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Sharma P, Sonakar AK, Tyagi N, Suroliya V, Kumar M, Kutum R, Asokchandran V, Ambawat S, Shamim U, Anand A, Ahmad I, Shakya S, Uppili B, Mathur A, Parveen S, Jain S, Singh J, Seth M, Zahra S, Joshi A, Goel D, Sahni S, Kamai A, Wadhwa S, Murali A, Saifi S, Chowdhury D, Pandey S, Anand KS, Narasimhan RL, Laskar S, Kushwaha S, Kumar M, Shaji CV, Srivastava MVP, Srivastava AK, Faruq M. Genetics of Ataxias in Indian Population: A Collative Insight from a Common Genetic Screening Tool. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:2100078. [PMID: 36618024 PMCID: PMC9744545 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias (CAs) represent a group of autosomal dominant and recessive neurodegenerative disorders affecting cerebellum with or without spinal cord. Overall, CAs have preponderance for tandem nucleotide repeat expansions as an etiological factor (10 TREs explain nearly 30-40% of ataxia cohort globally). The experience of 10 years of common genetic ataxia subtypes for ≈5600 patients' referrals (Pan-India) received at a single center is shared herein. Frequencies (in %, n) of SCA types and FRDA in the sample cohort are observed as follows: SCA12 (8.6%, 490); SCA2 (8.5%, 482); SCA1 (4.8%, 272); SCA3 (2%, 113); SCA7 (0.5%, 28); SCA6 (0.1%, 05); SCA17 (0.1%, 05), and FRDA (2.2%, 127). A significant amount of variability in TRE lengths at each locus is observed, we noted presence of biallelic expansion, co-occurrence of SCA-subtypes, and the presence of premutable normal alleles. The frequency of mutated GAA-FRDA allele in healthy controls is 1/158 (0.63%), thus an expected FRDA prevalence of 1:100 000 persons. The data of this study are relevant not only for clinical decision making but also for guidance in direction of genetic investigations, transancestral comparison of genotypes, and lastly provide insight for policy decision for the consideration of SCAs under rare disease category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | | | - Nishu Tyagi
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Varun Suroliya
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Rintu Kutum
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Vivekananda Asokchandran
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Sakshi Ambawat
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Avni Anand
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Ishtaq Ahmad
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Sunil Shakya
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Bharathram Uppili
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Aradhana Mathur
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Shaista Parveen
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Shweta Jain
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CentreNew Delhi110029India
| | - Malika Seth
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Sana Zahra
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Aditi Joshi
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Divya Goel
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Shweta Sahni
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Asangla Kamai
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Saruchi Wadhwa
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
| | - Aparna Murali
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | - Sheeba Saifi
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India
| | | | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of NeurologyGB Pant HospitalDelhi110002India
| | - Kuljeet Singh Anand
- Department of NeurologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchDr. Ram Manohar Lohia HospitalNew Delhi110001India
| | | | | | - Suman Kushwaha
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Human Behaviour and Allied SciencesDelhi110095India
| | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)Mall RoadDelhi110007India,Academy for Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar Pradesh201002India
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Mukherjee A, Bhuin S, Biswas S, Roy A, Pandit A, Gangopadhyay G. Etiology and course of cerebellar ataxia: A study from eastern India. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF DR. D.Y. PATIL VIDYAPEETH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_314_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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van Prooije T, Ibrahim NM, Azmin S, van de Warrenburg B. Spinocerebellar ataxias in Asia: Prevalence, phenotypes and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 92:112-118. [PMID: 34711523 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews and summarizes three main aspects of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) in the Asian population. First, epidemiological studies were comprehensively reviewed. Overall, the most common subtypes include SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6, but there are large differences in the relative prevalence of these and other SCA subtypes between Asian countries. Some subtypes such as SCA12 and SCA31 are rather specific to certain Asian populations. Second, we summarized distinctive phenotypic manifestations of SCA patients of Asian origin, for example a frequent co-occurrence of parkinsonism in some SCA subtypes. Lastly, we have conducted an exploratory survey study to map SCA-specific expertise, resources, and management in various Asian countries. This showed large differences in accessibility, genetic testing facilities, and treatment options between lower and higher income Asian countries. Currently, many Asian SCA patients remain without a final genetic diagnosis. Lack of prevalence data on SCA, lack of patient registries, and insufficient access to genetic testing facilities hamper a wider understanding of these diseases in several (particularly lower income) Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teije van Prooije
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Azmin
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Origins and Spread of Machado-Joseph Disease Ancestral Mutations Events. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:243-254. [PMID: 29427107 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is the most common autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia reported worldwide, but it shows marked geographic differences in prevalence. The study of ancestral origins and spreading routes of MJD mutational events has contributed to explain such differences. During human evolution, at least two independent de novo MJD expansions occurred in distinct haplotype backgrounds: TTACAC and GTGGCA (named Joseph and Machado lineages). The most ancient Joseph lineage, probably of Asian origin, has been introduced recently in Europe, where founder effects are responsible for the high MJD prevalence, as occurs in the Portuguese/Azorean island of Flores and Northeastern mainland. The Machado lineage is geographically more restricted, with most known families in Portugal (island of São Miguel and along the Tagus valley). The hypothesis of other mutational origins has been raised, namely to explain the disease among Australian aborigines; however, a comprehensive haplotype study suggested the introduction of the Joseph lineage in that community via Asia. Also, additional SNP-based haplotypes (TTAGAC, TTGGAC and GTGCCA) were observed in other MJD families, but phylogenetic analysis with more polymorphic flanking markers did not point to independent mutational events, reinforcing the hypothesis of a very low mutation rate underlying this repeat expansion locus.
