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Janket SJ, Fraser DD, Baird AE, Tamimi F, Sohaei D, Conte HA, Prassas I, Diamandis EP. Tachykinins and the potential causal factors for post-COVID-19 condition. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e642-e650. [PMID: 37327802 PMCID: PMC10263974 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition are pulmonary dysfunction, fatigue and muscle weakness, anxiety, anosmia, dysgeusia, headaches, difficulty in concentrating, sexual dysfunction, and digestive disturbances. Hence, neurological dysfunction and autonomic impairments predominate in post-COVID-19 condition. Tachykinins including the most studied substance P are neuropeptides expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems, and contribute to many physiopathological processes in the nervous, immune, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital, and dermal systems and participate in inflammation, nociception, and cell proliferation. Substance P is a key molecule in neuroimmune crosstalk; immune cells near the peripheral nerve endings can send signals to the brain with cytokines, which highlights the important role of tachykinins in neuroimmune communication. We reviewed the evidence that relates the symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition to the functions of tachykinins and propose a putative pathogenic mechanism. The antagonism of tachykinins receptors can be a potential treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Ja Janket
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Paediatric Critical Care, Western University and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison E Baird
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dorsa Sohaei
- McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Harry A Conte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Johnson Memorial Hospital, Stafford Springs, CT, USA
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ali H, Douwes J, Burmanje J, Gokhale P, Crane J, Pattemore P, Stanley T, Keenan J, Brooks C. Sputum inflammatory, neural, and remodelling mediators in eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023:S1081-1206(23)00181-3. [PMID: 36958472 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural and remodelling mechanisms may play a role in asthma, particularly non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA). OBJECTIVE To assess sputum mediators associated with neural, remodelling, and inflammatory mechanisms in eosinophilic asthma (EA), NEA, and non-asthmatics. METHODS 111 participants with and 62 without asthma (14-21 years) underwent sputum induction, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), atopy, and spirometry tests. Twenty-four mediators were measured in sputum using ELISA or bead array. EA (n=52) and NEA (n=59) were defined using a sputum eosinophil cut-point of ≥2.5%. RESULTS Elevated levels of nociceptin (median: 39.1 vs 22.4 ng/mL, p=0.03), periostin (33.8 vs 9.4 ng/mL, p=0.01), and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP); (220.1 vs 83.7 ng/mL, p=0.03) were found in asthmatics compared with non-asthmatics. Nociceptin was elevated in EA (54.8 vs 22.4 ng/mL, p=0.02) compared with non-asthmatics. EA had higher levels of inflammatory (ECP: 495.5 vs 100.3 ng/mL, p≤0.01; interleukin-1β: 285.3 vs 209.3 pg/mL, p=0.03; histamine: 5805.0 vs 3172.5 pg/mL, p=<0.01) and remodelling (vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A); 3.3 vs 2.5 ng/mL, p=0.03; periostin: 47.7 vs 22.1 ng/mL, p=0.04) mediators than NEA. Whilst macrophages were associated with neural mediators e.g. neurokinin A (r=0.27, p=0.01) and nociceptin (r=0.30, p=0.02), granulocytes were associated with inflammatory/remodelling mediators; e.g. ECP and VEGF-A correlated with neutrophils (r=0.53 & r=0.33 respectively, p=<0.01) and eosinophils (r=0.53 & r=0.29 respectively, p≤0.01). CONCLUSION Elevated levels of nociceptin and inflammatory/remodelling markers were found in EA, but no evidence for neural and remodelling pathways was found in NEA. Neural and remodelling mechanisms appear to coexist with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Ali
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health Research Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health Research Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeroen Burmanje
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health Research Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Prachee Gokhale
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health Research Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Julian Crane
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip Pattemore
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thorsten Stanley
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline Keenan
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Collin Brooks
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health Research Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Oshaghi M, Kourosh-Arami M, Roozbehkia M. Role of neurotransmitters in immune-mediated inflammatory disorders: a crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:99-113. [PMID: 36169755 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are a group of common heterogeneous disorders, characterized by an alteration of cellular homeostasis. Primarily, it has been shown that the release and diffusion of neurotransmitters from nervous tissue could result in signaling through lymphocyte cell-surface receptors and the modulation of immune function. This finding led to the idea that the neurotransmitters could serve as immunomodulators. It is now manifested that neurotransmitters can also be released from leukocytes and act as autocrine or paracrine modulators. Increasing data indicate that there is a crosstalk between inflammation and alterations in neurotransmission. The primary goal of this review is to demonstrate how these two pathways may converge at the level of the neuron and glia to involve in IMID. We review the role of neurotransmitters in IMID. The different effects that these compounds exert on a variety of immune cells are also reviewed. Current and future developments in understanding the cross-talk between the immune and nervous systems will undoubtedly identify new ways for treating immune-mediated diseases utilizing agonists or antagonists of neurotransmitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Roozbehkia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Neurokinin receptors and their implications in various autoimmune diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:66-78. [PMID: 35492389 PMCID: PMC9040085 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurokinin receptors belong to the GPCRs family and are ubiquitously expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems. Neurokinin receptors in coordination with neurokinins playing an important role in many physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction, secretion, proliferation, and nociception. They also contribute to various disease conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and cancer. Neurokinin receptors antagonist are potent and highly selective and showing success in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In this review, discuss the various neurokinin receptor expression on immune cells and their importance in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and their therapeutic importance. The Neurokinin receptor is an important regulatory mechanism to control the neuronal and immune systems. Various neurokinin receptors (NK1R, NK2R, and NK3R) are expressed in neurons and cells of the immune system. Substance P (SP) controls the differentiation and function of immune cells. SP-NK1R receptor signaling shows substantial cross-talk between neuronal and immune systems in inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB. COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1278. [PMID: 32922297 PMCID: PMC7456869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 binds the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface and this complex is internalized. ACE2 serves as an endogenous inhibitor of inflammatory signals associated with four major regulator systems: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the complement system, the coagulation cascade, and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Understanding the pathophysiological effects of SARS-CoV-2 on these pathways is needed, particularly given the current lack of proven, effective treatments. The vasoconstrictive, prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory conditions induced by SARS-CoV-2 can be ascribed, at least in part, to the activation of these intersecting physiological networks. Moreover, patients with immune deficiencies, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and kidney disease often have altered activation of these pathways, either due to underlying disease or to medications, and may be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Certain characteristic COVID-associated skin, sensory, and central nervous system manifestations may also be linked to viral activation of the RAAS, complement, coagulation, and KKS pathways. Pharmacological interventions that target molecules along these pathways may be useful in mitigating symptoms and preventing organ or tissue damage. While effective anti-viral therapies are critically needed, further study of these pathways may identify effective adjunctive treatments and patients most likely to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Donna R Rivera
- Surveillance Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Kerage D, Sloan EK, Mattarollo SR, McCombe PA. Interaction of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals with lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:99-111. [PMID: 30999218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and neurochemicals can act on lymphocytes by binding to receptors expressed by lymphocytes. This review describes lymphocyte expression of receptors for a selection of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals, the anatomical locations where lymphocytes can interact with neurotransmitters, and the effects of the neurotransmitters on lymphocyte function. Implications for health and disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerage
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Cousins Center for Neuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Pamela A McCombe
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
