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R PV, Girija ASS, Priyadharsini JV, Parameshwari KK. Frequency of Fimbrial Gene Types I, Ib, and II in Clinical Strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis Characterized From Periodontitis Patients. Cureus 2024; 16:e64117. [PMID: 39119391 PMCID: PMC11309749 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is considered the predominant pathogen in association with different stages of periodontitis, and fim genes play a vital role in adherence and colonization. This study is thus aimed to detect the prevalence of P. gingivalis and the frequency of fim gene types among the clinical strains isolated from periodontitis patients. Methods Plaque samples (N = 45) were collected from patients with three different stages of periodontitis (n = 15 in each group). All the samples were inoculated onto sterile anaerobic blood agar and were processed anaerobically using a GasPak system at 37°C for five to seven days. Standard microbiological techniques were used to identify P. gingivalis. Genomic DNA was extracted, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to detect the frequency of three fim gene types, using specific primers. Results P. gingivalis was more prevalent in Group III (93.3%), followed by 26.7% in Group II, and 13.3% in Group I. Maximum isolates were seen in the age group of 40-50, with no significance within the genders. fim type I was frequent in Group III (78.5% (n = 11)), followed by 0.25% (n = 1) under Group II, with no other fim types in the other groups. Conclusion Prevalence of P. gingivalis and frequency of fim genes, in association with its virulence, were observed. Periodical monitoring of such virulence genes would aid in the theranostic approach to combat the complications caused by P. gingivalis in periodontitis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep V R
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - K Kannika Parameshwari
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Nagano K, Hasegawa Y, Iijima Y, Kikuchi T, Mitani A. Distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA and mfa1 fimbrial genotypes in subgingival plaques. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5581. [PMID: 30186705 PMCID: PMC6118206 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strains of periodontal disease-associated bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis have different pathogenicity, which can be attributed to clonal genetic diversity. P. gingivalis typically expresses two types of fimbriae, FimA and Mfa1, which comprise six (I, Ib, II, III, IV, and V) and two (mfa53 and mfa70) genotypes, respectively. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of the two fimbrial genotypes of P. gingivalis in clinical specimens. Methods Subgingival plaques were collected from 100 participants during periodontal maintenance therapy and examined for P. gingivalis fimbrial genotypes by direct polymerase chain reaction and/or DNA sequencing. We also analyzed the relationship between fimbrial genotypes and clinical parameters of periodontitis recorded at the first medical examination. Results Both fimbrial types could be detected in 63 out of 100 samples; among them, fimA genotype II was found in 33 samples (52.4%), in which the mfa70 genotype was 1.75 times more prevalent than mfa53. The total detection rate of fimA genotypes I and Ib was 38.1%; in these samples, the two mfa1 genotypes were observed at a comparable frequency. In two samples positive for fimA III (3.2%), only mfa53 was detected, whereas in four samples positive for fimA IV (6.3%), the two mfa1 genotypes were equally represented, and none of fimA V-positive samples defined the mfa1 genotype. No associations were found between clinical parameters and fimbrial subtype combinations. Discussion Both P. gingivalis fimbrial types were detected at various ratios in subgingival plaques, and a tendency for fimA and mfa1 genotype combinations was observed. However, there was no association between P. gingivalis fimbrial genotypes and periodontitis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yura Iijima
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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3
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Jockel-Schneider Y, Kobsar A, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Vogel U, Störk S, Frantz S, Schlagenhauf U, Eigenthaler M. Wild-type isolates ofPorphyromonas gingivalisderived from periodontitis patients display major variability in platelet activation. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:693-700. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Kobsar
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy; University Hospital Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg; Department of Internal Medicine I; University Hospital and University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I; University Hospital Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Martin Eigenthaler
- Divison of Periodontology; University Hospital Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Department of Orthodontics; University Hospital of Julius-Maximilians-University; Würzburg Germany
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4
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Shimizu Y, Iwasaki T, Tajima T, Yuba E, Kono K, Watarai S. Induction of antibody response in the oral cavity of dogs following intraocular (eye drop) immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis cell lysate incorporated in pH-sensitive fusogenic polymer-modified liposomes. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:290-298. [PMID: 27916762 PMCID: PMC5326933 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of mucosal immune responses against Porphyromonas gingivalis within the oral cavity of dogs was studied by immunizing with pH-sensitive fusogenic polymer (MGluPG)-modified liposome-associated cell lysate. Dogs immunized with P. gingivalis cell lysate-containing MGluPG-modified liposomes by intraocular (eye drop) route displayed significant levels of P. gingivalis cell lysate-specific serum IgG and IgA as well as mucosal IgA antibodies in saliva secretion. Serum and salivary antibodies generated by intraocularly immunized with MGluPG-modified liposome-associated P. gingivalis cell lysate revealed a significant aggregation activity against P. gingivalis, whereas serum and saliva from dogs receiving MGluPG-modified liposomes unentrapping P. gingivalis cell lysate did not show the aggregation activity against P. gingivalis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis-specific antibodies in saliva of immunized dogs inhibited the adherence of P. gingivalis to cultured HeLa cells. More importantly, salivary antibodies induced by intraocular immunization with P. gingivalis cell lysate-containing MGluPG-modified liposomes significantly inhibited the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with Actinomyces naeslundii and the cell damage activity of P. gingivalis against FaDu cells, an oral epithelial cell. These results suggest that intraocularly administered P. gingivalis cell lysate-containing MGluPG-modified liposomes should be an effective mucosal vaccine against P. gingivalis infection in dogs and may be an important tool for the prevention of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shimizu