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Choudhury S, Chatterjee S, Chatterjee K, Banerjee R, Humby J, Mondal B, Anand SS, Shubham S, Kumar H. Clinical Characterization of Genetically Diagnosed Cases of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 12 from India. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2018; 5:39-46. [PMID: 30363072 PMCID: PMC6090588 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/23301619/homepage/mdc312551-sup-v001_1.htm. BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12) is a rare form of an autosomal-dominant ataxic disorder associated with an expansion of CAG repeat length. Here, we present a large case series of patients with SCA12 and describe a wide range of typical and rare symptoms. METHODS Twenty-one consecutive patients with genetically proven SCA12 underwent detailed neurological examination. We assessed clinical characteristics using validated rating scales for evaluating motor features in SCA. Nonmotor symptoms and quality of life were assessed using appropriate, validated scales. Correlations of CAG repeat length with both severity score and age of onset were explored. RESULTS The mean age of onset was 51 years, and most patients were descendants of a single, endogamous Indian community (Agarwal). Tremor was the most common initial presenting symptom (90%). Hand dystonia was present in 14 of 21 patients, and most patients in the cohort presented with gait disturbance. Neuropsychiatric manifestations were common coexisting features. The CAG repeat length was significantly correlated (r = -0.760; P = 0.0001) with early age of onset, but not with disease severity. Tremor affected the quality of life in 18 of 21 patients, because they had difficulty in handling liquids. CONCLUSIONS Tremor was the most common, nonataxic symptom at initial presentation in patients with SCA12. Proximal upper limb tremor, typically with high amplitude and low frequency, can raise a strong diagnostic suspicion. Associated hand dystonia was a common coexisting motor feature. Various nonmotor features were also observed in several cases which require therapeutic attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Humby
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
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Slowed abduction during smooth pursuit eye movement in episodic ataxia type 2 with a novel CACNA1A mutation. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:4-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bhattacharyya KB, Pulai D, Guin DS, Ganguly G, Joardar A, Roy S, Rai S, Biswas A, Pandit A, Roy A, Senapati AK. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 in eastern India: Some new observations. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2016; 19:360-6. [PMID: 27570389 PMCID: PMC4980960 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.186823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are hereditary, autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorders showing clinical and genetic heterogeneity. They are usually manifested clinically in the third to fifth decade of life although there is a wide variability in the age of onset. More than 36 different types of SCAs have been reported so far and about half of them are caused by pathological expansion of the trinucleotide, Cytosine Alanine Guanine (CAG) repeat. The global prevalence of SCA is 0.3-2 per 100,000 population, SCA3 being the commonest variety worldwide, accounting for 20-50 per cent of all cases, though SCA 2 is generally considered as the commonest one in India. However, SCA6 has not been addressed adequately from India though it is common in the eastern Asian countries like, Japan, Korea and Thailand. Objective: The present study was undertaken to identify the prevalence of SCA6 in the city of Kolkata and the eastern part of India. Materials and Methods: 83 consecutive patients were recruited for the study of possible SCAs and their clinical features and genotype were investigated. Results: 6 of the 83 subjects turned out positive for SCA6, constituting therefore, 13.33% of the patient pool. Discussion: SCA6 is prevalent in the eastern part of India, though not as frequent as the other common varieties. Conclusions: Further community based studies are required in order to understand the magnitude of SCA6 in the eastern part, as well as in other regions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debabrata Pulai
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Deb Shankar Guin
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Ganguly
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Joardar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sarnava Roy
- Department of Neurogenetics, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Saurabh Rai
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Alok Pandit
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arijit Roy
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Asit Kumar Senapati
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Molecular genetic analysis of trinucleotide repeat disorders (TRDs) in Indian population and application of repeat primed PCR. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 58:160-7. [PMID: 25534560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeat disorders (TRDs) are a set of genetic disorders caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion in certain genes that exceed the normal, stable threshold, which varies from gene to gene. A dynamic mutation in a healthy gene may increase the repeat count and result in a defective gene. At present there are 14 pathogenic trinucleotide repeat disorders that are known to affect humans. The occurrence of these "triplet repeat diseases" within populations ranges from fairly common (Fragile X syndrome and Myotonic dystrophy type 1) to rare (Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy). In the present study we report a detailed scenario of TRDs in India mostly in respect to the 9 most common disorders namely; Fragile X syndrome, Myotonic dystrophy type 1, Spinocerebellar ataxia (type 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7), Friedreich Ataxia and Huntington Disease.
