 PMCID: PMC8557937 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00955-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conspicuous egg-shaped, white, and smooth structures were observed at a hydrothermal vent site in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. The gelatinous structures decomposed within hours after sampling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy showed that the structure consisted of filaments of less than 0.1 μm thickness, similar to those observed for "Candidatus Arcobacter sulfidicus." SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the filaments were sulfur rich. According to 16S rRNA gene amplicon and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, Arcobacter, a sulfide oxidizer that is known to produce filamentous elemental sulfur, was among the dominant species in the structure and was likely responsible for its formation. Arcobacter normally produces woolly snowflake like structures in opposed gradients of sulfide and oxygen. In the laboratory, we observed sulfide consumption in the anoxic zone of the structure, suggesting an anaerobic conversion. The sulfide oxidation and decomposition of the structure in the laboratory may be explained by dissolution of the sulfur filaments by reaction with sulfide under formation of polysulfides. IMPORTANCE At the deep-sea Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent system, sulfide-rich hydrothermal fluids mix with oxygenated seawater, thereby providing a habitat for microbial sulfur oxidation. Microbial sulfur oxidation in the deep sea involves a variety of organisms and processes and can result in the excretion of elemental sulfur. Here, we report on conspicuous white and smooth gelatinous structures found on hot vents. These strange egg-shaped structures were often observed on previous occasions in the Guaymas Basin, but their composition and formation process were unknown. Our data suggest that the notable and highly ephemeral structure was likely formed by the well-known sulfide-oxidizing Arcobacter. While normally Arcobacter produces loose flocs or woolly layers, here smooth gel-like structures were found.
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Rimskaya-Korsakova N, Fontaneto D, Galkin S, Malakhov V, Martínez A. Geochemistry drives the allometric growth of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (Annelida: Siboglinidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The tubeworm Riftia pachyptila is a key primarily producer in hydrothermal vent communities due to the symbiosis with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, which provide nourishment to the worm from sulphides, oxygen and carbon dioxide. These substances diffuse from the vent water into the bloodstream of the worm through their tentacular crowns, and then to the bacteria, hosted in a specialized organ of the worm, called a trophosome. The uptake rates of these substances depend on the surface/volume relationship of the tentacles. We here describe two morphotypes, ‘fat’ and ‘slim’, respectively, from the basalt sulphide-rich vents at 9 °N and 21 °N at the East Pacific Rise, and the highly sedimented, sulphide-poor vents at 27 °N in the Guaymas Basin. The ‘fat’ morphotype has a thicker body and tube, longer trunk and smaller tentacular crowns, whereas the ‘slim’ morphotype has shorter trunk, thinner body and tube, and presents longer tentacular crowns and has a higher number of tentacular lamellae. Given the dependence on sulphides for the growth of R. pachyptila, as well as high genetic connectivity of the worm’s populations along the studied localities, we suggest that such morphological differences are adaptive and selected to keep the sulphide uptake near to the optimum values for the symbionts. ‘Fat’ and ‘slim’ morphotypes are also found in the vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae in similar sulphide-rich and poor environments in the northern Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Sergey Galkin
- Laboratory of Ocean Benthic Fauna, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Malakhov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Verbania Pallanza, Italy
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Humphris SE, Klein F. Progress in Deciphering the Controls on the Geochemistry of Fluids in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:315-343. [PMID: 28853997 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last four decades, more than 500 sites of seafloor hydrothermal venting have been identified in a range of tectonic environments. These vents represent the seafloor manifestation of hydrothermal convection of seawater through the permeable oceanic basement that is driven by a subsurface heat source. Hydrothermal circulation has fundamental effects on the transfer of heat and mass from the lithosphere to the hydrosphere, the composition of seawater, the physical and chemical properties of the oceanic basement, and vent ecosystems at and below the seafloor. In this review, we compare and contrast the vent fluid chemistry from hydrothermal fields in a range of tectonic settings to assess the relative roles of fluid-mineral equilibria, phase separation, magmatic input, seawater entrainment, and sediment cover in producing the observed range of fluid compositions. We focus particularly on hydrothermal activity in those tectonic environments (e.g., mid-ocean ridge detachment faults, back-arc basins, and island arc volcanoes) where significant progress has been made in the last decade in documenting the variations in vent fluid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Humphris
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543;
| | - Frieder Klein
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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Von Damm KL. Controls on the Chemistry and Temporal Variability of Seafloor Hydrothermal Fluids. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shanks WC, Böhlke JK, Seal RR. Stable Isotopes in Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Systems: Interactions Between Fluids, Minerals, and Organisms. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hannington MD, Jonasson IR, Herzig PM, Petersen S. Physical and Chemical Processes of Seafloor Mineralization at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Seyfried WE, Ding K. Phase Equilibria in Subseafloor Hydrothermal Systems: a Review of the Role of Redox, Temperature, Ph and Dissolved Cl on the Chemistry of Hot Spring Fluids at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lowell RP, Germanovich LN. Hydrothermal Processes at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Results from Scale Analysis and Single-Pass Models. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ultramafic-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Chemical and Physical Controls on pH, Redox and Carbon Reduction Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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10
