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Liu Y, Seco R, Kim S, Guenther AB, Goldstein AH, Keutsch FN, Springston SR, Watson TB, Artaxo P, Souza RAF, McKinney KA, Martin ST. Isoprene photo-oxidation products quantify the effect of pollution on hydroxyl radicals over Amazonia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar2547. [PMID: 29651460 PMCID: PMC5895449 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emitted from human activities are believed to regulate the atmospheric oxidation capacity of the troposphere. However, observational evidence is limited for the low-to-median NO x concentrations prevalent outside of polluted regions. Directly measuring oxidation capacity, represented primarily by hydroxyl radicals (OH), is challenging, and the span in NO x concentrations at a single observation site is often not wide. Concentrations of isoprene and its photo-oxidation products were used to infer the equivalent noontime OH concentrations. The fetch at an observation site in central Amazonia experienced varied contributions from background regional air, urban pollution, and biomass burning. The afternoon concentrations of reactive nitrogen oxides (NO y ), indicative of NO x exposure during the preceding few hours, spanned from 0.3 to 3.5 parts per billion. Accompanying the increase of NO y concentration, the inferred equivalent noontime OH concentrations increased by at least 250% from 0.6 × 106 to 1.6 × 106 cm-3. The conclusion is that, compared to background conditions of low NO x concentrations over the Amazon forest, pollution increased NO x concentrations and amplified OH concentrations, indicating the susceptibility of the atmospheric oxidation capacity over the forest to anthropogenic influence and reinforcing the important role of NO x in sustaining OH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roger Seco
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Alex B. Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephen R. Springston
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Thomas B. Watson
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. F. Souza
- Department of Meteorology, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Amazonas 69050, Brazil
| | - Karena A. McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Schneider GF, Cheesman AW, Winter K, Turner BL, Sitch S, Kursar TA. Current ambient concentrations of ozone in Panama modulate the leaf chemistry of the tropical tree Ficus insipida. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:363-372. [PMID: 28088026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant and greenhouse gas, affecting carbon dynamics, ecological interactions, and agricultural productivity across continents and biomes. Elevated [O3] has been documented in tropical evergreen forests, the epicenters of terrestrial primary productivity and plant-consumer interactions. However, the effects of O3 on vegetation have not previously been studied in these forests. In this study, we quantified ambient O3 in a region shared by forests and urban/commercial zones in Panama and found levels two to three times greater than in remote tropical sites. We examined the effects of these ambient O3 levels on the growth and chemistry of seedlings of Ficus insipida, a regionally widespread tree with high stomatal conductance, using open-top chambers supplied with ozone-free or ambient air. We evaluated the differences across treatments in biomass and, using UPLC-MS-MS, leaf secondary metabolites and membrane lipids. Mean [O3] in ambient air was below the levels that induce chronic stress in temperate broadleaved trees, and biomass did not differ across treatments. However, leaf secondary metabolites - including phenolics and a terpenoid - were significantly downregulated in the ambient air treatment. Membrane lipids were present at lower concentrations in older leaves grown in ambient air, suggesting accelerated senescence. Thus, in a tree species with high O3 uptake via high stomatal conductance, current ambient [O3] in Panamanian forests are sufficient to induce chronic effects on leaf chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Alexander W Cheesman
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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Abstract
Isoprene photooxidation is a major driver of atmospheric chemistry over forested regions. Isoprene reacts with hydroxyl radicals (OH) and molecular oxygen to produce isoprene peroxy radicals (ISOPOO). These radicals can react with hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) to dominantly produce hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). They can also react with nitric oxide (NO) to largely produce methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR). Unimolecular isomerization and bimolecular reactions with organic peroxy radicals are also possible. There is uncertainty about the relative importance of each of these pathways in the atmosphere and possible changes because of anthropogenic pollution. Herein, measurements of ISOPOOH and MVK + MACR concentrations are reported over the central region of the Amazon basin during the wet season. The research site, downwind of an urban region, intercepted both background and polluted air masses during the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. Under background conditions, the confidence interval for the ratio of the ISOPOOH concentration to that of MVK + MACR spanned 0.4-0.6. This result implies a ratio of the reaction rate of ISOPOO with HO2 to that with NO of approximately unity. A value of unity is significantly smaller than simulated at present by global chemical transport models for this important, nominally low-NO, forested region of Earth. Under polluted conditions, when the concentrations of reactive nitrogen compounds were high (>1 ppb), ISOPOOH concentrations dropped below the instrumental detection limit (<60 ppt). This abrupt shift in isoprene photooxidation, sparked by human activities, speaks to ongoing and possible future changes in the photochemistry active over the Amazon rainforest.
