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Winberg J, Gustavsson P, Papadogiannakis N, Sahlin E, Bradley F, Nordenskjöld E, Svensson PJ, Annerén G, Iwarsson E, Nordgren A, Nordenskjöld A. Mutation screening and array comparative genomic hybridization using a 180K oligonucleotide array in VACTERL association. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85313. [PMID: 24416387 PMCID: PMC3887047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to identify genetic causes of VACTERL association (V vertebral defects, A anorectal malformations, C cardiac defects, T tracheoesofageal fistula, E esophageal atresia, R renal anomalies, L limb deformities), we have collected DNA samples from 20 patients diagnosed with VACTERL or with a VACTERL-like phenotype as well as samples from 19 aborted fetal cases with VACTERL. To investigate the importance of gene dose alterations in the genetic etiology of VACTERL association we have performed a systematic analysis of this cohort using a 180K array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) platform. In addition, to further clarify the significance of PCSK5, HOXD13 and CHD7 genes in the VACTERL phenotype, mutation screening has been performed. We identified pathogenic gene dose imbalances in two fetal cases; a hemizygous deletion of the FANCB gene and a (9;18)(p24;q12) unbalanced translocation. In addition, one pathogenic mutation in CHD7 was detected, while no apparent disease-causing mutations were found in HOXD13 or PCSK5. Our study shows that although large gene dose alterations do not seem to be a common cause in VACTERL association, array-CGH is still important in clinical diagnostics to identify disease cause in individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Winberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Gustavsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikos Papadogiannakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellika Sahlin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frideborg Bradley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edvard Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär-Johan Svensson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Annerén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Iwarsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Janssen N, Bergman JEH, Swertz MA, Tranebjaerg L, Lodahl M, Schoots J, Hofstra RMW, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Hoefsloot LH. Mutation update on the CHD7 gene involved in CHARGE syndrome. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1149-60. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Terminal 4q deletion and 8q duplication in a patient with CHARGE-like features. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 54:173-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Forward KE, Cummings EA, Blake KD. Risk factors for poor bone health in adolescents and adults with CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:839-45. [PMID: 17366585 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome, is associated with genital hypoplasia, feeding difficulties and delayed puberty. In this study we examined the prevalence of risk factors for poor bone health in adolescents and adults with CHARGE. Questionnaires assessing fracture history, dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, pubertal status and activity level using the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES) were completed by caregivers. Control data were collected for the HAES. When available, reports from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were obtained. Thirty individuals with CHARGE syndrome (n = 15 males; n = 15 females; age range 13 to 34 years; mean age 19.6 years) were recruited. Traumatic bony fractures were identified in 30% of the population. The recommended nutritional intake (RNI) for calcium and vitamin D were not met by 41% and 87% of the population, respectively, and 53% required past tube feeding. Delayed puberty was experienced by 87% with only 4 individuals (2 female, 2 males) having experienced normal puberty. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was taken by 33% of females and 60% of males. According to the HAES, adolescents with CHARGE syndrome (13-18 years) were significantly less active than controls. Individuals with CHARGE syndrome age 19 and older were also less active than controls, although this difference was not significant. DEXA scan data was obtained, however, due to small sample size (n = 10) and confounding variables (i.e., short stature, pubertal stage, height, weight), it was difficult to draw meaningful conclusions. Feeding difficulties, inactivity and hypogonadism are predisposing factors for the development of poor bone health among individuals with CHARGE syndrome. Education is necessary to raise awareness regarding the importance of HRT, proper nutrition and weight-bearing activity for healthy bone development and maintenance in individuals with CHARGE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Forward
- Dalhousie University Medical School, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Vissers LELM, Veltman JA, van Kessel AG, Brunner HG. Identification of disease genes by whole genome CGH arrays. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 14 Spec No. 2:R215-23. [PMID: 16244320 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small, submicroscopic, genomic deletions and duplications (1 kb to 10 Mb) constitute up to 15% of all mutations underlying human monogenic diseases. Novel genomic technologies such as microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) allow the mapping of genomic copy number alterations at this submicroscopic level, thereby directly linking disease phenotypes to gene dosage alterations. At present, the entire human genome can be scanned for deletions and duplications at over 30,000 loci simultaneously by array CGH ( approximately 100 kb resolution), thus entailing an attractive gene discovery approach for monogenic conditions, in particular those that are associated with reproductive lethality. Here, we review the present and future potential of microarray-based mapping of genes underlying monogenic diseases and discuss our own experience with the identification of the gene for CHARGE syndrome. We expect that, ultimately, genomic copy number scanning of all 250,000 exons in the human genome will enable immediate disease gene discovery in cases exhibiting single exon duplications and/or deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Cecal volvulus occurring in a child with CHARGE syndrome is presented. This boy was known to have CHARGE syndrome with multiple congenital anomalies, including coloboma, ventricular septal defect, choanal atresia, growth and mental retardation, bilateral cryptorchidism, dysplasia of the right ear, cleft lip, and hydrocephalus. Nissen's fundoplication had been previously performed for severe hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal regurgitation at the age of 1 year. Cecal volvulus occurred with a 540-degree clockwise rotation of terminal ileum to the right transverse colon and a displacement of the rotated loop to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen when he was 10 years old. Right hemicolectomy with divided ileo- and colostomy was performed. A second staged ileocolostomy was performed uneventfully 3 months later. The midline structural defects with nonfixation of the cecum and ascending colon, chronic constipation, and previous abdominal surgery might have been the predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shiee Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; and
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Johnson D, Morrison N, Grant L, Turner T, Fantes J, Connor JM, Murday V. Confirmation of CHD7 as a cause of CHARGE association identified by mapping a balanced chromosome translocation in affected monozygotic twins. J Med Genet 2006; 43:280-4. [PMID: 16118347 PMCID: PMC2563251 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.032946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHARGE syndrome has an estimated prevalence of 1/10,000. Most cases are sporadic which led to hypotheses of a non-genetic aetiology. However, there was also evidence for a genetic cause with reports of multiplex families with presumed autosomal dominant, possible autosomal recessive inheritance and concordant twin pairs. We identified a monozygotic twin pair with CHARGE syndrome and a de novo balanced chromosome rearrangement t(8;13)(q11.2;q22). METHODS Fluorescence in situ hybridisation was performed with BAC and PAC probes to characterise the translocation breakpoints. The breakpoint on chromosome 8 was further refined using 10 kb probes we designed and produced using sequence data for clone RP11 33I11, the Primer3 website, and a long range PCR kit. RESULTS BAC and PAC probe hybridisation redefined the breakpoints to 8q12.2 and 13q31.1. Probe RP11 33I11 spanned the breakpoint on chromosome 8. Using our 10 kb probes we demonstrated that the chromodomain gene CHD7 was disrupted by the translocation between exons 3 and 8. DISCUSSION Identifying that the translocation breakpoint in our patients occurred between exons 3 and 8 of CHD7 suggests that disruption of this gene is the cause of CHARGE syndrome in the twins and independently confirms the role of CHD7 in CHARGE syndrome.
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Lalani SR, Safiullah AM, Fernbach SD, Harutyunyan KG, Thaller C, Peterson LE, McPherson JD, Gibbs RA, White LD, Hefner M, Davenport SLH, Graham JM, Bacino CA, Glass NL, Towbin JA, Craigen WJ, Neish SR, Lin AE, Belmont JW. Spectrum of CHD7 mutations in 110 individuals with CHARGE syndrome and genotype-phenotype correlation. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:303-14. [PMID: 16400610 PMCID: PMC1380237 DOI: 10.1086/500273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a well-established multiple-malformation syndrome with distinctive consensus diagnostic criteria. Characteristic associated anomalies include ocular coloboma, choanal atresia, cranial nerve defects, distinctive external and inner ear abnormalities, hearing loss, cardiovascular malformations, urogenital anomalies, and growth retardation. Recently, mutations of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein gene CHD7 were reported to be a major cause of CHARGE syndrome. We sequenced the CHD7 gene in 110 individuals who had received the clinical diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, and we detected mutations in 64 (58%). Mutations were distributed throughout the coding exons and conserved splice sites of CHD7. Of the 64 mutations, 47 (73%) predicted premature truncation of the protein. These included nonsense and frameshift mutations, which most likely lead to haploinsufficiency. Phenotypically, the mutation-positive group was more likely to exhibit cardiovascular malformations (54 of 59 in the mutation-positive group vs. 30 of 42 in the mutation-negative group; P=.014), coloboma of the eye (55 of 62 in the mutation-positive group vs. 30 of 43 in the mutation-negative group; P=.022), and facial asymmetry, often caused by seventh cranial nerve abnormalities (36 of 56 in the mutation-positive group vs. 13 of 39 in the mutation-negative group; P=.004). Mouse embryo whole-mount and section in situ hybridization showed the expression of Chd7 in the outflow tract of the heart, optic vesicle, facio-acoustic preganglion complex, brain, olfactory pit, and mandibular component of the first branchial arch. Microarray gene-expression analysis showed a signature pattern of gene-expression differences that distinguished the individuals with CHARGE syndrome with CHD7 mutation from the controls. We conclude that cardiovascular malformations, coloboma, and facial asymmetry are common findings in CHARGE syndrome caused by CHD7 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R. Lalani
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Arsalan M. Safiullah
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Susan D. Fernbach