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Suvas S. Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1543-1552. [PMID: 28827386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide present in the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. SP released from the peripheral nerves exerts its biological and immunological activity via high-affinity neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). SP is also produced by immune cells and acts as an autocrine or paracrine fashion to regulate the function of immune cells. In addition to its proinflammatory role, SP and its metabolites in combination with insulin-like growth factor-1 are shown to promote the corneal epithelial wound healing. Recently, we showed an altered ocular surface homeostasis in unmanipulated NK1R-/- mice, suggesting the role of SP-NK1R signaling in ocular surface homeostasis under steady-state. This review summarizes the immunobiology of SP and its effect on immune cells and immunity to microbial infection. In addition, the effect of SP in inflammation, wound healing, and corneal epithelial homeostasis in the eye is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; and .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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8
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Mashaghi A, Marmalidou A, Tehrani M, Grace PM, Pothoulakis C, Dana R. Neuropeptide substance P and the immune response. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4249-4264. [PMID: 27314883 PMCID: PMC5056132 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Substance P is a peptide mainly secreted by neurons and is involved in many biological processes, including nociception and inflammation. Animal models have provided insights into the biology of this peptide and offered compelling evidence for the importance of substance P in cell-to-cell communication by either paracrine or endocrine signaling. Substance P mediates interactions between neurons and immune cells, with nerve-derived substance P modulating immune cell proliferation rates and cytokine production. Intriguingly, some immune cells have also been found to secrete substance P, which hints at an integral role of substance P in the immune response. These communications play important functional roles in immunity including mobilization, proliferation and modulation of the activity of immune cells. This review summarizes current knowledge of substance P and its receptors, as well as its physiological and pathological roles. We focus on recent developments in the immunobiology of substance P and discuss the clinical implications of its ability to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mashaghi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Anna Marmalidou
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Mohsen Tehrani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Peter M. Grace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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9
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Weinstock JV. Substance P and the regulation of inflammation in infections and inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:453-61. [PMID: 25424746 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) and its natural analogue hemokinin-1 (HK1) are produced by lymphocytes and macrophages, and at times B cells. These peptides are an important component of the immune response during several infections and in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The synthesis of SP and HK1 in leucocytes is subject to immune regulation. IL12 and IL23 stimulate T cells and macrophages to make SP respectively. The cytokines driving HK1 production are not presently defined. These peptides act through a shared receptor called neurokinin-1. T cells, macrophages and probably other immune cell types can express this receptor. Several cytokines IL12, IL18 and TNFα as well as T-cell antigen receptor activation induce neurokinin-1 receptor expression on T cells, while IL10 blocks receptor display. TGFβ delays internalization of the SP/neurokine-1R complex on T cells resulting in stronger receptor signalling. One of the functions of SP and neurokinin-1 receptor is to enhance T cell IFNγ and IL17 production, amplifying the proinflammatory response. Thus, SP and HK1 have overlapping functions and are part of a sophisticated immune regulatory circuit aimed at amplifying inflammation at mucosal surfaces and in other regions of the body as shown in animal models of infection and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. V. Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology; Tufts Medical Center; Boston MA USA
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10
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Najafian B, Shohrati M, Harandi AA, Mahyar S, Khaheshi I, Ghanei M. Serum level of substance P in patients with lung injuries due to sulfur mustard. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:137. [PMID: 25161984 PMCID: PMC4139982 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.135154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic bronchiolitis is the most important problems of chemical victims of mustard gas. Diverse studies suggest that substance P (SP) as a member of tachykinin neuropeptides, has a significant role in the neurogenic inflammation processes of the airways and lungs. We aimed to determine the serum level of SP in chemical victims of mustard gas and compare it with normal subjects. Materials and Methods: The chemical victims were divided into the 2 groups of 30:A group with mild to moderate pulmonary symptoms and other group with moderate to severe symptoms and compared with 3rd group as healthy controls. After preparing our samples and using the SP kit, final analysis was performed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. Results: The Concentration of circulatory SP levels in the chemical patients was 2.86 ± 1.47 ng/ml and had not a significant difference with the control group (3.15 ± 1.03 ng/ml) (P > 0.05). The circulatory SP levels were 2.48 ± 0.92 ng/ml and 3.28 ± 1.73 ng/ml in patients with moderate to severe symptoms and mild to moderates (P < 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: The SP may have a role in pulmonary complications of mustard gas. The lower level of SP in the moderate to severe patients may be due to corticosteroid consumption in such severe cases. However, further studies are needed to clarify the roles and mechanism of SP in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Najafian
- Department of Pediatrics, Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Shohrati
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amini Harandi
- Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Mahyar
- Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Isa Khaheshi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liu C, Chen R, Luo W, Lai K, Zhong N. Neurogenic airway inflammation induced by repeated intra-esophageal instillation of HCl in guinea pigs. Inflammation 2013; 36:493-500. [PMID: 23225164 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate if repeated intra-esophageal acid administrations may induce neurogenic inflammation in the airways and nodose ganglion in a guinea pig model. Guinea pigs were sedated and perfused with 0.1 N HCl in the distal esophagus via a nasoesophageal catheter for 14 consecutive days. Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), and calcitonin gene-related peptide concentration were measured by ELISA or radioimmunoassay. Neuropeptide expression in the airways and nodose ganglion was detected by immunohistochemistry and assessed semi-quantitatively. Inflammation was found in the trachea and bronchi. There was a threefold increase in substance P concentration in the trachea, main bronchi, and lung homogenate and a twofold increase in NKA and NKB concentration in the main bronchi, lung homogenate, and bronchial alveolus lavage fluid, respectively. The SP and NKA expressions in the airways and nodose ganglion were also significantly increased. Chronic intra-esophageal acid instillation induces significant neurogenic inflammation in the airways and nodose ganglion in the vagus nerve in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, 151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
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Wu Y, You H, Ma P, Li L, Yuan Y, Li J, Ye X, Liu X, Yao H, Chen R, Lai K, Yang X. Role of transient receptor potential ion channels and evoked levels of neuropeptides in a formaldehyde-induced model of asthma in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62827. [PMID: 23671638 PMCID: PMC3650028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma is a complex pulmonary inflammatory disease characterized by the hyper-responsiveness, remodeling and inflammation of airways. Formaldehyde is a common indoor air pollutant that can cause asthma in people experiencing long-term exposure. The irritant effect and adjuvant effect are the two possible pathways of formaldehyde promoted asthma. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To explore the neural mechanisms and adjuvant effect of formaldehyde, 48 Balb/c mice in six experimental groups were exposed to (a) vehicle control; (b) ovalbumin; (c) formaldehyde (3.0 mg/m(3)); (d) ovalbumin+formaldehyde (3.0 mg/m(3)); (e) ovalbumin+formaldehyde (3.0 mg/m(3))+HC-030031 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonist); (f) ovalbumin+formaldehyde (3.0 mg/m(3))+ capsazepine (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonist). Experiments were conducted after 4 weeks of combined exposure and 1-week challenge with aerosolized ovalbumin. Airway hyper-responsiveness, pulmonary tissue damage, eosinophil infiltration, and increased levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, immunoglobulin E, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in lung tissues were found in the ovalbumin+formaldehyde (3.0 mg/m(3)) group compared with the values seen in ovalbumin -only immunized mice. Except for interleukin-1β levels, other changes in the levels of biomarker could be inhibited by HC-030031 and capsazepine. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Formaldehyde might be a key risk factor for the rise in asthma cases. Transient receptor potential ion channels and neuropeptides have important roles in formaldehyde promoted-asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Section of Environmental Biomedicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Câmara PRS, Ferraz GJN, Velloso LA, Zeitune JMR, Suassuna FAB, Ferraz JGP. Endothelin and neonatal capsaicin regulate gastric resistance to injury in BDL rats. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3:85-91. [PMID: 23293745 PMCID: PMC3536844 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i4.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between primary afferent neurons, endothelin (ET) and the role of its receptors on ethanol-induced gastric damage in cirrhotic rats.