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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de Assis Gonzaga F, de Miranda TT, Magalhães LMD, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Souza PEA, Horta MCR. Effects of Bio-Oss ® and Cerasorb ® dental M on the expression of bone-remodeling mediators in human monocytes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2066-2073. [PMID: 27401453 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In contribution to diverse techniques of bone reconstruction involving biomaterials in contemporary dentistry, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the bone-grafting materials Bio-Oss® and Cerasorb® Dental M on the expression of cytokines associated with bone remodeling by human monocytes in vitro. Bio-Oss® and Cerasorb® Dental M were incubated in separate culture media, and their supernatants were added to mononuclear cells of human peripheral blood, some of which had been stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis. The frequency of total monocytes and CD14+ monocytes producing cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined by flow cytometry. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, followed by Tukey's post hoc test, revealed that stimulation with P. gingivalis increased the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 and reduced the expression of TNF-α compared to effects demonstrated in the control group (p < 0.05). Adding biomaterial supernatants did not significantly affect the expression of any cytokine evaluated, however, either in the absence or in the presence of bacterial stimulation. Our data suggest that Bio-Oss® and Cerasorb® Dental M neither stimulate cytokine production in human monocytes nor interfere with mechanisms of cell communication mediated by cytokines evaluated during stimulation with P. gingivalis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2066-2073, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe de Assis Gonzaga
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Teixeira de Miranda
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Department of Morphology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Department of Morphology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, Doenças Tropicais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenneth John Gollob
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, Doenças Tropicais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa do Instituto Mário Penna, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Alencar Souza
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Martinho Campolina Rebello Horta
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Baek KJ, Ji S, Kim YC, Choi Y. Association of the invasion ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis with the severity of periodontitis. Virulence 2015; 6:274-81. [PMID: 25616643 PMCID: PMC4601282 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.1000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the well-characterized periodontal pathogens involved in periodontitis. The invasive and proteolytic activities of P. gingivalis clinical isolates have been shown to be associated with heterogenic virulence, as determined in a mouse abscess model. The aims of the present study were to identify a P. gingivalis strain with a low virulence among clinical isolates, based on its invasive ability and cytokine proteolytic activities, and to explore the preferential degradation of a certain cytokine by P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, W50, and 10 clinical isolates were used. After incubating bacteria with IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-1α, the amounts of remaining cytokines were determined by ELISA. Invasion ability was measured by a flow cytometric invasion assay. There was inter-strain variability both in the cytokine proteolytic activities and invasion ability. In addition, differential degradation of cytokines by P. gingivalis was observed: while IFNγ and IL-17A were almost completely degraded, inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1α were less susceptible to degradation. Interestingly, the invasion index, but not cytokine proteolytic activities, of P. gingivalis had strong positive correlations with clinical parameters of subjects who harbored the isolates. Therefore, the invasive ability of P. gingivalis is an important virulence factor, and the bacterial invasion step may be a good target for new therapeutics of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Jin Baek
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Korea
| | - Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology; Anam Hospital; Korea University; Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Korea
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7
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Development of resistance of mutans streptococci and Porphyromonas gingivalis to chlorhexidine digluconate and amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinses, in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1547-53. [PMID: 25483124 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim if this study was to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse against Porphyromonas gingivalis and mutans streptococci during an experimental long-term subinhibitory exposition. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five P. gingivalis strains and four mutans streptococci were subcultivated for 20-30 passages in subinhibitory concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate or an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse. RESULTS Pre-passaging minimal inhibitory concentrations for chlorhexidine ranged from 0.5 to 2 mg/l for mutans streptococci and from 2 to 4 mg/l for the P. gingivalis isolates. For the amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse minimal inhibitory values from 0.125 to 0.25% for the mutans streptococci and from 0.063 to 0.125% for the P. gingivalis isolates were determined. Two- to fourfold increased minimal inhibitory concentrations against chlorhexidine were detected for two of the five P. gingivalis isolates, whereas no increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations was found for the mutans streptococci after repeated passaging through subinhibitory concentrations. Repeated exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of the amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse did not alter the minimally inhibitory concentrations of the bacterial isolates tested. CONCLUSION Chlorhexidine and the amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse are effective inhibitory agents against the oral bacterial isolates tested. No general development of resistance against chlorhexidine or the amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse was detected. However, some strains showed potential to develop resistance against chlorhexidine after prolonged exposure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of chlorhexidine should be limited to short periods of time. The amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse appears to have the potential to be used on a long-term basis.