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Karine G. Harutyunyan
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Christina Thaller
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Leif E. Peterson
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - John D. McPherson
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Lisa D. White
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Margaret Hefner
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Sandra L. H. Davenport
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - John M. Graham
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Carlos A. Bacino
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Nancy L. Glass
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Jeffrey A. Towbin
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - William J. Craigen
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Steven R. Neish
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Angela E. Lin
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - John W. Belmont
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis; Sensory Genetics/Neuro-Development, Bloomington, MN; Medical Genetics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Genetics and Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
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Issekutz KA, Graham JM, Prasad C, Smith IM, Blake KD. An epidemiological analysis of CHARGE syndrome: preliminary results from a Canadian study. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A:309-17. [PMID: 15637722 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a well-characterized clinical diagnosis with recent data supporting a genetic etiology. A 3-year national surveillance coordinated by the Canadian Pediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) was started in September 2001. Physicians notified the CPSP if they had cared for individuals with CHARGE syndrome within their practice, and then completed a detailed reporting form. To date, there are 77 confirmed cases of CHARGE syndrome. The highest provincial prevalence of CHARGE syndrome in Canada was estimated at 1 in 8,500 live births. Subgroups of cases with particular clusters of anomalies were identified. In older individuals, bilateral posterior choanal atresia (BPCA) was predictive of the presence of the three other major criteria and of aortic arch anomalies. Individuals with CHARGE syndrome who demonstrated a less extensive phenotype (<or=3 major criteria) were more likely to present with minor cardiovascular malformations, including small atrial or ventricular septal defects (VSD) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). A significant cause of morbidity was severe feeding difficulty, including problems with chewing, swallowing, and gastroesophageal reflux, which were prevalent throughout childhood. Infant mortality is high in individuals with CHARGE syndrome. However, life expectancy has improved for those surviving their first year. Increased mortality was associated with distinct cardiovascular malformations or ventriculomegaly combined with brainstem or cerebellar anomalies. From this study, revised diagnostic criteria are proposed for infants, children, and adolescents to help identify a group of individuals who represent CHARGE syndrome with more of the classical features as apposed to the boarder association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Issekutz
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Arrington CB, Cowley BC, Nightingale DR, Zhou H, Brothman AR, Viskochil DH. Interstitial deletion 8q11.2-q13 with congenital anomalies of CHARGE association. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A:326-30. [PMID: 15672384 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Specific genetic loci responsible for CHARGE association are currently unknown. Herein, we describe a neonate with clinical manifestations consistent with CHARGE association who has a de novo interstitial deletion involving bands 8q11.2 to 8q13. Genetic mapping and genomic microarray technology have been used to more accurately define the breakpoints of this deletion. Within the deleted region, there are approximately 150 expressed genes, one or more of which may contribute to the manifestations of CHARGE association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cammon B Arrington
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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11
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Lalani SR, Safiullah AM, Fernbach SD, Phillips M, Bacino CA, Molinari LM, Glass NL, Towbin JA, Craigen WJ, Belmont JW. SNP genotyping to screen for a common deletion in CHARGE syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 6:8. [PMID: 15710038 PMCID: PMC550653 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background CHARGE syndrome is a complex of birth defects including coloboma, choanal atresia, ear malformations and deafness, cardiac defects, and growth delay. We have previously hypothesized that CHARGE syndrome could be caused by unidentified genomic microdeletion, but no such deletion was detected using short tandem repeat (STR) markers spaced an average of 5 cM apart. Recently, microdeletion at 8q12 locus was reported in two patients with CHARGE, although point mutation in CHD7 on chromosome 8 was the underlying etiology in most of the affected patients. Methods We have extended our previous study by employing a much higher density of SNP markers (3258) with an average spacing of approximately 800 kb. These SNP markers are diallelic and, therefore, have much different properties for detection of deletions than STRs. Results A global error rate estimate was produced based on Mendelian inconsistency. One marker, rs431722 exceeded the expected frequency of inconsistencies, but no deletion could be demonstrated after retesting the 4 inconsistent pedigrees with local flanking markers or by FISH with the corresponding BAC clone. Expected deletion detection (EDD) was used to assess the coverage of specific intervals over the genome by deriving the probability of detecting a common loss of heterozygosity event over each genomic interval. This analysis estimated the fraction of unobserved deletions, taking into account the allele frequencies at the SNPs, the known marker spacing and sample size. Conclusions The results of our genotyping indicate that more than 35% of the genome is included in regions with very low probability of a deletion of at least 2 Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arsalan M Safiullah