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Pulai D, Guin DS, Bhattacharyya KB, Ganguly G, Joardar A, Roy S, Biswas A, Pandit A, Roy A, Senapati AK. Clinical profile and genetic correlation of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia: A study from a tertiary care centre in Eastern India. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:387-91. [PMID: 25506158 PMCID: PMC4251010 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.144005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Progressive cerebellar ataxia inherited by autosomal dominant transmission is known as Spino Cerebellar Ataxia (SCA). Aims and Objectives: To look for various clinical profile and molecular genetics of patients with SCAs and their phenotype-genotype correlation of patients with SCAs. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata from June 2010 to April 2013. We selected patients from the neurogenetic clinic of our institute and performed genetic test for SCA 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12. The diagnosis was based on suggestive clinical features and positive genetic study, done by polymerase chain reaction. Results: 83 patients were tested for trineucleotide repeats and turned out 45 positive for the mentioned SCAs. We found 13(28.9%) SCA-1, 18(40%) SCA-2, 7(15.6%) SCA-3, 6(13.3) SCA-6 and 1(2.2%) SCA-12 patients. Half of the remaining 38 patients had positive family history. The mean age of onset were 38.46 years in SCA-1, 29.55 years in SCA-2, 38.43 years in SCA-3, 47.33 years in SCA-6. Slow saccades were observed in 7(53.8%) SCA-1, 17(94.4%) SCA-2, 4(57.1%) SCA-3, 3(50%) SCA-6 patients. Hyporeflexia was noticed in 5(27.8%) SCA-2 patients. Pyramidal tract involvement was found in 8(61.5%) SCA-1, 4(22.2%) SCA-2, 4(57.1%) SCA-3 and 1(16.7%) SCA-6 patients. Conclusion: Our study showed SCA-2 is the most common variety of SCA and genotypic-phenotypic correlation was observed in SCA-1,2,6 and 12 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Pulai
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Deb Shankar Guin
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Goutam Ganguly
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Joardar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sarnava Roy
- Department of Neurogenetics, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Alak Pandit
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arijit Roy
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Asit Kumar Senapati
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in patients with progressive ataxia: current status and future direction. THE CEREBELLUM 2013; 12:245-66. [PMID: 22828959 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A diagnostic challenge commonly encountered in neurology is that of an adult patient presenting with ataxia. The differential is vast and clinical assessment alone may not be sufficient due to considerable overlap between different causes of ataxia. Magnetic resonance (MR)-based biomarkers such as voxel-based morphometry, MR spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted and diffusion-tensor imaging and functional MR imaging are gaining great attention for their potential as indicators of disease. A number of studies have reported correlation with clinical severity and underlying pathophysiology, and in some cases, MR imaging has been shown to allow differentiation of conditions causing ataxia. However, despite recent advances, their sensitivity and specificity vary. In addition, questions remain over their validity and reproducibility, especially when applied in routine clinical practice. This article extensively reviews the current literature regarding MR-based biomarkers for the patient with predominantly adult-onset ataxia. Imaging features characteristic of a particular ataxia are provided and features differentiating ataxia groups and subgroups are discussed. Finally, discussion will turn to the feasibility of applying these biomarkers in routine clinical practice.