METHODS: Cirrhosis and portal hypertension were induced in rats by bile duct ligation (BDL) while controls had a sham operation. The association between ET and afferent neurons on the gastric mucosa was evaluated by capsaicin treatment in newborn rats, the use of ET agonists or antagonists, gastric ET-1 and -3 mRNA and synthetic capacity. Ethanol-induced damage was assessed using ex vivo gastric chamber experiments. Gastric blood flow was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry.
RESULTS: ET-3 and an ETB receptor antagonist significantly reduced the extent of ethanol-induced gastric damage in BDL rats. Gastric ET-1 and -3 levels were 30% higher in BDL rats compared to control rats. Capsaicin treatment restored the gastric resistance and blood flow responses to topical application of ethanol in BDL rats and ET-1 and -3 production to levels observed in controls.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the reduced resistance of the gastric mucosa of cirrhotic rats to ethanol-induced injury is a phenomenon modulated by ET through the ETB receptor and by sensory afferent neurons.
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Roy C, Marceau E, Gera L, Marceau F. An in vitro reconstitution system to address the mechanism of the vascular expression of the bradykinin B1 receptor in response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 57:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Twardy BS, Channappanavar R, Suvas S. Substance P in the corneal stroma regulates the severity of herpetic stromal keratitis lesions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8604-13. [PMID: 21969295 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether substance P (SP) in herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infected cornea regulates the severity of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) lesions in a mouse model. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were infected ocularly with HSV-1 (RE). The corneas with HSK lesions, on Day 15 postinfection, were grouped on the basis of the corneal opacity as mild (≤2) or severe (>2). The amount of SP was determined in the corneas with mild or severe HSK lesions by enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) and confocal microscopy. Subconjunctival inoculation of spantide I, SP receptor antagonist, was carried out during the clinical phase of HSK. ELISA and flow cytometry were used to determine the level of cytokines, chemokines, and influx of immune cell types in the corneal lesions. RESULTS The authors determined a significantly higher level of SP in the corneas with severe HSK lesions in comparison with mild lesions. The corneas with a higher level of SP also exhibited higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ) and chemokines (CCL3, CXCL2) when compared with the corneas with a lower level of SP. SP receptor NK1R expression was determined in CD45- and CD45+ cells in infected cornea. SP present in the corneal stroma of the eyes with severe HSK lesions colocalized with β-III tubulin(+) and IA(b+) cell types. Subconjunctival inoculation of spantide I during the clinical phase of HSK resulted in significant reduction in the corneal opacity and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results demonstrate the relative contribution of substance P in regulating the clinical severity of HSK lesions in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Twardy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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16
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Otsuka K, Niimi A, Matsumoto H, Ito I, Yamaguchi M, Matsuoka H, Jinnai M, Oguma T, Takeda T, Nakaji H, Chin K, Sasaki K, Aoyama N, Mishima M. Plasma substance P levels in patients with persistent cough. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 82:431-8. [PMID: 21846969 DOI: 10.1159/000330419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance P (SP) is involved in the pathogenesis of cough in animal models. However, few studies in humans have been reported and the roles of SP in clinical cough remain obscure. OBJECTIVES To clarify the relevance of plasma levels of SP in patients with persistent cough. METHODS We studied 82 patients with cough persisting for at least 3 weeks and 15 healthy controls. Patients were classified as having asthmatic cough (cough-variant asthma and cough-predominant asthma; n = 61) or nonasthmatic cough (n = 21; postinfectious cough, n = 6; gastroesophageal reflux disease, n = 5; idiopathic cough, n = 5, and others, n = 5). Correlations were evaluated between plasma SP levels as measured with ELISA and methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness (airway sensitivity and airway reactivity), capsaicin cough sensitivity, sputum eosinophil and neutrophil counts, and pulmonary function. RESULTS Plasma SP levels were significantly elevated in patients with both asthmatic and nonasthmatic cough compared with controls [31.1 pg/ml (range 18.0-52.2) and 30.0 pg/ml (range 15.1-50.3) vs. 15.4 pg/ml (range 11.3-23.7); p = 0.003 and p = 0.038, respectively] but did not differ between the two patient groups (p = 0.90). Plasma SP levels correlated with airway sensitivity (threshold dose of methacholine) in the patients with asthmatic cough (r = -0.37, p = 0.005) but not with airway reactivity, cough sensitivity, FEV1 values, or sputum eosinophil and neutrophil counts in either group. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of SP in plasma are associated with persistent cough in humans and might be related to airway sensitivity in asthmatic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Otsuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Grassin-Delyle S, Buenestado A, Vallat L, Naline E, Marx S, Decocq J, Debré P, Bernard OA, Advenier C, Devillier P, Merle-Béral H. Expression and proliferative effect of hemokinin-1 in human B-cells. Peptides 2011; 32:1027-34. [PMID: 21334411 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins are a family of structurally related peptides, including substance P (SP), hemokinin-1 (HK-1), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B. SP and NKA have been shown to modulate hematopoiesis and rat/mouse HK-1 has been found to be involved in the survival and differentiation of mouse B-cells. This study was designed to assess the expression of tachykinins with a focus on human HK-1 (hHK-1) in human B lymphocytes and the role of these peptides in cell differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation. Expression of tachykinin and tachykinin receptor mRNA was determined quantitatively in human B lymphoproliferative malignancies and compared to normal B-cells. Expression of hHK-1 and NK(1) receptor, but not SP, was detected in human B-lymphocytes, and was up-regulated in B-lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, while it was down-regulated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, hHK-1, in contrast to SP, was able to induce proliferation of human pre-B lymphocytes through a NK(1) receptor-independent mechanism. These data suggest a role for hHK-1 in normal and pathological B lymphopoiesis, and open the door to a better understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms leading to lymphoproliferative malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology, UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles - Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Suresnes, France.