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8
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Yee M, Kim S, Sethi P, Düzgüneş N, Konopka K. Porphyromonas gingivalis stimulates IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in GMSM-K, HSC-3 and H413 oral epithelial cells. Anaerobe 2014; 28:62-7. [PMID: 24887636 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection of oral epithelial cells with periodontopathogenic bacteria results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by oral epithelial cells after exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Non-tumor-derived, immortalized human GMSM-K cells, and human oral squamous cell carcinoma, HSC-3 and H413 cells, were co-cultured with live and heat-inactivated P. gingivalis 2561 (ATCC 33277) and W83 (ATCC BAA-308™). IL-6 and IL-8 were quantified in the culture supernatants after 6 and 24 h. The basal levels of both cytokines and the responses to P. gingivalis were strongly dependent on cell type. GMSM-K cells produced less IL-8 than HSC-3 and H413 cells. Live P. gingivalis induced significant IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in GMSM-K and HSC-3 cells, and heat-inactivation of bacteria enhanced greatly IL-6 and IL-8 stimulation in these cells. Uninfected H413 cells produced high levels of IL-6 and IL-8, but were not responsive to live P. gingivalis; heat-inactivated P. gingivalis up-regulated IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in these cells. Since base-line secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, and responses to P. gingivalis depend on the cell type, conclusions on the responses to P. gingivalis should not be based on studies with a single cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, United States
| | - Shawn Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, United States
| | - Pushpinder Sethi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, United States
| | - Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, United States
| | - Krystyna Konopka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, United States.
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Nagano K. FimA Fimbriae of the Periodontal Disease-associated Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:963-74. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
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10
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Longo PL, Nunes ACR, Umeda JE, Mayer MPA. Gene expression and phenotypic traits of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
in response to environmental changes. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:766-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Longo
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. C. R. Nunes
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - J. E. Umeda
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. P. A. Mayer
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Irshad M, van der Reijden WA, Crielaard W, Laine ML. In vitro invasion and survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival fibroblasts; role of the capsule. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:469-76. [PMID: 22949096 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium involved in periodontitis and peri-implantitis that can invade and survive inside host cells in vitro. P. gingivalis can invade human gingival fibroblasts (GF), but no data are available about the role of P. gingivalis' capsule in GF invasion. In the current study, we aimed to determine the ability of three strains of P. gingivalis (encapsulated wild type W83, non-encapsulated HG91 and the non-encapsulated insertional isogenic knockout mutant of W83, ΔEpsC) to invade GF and the ability of internalized P. gingivalis to survive in vitro antibiotic treatment. The ability of P. gingivalis strains to invade GF was tested using an antibiotic protection assay at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 100 and 1000. The survival of internalized P. gingivalis cells was further analyzed by subsequent in vitro treatment with either metronidazole or amoxicillin alone or a combination of metronidazole and amoxicillin and anaerobic culture viability counts. All strains of P. gingivalis used in this study were able to invade GFs. The non-encapsulated mutant of W83 (ΔEpsC mutant) was significantly more invasive than the wild type W83 at MOI 100 (p value 0.025) and MOI 1000 (p value 0.038). Furthermore, internalized P. gingivalis was able to resist in vitro antibiotic treatment. As demonstrated by the differences in invasion efficiencies of P. gingivalis strain W83 and its isogenic mutant ΔEpsC, the capsule of P. gingivalis makes it less efficient in invading gingival fibroblasts. Moreover, internalized P. gingivalis can survive antibiotic treatment in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irshad
- Section of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, ACTA, University of Amsterdam and Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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The capsule of Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to a reduction in the host inflammatory response, evasion of phagocytosis, and increase in virulence. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4533-42. [PMID: 21911459 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05016-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic oral inflammatory disease that is triggered by bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis strains exhibit great heterogeneity, with some strains being encapsulated while others are nonencapsulated. Although the encapsulated strains have been shown to be more virulent in a mouse abscess model, so far the role of the capsule in P. gingivalis interactions with host cells is not well understood and its role in virulence has not been defined. Here, we investigated the contribution of the capsule to triggering a host response following microbial infection, as well as its protective role following bacterial internalization by host phagocytic cells with subsequent killing, using the encapsulated P. gingivalis strain W50 and its isogenic nonencapsulated mutant, PgC. Our study shows significant time-dependent upregulation of the expression of various groups of genes in macrophages challenged with both the encapsulated and nonencapsulated P. gingivalis strains. However, cells infected with the nonencapsulated strain showed significantly higher upregulation of 9 and 29 genes at 1 h and 8 h postinfection, respectively, than cells infected with the encapsulated strain. Among the genes highly upregulated by the nonencapsulated PgC strain were ones coding for cytokines and chemokines. Maturation markers were induced at a 2-fold higher rate in dendritic cells challenged with the nonencapsulated strain for 4 h than in dendritic cells challenged with the encapsulated strain. The rates of phagocytosis of the nonencapsulated P. gingivalis strain by both macrophages and dendritic cells were 4.5-fold and 7-fold higher, respectively, than the rates of phagocytosis of the encapsulated strain. On the contrary, the survival of the nonencapsulated P. gingivalis strain was drastically reduced compared to the survival of the encapsulated strain. Finally, the encapsulated strain exhibited greater virulence in a mouse abscess model. Our results indicate that the P. gingivalis capsule plays an important role in aiding evasion of host immune system activation, promoting survival of the bacterium within host cells, and increasing virulence. As such, it is a major virulence determinant of P. gingivalis.
