1
|
Xefteris A, Sekerli E, Arampatzi A, Charisiou S, Oikonomidou E, Efstathiou G, Peroulis N, Malamidou A, Tsoulou-Panidou E, Agakidou E, Sarafidis K, Psarakis A, Kataras T, Daskalakis G. Expanded Prader-Willi Syndrome due to an Unbalanced de novo Translocation t(14;15): Report and Review of the Literature. Cytogenet Genome Res 2019; 159:109-118. [PMID: 31816617 DOI: 10.1159/000504159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we report a case of a female infant with a de novo unbalanced t(14;15) translocation resulting in a 14-Mb deletion of the 15q11.1q14 region. The deletion includes the 15q11.2q13 Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) critical region, while no known deleted genes are found in the 14qter region. According to literature review, patients with similar or larger deletions in the 15q region exhibit an expanded phenotype of PWS with case-specific atypical features such as severe retardation, absence of speech, microcephaly, retrognathia, bifid uvula, ear malformations, and heart defects in addition to typical features of PWS. Our proband exhibited increased deep tendon reflexes, an atypical feature which is not reported in the reviewed literature. The severity of the phenotype is not directly associated with the size of the deletion; however, using a combination of methods, the identification of breakpoints and the deleted genes can be helpful for the prognostication in patients with atypical PWS deletions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Colovati MES, Grossi BM, Nunes GD, Fock RA, Guedes DR, Melaragno MI, Cernach MCSP. Atypical Prader-Willi and 15q13.3 Microdeletion Syndromes in a Patient with an Unbalanced Translocation. Cytogenet Genome Res 2019; 158:192-198. [PMID: 31394532 DOI: 10.1159/000501753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and recurrent 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome can be caused by genomic rearrangements in the complex 15q11q13 chromosomal region. Here, we describe the first female child with PWS and 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome resulting from an unusual 10.7-Mb deletion from 15pter to 15q13.3 due to an unbalanced de novo 15;19 translocation. The patient presents with hypotonia, microcephaly, developmental delay with lack of speech, intellectual disability, happy demeanor, clinodactyly of the 4th and 5th fingers, and dysmorphic facial features discordant for PWS and consistent with an atypical phenotype.
Collapse
|
3
|
Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo 4.858-Mb microdeletion in 15q14 associated with ACTC1 and MEIS2 haploinsufficiency and tetralogy of Fallot. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 55:270-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
4
|
Hickey SE, Thrush DL, Walters-Sen L, Reshmi SC, Astbury C, Gastier-Foster JM, Atkin J. A case of an atypically large proximal 15q deletion as cause for Prader-Willi syndrome arising from a de novo unbalanced translocation. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:510-4. [PMID: 23856564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe an 11 month old female with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) resulting from an atypically large deletion of proximal 15q due to a de novo 3;15 unbalanced translocation. The 10.6 Mb deletion extends from the chromosome 15 short arm and is not situated in a region previously reported as a common distal breakpoint for unbalanced translocations. There was no deletion of the reciprocal chromosome 3q subtelomeric region detected by either chromosomal microarray or FISH. The patient has hypotonia, failure to thrive, and typical dysmorphic facial features for PWS. The patient also has profound global developmental delay consistent with an expanded, more severe, phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Hickey
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu APY, Tang WF, Lau ET, Chan KYK, Kan ASY, Wong KY, Tso WWY, Jalal K, Lee SL, Chau CSK, Chung BHY. Expanded Prader-Willi syndrome due to chromosome 15q11.2-14 deletion: report and a review of literature. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1309-18. [PMID: 23633107 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on a male infant with de novo unbalanced t(5;15) translocation resulting in a 17.23 Mb deletion within 15q11.2-q14 and a 25.12 kb deletion in 5pter. The 15q11.2-q14 deletion encompassed the 15q11.2-q13 Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) critical region and the recently described 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome region while the 5pter deletion contained no RefSeq genes. From our literature review, patients with similar deletions in chromosome 15q exhibit expanded phenotype of severe developmental delay, protracted feeding problem, absent speech, central visual impairment, congenital malformations and epilepsy in addition to those typical of PWS. The patient reported herein had previously unreported anomalies of mega cisterna magna, horseshoe kidney and the rare neonatal interstitial lung disease known as pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis. Precise breakpoint delineation by microarray is useful in patients with atypical PWS deletions to