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18
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Shanley L, Lear M, Davidson S, Ross R, MacKenzie A. Evidence for regulatory diversity and auto-regulation at the TAC1 locus in sensory neurones. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:10. [PMID: 21294877 PMCID: PMC3042928 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance-P (SP) is expressed from the TAC1 gene in sensory neurones where it acts as a key modulator of neurogenic inflammation. The promoter of TAC1 (TAC1prom) plays a central role in the regulation of the TAC1 gene but requires the presence of a second regulatory element; ECR2, to support TAC1 expression in sensory neurones and to respond appropriately to signalling pathways such as MAPkinases and noxious induction by capsaicin. We examined whether the effect of capsaicin on ECR2-TAC1prom activity in larger diameter neurones was cell autonomous or non- cell autonomous. We demonstrate that TRPV1 is not expressed in all the same cells as SP following capsaicin induction suggesting the presence of a non-cell autonomous mechanism for TAC1 up-regulation following capsaicin induction. In addition, we demonstrate that induction of SP and ECR1-TAC1prom activity in these larger diameter neurones can be induced by potassium depolarisation suggesting that, in addition to capsaicin induction, transgene activity may be modulated by voltage gated calcium channels. Furthermore, we show that NK1 is expressed in all SP- expressing cells after capsaicin induction and that an agonist of NK1 can activate both SP and the transgene in larger diameter neurones. These observations suggest the presence of an autocrine loop that controls the expression of the TAC1 promoter in sensory neurones. In contrast, induction of the TAC1 promoter by LPS was not dependent on ECR2 and did not occur in large diameter neurones. These studies demonstrate the diversity of mechanisms modulating the activity of the TAC1 promoter and provide novel directions for the development of new anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Shanley
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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19
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Quinn JP, Kipar A, Hughes DJ, Bennett E, Cox H, McLaughlin L, Zimmer A, Hunt SP, Stewart JP. Altered host response to murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection in mice lacking the tachykinin 1 gene and the receptor for substance P. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:49-53. [PMID: 21106239 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinins are implicated in neurogenic inflammation and the neuropeptide substance P in particular has been shown to be a proinflammatory mediator. A role for the tachykinins in host response to viral infection has been previously demonstrated using either TAC1- or NK1 receptor-deficient transgenic mice. However, due to redundancy in the peptide-receptor complexes we wished determine whether a deficiency in TAC1 and NK1(R) in combination exhibited an enhanced phenotype. TAC1 and NK1(R)-deficient mice were therefore crossed to generate transgenic mice in both (NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-)). As expected, after infection with the respiratory pathogen murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68), TAC1 and NK1(R)-deficient mice were more susceptible to infection than wild-type C57BL/6 controls. However, unexpectedly, NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-) mice were more resistant to infection arguing for a lack of feedback inhibition through alternative receptors in these mice. Histopathological examination did not show any great differences in the inflammatory responses between groups of infected animals, except for the presence of focal perivascular B cell accumulations in lungs of all the knockout mice. These were most pronounced in the NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-) mice. These results confirm an important role for TAC1 and NK1(R) in the control of viral infection but reinforce the complex nature of the peptide-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Quinn
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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20
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Sipka A, Langner K, Seyfert HM, Schuberth HJ. Substance P alters the in vitro LPS responsiveness of bovine monocytes and blood-derived macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:219-26. [PMID: 20378186 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuromediators like substance P have a decisive influence on inflammatory processes via the neuroendocrine regulation circuit. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the expression of the main substance P receptor NK-1R in cattle as well as the modulatory properties of substance P for bovine macrophages. The expression of NK-1R was detected in subsets of lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and in vitro-generated macrophages (MdM). Stimulation of monocytes and MdM with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 3h did not alter the expression level of NK-1R. In vitro, the modulatory potential of substance P for monocytes and in vitro-generated blood-derived macrophages (MdM) was analysed. In MdM, generated in the presence of substance P, mRNA expression of chemokines, which are crucial for the attraction and activation of granulocytes and monocytes (CXCL8, CCL5) as well as the expression of IL-1beta, a classically pro-inflammatory cytokine were significantly elevated. After stimulation with LPS, MdM generated in the presence of substance P showed an elevated expression of CXCL8 and IL-1beta, while in SP-influenced monocytes only the expression of CCL5 was significantly upregulated after LPS stimulation. In addition, supernatants of MdM cultured in the presence of substance P induced neutrophil migration and inhibited both necrosis and apoptosis of neutrophil granulocytes. Thus, it has been shown that the modulation of the expression pattern of chemokines and cytokines in MdM by substance P has also functional relevance for the attraction and activation of other immune cells. In general, the modulation of sensor and effector functions by substance P suggests, that this neuromediator can alter the course of an inflammatory disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Sipka
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30172 Hannover, Germany
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21
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Xu J, Xu F, Barrett E. Metalloelastase in lungs and alveolar macrophages is modulated by extracellular substance P in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L162-70. [PMID: 18441096 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00282.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloelastase (MMP-12), mainly produced by macrophages, has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of emphysema in animal models. Chronic cigarette smoke increases pulmonary MMP-12, which is closely correlated with an elevation of pulmonary substance P (SP). Because alveolar macrophages (AMs) contain the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), we tested whether SP was able to trigger the upregulation of MMP-12 synthesis in AMs by acting on the NK1R. AMs isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage cells in C3H/HeN mice were cultured with control medium or SP that was coupled without or with NK1R antagonists (CP-99,994 or aprepitant) for 24 h. We found that SP significantly increased the mRNA of MMP-12 and NK1R by 11-fold and 82%, respectively, in AMs (P<0.05), and these responses were abolished by NK1R antagonists with little change in the cells' viability. Because pulmonary SP is primarily released by bronchopulmonary C-fibers (PCFs), we further asked whether destruction of PCFs would reduce SP and MMP-12. Two groups of mice were pretreated with vehicle and neonatal capsaicin (NCAP) to degenerate PCFs, respectively. Our results show that NCAP treatment significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of SP associated with a reduction NK1R and MMP-12 in the lungs and AMs. These findings suggest that SP has a modulatory effect on pulmonary MMP-12 by acting on NK1R to trigger MMP-12 syntheses in the AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
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22
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Stewart JP, Kipar A, Cox H, Payne C, Vasiliou S, Quinn JP. Induction of tachykinin production in airway epithelia in response to viral infection. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1673. [PMID: 18320026 PMCID: PMC2248620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tachykinins are implicated in neurogenic inflammation and the neuropeptide substance P in particular has been shown to be a proinflammatory mediator. A role for the tachykinins in host response to lung challenge has been previously demonstrated but has been focused predominantly on the release of the tachykinins from nerves innervating the lung. We have previously demonstrated the most dramatic phenotype described for the substance P encoding gene preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A) to date in controlling the host immune response to the murine gammaherpesvirus 68, in the lung. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we have utilised transgenic mice engineered to co-ordinately express the beta-galactosidase marker gene along with PPT-A to facilitate the tracking of PPT-A expression. Using a combination of these mice and conventional immunohistology we now demonstrate that PPT-A gene expression and substance P peptide are induced in cells of the respiratory tract including tracheal, bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages after viral infection. This induction was observed 24h post infection, prior to observable inflammation and the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines in this model. Induced expression of the PPT-A gene and peptide persisted in the lower respiratory tract through day 7 post infection. Conclusions/Significance Non-neuronal PPT-A expression early after infection may have important clinical implications for the progression or management of lung disease or infection aside from the well characterised later involvement of the tachykinins during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Stewart
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *E-mail: (JPS); (JPQ)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Cox
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Payne
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Vasiliou
- Divisions of Physiology & Human Anatomy Cell Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Quinn
- Divisions of Physiology & Human Anatomy Cell Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *E-mail: (JPS); (JPQ)
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23
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Advenier C, Faisy C, Naline E, Planquette B, Devillier P. [Sensory-nerves and airway inflammation: interaction with beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2007; 65:220-7. [PMID: 17652989 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(07)90039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists are used as bronchodilatators in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment. However, regular single use of these molecules may enhance bronchial hyperresponsiveness, a component of asthma and COPD. Indeed, pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying bronchial hyperresponsiveness remain unclear. Sensory nerves have been recently found in the respiratory tract and they play an important role in the regulation of bronchial responsiveness through the release of tachykinins and activation of vanilloid TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1) receptors. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most recent findings concerning the interactions between beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists and bronchial sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Advenier
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie de l'obstruction bronchique (EA 220 - Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest), Ufr Biomédicale des Saint-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères. F 75270 Paris Cedex 06.