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Laffita-Mesa J, Almaguer-Mederos L, Kourí V, Bauer P, Vázquez-Mojena Y, Cruz Mariño T, Velázquez-Pérez L. Large normal alleles and SCA2 prevalence: lessons from a nationwide study and analysis of the literature. Clin Genet 2013; 86:96-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Laffita-Mesa
- Center for Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias - CIRAH; Holguín Cuba
- Branch of Biomedicine of the Cuban Academy of Sciences - ACC; Havana Cuba
| | - L.E. Almaguer-Mederos
- Center for Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias - CIRAH; Holguín Cuba
- Branch of Biomedicine of the Cuban Academy of Sciences - ACC; Havana Cuba
| | - V. Kourí
- Virology Department; Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”; Havana Cuba
| | - P.O. Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience; Mayo Clinic; Jacksonville FL USA
| | - Y. Vázquez-Mojena
- Center for Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias - CIRAH; Holguín Cuba
| | - T. Cruz Mariño
- Center for Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias - CIRAH; Holguín Cuba
| | - L. Velázquez-Pérez
- Center for Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias - CIRAH; Holguín Cuba
- Branch of Biomedicine of the Cuban Academy of Sciences - ACC; Havana Cuba
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg W J Auburger
- Section Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goeche University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Sequeiros J, Martins S, Silveira I. Epidemiology and population genetics of degenerative ataxias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:227-51. [PMID: 21827892 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sequeiros
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Kayal AK, Goswami M, Das M, Masaraf H. A case of Spinocerebellar Ataxia from ethnic tribe of Assam. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 14:122-3. [PMID: 21808476 PMCID: PMC3141476 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.82802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present the case of a 17-year-old girl belonging to an ethnic tribe (Bodo tribe) of Assam, presenting with bilateral cerebellar signs and with history suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, who was found to have spinocerebellar ataxia 7 on genetic testing. This case throws light on the probability of more such cases in the multi-ethnic society of the North-Eastern Indian states, which are not studied or reported till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Kayal
- Department of Neurology, Gauhati Medical College, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam
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Gan SR, Shi SS, Wu JJ, Wang N, Zhao GX, Weng ST, Murong SX, Lu CZ, Wu ZY. High frequency of Machado-Joseph disease identified in southeastern Chinese kindreds with spinocerebellar ataxia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:47. [PMID: 20334689 PMCID: PMC2861663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), caused by a CAG repeat expansion located in exon10 of the ATXN3 gene, is now regarded as one of the most common spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) in the world. The relative frequency of MJD among SCA has previously been estimated at about 50% in the Chinese population and has been reported to be related to the frequency of large normal alleles in some populations. Taq polymerase has been used for PCR in nearly all studies reported previously. Methods Normal and expanded alleles of ATXN3 were detected via PCR using LA Taq DNA polymerase (better for GC-rich sequences) and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 150 normal individuals and 138 unrelated probands from autosomal dominant SCA families. To compare reaction efficiency, 12 MJD patients' expanded alleles were amplified with La Taq and Taq polymerase respectively in the same amplifying systems and reaction conditions. Results Normal alleles ranged from 12 to 42 CAG repeats. The most common allele contained 14 repeats with a frequency of 23.3%, which corroborates previous reports. The frequency of large normal alleles (>27 repeats) was 0.28, which was very high relative to previous reports. The frequency of MJD in SCA patients was 72.5%, which was significantly higher than those in previous reports about the Chinese and other Asian populations. This frequency was one of the highest reported worldwide, with only Portuguese and Brazilian populations exhibiting higher proportions. All 12 expanded alleles were amplified in PCR with La Taq polymerase, whereas only 2 expanded alleles were amplified with Taq polymerase. Conclusion We have first reported the highest relative frequency of MJD in Asia, and we attribute this high frequency to a more efficient PCR using LA Taq polymerase and hypothesized that large ANs may act as a reservoir for expanded alleles in the Southeastern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rui Gan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
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Faruq M, Scaria V, Singh I, Tyagi S, Srivastava AK, Mukerji M. SCA-LSVD: A repeat-oriented locus-specific variation database for genotype to phenotype correlations in spinocerebellar ataxias. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1037-42. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Sura T, Eu-Ahsunthornwattana J, Youngcharoen S, Busabaratana M, Dejsuphong D, Trachoo O, Theerasasawat S, Tunteeratum A, Noparutchanodom C, Tunlayadechanont S. Frequencies of spinocerebellar ataxia subtypes in Thailand: window to the population history? J Hum Genet 2009; 54:284-8. [PMID: 19329990 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with almost 30 subtypes. The prevalence and relative frequency of each subtype vary among different populations. In this article, we report the relative frequency of six SCA subtypes in the Thai population and attempt to explain the observed pattern when compared with other populations in this region. We searched for SCA type 1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7 and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy mutations using GeneScan analysis in 340 patients from 182 families, in which at least one person had a clinical diagnosis of SCA. We analyzed the relative frequencies of SCA subtypes on a family basis, and compared these with the data in the Chinese and Indian populations. SCA3 was found in 19.2% of the patients (Agresti-Coull 95% confidence interval: 14.1-25.6%), SCA1 in 11.5% (7.6-17.1%) and SCA2 in 10.4% (6.7-15.8%). SCA6 was found in three families, with a relative frequency of 1.6% (0.3-5.0%). Compared with the related populations, the Thai SCA3 frequency was less than that of the Chinese, whereas it was higher than that in most of the Indian studies. The reverse is true for the SCA1/SCA2 frequency. A similar study in Singapore, where there was a clear history of population admixture, also showed the frequencies between those of the Chinese and the Indian populations. Although SCA3 was the most common identifiable SCA subtype in Thailand, SCA1 and SCA2 were also relatively common. Our results also supported some degree of admixture with the Indians in the Thai population and justify further study in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyachai Sura
- Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lack of variation of ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats at ATXN10 gene between clinically diagnosed ataxia patients and normal individuals originated from Chinese Han. J Genet 2008; 87:283-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-008-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Viau M, Marchand L, Bard C, Boulanger Y. (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of autosomal ataxias. Brain Res 2005; 1049:191-202. [PMID: 15963476 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple forms of autosomal ataxia exist which can be identified by genetic testing. Due to their wide variety, the identification of the appropriate genetic test is difficult but could be aided by magnetic resonance data. In this study, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) data were recorded for 20 ataxia patients of six different types and compared to 20 normal subjects. Spectra were acquired in the pons, left frontal lobe, left basal ganglia, left cerebellar hemisphere and vermis. Both metabolite spectra and absolute metabolite concentrations were determined. Differences in metabolite levels were observed between ataxia patients and control subjects and between ataxia patients of different types. A number of correlations were found between metabolite ratios, atrophy levels, number of repeats on the small and large allele, age at examination, symptoms duration and age at symptoms onset for ataxia patients. These MR characteristics are expected to be useful for the identification of the ataxia type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Viau
- Département de radiologie, Hôpital Saint-Luc du CHUM, 1058 St-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4
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20
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Viau M, Boulanger Y. Characterization of ataxias with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004; 10:335-51. [PMID: 15261875 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of autosomal transmitted ataxias exist and their ultimate characterization requires genetic testing. Common clinical characteristics among different ataxia types complicate the choice of the appropriate genetic test. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) generally show cerebellar or cerebral atrophy and perturbed metabolite levels which differ between ataxias. In order to help the clinician accurately identify the ataxia type, reported MRI and MRS data in different brain regions are summarized for more than 60 different types of autosomal inherited and sporadic ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Viau
- Département de Radiologie, Hôpital Saint-Luc, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058 St-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4
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Sinha KK, Worth PF, Jha DK, Sinha S, Stinton VJ, Davis MB, Wood NW, Sweeney MG, Bhatia KP. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia: SCA2 is the most frequent mutation in eastern India. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:448-52. [PMID: 14966163 PMCID: PMC1738947 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2002.004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) has been reported as the commonest dominant hereditary ataxia in India. However, India is an ethnically and religiously diverse population. Previous studies have not clearly indicated exact ethnic and religious origins, and must therefore be interpreted with caution. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of different SCA mutations in a relatively homogeneous population from eastern India. METHODS We identified 28 families with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia from eastern India. Each underwent full clinical evaluation and were analysed for the presence of SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA8, SCA12, and SCA17 mutations. In addition, haplotype analysis was carried out in seven of the 16 families with SCA2. RESULTS Seven patients from four (14%) families were positive for an expansion in SCA1 and 26 patients from 16 (57%) families were positive for an expansion in SCA2. No mutations were detected in the remaining eight families (29%). Most of the SCA1 and SCA2 families were Hindu from the state of Bihar. Five out of 26 SCA2 patients in this study did not have slow saccades. In addition, four of seven SCA1 patients had slow saccades. We found an association between the SCA2 CAG repeat expansion and the 285 base pair (bp) allele of microsatellite marker D12S1672, and also data supportive of the association between the expansion and the 225 bp allele of D12S1333, which has been previously described. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that (1) although slow ocular saccades are highly suggestive of SCA2, that they are not universal, nor are they exclusive to this disorder and (2) SCA2 is likely to be the commonest dominant ataxia in eastern India, with further evidence for a founder effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sinha
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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