guide investigation and prognostication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Y Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roberti MC, Surace C, Digilio MC, D'Elia G, Sirleto P, Capolino R, Lombardo A, Tomaiuolo AC, Petrocchi S, Angioni A. Complex chromosome rearrangements related 15q14 microdeletion plays a relevant role in phenotype expression and delineates a novel recurrent syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6:17. [PMID: 21504564 PMCID: PMC3096895 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex chromosome rearrangements are constitutional structural rearrangements involving three or more chromosomes or having more than two breakpoints. These are rarely seen in the general population but their frequency should be much higher due to balanced states with no phenotypic presentation. These abnormalities preferentially occur de novo during spermatogenesis and are transmitted in families through oogenesis.Here, we report a de novo complex chromosome rearrangement that interests eight chromosomes in eighteen-year-old boy with an abnormal phenotype consisting in moderate developmental delay, cleft palate, and facial dysmorphisms.Standard G-banding revealed four apparently balanced translocations [corrected] involving the chromosomes 1;13, 3;19, 9;15 and 14;18 that appeared to be reciprocal. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis showed no imbalances at all the breakpoints observed except for an interstitial microdeletion on chromosome 15. This deletion is 1.6 Mb in size and is located at chromosome band 15q14, distal to the Prader-Willi/Angelman region. Comparing the features of our patient with published reports of patients with 15q14 deletion this finding corresponds to the smallest genomic region of overlap. The deleted segment at 15q14 was investigated for gene content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Roberti
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Unit - Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Butler MG, Bittel DC, Kibiryeva N, Cooley LD, Yu S. An interstitial 15q11-q14 deletion: expanded Prader-Willi syndrome phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:404-8. [PMID: 20082457 PMCID: PMC2814996 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We present an infant girl with a de novo interstitial deletion of the chromosome 15q11-q14 region, larger than the typical deletion seen in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). She presented with features seen in PWS including hypotonia, a poor suck, feeding problems, and mild micrognathia. She also presented with features not typically seen in PWS such as preauricular ear tags, a high-arched palate, edematous feet, coarctation of the aorta, a PDA, and a bicuspid aortic valve. G-banded chromosome analysis showed a large de novo deletion of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 confirmed using FISH probes (D15511 and GABRB3). Methylation testing was abnormal and consistent with the diagnosis of PWS. Because of the large appearing deletion by karyotype analysis, an array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed. A 12.3 Mb deletion was found which involved the 15q11-q14 region containing approximately 60 protein coding genes. This rare deletion was approximately twice the size of the typical deletion seen in PWS and involved the proximal breakpoint BP1 and the distal breakpoint was located in the 15q14 band between previously recognized breakpoints BP5 and BP6. The deletion extended slightly distal to the AVEN gene including the neighboring CHRM5 gene. There is no evidence that the genes in the 15q14 band are imprinted; therefore, their potential contribution in this patient's expanded PWS phenotype must be a consequence of dosage sensitivity of the genes or due to altered expression of intact neighboring genes from a position effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Trisomy 9p and Prader-Willi syndromes in an infant resulting from a de-novo unbalanced t(9;15) translocation. Clin Dysmorphol 2009; 18:103-106. [PMID: 19282755 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0b013e328325ee66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 9p is a well-described dysmorphic syndrome. The physical features include hypertelorism, down-slanting palpebral fissures, deep-set eyes, down-turned corners of the mouth, and mild skeletal anomalies including hypoplastic terminal phalanges. We report an infant born with some of the typical features of trisomy 9p syndrome, as well as additional features that include extreme joint hyperlaxity with subluxation of the knees and elbows, arachnodactyly, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return. The karyotype revealed an unbalanced chromosome complement. Specifically, a derivative chromosome from a de-novo unbalanced translocation of chromosomes 9 and 15 resulted in partial trisomy of 9pter to 9q13 and deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15 proximal to band q13. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization studies and methylation analysis by Southern blotting revealed deletion of the SNRPN locus on the paternally derived chromosome 15, consistent with Prader-Willi syndrome. This infant represents the first reported case of trisomy 9p syndrome with total anomalous pulmonary venous return and hypoplasia of the amygdala and hippocampus, with the additional finding of Prader-Willi syndrome resulting from a derivative chromosome arising from an unbalanced de-novo t(9;15) translocation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Brunetti-Pierri N, Sahoo T, Frioux S, Chinault C, Zascavage R, Cheung SW, Peters S, Shinawi M. 15q13q14 deletions: Phenotypic characterization and molecular delineation by comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1933-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