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13
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Eick S, Radakovic S, Pfister W, Nietzsche S, Sculean A. Efficacy of taurolidine against periodontopathic species—an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:735-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dolgilevich S, Rafferty B, Luchinskaya D, Kozarov E. Genomic comparison of invasive and rare non-invasive strains reveals Porphyromonas gingivalis genetic polymorphisms. J Oral Microbiol 2011; 3. [PMID: 21541093 PMCID: PMC3086587 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis strains are shown to invade human cells in vitro with different invasion efficiencies, varying by up to three orders of magnitude. Objective We tested the hypothesis that invasion-associated interstrain genomic polymorphisms are present in P. gingivalis and that putative invasion-associated genes can contribute to P. gingivalis invasion. Design Using an invasive (W83) and the only available non-invasive P. gingivalis strain (AJW4) and whole genome microarrays followed by two separate software tools, we carried out comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis. Results We identified 68 annotated and 51 hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs) that are polymorphic between these strains. Among these are surface proteins, lipoproteins, capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis enzymes, regulatory and immunoreactive proteins, integrases, and transposases often with abnormal GC content and clustered on the chromosome. Amplification of selected ORFs was used to validate the approach and the selection. Eleven clinical strains were investigated for the presence of selected ORFs. The putative invasion-associated ORFs were present in 10 of the isolates. The invasion ability of three isogenic mutants, carrying deletions in PG0185, PG0186, and PG0982 was tested. The PG0185 (ragA) and PG0186 (ragB) mutants had 5.1×103-fold and 3.6×103-fold decreased in vitro invasion ability, respectively. Conclusion The annotation of divergent ORFs suggests deficiency in multiple genes as a basis for P. gingivalis non-invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Dolgilevich
- Section Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York
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15
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Abstract
In terms of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) the focus has traditionally been on dyslipidemia. Over the decades our understanding of the pathogenesis of CVD has increased, and infections, including those caused by oral bacteria, are more likely involved in CVD progression than previously thought. While many studies have now shown an association between periodontal disease and CVD, the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain unclear. This review gives a brief overview of the host-bacterial interactions in periodontal disease and virulence factors of oral bacteria before discussing the proposed mechanisms by which oral bacterial may facilitate the progression of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneen J Leishman
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zhang D, Zheng H, Zhao J, Lin L, Li C, Liu J, Pan Y. Porphorymonas gingivalis induces intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells through the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, but not through the p38 MAPK pathway. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:31-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kirschbaum M, Schultze-Mosgau S, Pfister W, Eick S. Mixture of periodontopathogenic bacteria influences interaction with KB cells. Anaerobe 2010; 16:461-8. [PMID: 20380884 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the adhesion and invasion of periodontopathogenic bacteria in varied mixed infections and the release of interleukins from an epithelial cell line (KB cells). METHODS KB cells were co-cultured with Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and M5-1-2, Tannerella forsythia ATCC 43037, Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 and Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586 in single and mixed infections. The numbers of adherent and internalized bacteria were determined up to 18 h after bacterial exposure. Additionally, the mRNA expression and concentrations of released interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured. RESULTS All periodontopathogenic bacteria adhered and internalized in different numbers to KB cells, but individually without any evidence of co-aggregation also to F. nucleatum. High levels of epithelial mRNA of IL-6 and IL-8 were detectable after all bacterial challenges. After the mixed infection of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 the highest levels of released interleukins were found. No IL-6 and IL-8 were detectable after the mixed infection of P. gingivalis M5-1-2 and F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and the fourfold infection of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, T. denticola ATCC 35405, T. forsythia ATCC 43037 and F. nucleatum ATCC 25586. CONCLUSION Anaerobic periodontopathogenic bacteria promote the release of IL-6 and IL-8 by epithelial cells. Despite a continuous epithelial expression of IL-8 mRNA by all bacterial infections these effects are temporary because of the time-dependent degradation of cytokines by bacterial proteases. Mixed infections have a stronger virulence potential than single bacteria. Further research is necessary to evaluate the role of mixed infections and biofilms in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirschbaum
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery/Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, Germany.