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Hydrothermal Fluid Composition at Middle Valley, Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Temporal and Spatial Variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Lowell RP, Crowell BW, Lewis KC, Liu L. Modeling Multiphase, Multicomponent Processes at Oceanic Spreading Centers. MAGMA TO MICROBE: MODELING HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES AT OCEAN SPREADING CENTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Von Damm KL. Evolution of the Hydrothermal System at East Pacific Rise 9°50´N: Geochemical Evidence for Changes in The Upper Oceanic Crust. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Butterfield DA, McDuff RE, Mottl MJ, Lilley MD, Lupton JE, Massoth GJ. Gradients in the composition of hydrothermal fluids from the Endeavour segment vent field: Phase separation and brine loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bowers TS, Campbell AC, Measures CI, Spivack AJ, Khadem M, Edmond JM. Chemical controls on the composition of vent fluids at 13°-11°N and 21°N, East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lowell RP, Germanovich LN. On the temporal evolution of high-temperature hydrothermal systems at ocean ridge crests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Butterfield DA, Massoth GJ. Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Massoth GJ, Baker ET, Lupton JE, Feely RA, Butterfield DA, Von Damm KL, Roe KK, Lebon GT. Temporal and spatial variability of hydrothermal manganese and iron at Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker ET. A 6-year time series of hydrothermal plumes over the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trefry JH, Butterfield DB, Metz S, Massoth GJ, Trocine RP, Feely RA. Trace metals in hydrothermal solutions from Cleft segment on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Woodruff LG, Shanks WC. Sulfur isotope study of chimney minerals and vent fluids from 21°N, East Pacific Rise: Hydrothermal sulfur sources and disequilibrium sulfate reduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Robidart JC, Roque A, Song P, Girguis PR. Linking hydrothermal geochemistry to organismal physiology: physiological versatility in Riftia pachyptila from sedimented and basalt-hosted vents. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21692. [PMID: 21779334 PMCID: PMC3136470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of what is known regarding Riftia pachyptila physiology is based on the wealth of studies of tubeworms living at diffuse flows along the fast-spreading, basalt-hosted East Pacific Rise (EPR). These studies have collectively suggested that Riftia pachyptila and its chemoautotrophic symbionts are physiologically specialized, highly productive associations relying on hydrogen sulfide and oxygen to generate energy for carbon fixation, and the symbiont's nitrate reduction to ammonia for energy and biosynthesis. However, Riftia also flourish in sediment-hosted vents, which are markedly different in geochemistry than basalt-hosted systems. Here we present data from shipboard physiological studies and global quantitative proteomic analyses of Riftia pachyptila trophosome tissue recovered from tubeworms residing in the EPR and the Guaymas basin, a sedimented, hydrothermal vent field. We observed marked differences in symbiont nitrogen metabolism in both the respirometric and proteomic data. The proteomic data further suggest that Riftia associations in Guaymas may utilize different sulfur compounds for energy generation, may have an increased capacity for energy storage, and may play a role in degrading exogenous organic carbon. Together these data reveal that Riftia symbionts are far more physiologically plastic than previously considered, and that -contrary to previous assertions- Riftia do assimilate reduced nitrogen in some habitats. These observations raise new hypotheses regarding adaptations to the geochemical diversity of habitats occupied by Riftia, and the degree to which the environment influences symbiont physiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Robidart
- University of California Santa Cruz, Department of Ocean Sciences, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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Gamo T, Ishibashi J, Tsunogai U, Okamura K, Chiba H. Unique geochemistry of submarine hydrothermal fluids from arc-back-arc settings of the western Pacific. BACK-ARC SPREADING SYSTEMS: GEOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/166gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Holm NG, Andersson E. Hydrothermal simulation experiments as a tool for studies of the origin of life on Earth and other terrestrial planets: a review. ASTROBIOLOGY 2005; 5:444-60. [PMID: 16078865 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2005.5.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential of life's origin in submarine hydrothermal systems has been evaluated by a number of investigators by conducting high temperature-high pressure experiments involving organic compounds. In the majority of these experiments little attention has been paid to the importance of constraining important parameters, such as the pH and the redox state of the system. This is particularly revealed in the apparent difficulties in interpreting experimental data from hydrothermal organic synthesis and stability studies. However, in those cases where common mineral assemblages have been used in an attempt to buffer the pH and redox conditions to geologically and geochemically realistic values, theoretical and experimental data seem to converge. The use of mineral buffer assemblages provides a convenient way by which to constrain the experimental conditions. Studies at high temperatures and pressure in the laboratory have revealed a number of reactions that proceed rapidly in hydrothermal fluids, including the Strecker synthesis of amino acids. In other cases, the verification of postulated abiotic reaction mechanisms has not been possible, at least for large molecules such as large fatty acids and hydrocarbons. This includes the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. High temperature-high pressure experimental methods have been developed and used successfully for a long time in, for example, mineral solubility studies under hydrothermal conditions. By taking advantage of this experimental experience new and, at times, unexpected directions can be taken in bioorganic geochemistry, one being, for instance, primitive two-dimensional information coding. This article critically reviews some of the organic synthesis and stability experiments that have been conducted under simulated submarine hydrothermal conditions. We also discuss some of the theoretical and practical considerations that apply to hydrothermal laboratory studies of organic molecules related to the origin of life on Earth and probably also to the other terrestrial planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils G Holm