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan D Fernbach
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Phillips
- Genome Quebec and McGill University Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura M Molinari
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nancy L Glass
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Towbin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William J Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Strömland K, Sjögreen L, Johansson M, Ekman Joelsson BM, Miller M, Danielsson S, Billstedt E, Gillberg C, Jacobsson C, Norinder JA, Granström G. CHARGE association in Sweden: Malformations and functional deficits. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A:331-9. [PMID: 15633180 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE association (CA) consists of a non-random association of ocular coloboma (C), heart anomaly (H), atresia of choanae (A), retarded growth and/or development (R), genital hypoplasia (G), and ear anomalies and/or hearing impairment (E). A prospective multidisciplinary study of 31 Swedish patients with CA was undertaken in order to describe the associated malformations and functional deficits, find possible etiological factors and identify critical time periods for the maldevelopment. The clinical files were analyzed, the mothers answered a questionnaire on history of prenatal events, and a clinical evaluation of systemic findings, vision, hearing, balance, speech, oral and swallowing function, and neuro-psychiatric function, especially autism, was performed. The most frequent physical abnormalities affected ears (90%), eyes (90%), brain (61%), heart (52%), retarded growth (48%), genitals (38%), choanae (35%), and facial nerve (32%). Sixty-one percent of the patients were visually impaired or blind, and 74% had hearing loss or deafness. Problems in balance, speech, and eating were common. Forty percent of the patients had autism/atypical autism, and 82% had developmental delay. Three children were born following assisted fertilization and two mothers had diabetes. The mothers reported infections, bleedings, and drug use during pregnancy. Analysis of possible critical time periods suggested that most malformations were produced early in pregnancy, mainly during post conceptual weeks 4, 5, and 6. A multidisciplinary approach is essential in the assessment and management of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Strömland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Searle LC, Graham JM, Prasad C, Blake KD. CHARGE syndrome from birth to adulthood: An individual reported on from 0 to 33 years. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A:344-9. [PMID: 15637714 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome was independently reported by Hall [(1979): J Pediatr 95:395-398] and Hittner et al. [(1979): J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 16:122-128] and was initially considered to be a non-random association between distinct multiple congenital anomalies. It is now considered to be a recognizable syndrome with well-characterized diagnostic criteria and a genetic pathogenesis. We report on a 33-year-old adult male with CHARGE syndrome, with emphasis on the unique medical, behavioral, and psychological issues faced in adulthood. Characteristic facial and ear abnormalities were obvious in early childhood, and bilateral retinal colobomata, left choanal atresia, right congenital hip dislocation, and hypogonadism were diagnosed during the first year. Walking was delayed due to vestibular problems, speech was impaired due to moderately severe hearing loss, and use of sign communication was limited. Choanal atresia was surgically corrected in infancy, and atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus were surgically corrected in childhood. Undescended testes were removed in adolescence, and gallstones were removed in early adulthood. Puberty was delayed until hormone replacement therapy began at 15 years. Behavioral disturbances and anxiety persisted throughout childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood, often resulting from communication challenges. At 33 years of age, he lives independently in a supervised group home, receives regular eye check-ups and is being monitored for severely reduced bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Searle
- Medical Student, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Graham JM, Rosner B, Dykens E, Visootsak J. Behavioral features of CHARGE syndrome (Hall-Hittner syndrome) comparison with Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Williams syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A:240-7. [PMID: 15637708 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome, or Hall-Hitner syndrome (HHS), has been delineated as a common syndrome that includes coloboma, choanal atresia, cranial nerve dysfunction (particularly asymmetric facial palsy and neurogenic swallowing problems), characteristic ear abnormalities, deafness with hypoplasia of the cochlea and semicircular canals, genital hypoplasia, and variable heart defects, orofacial clefting, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, thymic/parathyroid hypoplasia, spine anomalies, short broad neck with sloping shoulders, and characteristic facial features. We conducted behavioral and personality assessments in 14 boys with HHS syndrome aged 6-21 years, and compared their characteristics with similar data from 20 age-matched