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Wang B, Lee X, Theng BKG, Cheng J, Yang F. Diurnal and spatial variations of soil NOx fluxes in the northern steppe of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 32:54-61. [PMID: 26040731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
NOx emissions from biogenic sources in soils play a significant role in the gaseous loss of soil nitrogen and consequent changes in tropospheric chemistry. In order to investigate the characteristics of NOx fluxes and factors influencing these fluxes in degraded sandy grasslands in northern China, diurnal and spatial variations of NOx fluxes were measured in situ. A dynamic flux chamber method was used at eight sites with various vegetation coverages and soil types in the northern steppe of China in the summer season of 2010. Fluxes of NOx from soils with plant covers were generally higher than those in the corresponding bare vegetation-free soils, indicating that the canopy plays an important role in the exchange of NOx between soil and air. The fluxes of NOx increased in the daytime, and decreased during the nighttime, with peak emissions occurring between 12:00 and 14:00. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the diurnal variation of NOx fluxes was positively correlated with soil temperature (P<0.05) and negatively with soil moisture content (P<0.05). Based on measurement over a season, the overall variation in NOx flux was lower than that of soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that the gaseous loss of N from the grasslands of northern China was not a significant contributor to the high C/N in the northern steppe of China. The concentration of NOx emitted from soils in the region did not exceed the 1-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.25 mg/m3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Xinqing Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Benny K G Theng
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jianzhong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Hübler G, Fahey DW, Ridley BA, Gregory GL, Fehsenfeld FC. Airborne measurements of total reactive odd nitrogen (NOy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trebs I, Mayol-Bracero OL, Pauliquevis T, Kuhn U, Sander R, Ganzeveld L, Meixner FX, Kesselmeier J, Artaxo P, Andreae MO. Impact of the Manaus urban plume on trace gas mixing ratios near the surface in the Amazon Basin: Implications for the NO-NO2-O3photostationary state and peroxy radical levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Slusher DL. A thermal dissociation–chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ganzeveld LN. Atmosphere-biosphere trace gas exchanges simulated with a single-column model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K. Monson
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; e-mail:
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth A. Holland
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; e-mail:
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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Jonquières I, Marenco A. Redistribution by deep convection and long-range transport of CO and CH4emissions from the Amazon basin, as observed by the airborne campaign TROPOZ II during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Holland EA, Braswell BH, Lamarque JF, Townsend A, Sulzman J, Müller JF, Dentener F, Brasseur G, Levy H, Penner JE, Roelofs GJ. Variations in the predicted spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and their impact on carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hall SJ, Matson PA, Roth PM. NOxEMISSIONS FROM SOIL: Implications for Air Quality Modeling in Agricultural Regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J. Hall
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Pamela A. Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Cárdenas L, Rondón A, Johansson C, Sanhueza E. Effects of soil moisture, temperature, and inorganic nitrogen on nitric oxide emissions from acidic tropical savannah soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bakwin PS, Wofsy SC, Fan SM, Fitzjarrald DR. Measurements of NOxand NOyconcentrations and fluxes over Arctic tundra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Müller JF. Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Doddridge BG, Dickerson RR, Wardell RG, Civerolo KL, Nunnermacker LJ. Trace gas concentrations and meteorology in rural Virginia: 2. Reactive nitrogen compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bakwin PS, Wofsy SC, Fan SM, Keller M, Trumbore SE, Da Costa JM. Emission of nitric oxide (NO) from tropical forest soils and exchange of NO between the forest canopy and atmospheric boundary layers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trumbore SE, Keller M, Wofsy SC, da Costa JM. Measurements of soil and canopy exchange rates in the Amazon rain forest using222Rn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Talbot RW, Andreae MO, Berresheim H, Jacob DJ, Beecher KM. Sources and sinks of formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids over central Amazonia: 2. Wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fan SM, Wofsy SC, Bakwin PS, Jacob DJ, Fitzjarrald DR. Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2and O3in the central Amazon Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Andreae MO, Berresheim H, Bingemer H, Jacob DJ, Lewis BL, Li SM, Talbot RW. The atmospheric sulfur cycle over the Amazon Basin: 2. Wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacob DJ, Wofsy SC. Budgets of reactive nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ozone over the Amazon forest during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kirchhoff VWJH, da Silva IMO, Browell EV. Ozone measurements in Amazonia: Dry season versus wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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