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Jakubovics NS, Goodman SD, Mashburn-Warren L, Stafford GP, Cieplik F. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:32-56. [PMID: 33690911 PMCID: PMC9413593 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Mashburn-Warren
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Graham P Stafford
- Integrated Biosciences, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Koh W, Thompson A, Edwards H, Monis P, Clode PL. Extracellular excystation and development of Cryptosporidium: tracing the fate of oocysts within Pseudomonas aquatic biofilm systems. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:281. [PMID: 25403949 PMCID: PMC4236811 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aquatic biofilms often serve as environmental reservoirs for microorganisms and provide them with a nutrient-rich growth environment under harsh conditions. With regard to Cryptosporidium, biofilms can serve as environmental reservoirs for oocysts, but may also support the growth of additional Cryptosporidium stages. Results Here we used confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and flow cytometry to identify and describe various Cryptosporidium developmental stages present within aquatic biofilm systems, and to directly compare these to stages produced in cell culture. We also show that Cryptosporidium has the ability to form a parasitophorous vacuole independently, in a host-free biofilm environment, potentially allowing them to complete an extracellular life cycle. Correlative data from confocal and SEM imaging of the same cells confirmed that the observed developmental stages (including trophozoites, meronts, and merozoites) were Cryptosporidium. These microscopy observations were further supported by flow cytometric analyses, where excysted oocyst populations were detected in 1, 3 and 6 day-old Cryptosporidium-exposed biofilms, but not in biofilm-free controls. Conclusions These observations not only highlight the risk that aquatic biofilms pose in regards to Cryptosporidium outbreaks from water distribution systems, but further indicate that even simple biofilms are able to stimulate oocyst excystation and support the extracellular multiplication and development of Cryptosporidium within aquatic environments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0281-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Koh
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch 6150, WA, Australia.
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3
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Human pathogenic viruses are retained in and released by Candida albicans biofilm in vitro. Virus Res 2014; 179:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wood SR, Kirkham J, Shore RC, Brookes SJ, Robinson C. Changes in the structure and density of oral plaque biofilms with increasing plaque age. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 39:239-44. [PMID: 19709203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In common with many biofilms in nature, oral plaque has been shown to have a heterogeneous structure as shown by confocal microscopy. In the present study we have used confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to determine changes in the structure of plaque biofilms with increasing plaque age. Natural human plaque biofilms were formed using the Leeds in situ device. Plaque biofilms were allowed to form for periods of 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks before removal of the devices and immediate imaging using the CLSM. Confocal imaging showed that the biofilms retained their heterogeneous appearance at each of the time points studied but appeared to have a tendency to become somewhat more dense with increasing time. Image analysis demonstrated that the percentage of biomass within each biofilm increased over time, particularly between 2 days and 1 week, and with increasing depth into the biofilms. In addition, using the CLSM we were able to demonstrate changes in the bacterial flora of the biofilms with time, with many more filamentous forms being present at the 2- and 4-week time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Wood
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK.
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Brady RA, Leid JG, Kofonow J, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME. Immunoglobulins to surface-associated biofilm immunogens provide a novel means of visualization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6612-9. [PMID: 17720840 PMCID: PMC2075055 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00855-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigens from the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cell wall have been shown to be immunogenic in vivo and upregulated during biofilm growth. In this study, we created purified, recombinant forms of selected antigens and biofilm-upregulated, cell wall-associated proteins. These proteins were shown to cause a robust polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) response when used to immunize rabbits. Antibodies against these recombinant proteins bound to the native forms of each protein as harvested from in vitro grown biofilms of MRSA, as determined both via Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. These IgGs could be utilized as imaging tools that localize to areas of specific protein production within a biofilm. This work illustrates that immunogenic, cell wall-associated, biofilm-upregulated proteins are promising for in vitro visualization of biofilm growth, architecture, and space-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Brady
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Room 9414, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Al-Ahmad A, Wunder A, Auschill TM, Follo M, Braun G, Hellwig E, Arweiler NB. The in vivo dynamics of Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella spp. in dental plaque biofilm as analysed by five-colour multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:681-687. [PMID: 17446294 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and composition of dental plaque biofilm in vivo are important factors which influence the development of gingivitis, caries and periodontitis. Studying dental plaque biofilm in in vitro models can cause an oversimplification of the real conditions in the oral cavity. In this study, bovine enamel slabs were fixed in an individual acrylic appliance in situ to quantify dental plaque formation and composition using multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Each of the five oligonucleotide probes used for FISH was specific for either eubacteria or one of four frequently isolated bacterial constituents belonging to early and late colonizers of tooth surfaces. The thickness of formed biofilm increased from 14.9+/-5.0 microm after 1 day to 49.3+/-11.6 microm after 7 days. Streptococcus spp. were predominant in 1-day-old dental plaque and decreased significantly after 7 days (P=0.0061). Compared to the first day, Fusobacterium nucleatum decreased after 2 days and increased significantly after 7 days (P=0.0006). The decreases of Actinomyces naeslundii content on day 2 and day 7 were significant (P=0.0028). Changes in Veillonella spp. were not significant during the study period (P >0.05). The results showed that an in vivo observation period of 7 days was required to detect significant changes in Streptococcus spp. and F. nucleatum. The multiplex FISH used is suitable for analysing the dynamics of four important bacterial constituents in the oral biofilm in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Wunder