10
|
Chen CP, Lin SP, Tsai FJ, Chern SR, Lee CC, Wang W. A 5.6-Mb deletion in 15q14 in a boy with speech and language disorder, cleft palate, epilepsy, a ventricular septal defect, mental retardation and developmental delay. Eur J Med Genet 2008; 51:368-72. [PMID: 18458017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a male patient with speech and language disorder, cleft palate, epilepsy, a ventricular septal defect, mental retardation and developmental delay. Characteristic facial features include low-set ears, a beak-like nose, a prominent nasal bridge, a long philtrum, a narrow forehead, a long face, a pointed chin and dental position abnormalities. Array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis demonstrated the presence of a 5.6-Mb deletion in 15q14 (chromosome 15: 3,18,33,000-3,74,77,000bp). The present case provides the evidence that 15q14 deletion outside the region encompassing the CHRNA7 gene can cause generalized epilepsy, and a locus in 15q14 is associated with speech and language disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mignon-Ravix C, Depetris D, Luciani JJ, Cuoco C, Krajewska-Walasek M, Missirian C, Collignon P, Delobel B, Croquette MF, Moncla A, Kroisel PM, Mattei MG. Recurrent rearrangements in the proximal 15q11–q14 region: a new breakpoint cluster specific to unbalanced translocations. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:432-40. [PMID: 17264869 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbalanced translocations, that involve the proximal chromosome 15 long arm and the telomeric region of a partner chromosome, result in a karyotype of 45 chromosomes with monosomy of the proximal 15q imprinted region. Here, we present our analysis of eight such unbalanced translocations that, depending on the parental origin of the rearranged chromosome, were associated with either Prader-Willi or Angelman syndrome. First, using FISH with specific BAC clones, we characterized the chromosome 15 breakpoint of each translocation and demonstrate that four of them are clustered in a small 460 kb interval located in the proximal 15q14 band. Second, analyzing the sequence of this region, we demonstrate the proximity of a low-copy repeat 15 (LCR15)-duplicon element that is known to facilitate recombination events at meiosis and to promote rearrangements. The presence, in this region, of both a cluster of translocation breakpoints and a LCR15-duplicon element defines a new breakpoint cluster (BP6), which, to our knowledge, is the most distal breakpoint cluster described in proximal 15q. Third, we demonstrate that the breakpoints for other rearrangements including large inv dup (15) chromosomes do not map to BP6, suggesting that it is specific to translocations. Finally, the translocation breakpoints located within BP6 result in very large proximal 15q deletions providing new informative genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mignon-Ravix
- INSERM U491, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Erdogan F, Ullmann R, Chen W, Schubert M, Adolph S, Hultschig C, Kalscheuer V, Ropers HH, Spaich C, Tzschach A. Characterization of a 5.3 Mb deletion in 15q14 by comparative genomic hybridization using a whole genome “tiling path” BAC array in a girl with heart defect, cleft palate, and developmental delay. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:172-8. [PMID: 17163532 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution array CGH utilizing sets of overlapping BAC and PAC clones ("tiling path") covering the whole genome is a powerful novel tool for fast detection of submicroscopic chromosome deletions or duplications. We describe the successful application of a submegabase resolution whole genome "tiling path" BAC array to confirm and characterize a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 15. The deletion has a size of 5.3 Mb and is located within chromosome band 15q14, distal to the Prader-Willi/Angelman region. The affected girl had a heart defect, cleft palate, recurrent infections, and developmental delay. In contrast to GTG banding, array CGH determined the exact number of deleted genes and thus allowed the identification of candidate genes for cleft palate (GREM1, CX36, MEIS2), congenital heart defect (ACTC, GREM1, CX36, MEIS2), and mental retardation (ARHGAP11A, CHRNA7, CHRM5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Erdogan