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24
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Bermúdez R, Vigliano F, Quiroga MI, Nieto JM, Bosi G, Domeneghini C. Immunohistochemical study on the neuroendocrine system of the digestive tract of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), infected by Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 22:252-63. [PMID: 16844386 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years a new parasite, causing severe losses, has been detected in farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), in Northwestern Spain. Dead fish showed emaciation and cachexia caused by severe necrotizing enteritis, which affected all areas of the digestive tract. The parasite was classified as a myxosporean and named Enteromyxum scophthalmi. This study was designed to assess the response of the turbot neuroendocrine system against E. scophthalmi infection. Immunohistochemical tests were applied to sections of the gastrointestinal tract of uninfected and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot, and the presence of cholecystokinin (CCK-8), serotonin (5-HT), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were documented. A higher abundance of both endocrine epithelial cells (ECs) and nerve cell bodies and fibres for CCK-8, 5-HT and SP were recorded in the gastrointestinal tract of infected turbot, whereas VIP-like substance decreased. The results indicate that E. scophthalmi infection in turbot induced changes in the neuroendocrine system, which may cause alterations in gut motility, electrolyte and fluid secretion, and vascular and immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bermúdez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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25
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Patterson RN, Johnston BT, Ardill JES, Heaney LG, McGarvey LPA. Increased tachykinin levels in induced sputum from asthmatic and cough patients with acid reflux. Thorax 2007; 62:491-5. [PMID: 17251314 PMCID: PMC2117233 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.063982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid reflux may aggravate airway disease including asthma and chronic cough. One postulated mechanism concerns a vagally-mediated oesophageal-tracheobronchial reflex with airway sensory nerve activation and tachykinin release. AIM To test the hypothesis that patients with airways disease and reflux have higher airway tachykinin levels than those without reflux. METHODS Thirty-two patients with airways disease (16 with mild asthma and 16 non-asthmatic subjects with chronic cough) underwent 24 h oesophageal pH monitoring. Acid reflux was defined as increased total oesophageal acid exposure (% total time pH<4 of >4.9% at the distal probe). All subjects underwent sputum induction. Differential cell counts and concentrations of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin were determined. RESULTS SP and NKA levels were significantly higher in patients with reflux than in those without (SP: 1434 (680) pg/ml vs 906 (593) pg/ml, p=0.026; NKA: 81 (33) pg/ml vs 52 (36) pg/ml, p=0.03). Significantly higher tachykinin levels were also found in asthmatic patients with reflux than in asthmatic patients without reflux (SP: 1508 (781) pg/ml vs 737 (512) pg/ml, p=0.035; NKA: median (interquartile range 108 (85-120) pg/ml vs 75 (2-98) pg/ml, p=0.02). In patients with asthma there was a significant positive correlation between distal oesophageal acid exposure and SP levels (r=0.59, p=0.01) and NKA levels (r=0.56, p=0.02). Non-significant increases in SP and NKA were measured in patients with cough with reflux (SP: 1534.71 (711) pg/ml vs 1089 (606) pg/ml, p=0.20; NKA: 56 (43) pg/ml vs 49 (17) pg/ml, p=0.71). No significant difference in differential cell counts or any other biochemical parameter was noted between study groups. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates increased airway tachykinin levels in patients with asthma and cough patients with coexistent acid reflux. This suggests airway sensory nerve activation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, and Regional Respiratory Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK
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Bardelli C, Gunella G, Varsaldi F, Balbo P, Del Boca E, Bernardone IS, Amoruso A, Brunelleschi S. Expression of functional NK1 receptors in human alveolar macrophages: superoxide anion production, cytokine release and involvement of NF-kappaB pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 145:385-96. [PMID: 15778738 PMCID: PMC1576149 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Substance P (SP) is deeply involved in lung pathophysiology and plays a key role in the modulation of inflammatory-immune processes. We previously demonstrated that SP activates guinea-pig alveolar macrophages (AMs) and human monocytes, but a careful examination of its effects on human AMs is still scarce. 2 This study was undertaken to establish the role of SP in human AM isolated from healthy smokers and non-smokers, by evaluating the presence of tachykinin NK(1) receptors (NK-1R) and SP's ability to induce superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) production and cytokine release, as well as activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. 3 By Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, we demonstrate that authentic NK-1R are present on human AMs, a three-fold enhanced expression being observed in healthy smokers. These NK-1R are functional, as SP and NK(1) agonists dose-dependently induce O(2)(-) production and cytokine release. In AMs from healthy smokers, SP evokes an enhanced respiratory burst and a significantly increased release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha as compared to healthy non-smokers, but has inconsistent effects on IL-10 release. The NK(1) selective antagonist CP 96,345 ((2S,3S)-cis-2-diphenylmethyl-N[(2-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]-1-azabicyclo-octan-3-amine)) competitively antagonized SP-induced effects. 4 SP activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB, a three-fold increased nuclear translocation being observed in AMs from healthy smokers. This effect is receptor-mediated, as it is reproduced by the NK(1) selective agonist [Sar(9)Met(O(2))(11)]SP and reverted by CP 96,345. 5 These results clearly indicate that human AMs possess functional NK-1R on their surface, which are upregulated in healthy smokers, providing new insights on the mechanisms involved in tobacco smoke toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bardelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gunella
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Varsaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Food, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science (DISCAFF), University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Pietro Balbo
- Azienda Ospedaliera ‘Maggiore della Carità', Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Del Boca
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Seren Bernardone
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Angela Amoruso
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sandra Brunelleschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases), University of Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Yaraee R, Ebtekar M, Ahmadiani A, Sabahi F. Effect of neuropeptides (SP and CGRP) on antigen presentation by macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2005; 27:395-404. [PMID: 16237951 DOI: 10.1080/08923970500240974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that neuropeptides regulate various functions of immune cells, including macrophages, which have functional receptors for neuropeptides. We have studied the effects of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on the presentation of herpes simplex virus type-one (HSV-1) antigens by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages were treated with live or heat-killed virus in the presence or absence of one or both neuropeptides, then fixed. In vitro proliferation of lymphocytes, derived from intranasally immunized mice, was used to assess antigen presentation by the macrophages. Lymphocytes derived from cervical lymph nodes exhibited a greater proliferative response to heat-killed viral antigens than did lymphocytes derived from spleen. Macrophages treated with live virus did not induce lymphocyte proliferation in the immunized mice, but those treated with heat-killed viral particles did. When macrophages were treated with heat-killed virus in the presence of CGRP, the lymphocyte proliferative response was decreased; however, the effects of SP and SP + CGRP were not statistically significant. The results of interleukin-2 production were in accordance with proliferation assays. These findings suggest that neuropeptides regulate immune responses partly through their effects on macrophage function, including antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Yaraee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Nelson DA, Bost KL. Quantification of hemokinin-1 peptide production and secretion from mouse B cells. Cell Immunol 2005; 237:115-22. [PMID: 16360135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemokinin-1 is a recent addition to the family of mammalian tachykinins and is thought to play an important role in B cell and T cell lymphopoiesis. The mRNA coding for this peptide was expressed in some B lymphocyte cell lines including 70Z/3.12, ABE-8.1/2, and RAW8.1 cells, suggesting the possibility that hemokinin-1 may function in an autocrine or paracrine manner in these cells. Therefore, we quantified secretion of this peptide from the 70Z/3.12 cell line expressing hemokinin-1 mRNA. Despite a sensitive radioimmunoassay, we were surprised to find that hemokinin-1 secretion from confluent cells was below the level of detection of this assay. Furthermore, cell lysates routinely demonstrated a low or undetectable immunoreactive peptide. Collectively these studies show a limited production of hemokinin-1 peptide by transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Nelson
- Department of Biology, 9201 University City Boulevard, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and increasing global health problem that is now a leading cause of death. COPD is associated with a chronic inflammatory response, predominantly in small airways and lung parenchyma, which is characterized by increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. The inflammatory mediators involved in COPD have not been clearly defined, in contrast to asthma, but it is now apparent that many lipid mediators, inflammatory peptides, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors are involved in orchestrating the complex inflammatory process that results in small airway fibrosis and alveolar destruction. Many proteases are also involved in the inflammatory process and are responsible for the destruction of elastin fibers in the lung parenchyma, which is the hallmark of emphysema. The identification of inflammatory mediators and understanding their interactions is important for the development of anti-inflammatory treatments for this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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IL-12 induction of mRNA encoding substance P in murine macrophages from the spleen and sites of inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3906-11. [PMID: 15778345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide, interacts with the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) on immune cells to help control IFN-gamma production. In murine schistosomiasis mansoni, schistosome worms produce ova that incite focal Th2-type granulomatous inflammation within the liver and intestines. Normal gut is characterized by a controlled state of inflammation. IL-10 knockout mice develop chronic Th1-type colitis spontaneously. Both schistosome granulomas and gut mucosa display an SP immune regulatory circuit. However, the origin and regulation of SP production at these sites of inflammation are poorly understood. Macrophages are a potential source of SP. We therefore studied macrophages (F4/80(+)) from these models of inflammation. SP mRNA (preprotachykinin A (PPT A)) was detected within the schistosome granuloma, spleen, and lamina propria macrophages. Compared with those from wild-type mice, granuloma macrophages from STAT6(-/-) mice had 10-fold higher PPT A mRNA expression, whereas in STAT4(-/-) animals, PPT A mRNA expression was nearly abolished. IL-12 signals via STAT4 to induce Th1-type inflammation. It was demonstrated that IL-12, but not IL-18, induces SP mRNA expression in resting splenic macrophages from Schistosoma-infected mice and in wild-type lamina propria mononuclear cells. Thus, macrophages are a source for SP at these sites of chronic inflammation, and IL-12 and STAT4 are regulators of macrophage SP mRNA expression.