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Guentsch A, Rönnebeck M, Puklo M, Preshaw PM, Pfister W, Eick S. Influence of serum on interaction ofPorphyromonas gingivalisATCC 33277 andAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansY4 with an epithelial cell line. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:229-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pathirana RD, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Host immune responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:218-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Teixeira SRL, Mattarazo F, Feres M, Figueiredo LC, de Faveri M, Simionato MRL, Mayer MPA. Quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis and fimA genotypes in smoker chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:482-7. [PMID: 19508247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes were associated with virulence factors in vitro, but little evidence of an association with disease severity were shown in humans. We aimed to correlate levels of P. gingivalis fimA genotypes II and IV and probing depth in smoker-chronic periodontitis subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and sixty eight subgingival samples of 20 smokers non-treated chronic periodontitis subjects obtained from sites with different probing depths [shallow (< or =3 mm), intermediate (4-6 mm), deep (> or =7 mm)] were analysed by real-time PCR for P. gingivalis and genotypes fimA II and IV. RESULTS P. gingivalis and fimA IV were detected in all subjects, whereas fimA II was detected in 18 subjects (90%). One hundred and fifty two sites (90.5%) harboured P. gingivalis. Genotypes II and IV were detected in 28% and 69.6% of sites, respectively. The proportions of genotypes II and IV in relation to P. gingivalis levels were similar in shallow, intermediate and deep probing sites (2.4%, 4.6%, 1.4% for genotype II and 15.5%, 17.7%, 11.7% for genotype IV, respectively), indicating that other non-tested genotypes were more abundant. Increased levels of genotype IV were associated with increasing probing depth, but not of genotype II. CONCLUSIONS The data suggested an association between P. gingivalis genotype fimA IV and disease severity in smoker-chronic periodontitis subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia R L Teixeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Distribución de los genotipos de fimA en cepas de Porphyromonas gingivalis aisladas de placas subgingivales y de sangre durante bacteriemias. BIOMEDICA 2009. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v29i2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Porphyromonas gingivalis RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes penetrate gingival tissue and induce proinflammatory cytokines or apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Infect Immun 2008; 77:1246-61. [PMID: 19114547 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01038-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes of Porphyromonas gingivalis were observed, using immunostaining, in human gingival tissue associated with periodontitis but not in healthy tissue. The staining pattern suggested a concentration gradient from the subgingival plaque into the subjacent gingival connective tissue. Intense immunostaining was observed in areas displaying gross disturbance of tissue architecture. P. gingivalis cells and the RgpA-Kgp complexes at low concentrations were shown to stimulate secretory intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, and macrophage chemoattractant protein secretion from cultured human epithelial (KB) and fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. However, at high concentrations a reduction in the level of these mediators was observed. In contrast, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha and IL-1alpha were stimulated only at high P. gingivalis cell concentrations. P. gingivalis cells and the RgpA-Kgp complexes were shown to induce apoptosis in KB and MRC-5 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that the RgpA-Kgp complexes penetrate the gingival connective tissue; at low concentrations distal from the plaque the complexes stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory mediators, while at high concentrations proximal to the plaque they induce apoptosis and attenuate the secretion of proinflammatory mediators.
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Jandik KA, Bélanger M, Low SL, Dorn BR, Yang MCK, Progulske-Fox A. Invasive differences among Porphyromonas gingivalis strains from healthy and diseased periodontal sites. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:524-30. [PMID: 18544120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine any difference between Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates from periodontally healthy sites as compared to those from diseased sites with respect to the ability to invade host cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from periodontally healthy and diseased sites using paper points. P. gingivalis colonies were isolated and tested, using an antibiotic protection assay, for their ability to invade KB cells. P. gingivalis 381 and Escherichia coli MC1061 were used as controls. RESULTS Mean values of 16.79 +/- 0.86 x 10(3) colony-forming units/mL and 26.14 +/- 2.11 x 10(3) colony-forming units/mL were observed in invasion assays for isolates from periodontally healthy and diseased sites, respectively. P. gingivalis present in diseased sites had significantly greater invasive abilities than strains isolated from healthy sites. No statistical difference was noted between male or female subjects concerning the degree of invasion; isolates from diseased sites from both genders had significantly greater invasion abilities than those from healthy sites. A significant correlation was found between the increased invasive capabilities of P. gingivalis isolates vs. an increased probing depth. CONCLUSION The increased invasion noted with P. gingivalis isolates from diseased sites vs. healthy sites, and the increased invasive capabilities with increasing probing depth, indicate that P. gingivalis isolates have a varying ability to invade host cells in the periodontal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jandik
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Sheets SM, Robles-Price AG, McKenzie RME, Casiano CA, Fletcher HM. Gingipain-dependent interactions with the host are important for survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:3215-38. [PMID: 18508429 PMCID: PMC3403687 DOI: 10.2741/2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, must acquire nutrients from host derived substrates, overcome oxidative stress and subvert the immune system. These activities can be coordinated via the gingipains which represent the most significant virulence factor produced by this organism. In the context of our contribution to this field, we will review the current understanding of gingipain biogenesis, glycosylation, and regulation, as well as discuss their role in oxidative stress resistance and apoptosis. We can postulate a model, in which gingipains may be part of the mechanism for P. gingivalis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. Sheets