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Poetsch M, Kleist B. Loss of heterozygosity at 15q21.3 correlates with occurrence of metastases in head and neck cancer. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:1462-9. [PMID: 16906132 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deletions on the long arm of chromosome 15 suggesting the presence of potential tumor suppressor genes have been found in several tumors including carcinomas of the colorectum, urinary bladder, breast, lung, and head and neck. Here, we analyzed allelic imbalance on chromosome 15q in head and neck carcinomas and corresponding lymph node metastases to define common regions of aberrations with potential involvement in development and progression of these tumors. We studied a panel of 40 polymorphic microsatellite markers, spanning 15q13-15q26, in 63 head and neck carcinomas and 38 lymph node metastases. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) could be demonstrated in 34 primary tumors (54%) and 35 metastases (92%). Aberration mapping defined three minimum regions of aberrations: a region between the markers D15S106 and D15S1029 in 15q21.3 (estimated as 3.9 Mb; region 1) was affected in the majority of tumors, whereas two other regions between D15S144 and D15S1040 in 15q13.3-14 (estimated as 2.4 Mb; region 2) and between D15S130 and D15S985 in 15q26.2-26.3 (estimated as 4.7 Mb; region 3) were less often involved. Allelic loss in region 1 correlated with T stages (P=0.0029) and metastatic potential (P=0.0018). LOH in regions 2 and 3 occurred predominantly in metastases (P=0.0129 and P=0.0013, respectively). No correlation with grading, localization, or clinical outcome could be established for any of the affected regions. Our data hint at aberrations in 15q21.3 as a possible important characteristic for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with risk of progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Poetsch
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Varela MC, Lopes GMP, Koiffmann CP. Prader-Willi syndrome with an unusually large 15q deletion due to an unbalanced translocation t(4;15). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 47:267-73. [PMID: 15337472 DOI: 10.1016/j.anngen.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurobehavioral disorder caused by deletions in the 15q11-q13 region, by maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15 or by imprinting defects. Structural rearrangements of chromosome 15 have been described in about 5% of the patients with typical or atypical PWS phenotype. An 8-year-old boy with a clinical diagnosis of PWS, severe neurodevelopmental delay, absence of speech and mental retardation was studied by cytogenetic and molecular techniques, and an unbalanced de novo karyotype 45,XY,der(4)t(4;15)(q35;q14),-15 was detected after GTG-banding. The patient was diagnosed by SNURF-SNRPN exon 1 methylation assay, and the extent of the deletions on chromosomes 4 and 15 was investigated by microsatellite analysis of markers located in 4qter and 15q13-q14 regions. The deletion of chromosome 4q was distal to D4S1652, and that of chromosome 15 was located between D15S1043 and D15S1010. Our patient's severely affected phenotype could be due to the extent of the deletion, larger than usually seen in PWS patients, although the unbalance of the derivative chromosome 4 cannot be ruled out as another possible cause. The breakpoint was located in the subtelomeric region, very close to the telomere, a region that has been described as having the lowest gene concentrations in the human genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Varela
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Klein OD, Cotter PD, Albertson DG, Pinkel D, Tidyman WE, Moore MW, Rauen KA. Prader-Willi syndrome resulting from an unbalanced translocation: characterization by array comparative genomic hybridization. Clin Genet 2004; 65:477-82. [PMID: 15151506 DOI: 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by lack of expression of paternally inherited genes on chromosome 15q11-->15q13. Most cases result from microdeletions in proximal chromosome 15q. The remainder results from maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, imprinting center defects, and rarely from balanced or unbalanced chromosome rearrangements involving chromosome 15. We report a patient with multiple congenital anomalies, including craniofacial dysmorphology, microcephaly, bilateral cryptorchidism, and developmental delay. Cytogenetic analysis showed a de novo 45,XY,der(5)t(5;15)(p15.2;q13), -15 karyotype. In effect, the proband had monosomies of 5p15.2-->pter and 15pter-->15q13. Methylation polymerase chain reaction analysis of the promoter region of the SNRPN gene showed only the maternal allele, consistent with the PWS phenotype. The proband's expanded phenotype was similar to other patients who have PWS as a result of unbalanced translocations and likely reflects the contribution of the associated monosomy. Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) confirmed deletions of both distal 5p and proximal 15q and provided more accurate information as to the size of the deletions and the molecular breakpoints. This case illustrates the utility of array CGH in characterizing complex constitutional structural chromosome abnormalities at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O D Klein
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|