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Boschetto P, Miotto D, Bononi I, Faggian D, Plebani M, Papi A, Creminon C, De Rosa E, Fabbri LM, Mapp CE. Sputum substance P and neurokinin A are reduced during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18:199-205. [PMID: 15707854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of tachykinins in airway inflammation has been demonstrated in animal models, but evidence in humans is sparse. The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of substance P and neurokinin A in induced sputum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to compare them with the levels in smokers with normal lung function and healthy nonsmokers. Content of tackykinins was measured in 12 sputum samples collected during stable condition and nine sputum samples collected during exacerbations from 13 COPD patients, in eight sputum samples from smokers with normal lung function and in nine from healthy nonsmokers. Patients with COPD exacerbations had a lower sputum content of substance P compared with the other 3 groups (p<0.05). No differences were found between patients with stable COPD, smokers with normal lung function, and nonsmokers. Sputum levels of neurokinin A were trending in the same direction of substance P, but the significant difference was reached for the paired sputum samples collected from the same COPD patients (n=8) during exacerbation and in stable condition. COPD exacerbations are associated with a reduced sputum content of substance P and neurokinin A. These tackykinins might be involved in COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Boschetto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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O'Connor TM, O'Connell J, O'Brien DI, Goode T, Bredin CP, Shanahan F. The role of substance P in inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:167-80. [PMID: 15334652 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The diffuse neuroendocrine system consists of specialised endocrine cells and peptidergic nerves and is present in all organs of the body. Substance P (SP) is secreted by nerves and inflammatory cells such as macrophages, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells and acts by binding to the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). SP has proinflammatory effects in immune and epithelial cells and participates in inflammatory diseases of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. Many substances induce neuropeptide release from sensory nerves in the lung, including allergen, histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. Patients with asthma are hyperresponsive to SP and NK-1R expression is increased in their bronchi. Neurogenic inflammation also participates in virus-associated respiratory infection, non-productive cough, allergic rhinitis, and sarcoidosis. SP regulates smooth muscle contractility, epithelial ion transport, vascular permeability, and immune function in the gastrointestinal tract. Elevated levels of SP and upregulated NK-1R expression have been reported in the rectum and colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and correlate with disease activity. Increased levels of SP are found in the synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and NK-1R mRNA is upregulated in RA synoviocytes. Glucocorticoids may attenuate neurogenic inflammation by decreasing NK-1R expression in epithelial and inflammatory cells and increasing production of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), an enzyme that degrades SP. Preventing the proinflammatory effects of SP using tachykinin receptor antagonists may have therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases such as asthma, sarcoidosis, chronic bronchitis, IBD, and RA. In this paper, we review the role that SP plays in inflammatory disease.
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Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation encompasses the release of neuropeptides from airway nerves leading to inflammatory effects. This neurogenic inflammatory response of the airways can be initiated by exogenous irritants such as cigarette smoke or gases and is characterized by a bi-directional linkage between airway nerves and airway inflammation. The event of neurogenic inflammation may participate in the development and progression of chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as allergic asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenic inflammation are orchestrated by a large number of neuropeptides including tachykinins such as substance P and neurokinin A, or calcitonin gene-related peptide. Also, other biologically active peptides such as neuropeptide tyrosine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or endogenous opioids may modulate the inflammatory response and recently, novel tachykinins such as virokinin and hemokinins were identified. Whereas the different aspects of neurogenic inflammation have been studied in detail in laboratory animal models, only little is known about the role of airway neurogenic inflammation in human diseases. However, different functional properties of airway nerves may be used as targets for future therapeutic strategies and recent clinical data indicates that novel dual receptor antagonists may be relevant new drugs for bronchial asthma or COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Groneberg
- Otto-Heubner-Centre, Pneumology and Immunology, Charité School of Medicine, Free University Berlin and Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Azuma H, Kido JI, Ikedo D, Kataoka M, Nagata T. Substance P enhances the inhibition of osteoblastic cell differentiation induced by lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2004; 75:974-81. [PMID: 15341355 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.7.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance P (SP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that transmits pain signals, regulates the immune system, and may modulate emotional stress. SP stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts, and SP level in gingival crevicular fluid is correlated with the degree of periodontal inflammation. However, the exact roles of SP in bone metabolism and periodontal diseases are poorly understood. To elucidate the effect of stress on bone metabolism, we investigated the effect of SP on osteoblastic cell differentiation in the presence of lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P-LPS). METHODS The primary osteoblastic cells were isolated from fetal rat calvaria (RC) and cultured with SP, P-LPS, and an SP antagonist (SPa). The effects of SP on bone nodule (BN), alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, mRNA expressions of SP receptor, bone matrix proteins, and Cbfa 1 were investigated. RESULTS SP stimulated the expression of SP receptor mRNA in RC cells and enhanced its expression in the presence of P-LPS (50 ng/ml). SP inhibited BN formation and ALPase activity in a dose-dependent manner (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) and further suppressed mRNA expression of bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and osteocalcin but not of type I collagen mRNA. The inhibitory effects were enhanced in the presence of P-LPS and blocked by Spantide III. Furthermore, the expression of Cbfa 1 mRNA was also markedly suppressed in the presence of SP and P-LPS. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SP inhibits osteoblastic cell differentiation and may be related to bone metabolism in periodontal diseases under conditions of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Azuma
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Tokushima, Japan
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35