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Antonette G. Robles-Price
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Rachelle M. E. McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Carlos A. Casiano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- The Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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Nishiyama SI, Murakami Y, Nagata H, Shizukuishi S, Kawagishi I, Yoshimura F. Involvement of minor components associated with the FimA fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis in adhesive functions. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1916-1925. [PMID: 17526848 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/005561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The FimA fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the causative agent of periodontitis, have been implicated in various aspects of pathogenicity, such as colonization, adhesion and aggregation. In this study, the four open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, ORF3 and ORF4) downstream of the fimbrilin gene (fimA) in strain ATCC 33277 were examined. ORF2, ORF3 and ORF4 were demonstrated to encode minor components of the fimbriae and were therefore renamed fimC, fimD and fimE, respectively. Immunoblotting analyses revealed that inactivation of either fimC or fimD by an ermF-ermAM insertion, but not inactivation of ORF1, was accompanied by concomitant loss of the products from the downstream genes, raising the possibility that fimC, fimD and fimE constitute a transcription unit. The fimE mutant produced FimC and FimD, but fimbriae purified from it contained neither protein, suggesting that FimE is required for the assembly of FimC and FimD onto the fimbrilin (FimA) fibre. The fimC, fimD and fimE mutants lost autoaggregation abilities. Fimbriae purified from these three mutants showed attenuated binding activities to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Streptococcus oralis and to two extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and type I collagen. These results suggest that FimE, as well as FimC and FimD, play critical roles in the adhesive activities of the mature FimA fimbriae in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hideki Nagata
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shizukuishi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kawagishi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
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Hajishengallis G. Peptide Mapping of a Functionally Versatile Fimbrial Adhesin from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hajishengallis G. Potential for Immunological and Microbiological Intervention against Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. J Oral Biosci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(07)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kato T, Kawai S, Nakano K, Inaba H, Kuboniwa M, Nakagawa I, Tsuda K, Omori H, Ooshima T, Yoshimori T, Amano A. Virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis is altered by substitution of fimbria gene with different genotype. Cell Microbiol 2006; 9:753-65. [PMID: 17081195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontal pathogen whose fimbriae are classified into six genotypes based on the diversity of the fimA genes encoding each fimbria subunit. It was suggested that P. gingivalis strains with type II fimbriae were more virulent than type I strains. For the present study, we generated the mutants in which fimA was substituted with different genotypes to study virulence of type II fimbriae. Using plasmid vectors, fimA of ATCC33277 (type I strain) was substituted with type II fimA, and that of OMZ314 (type II strain) with type I fimA. The substitution of type I fimA with type II enhanced bacterial adhesion/invasion to epithelial cells, whereas substitution with type I fimA resulted in diminished efficiency. Following bacterial invasion, type II clones swiftly degraded cellular paxillin and focal adhesion kinase, and inhibited cellular migration, whereas type I clones and DeltafimA mutants did not. BIAcore analysis demonstrated that type II fimbriae possess greater adhesive abilities for their receptor alpha5beta1-integrin than those of type I. In a mouse abscess model, the type II clones significantly induced serum IL-1beta and IL-6, as well as other infectious symptoms. These results suggest that type II fimbriae are a critical determinant of P. gingivalis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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Kilian M, Frandsen EVG, Haubek D, Poulsen K. The etiology of periodontal disease revisited by population genetic analysis. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42:158-79. [PMID: 16930310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Kilian
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Eick S, Reissmann A, Rödel J, Schmidt KH, Pfister W. Porphyromonas gingivalis survives within KB cells and modulates inflammatory response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:231-7. [PMID: 16842507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The purpose of the study was to investigate the intracellular survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis as a possible mechanism for maintaining periodontitis. METHODS P. gingivalis strains, the strain ATCC 33277 and seven clinical isolates, were co-cultured with KB cells. The number of intracellular bacteria was determined up to 3 days after infection. In addition, the numbers of KB cells per well, the concentrations of the cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and the arginine-specific amidolytic activity were measured. The 16S rRNA of P. gingivalis and the mRNA expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and rgpA were also determined. RESULTS All the P. gingivalis strains studied were able to survive within KB cells. In contrast to the reduced values of colony-forming units at day 3, equal and higher levels of 16S rRNA were seen in comparison to day 0. Arginine-specific amidolytic activity declined in all samples during infection. Expression of mRNA for rgpA was not found after infection of KB cells by P. gingivalis strains. IL-8 was detectable in all samples 2 days after infection with P. gingivalis strains. Principal components analysis underlined a correlation between the arginine-specific amidolytic activity 1 h after infection and both the released IL-8 and the mRNA expression of IL-8. Associations were found between the cultivable numbers of intracellular P. gingivalis and the mRNAs of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha at the day of infection. CONCLUSION The results indicate survival of P. gingivalis within epithelial cells, possibly in a non-cultivable stage. Invasion into cells modulates the virulence properties of P. gingivalis as well as the inflammatory response of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eick