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie Follo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Core Facility, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Braun
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Birgit Arweiler
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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Rukayadi Y, Hwang JK. Effect of coating the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate with xanthorrhizol on the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. J Basic Microbiol 2006; 46:410-5. [PMID: 17009296 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200510088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Colonization on the surface of tooth by Streptococcus mutans is an important step in the initiation of dental plaque. Polystyrene microtiter plates have been employed to study bacterial colonization and biofilm formation of periodontal bacteria. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of coating the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate with xanthorrhizol isolated from java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) on Strep. mutans biofilm formation. Our studies demonstrated that coating of a polystyrene microtiter plate with 5 microg/ml of xanthorrhizol resulted in significant (up to 60%) reduction of adherent cells compared to that of cells in uncoated wells. This result suggests that xanthorrhizol displays potent activity in preventing Strep. mutans biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Rukayadi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioproducts Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Gu F, Lux R, Du-Thumm L, Stokes I, Kreth J, Anderson MH, Wong DT, Wolinsky L, Sullivan R, Shi W. In situ and non-invasive detection of specific bacterial species in oral biofilms using fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 62:145-60. [PMID: 15935497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive in situ detection of suspected cariogenic bacterial species within dental biofilms could facilitate monitoring of the dynamic change of oral microbial flora and assist in the assessment of the treatment efficacy of therapeutic agents. In this study, we explore the possibility to use three well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Lactobacillus casei to identify these three important members of the oral microbial community in the complex environment of oral biofilms. These MAbs, which were conjugated to different fluorescent labels and visualized with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), proved to be an useful tool to identify the three species of interest (S. mutans, A. naeslundii, and L. casei) under various experimental conditions including in vitro and in vivo derived oral biofilms. Manifold addition of the MAbs on consecutive days did not alter the biofilm structure thus allowing monitoring of the same biofilm over extended time periods. Using this MAb-based method the effect of sucrose challenge on the biofilm composition and the distribution of S. mutans, A. naeslundii, and L. casei were examined. S. mutans was found to be the predominant species under the various biofilm conditions tested. These studies indicate that MAbs based bacterial detection with CLSM is a versatile tool which permits new insights into the ecology of oral biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gu
- School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, United States
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Fukuda T, Takenaka S, Kota K, Iwaku M, Hoshino E. Aerotolerance of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius biofilms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600410023925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fukuda
- Cariology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Cariology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kota
- Cariology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwaku
- Cariology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hoshino
- Oral Ecology in Health and Infection, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Choi JI, Kim US, Kim SJ, Son WS, Park HR. Fusobacterium nucleatum impairs serum binding to Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 18:92-4. [PMID: 12654097 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse immune sera obtained by immunization with Fusobacterium nucleatum and then Porphyromonas gingivalis demonstrated an impaired binding capacity to P. gingivalis-biofilm and lower avidity to P. gingivalis when compared with sera obtained from mice immunized with P. gingivalis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-I Choi
- Department of Periodontology and Research Center for Periodontal Disease, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea.
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Ciofu O, Bagge N, Høiby N. Antibodies against beta-lactamase can improve ceftazidime treatment of lung infection with beta-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a rat model of chronic lung infection. APMIS 2002; 110:881-91. [PMID: 12645667 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.1101207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that antibodies against the chromosomal beta-lactamase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a beta ab) might act as beta-lactamase inhibitors in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic lung infection with P. aeruginosa, we compared in a rat model of chronic lung infection the efficacy of treatment with ceftazidime in beta-lactamase-immunized (group I) and non-immunized (group II) rats. Chronic lung infection was established with alginate-embedded P. aeruginosa producing high amounts of beta-lactamase in 133 Lewis rats. Prior to infection, group I (66 rats) was immunized three times at 2-week intervals with purified beta-lactamase in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and group II (67 rats) received IFA. Ceftazidime treatment was initiated after challenge and continued for 10 days, after which the rats were sacrificed and the lung bacteriology and pathology were analysed. Rat serum was analysed for the beta-lactamase inhibitory activity and a beta ab-specific IgG and IgG subclasses titres. Beta-lactamase inhibitory activity was found only in sera of rats belonging to group I and it was used to divide these rats into two subgroups: rats whose sera inhibited > or = 75% of beta-lactamase activity (responders) and rats whose sera inhibited < or = 25% of beta-lactamase activity (non-responders). The responder subgroup had significantly smaller pathological areas in the lungs and lower cfu/ml lung homogenate compared to the non-immunized group (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively) and compared to the non-responder subgroup (p=0.008 and p=0.0001, respectively). On the day of challenge, significantly higher titres of a beta ab-specific IgG and IgG subclasses antibodies were found in the responders compared to the non-responders (p<0.0001). In the responder subgroup the avidity of IgG a beta ab was significantly higher than in the non-responder subgroup (p=0.0003). Our study showed that a beta ab with beta-lactamase inhibitory activity raised by immunization with beta-lactamase can improve the outcome of treatment with ceftazidime of resistant P. aeruginosa in a rat model of chronic lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Ciofu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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