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Significance of polysaccharides in microbial physiology and the ecology of hydrothermal vent environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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PRADILLON FLORENCE, GAILL FRANÇOISE. Oogenesis characteristics in the hydrothermal vent polychaeteAlvinella pompejana. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2003.9652541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Von Damm KL. Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9°-10°N, East Pacific Rise: “Time zero,” the immediate posteruptive period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Charlou JL, Fouquet Y, Donval JP, Auzende JM, Jean-Baptiste P, Stievenard M, Michel S. Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge: East Pacific Rise, 17° to 19°S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Damm KLV, Oosting SE, Kozlowski R, Buttermore LG, Colodner DC, Edmonds HN, Edmond JM, Grebmeier JM. Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent fluids following a volcanic eruption. Nature 1995. [DOI: 10.1038/375047a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Edmond JM, Campbell AC, Palmer MR, Klinkhammer GP, German CR, Edmonds HN, Elderfield H, Thompson G, Rona P. Time series studies of vent fluids from the TAG and MARK sites (1986, 1990) Mid-Atlantic Ridge: a new solution chemistry model and a mechanism for Cu/Zn zonation in massive sulphide orebodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.087.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sansone FJ, Resing JA. Hydrography and geochemistry of sea surface hydrothermal plumes resulting from Hawaiian coastal volcanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jc01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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German CR, Angel MV. Hydrothermal fluxes of metals to the oceans: a comparison with anthropogenic discharge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.087.01.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bougault H, Charlou JL, Fouquet Y, Needham HD, Vaslet N, Appriou P, Baptiste PJ, Rona PA, Dmitriev L, Silantiev S. Fast and slow spreading ridges: Structure and hydrothermal activity, ultramafic topographic highs, and CH4output. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Charlou JL, Donval JP. Hydrothermal methane venting between 12°N and 26°N along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chan LH, Edmond JM, Thompson G. A lithium isotope study of hot springs and metabasalts from Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The volume of Earth's oceans may be determined by a dynamic mechanism involving exchange of water between the crust and the mantle. Fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are currently submerged to a depth at which the pressure is close to the critical pressure for seawater. This ensures optimal convective heat transport and, hence, maximal penetration of hydrothermal circulation along the ridge axes. The oceanic crust is hydrated to a depth of a kilometer or more and can therefore carry a substantial flux of water to the upper mantle when it is subducted. The current ingassing rate of water by this process is probably at least sufficient to balance the outgassing rate. If the oceans were shallower, as they may have been in the distant past, convective heat transport would be reduced and the depth of hydrothermal penetration and crustal hydration would decrease. Outgassing would exceed ingassing and ocean volume would increase. The system is self-stabilizing as long as the depth of the oceans does not exceed its present value. This mechanism could explain why continental freeboard has remained approximately constant since the Archean despite probable increases in continental area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kasting
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Tambiev SB, Demina LL. Biogeochemistry and fluxes of manganese and some other metals in regions of hydrothermal activities (Axial Mountain, Juan de Fuca Ridge and Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90095-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Changes in submarine hydrothermal 3He/heat ratios as an indicator of magmatic/tectonic activity. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/346556a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tivey MK, Olson LO, Miller VW, Light RD. Temperature measurements during initiation and growth of a black smoker chimney. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/346051a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Shock EL. Geochemical constraints on the origin of organic compounds in hydrothermal systems. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01808115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fisher AT, Becker K, Narasimhan ITN, Langseth MG, Mottl MJ. Passive, off-axis convection through the southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib06p09343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trefry JH, Metz S. Role of hydrothermal precipitates in the geochemical cycling of vanadium. Nature 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/342531a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker ET, Lavelle JW, Feely RA, Massoth GJ, Walker SL, Lupton JE. Episodic venting of hydrothermal fluids from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib07p09237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Bowers TS. Stable isotope signatures of water-rock interaction in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems: Sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib05p05775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johnson KS, Childress JJ, Hessler RR, Sakamoto-Arnold CM, Beehler CL. Chemical and biological interactions in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field, Galapagos spreading center. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(88)90046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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