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Yaraee R, Ebtekar M, Ahmadiani A, Sabahi F. Neuropeptides (SP and CGRP) augment pro-inflammatory cytokine production in HSV-infected macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 3:1883-7. [PMID: 14636837 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are able to modulate cytokine production by macrophages in response to various stimulators. In this study, the effects of neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1 beta by macrophages were considered. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), or remained unstimulated, and cytokine assays were performed after 12 h. IL-1 beta and TNF secretion by unstimulated macrophages have been significantly increased in the presence of SP and CGRP. Each neuropeptide, alone or in coordination with the other, caused significant increase in IL-1 beta and TNF production by HSV-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages. It was concluded that the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response to HSV-1 is enhanced in the presence of these neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Yaraee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Veron M, Guenon I, Nenan S, Emonds-Alt X, Advenier C, Lagente V, Boichot E. Interactions of tachykinin receptor antagonists with lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 31:634-40. [PMID: 15479172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Several observations suggest that tachykinins are involved in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary alterations. We have investigated the effect of antagonists for tachykinin NK1 (SR 140333), NK2 (SR 48968) or NK3 (SR 142801) receptors on inflammatory cell recruitment, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 release and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 microg/mL aerosol for 30 min). 2. Treatment of mice with a combination of SR 140333 and SR 48968 (10(-6) mol/L, aerosol) significantly reduced the increase in the number of total cells and neutrophils and MMP-9 activity in the BALF of mice 2.5 h after LPS exposure. Treatment with the NK3 antagonist SR 142801 (10(-6) mol/L, aerosol) did not inhibit the influx of neutrophils, but markedly reduced the increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels at 2.5 h and MMP-9 activity at 20 h. 3. These results show that the three tachykinin receptor antagonists may interfere with the development of airway inflammation, namely neutrophilia, TNF-alpha release or MMP-9 activity in the BALF of mice exposed to LPS and suggest that not only NK1 and NK2 receptors, but also NK3 receptors are involved in the modulation of the inflammatory response and airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veron
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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37
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Feistritzer C, Clausen J, Sturn DH, Djanani A, Gunsilius E, Wiedermann CJ, Kähler CM. Natural killer cell functions mediated by the neuropeptide substance P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 116:119-26. [PMID: 14599723 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(03)00193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) can modulate a number of immunological functions in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated if SP boosts migration and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells, thus providing a further link between "innate immunity" and neurogenic inflammatory processes like asthma bronchiale. We demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of SP on natural killer cell migration with a maximal response at 10(-8) M SP. SP was shown to stimulate unstimulated as well as interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated natural killer cells. Stimulation of natural killer cell migration was neurokinin-1 receptor dependent. Furthermore, mRNA encoding the neurokinin-1 receptor was demonstrated as being present in natural killer cells using RT-PCR while mRNA of the neurokinin-2 receptor was not detectable. Additionally, SP seems to influence specific cytotoxicity against Raji and K567 effector cells by a receptor-independent mechanism. In conclusion, our data indicate that functionally active neurokinin-1 receptors can be expressed by human natural killer cells. Substance P might therefore be a novel link between neural structures and innate immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Neurokinin A/genetics
- Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/metabolism
- Substance P/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Feistritzer
- Intensive Care Unit, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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38
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Pinto FM, Almeida TA, Hernandez M, Devillier P, Advenier C, Candenas ML. mRNA expression of tachykinins and tachykinin receptors in different human tissues. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 494:233-9. [PMID: 15212980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinins substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B are involved in many pathophysiological processes. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was used to analyse the expression of TAC1 and TAC3, the genes that encode substance P/neurokinin A and neurokinin B, respectively, and the genes encoding the tachykinin NK(1), NK(2) and NK(3) receptors in different human tissues. The data show that tachykinins and their receptors mRNAs are broadly distributed in different human tissues being present in neuronal and non-neuronal types of cells. The presence of TAC3 and the tachykinin NK(3) receptor (TACR3) in a wide variety of peripheral tissues argue for a still unexplored role of this ligand-receptor pair in mediating visceral effects of tachykinins. We found, for the first time, that TAC3 and TACR3 mRNAs are expressed in human airways and pulmonary arteries and veins, providing further evidence for the involvement of this system in lung physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Pinto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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39
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Wong SS, Hyde J, Sun NN, Lantz RC, Witten ML. Inflammatory responses in mice sequentially exposed to JP-8 jet fuel and influenza virus. Toxicology 2004; 197:139-47. [PMID: 15003324 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the hypothesis that Jet Propulsion Fuel (JP-8) inhalation potentiates influenza virus-induced inflammatory responses, we randomly divided female C57BL/6 mice (4-weeks old, weighing approximately 24.6g) into the following groups: air control, JP-8 alone (1023 mg/m(3) of JP-8 for 1h/day for 7 days), A/Hong Kong/8/68 influenza virus (HKV) alone (a 10 microl aliquot of 2000 viral titer in the nasal passages), and a combination of JP-8 with HKV (JP-8 + HKV). The HKV alone group exhibited significantly increased total cell number/granulocyte differential in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to controls whereas the JP-8 alone group did not. The JP-8 + HKV group further exacerbated the HKV alone-induced response. However, increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability and pathological alterations in JP-8 + HKV just matched the sum of JP-8 alone- and HKV alone-induced response. Increases in BALF substance P in the JP-8 alone group and BALF leukotriene B4 or total lung compliance in the HKV alone group, respectively were similar to the changes in the JP-8 + HKV group. These findings suggest that changes in the JP-8 + HKV group may be attributed to either JP-8 inhalation or HKV treatment and indicate the different physiological responses to either JP-8 or HKV exposure. Taken together, most of the data did not provide supporting evidence that JP-8 inhalation synergizes influenza virus-induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Arizona Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Room 3354, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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40
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Joos GF, De Swert KO, Schelfhout V, Pauwels RA. The role of neural inflammation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 992:218-30. [PMID: 12794061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A are found within airway nerves and immune cells. They have various effects on the airways that can contribute to the changes observed in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both tachykinin NK(1) and NK(2) receptors have been involved in the bronchoconstriction and the proinflammatory changes induced by substance P and neurokinin A. Tachykinin NK(1) and NK(2) receptor antagonists have activity in various animal models of allergic asthma and chronic bronchitis. It is suggested that dual NK(1)/NK(2) and triple NK(1)/NK(2)/NK(3) tachykinin receptor antagonists have potential in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Borchers MT, Justice PJ, Ansay T, Mancino V, McGarry MP, Crosby J, Simon MI, Lee NA, Lee JJ. Gq signaling is required for allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3543-9. [PMID: 11907117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and magnitude of interactions leading to the selective infiltration of eosinophils in response to inhaled allergens are formidable obstacles to a larger understanding of the pulmonary pathology associated with allergic asthma. This study uses knockout mice to demonstrate a novel function for the heterotrimeric G protein, G(q), in the regulation of pulmonary eosinophil recruitment. In the absence of G(q) signaling, eosinophils failed to accumulate in the lungs following allergen challenge. These studies demonstrate that the inhibition of eosinophil accumulation in the airways is attributed to the failure of hemopoietically derived cells to elaborate GM-CSF in the airways. The data suggest that activation of a G(q)-coupled receptor(s) on resident leukocytes in the lung elicits expression of GM-CSF, which, in turn, is required for allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia, identifying a novel pathway of eosinophil-associated effector functions leading to pulmonary pathology in diseases such as asthma.