boys with Down syndrome (DS), 17 boys with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and 16 boys with Williams syndrome (WS). We used the Reiss Profile of Fundamental Goals and Motivation Sensitivities, the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). All 14 boys with HHS were legally deaf, and 10 of the 14 were also legally blind. In comparison these other syndromes, boys with HHS had behavior that resembled autistic spectrum disorder. They were socially withdrawn, lacked interest in social contact, and manifested reduced seeking of attention from others, with hyperactivity and a need to maintain order. Though the boys with HHS showed decreased social interaction, they were not as socially impaired as in classic autism. Their language was delayed due to dual sensory impairment, cranial nerve deficits, and chronic medical problems, but their language style was not abnormal (no echolalia or jargon, no scripted phrases, and no pronoun reversal). Boys with HSS appeared frustrated, but they were not aggressive, or at risk for delinquency, manifesting few stereotypic behaviors or unusual preoccupations. They did not have a restricted repertoire of activities and interests. Their behavioral features appeared to be due to dual sensory impairment affecting hearing and vision, rather than to primary autistic spectrum disorder, but successful remediation requires similar educational interventions, which are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Birth Defects Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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15
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Abstract
To be seriously considered, a theory about the pathogenesis of a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome should meet three criteria: (1) it should explain all of the anomalies associated with the syndrome; (2) it should explain why certain anomalies are not associated with the syndrome; and (3) it should predict anomalies that could be associated with the syndrome, but have not yet been described. The theory must eventually pass the ultimate test, that is, molecular confirmation of the proposed mechanism. Several theories about the pathogenesis of CHARGE syndrome have been proposed, but none of these meet the three criteria stated above. In this study, the author proposes that CHARGE syndrome is due to a disruption of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction (epithelial includes ectoderm and endoderm). The theory is tested against the major, minor, and occasional anomalies that are used to make the clinical diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome. Review of the known embryology of the organs and tissues involved in CHARGE syndrome confirms that mesenchymal-epithelial interactions are necessary for proper formation of these organs and tissues. The presence of limb anomalies in approximately one-third of CHARGE syndrome patients fulfills criteria #3 above, in that limb anomalies were not felt to be a part of CHARGE syndrome until relatively recently. It is known that some patients with chromosomal abnormalities have a phenotype that overlaps with CHARGE syndrome. Given that critical developmental pathways must be robust and redundant in order to minimize errors, it may be that disruption of more than one gene is necessary to generate the CHARGE phenotype, as has been proposed for the holoprosencephaly sequence. Mutations and deletions of CHD7 have recently been identified as causing CHARGE syndrome in more than 50% of tested patients. Given this gene classes' putative role as a general controller of developmental gene expression as well as mesodermal patterning, it would fit the hypothesized mechanisms discussed in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA.
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Hartshorne TS, Hefner MA, Davenport SLH. Behavior in CHARGE syndrome: Introduction to the special topic. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A:228-31. [PMID: 15637707 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Challenging behavior in children with CHARGE syndrome has been increasingly a concern of parents, educators, and health professionals. This article introduces the special topic in the American Journal of Medical Genetics on behavior in individuals with CHARGE syndrome. It provides background on CHARGE syndrome, diagnostic criteria, and the relationship of sensory and other physical deficits with both development and behavior. Four themes related to our developing understanding of behavior in CHARGE are described: children with CHARGE have behaviors different from those seen in other syndromes with or without deafblindness. The behavior they display is often very adaptive to their environment and to their own disabilities. These behaviors may be partially related to problems with arousal and self-regulation. And, finally, all papers point to behavior as communication, especially within relationships, where it is essential for maximizing intellectual and social outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Hartshorne
- Psychology Department, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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Miller MT, Strömland K, Ventura L, Johansson M, Bandim JM, Gillberg C. Autism associated with conditions characterized by developmental errors in early embryogenesis: a mini review. Int J Dev Neurosci 2004; 23:201-19. [PMID: 15749246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a complex developmental disorder without an established single etiology but with significant contributions from genetic studies, functional research, and neuropsychiatric and neuroradiologic investigations. The purpose of this paper is to review the findings in five studies involving individuals manifesting the characteristic findings of autism spectrum disorder associated with malformations and dysfunctions known to result from early embryogenic defects. These investigations include two associated with teratogens (thalidomide embryopathy, Mobius sequence with misoprostol) and three (most Mobius sequence cases, CHARGE association, Goldenhar syndrome) with no known etiology. These studies suggest that early embryonic development errors often involving cranial nerve palsies, internal and external ear malformations, ophthalmologic anomalies, and a variety of systemic malformations may be associated with autism spectrum disorders statistically more frequently than expected in a normal population. Although the exact time of developmental insult for each condition cannot be identified, the evidence is that it may occur as early as week 4 to 6+ of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn T Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, 1855 West Taylor Street, Rm. 327, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Vissers LELM, van Ravenswaaij CMA, Admiraal R, Hurst JA, de Vries BBA, Janssen IM, van der Vliet WA, Huys EHLPG, de Jong PJ, Hamel BCJ, Schoenmakers EFPM, Brunner HG, Veltman JA, van Kessel AG. Mutations in a new member of the chromodomain gene family cause CHARGE syndrome. Nat Genet 2004; 36:955-7. [PMID: 15300250 DOI: 10.1038/ng1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CHARGE syndrome is a common cause of congenital anomalies affecting several tissues in a nonrandom fashion. We report a 2.3-Mb de novo overlapping microdeletion on chromosome 8q12 identified by array comparative genomic hybridization in two individuals with CHARGE syndrome. Sequence analysis of genes located in this region detected mutations in the gene CHD7 in 10 of 17 individuals with CHARGE syndrome without microdeletions, accounting for the disease in most affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Celli J, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG. Feingold syndrome: clinical review and genetic mapping. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 122A:294-300. [PMID: 14518066 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feingold syndrome is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of microcephaly and limb malformations, notably hypoplastic thumbs, and clinodactyly of second and fifth fingers. Syndactyly frequently involves the second and third, as well as the fourth and fifth toes. Approximately one in three Feingold syndrome patients have esophageal or duodenal atresia or both. Anal atresia has been reported in a single case. At least 79 patients in 25 families have been reported. The syndrome has autosomal dominant inheritance with full penetrance, and variable expressivity. Vertebral anomalies, cardiac malformations, and deafness have been noted in a minority of patients. Here, we report a patient with hydronephrosis of one kidney and cystic dysplasia of the other, necessitating nephrectomy. The overall pattern of malformations in Feingold syndrome shows considerable overlap with the VATER/VACTERL association. The gene for Feingold syndrome maps to 2p23-p24, but remains to be identified. Comparison of the pattern of anomalies that occurs in the Feingold syndrome in humans and malformations that are present in mice with mutations of genes in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway suggest, that the elusive Feingold syndrome gene may involve this signaling pathway as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Celli
- University Medical Center Nijmegen, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Schoumans J, Nielsen K, Jeppesen I, Anderlid BM, Blennow E, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Nordenskjöld M. A comparison of different metaphase CGH methods for the detection of cryptic chromosome aberrations of defined size. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12:447-54. [PMID: 15026784 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence indicates that submicroscopic gene dose alterations may cause mental impairment and malformations. During the last decade, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has become a useful tool in the detection and mapping of chromosome aberrations. Modifications of CGH with increased resolution down to 3-5 Mb have been reported and CGH is now offered as a diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of patients with idiopathic mental retardation (MR). In order to increase the resolution, we modified the CGH protocol using freshly prepared high-quality metaphase slides and chemical labeling, and tested the method on a set of patients with well-defined submicroscopic chromosome abnormalities with confirmed size 1.3-20.5 Mb. Subsequently, a completely blinded test was performed to compare the performance of the chemical labeling CGH to the commercially available HR-CGH. Using the two different CGH methods, we were able to detect chromosome imbalances down to 2-3 Mb approximately. The HR-CGH method detected all aberrations >6 Mb and a few smaller, while the modified CGH method was able to detect all but three aberrations >1.8 Mb. The modified CGH method was superior in the detection of terminal imbalances, while the HR-CGH software was more successful in the detection of imbalances located very close to the centromeric regions. In conclusion, the resolution of metaphase CGH may be as high as 2-3 Mb but is most likely depending on the chromosomal region involved, a clear limitation when used as a screening method for chromosome aberrations in patients with idiopathic MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Schoumans
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Genetics Unit, Karolinska Institute, CMM L8:02, Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden.
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Brisset S, Romana S, Texier I, Lapierre JM, North MO, Vekemans M, Morichon-Delvallez N. CGH analysis in a cohort of 17 chromosomally normal fetuses with an increased nuchal translucency. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23:1017-8. [PMID: 14663841 DOI: 10.1002/pd.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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