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Wagner Y, Noack B, Hoffmann T, Jacobs E, Christian Lück P. Periodontopathogenic bacteria multiply in the environmental amoeba Acanthamoeba castellani. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209:535-9. [PMID: 16837243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia are obligate anaerobe gram-negative periodontopathogenic bacteria. Free-living amoebae, such as Acanthamoeba spp., are well known as environmental hosts of several human pathogens, such as Franciscella tularensis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacteria spp. This study tested the ability of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia to become internalized, to survive and replicate in Acanthamoeba castellani. Our results show for the first time that P. gingivalis and P. intermedia isolated from periodontitis patients are capable of infecting A. castellani cells in vitro and are able to survive and multiply intracellularly. From our experimental data it can be suggested that periodontopathogenic bacteria might be conditioned in the evolution by amoebae and free-living amoebae can act as an environmental reservoir for these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Wagner
- Institut of Medizinische Mikrobiologie and Hygiene, TU Dresden, Fiedlerstrasse 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Walter C, Jawor P, Bernimoulin JP, Hägewald S. Moderate effect of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain® Gel) on Porphyromonas gingivalis growth in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:171-6. [PMID: 16137640 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse the antibacterial effects of Emdogain Gel or its constituents on the growth of the suspected periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. STUDY DESIGN The effects of the proteins of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), the commercial product Emdogain Gel or its vehicle propylene glycol alginate (PGA) (Straumann, Switzerland) on P. gingivalis growth were determined by two methods: broth dilution assay (BDA) and agar diffusion assay (ADA). RESULTS BDA-Emdogain Gel inhibited moderately the growth of P. gingivalis, whereas EMD showed no effect. The PGA vehicle inhibited the growth completely. ADA-Emdogain Gel resulted in some inhibition in growth but was not significantly different from control. EMD revealed no zone of inhibition. PGA demonstrated statistically significant zones of inhibition. CONCLUSION Emdogain Gel shows moderate antibacterial activities against P. gingivalis. These properties seem to be due to the PGA component of the gel preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Walter
- Department of Periodontology, Charité, University Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Modulation of cytokine production by Porphyromonas gingivalis in a macrophage and epithelial cell co-culture model. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:448-56. [PMID: 15811635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells and macrophages play a major role in the host response to Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis. Secretion of high levels of cytokines by these cells is believed to contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. To investigate the interactions between P. gingivalis and these two major cell types, we characterized the production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) by an in vitro co-culture model composed of epithelial-like transformed cells (HeLa cell line) and macrophage-like cells (phorbol myristic acid-differentiated U937 cell line) following a challenge with different strains of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis cells stimulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8 and RANTES) in the co-culture model. Responses to P. gingivalis infection were influenced by the macrophage/epithelial cell ratios of the cultures. In addition, the level of secretion of these inflammatory mediators was dependent on the bacterial strain and the multiplicity of infection (MOI) used. The use of a gingipain-deficient mutant of P. gingivalis or the addition of a cysteine protease inhibitor suggested that the level of cytokines secreted by the co-culture model was underestimated due to an extensive proteolytic degradation. This study showed that P. gingivalis can modulate the levels of inflammatory mediators, which may contribute to the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Que., Canada, G1K 7P4
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Chung WO, Hansen SR, Rao D, Dale BA. Protease-activated receptor signaling increases epithelial antimicrobial peptide expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5165-70. [PMID: 15470061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues provide both a physical barrier and an antimicrobial barrier. Antimicrobial peptides of the human beta-defensin (hBD) family are part of the innate immune responses that play a role in mucosal defense. hBDs are made in epithelia including oral epithelium where the bacterial load is particularly great. hBD-2 and hBD-3 are up-regulated in response to bacterial stimuli. Previous studies show that hBD-2 expression in human gingival epithelial cells (GEC) is stimulated by both nonpathogenic and pathogenic bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative pathogen associated with periodontitis. Present evidence suggests that hBD-2 expression in GEC uses several signaling pathways, including an NF-kappaB-mediated pathway but without apparent LPS-TLR4 signaling. Protease-activated receptors (PAR) are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate cellular responses to extracellular proteinases. P. gingivalis secretes multiple proteases that contribute to its virulence mechanisms. To determine whether PAR signaling is used in hBD-2 induction, GEC were stimulated with wild-type P. gingivalis or mutants lacking one or more proteases. hBD-2 mRNA expression was reduced in GEC stimulated with single protease mutants (11-67% compared with wild type), strongly reduced in double mutants (0.1-16%), and restored to wild-type levels (93%) in mutant with restored protease activity. Stimulation by wild type was partially blocked by inhibitors of phospholipase C, a main signaling pathway for PARs. Expression of hBD-3 was unaffected. Peptide agonist of PAR-2, but not PAR-1 activator, also induced hBD-2 in GEC. Thus, P. gingivalis proteases are directly involved in regulation of hBD-2 in cultured GEC, and this induction partially uses the PAR-2 receptor and signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun O Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7132, USA.