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43
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Lambrecht BN. Immunologists getting nervous: neuropeptides, dendritic cells and T cell activation. Respir Res 2002; 2:133-8. [PMID: 11686876 PMCID: PMC2002076 DOI: 10.1186/rr49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2001] [Revised: 03/21/2001] [Accepted: 04/04/2001] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognised that the immune and nervous systems are closely integrated to optimise defence systems within the lung. In this commentary, the contribution of various neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin to the regulation of T cell activation is discussed. These neuropeptides are released not only from nerve endings but also from inflammatory immune cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils and mast cells. On release they can exert both direct stimulatory and inhibitory effects on T cell activation and also indirect effects through their influence on the recruitment and activation of professional antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Neuropeptides should therefore be included in the conceptual framework of the immune regulation of T cell function by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Lambrecht
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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D'Agostino B, Advenier C, Falciani M, Gallelli L, Marrocco G, Piegari E, Filippelli A, Rossi F. Endothelin-1 increases cholinergic nerve-mediated contraction of human bronchi via tachykinin synthesis induction. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1447-54. [PMID: 11724750 PMCID: PMC1573084 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In some asthmatics, muscarinic receptor antagonists are effective in limiting bronchoconstrictor response, suggesting an abnormal cholinergic drive in these subjects. There is a growing body of evidences indicating that cholinergic neurotransmission is also enhanced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) in rabbit bronchi, mouse trachea and in human isolated airway preparations. 2. We investigated the role of secondary mediators in ET-1 induced potentiation of cholinergic nerve-mediated contraction in human bronchi, in particular the possible role of neuropeptides in this phenomenon. 3. Bronchial tissues after endothelin treatment were exposed to a standard electrical field stimulation (EFS) (30% of EFS 30 Hz)-induced contraction. In addition, in some experiments, preparations were treated with a tachykinin NK(2) receptor antagonist and subsequently exposed to the same protocol. HPLC and RIA were performed on organ bath fluid samples. Moreover, the human bronchi were used for the beta-PPT (preprotachykinin) mRNA extraction and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR), prior to and 30-40 min following ET-1 challenge. 4. The selective tachykinin NK(2) receptor antagonist, SR48968, was effective to reduce ET-1 potentiation of EFS mediated contraction. HPLC or RIA showed significant increased quantities of NKA in organ bath effluents after EFS stimulation in bronchi pretreated with ET-1. Finally, beta-PPT mRNA level after stimulation of bronchi with ET-1 was increased about 2 fold respect to control untreated bronchi. 5. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that, at least in part, the ET-1 potentiation of cholinergic nerve-mediated contraction is mediated by tachykinin release, suggesting that in addition to nerves, several type of cells, such as airway smooth muscle cell, may participate to neuropeptide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D'Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology 'Leonardo Donatelli' Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, 2nd University of Naples, Italy.
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45
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Joos GF, De Swert KO, Pauwels RA. Airway inflammation and tachykinins: prospects for the development of tachykinin receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 429:239-50. [PMID: 11698044 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A are contained within sensory airway nerves. Immune cells form an additional source of tachykinins in inflamed airways. Elevated levels of tachykinins have been recovered from the airways of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation leads to an upregulation of tachykinin NK(1) and NK(2) receptors. Preclinical studies have indicated a role for the tachykinin NK(1), NK(2) and NK(3) receptors in bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation caused by allergic and nonallergic stimuli. Compounds that are able to block two or three tachykinin receptors hold promise for the treatment of airways diseases such as asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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46
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Abstract
Excitatory non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic neuropeptides, such as the tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A, and its receptors are present in human and animal airways. Tachykinins are biologically active at extremely low concentrations. These peptides can cause potent inflammatory effects and can affect airway function in a way that resembles features of asthma. Local release of tachykinins affects blood vessels (vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability) and bronchial smooth muscle (bronchoconstrition and hyperresponsiveness). Neuropeptide research has revealed that tachykinins also play an important modulatory role in immune reactions. Tachykinins stimulate immune cells, such as mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages and are chemotactic for neutrophils and eosinophils. Vice versa, a range of immune cell mediators can also induce the release of tachykinins from excitatory NANC nerve endings in the airways. In the last 20 years, significant advances have been made in investigations of the interaction between immune cells and nervous systems in chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Kraneveld
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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47
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate a role for the tachykinin peptides in airways diseases. For instance, elevated levels of tachykinins have been recovered from the airways of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and airway inflammation leads to an upregulation of the tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptors. Recent advances in tachykinin receptor pharmacology have allowed a more detailed analysis of this system and preclinical animal studies have indicated a role for the NK1 and NK2 receptors in bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation caused by allergic and nonallergic stimuli. In the past three years, work has entered the clinic and selective or dual-selective NK1/NK2 receptor antagonists appear to have the potential to affect the different aspects of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
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48
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Abstract
Neural regulation of the airways consists of cholinergic excitatory, adrenergic inhibitory nerves and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves. NANC nerves can be either inhibitory or excitatory. Cholinergic nerves form the predominant bronchoconstrictor neural pathway in human airways. Acetylcholine controls neuronal and nonneuronal target cells via a short-lived action at nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. The most important control over acetylcholine release from postganglionic cholinergic nerves is exerted by acetylcholine itself. The M2 autoreceptor is located prejunctionally on postganglionic nerves. Its stimulation limits the further release of acetylcholine. A loss of function in the neuronal muscarinic M2 autoreceptor occurs after exposure to allergen, ozone, or viruses. In human airways, inhibitory NANC (i-NANC) mechanisms are the only neural bronchodilatory mechanisms. The presumed neurotransmitters of the i-NANC system are vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide. Substance P and neurokinin A have been implicated as the neurotransmitters mediating the excitatory part of the NANC nervous system. NK2 receptors are present on smooth muscle of both large and small airways and mediate part of the bronchoconstrictor effect of tachykinins. Most of the proinflammatory effects of substance P are mediated by the NK1 receptor. Tachykinin receptor antagonists are currently being developed as a possible anti-asthma treatment. An extensive cross-talk exists between nerves and the immune system. The complexity of the picture has increased further as it has become clear that classical neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and neuropeptides, are produced by nonneuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases 7K12E, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Chu HW, Kraft M, Krause JE, Rex MD, Martin RJ. Substance P and its receptor neurokinin 1 expression in asthmatic airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:713-22. [PMID: 11031342 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.109829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic asthma. The expression of neuropeptides such as substance P may be regulated by infectious pathogens, including Mycoplasma species. In contrast to substance P, the substance P receptor neurokinin 1 has not been examined at the protein level in asthmatic airways. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated substance P and neurokinin 1 protein expression and mucus content in endobronchial biopsy specimens from normal control subjects and asthmatic subjects. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was performed in both biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. METHODS Biopsy specimens were collected from 10 normal control subjects and 18 asthmatic subjects before and after a 6-week treatment with a macrolide antibiotic (n = 11) or placebo (n = 7) and were stained for substance P, neurokinin 1, and mucus. M pneumoniae was evaluated by PCR. RESULTS At baseline, compared with normal control subjects, asthmatic subjects demonstrated increased expression of substance P and neurokinin 1 and mucus content in the airway epithelium. Epithelial mucus content correlated with epithelial substance P expression (r (s) = 0.45, P =.04) and FEV(1) percent predicted (r (s) = -0.51, P =.019). After antibiotic treatment, both epithelial substance P and neurokinin 1 expression were significantly reduced in asthmatic subjects. M pneumoniae was found in 8 of 18 asthmatic subjects. Asthmatic subjects with M pneumoniae, compared with those without M pneumoniae, showed higher baseline epithelial neurokinin 1 expression, which was significantly reduced after antibiotic treatment (P =.02). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that abnormalities in neural mechanisms may exist in the epithelium of asthmatic airways, and M pneumoniae is possibly involved in this process. Antibiotic intervention may be effective in the treatment of asthma partly through the downregulation of the neurogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Kraneveld AD, James DE, de Vries A, Nijkamp FP. Excitatory non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic neuropeptides: key players in asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 405:113-29. [PMID: 11033319 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Professor David de Wied first introduced the term 'neuropeptides' at the end of 1971. Later peptide hormones and their fragments, endogenous opioid (morphine-like) peptides and a large number of other biogenic peptides became classified as neuropeptides. All of these peptides are united by a number of common features including their origin (nervous system and peptide-secreting cells found in various organs such as skin, gut, lungs), biosynthesis, secretion, metabolism, and enormous effectiveness. Neuropeptides are biologically active at extremely low concentrations. The past decade, neuropeptide research has revealed that neuropeptides also participate strongly in immune reactions. The neuro-immune concept has opened up a whole new research area. In the last 20 years, significant advances have been made in investigations of the interaction between immune and nervous systems in chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. The goal of this review is to bring together the functional relevance of excitatory non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves and the interaction with the immune system in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Kraneveld
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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