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Walter C, Zahlten J, Schmeck B, Schaudinn C, Hippenstiel S, Frisch E, Hocke AC, Pischon N, Kuramitsu HK, Bernimoulin JP, Suttorp N, Krüll M. Porphyromonas gingivalis strain-dependent activation of human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5910-8. [PMID: 15385493 PMCID: PMC517532 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5910-5918.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important bacterium involved in periodontal diseases. Colonization by periodontopathogens has been associated with severe local inflammatory reactions in the connective tissue. In this study we characterized P. gingivalis-mediated infection and activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by using two strains of different virulence capacities, strains ATCC 53977 and DSMZ 20709. Both strains were able to adhere to and infect endothelial cells with an infection rate of 0.48% for ATCC 53977 and 0.007% for DSMZ 20709. The triggering of two signal transduction pathways in P. gingivalis-infected endothelial cells was demonstrated for both strains, with a rapid increase of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and a more delayed degradation of IkappaBalpha, followed by nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. In addition, both strains induced enhanced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules E-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Target cell activation was independent of bacterial fimbriae expression since the fimA knockout strain A7436 DeltafimA induced the same level of ICAM-1 as the corresponding wild type (A7436-WT). Thus, two P. gingivalis strains, ATCC 53799 and DSMZ 20709, infect endothelial cells and trigger signaling cascades leading to endothelial activation, which in turn may result in or promote severe local and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Walter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Eick S, Pfister W. Efficacy of Antibiotics Against Periodontopathogenic Bacteria Within Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study. J Periodontol 2004; 75:1327-34. [PMID: 15562909 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.10.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontopathogenic bacteria can invade and survive within epithelial cells, but susceptibility of intracellular infection to antibiotics used in periodontitis treatment has not been studied to date. METHODS KB cells were infected by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, strain NCTC 9710; Porphyromonas gingivalis, strains ATCC 33277 and JH16-1; or Streptococcus constellatus, strain J012b. After 2, 4, and 12 hours the bactericidal effect of antibiotics (clindamycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, and moxifloxacin) on intracellular microorganisms was tested at a concentration up to the 100-fold minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined separately on planktonic bacteria. RESULTS The P. gingivalis strains differed in their invasiveness and ATCC 33277 was 100-fold more invasive than JH16-1. Doxycycline and clindamycin at a concentration 10-fold MIC had no effect, but P. gingivalis intercellular infection was significantly reduced by metronidazole at 10-fold MIC after 2 and 4 hours. Moxifloxacin was effective, but a 100-fold MIC concentration was necessary to reduce P. gingivalis strains intracellular growth to 7% of the control. Other bacterial species grown inside the KB cells were more susceptible to antibiotics. Clindamycin at 10-fold MIC reduced the number of intracellular S. constellatus after 4 and 12 hours. This bacterium was eliminated by moxifloxacin at 50-fold MIC. Intracellular A. actinomycetemcomitans was killed by 10-fold MIC of doxycycline and moxifloxacin after 4 hours incubation. CONCLUSIONS Moxifloxacin was the most efficient antibiotic to treat intracellular infection. However, taking into account the MIC values and the levels of antibiotics in gingival fluid, elimination of intracellular bacteria by antibiotics alone seems to be questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Eick
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Missailidis CG, Umeda JE, Ota-Tsuzuki C, Anzai D, Mayer MPA. Distribution of fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subjects with various periodontal conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 19:224-9. [PMID: 15209991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fimbria encoded by the gene fimA is considered one of the main factors in the colonization of the oral cavity by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Allelic variation in fimA led to the classification of strains of P. gingivalis into six genotypes. The occurrence of P. gingivalis was determined by polymerase chain reaction using 16S rRNA primers in 302 subgingival samples obtained from 102 Brazilian subjects exhibiting different periodontal conditions. Distribution of fimA genotypes was assessed in 146 P. gingivalis positive samples by polymerase chain reaction using primers pairs homologous to the different fimA genes. P. gingivalis was detected in 51 of 57 (89.4%) patients with periodontal attachment loss, in six of 20 gingivitis patients (30.0%) and in two of 25 (8.0%) subjects with a healthy periodontium. Variant type II was the only type detected in 53 sites (39.3%), distributed among 19 periodontitis patients (37.3%) and in one patient with no periodontal destruction. Type Ib was the second most prevalent genotype in periodontitis patients (19.6%). Genotype V was not detected in the studied population. Type IV was the most commonly type found among gingivitis patients, either alone or in combination with other genotypes. Multiple genotypes were detected in nine sites (6.1%). A fimA genotype was not identified in 26 sites (17.8%) of 146 sites positive for P. gingivalis, suggesting that other alleles of fimA not yet sequenced may be prevalent in this population. These data demonstrated that P. gingivalis type II strains followed by type Ib are more prevalent in periodontitis patients from a multiracial population in Brazil, suggesting an increased pathogenic potential of these types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Missailidis
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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