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Qiu J, Zou Y, Liu Q, Jiang C, Zhou Q, Li S, Chen W, Li Z, Gu X. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives as Potential Anti-HCC Agents. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100766. [PMID: 34862731 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a common malignancy worldwide, has a high mortality rate and limited effective therapeutic options. In this work, a series of quinazolinone compounds (6a-t and 7a-i) were synthesized as potential anti-HCC agents. Among them, compound 7b more potently inhibited HepG2, HUH7 and SK-Hep-1 cells proliferation than classical anti-HCC drug sorafenib, indicating its potential anti-HCC effect. Interestingly, 7b could dose-dependently decrease Cyclin D1 and CDK2 levels, and increase p21 protein expression, thus inducing HepG2 cells cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. In addition, 7b also displayed potent apoptosis-induced effect on HepG2 cells by interfering Bad, Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins expression. Notably, 7b could efficiently block the activity of PI3K pathway by dose-dependently reducing the phosphorylation of PI3K (Y607) and AKT (S473). Moreover, predicted ADME properties indicated that 7b possessed a good pharmacokinetic profile. Collectively, compound 7b might be a promising lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents towards HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China
| | - Yueting Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China
| | - Qingchuan Liu
- Beijing WeijianJiye Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China
| | - Shuqiong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China
| | - Wang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoke Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, P. R. China
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Liao XZ, Gao Y, Zhao HW, Zhou M, Chen DL, Tao LT, Guo W, Sun LL, Gu CY, Chen HR, Xiao ZW, Zhang JX, He MF, Lin LZ. Cordycepin Reverses Cisplatin Resistance in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Activating AMPK and Inhibiting AKT Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:609285. [PMID: 33520990 PMCID: PMC7843937 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP) is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent against lung cancer. However, the therapeutic effect of DDP loses over time due to the acquired drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. In recent years, the role of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cordycepin (Cor) in cancer treatment has been attracting attention. However, the effects of Cor on DDP resistance in NSCLC are unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Cor in combination with DDP on cell proliferation and apoptosis in NSCLC and explore possible underlying mechanisms. The cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed in NSCLC parental (A549) and DDP-resistant (A549DDP) cells treated with DDP alone or in combination with Cor both in vitro and in vivo. Different genes and signaling pathways were investigated between DDP-sensitive and DDP-resistant A549 cells by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The perturbations of the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Our data showed that Cor markedly enhanced DDP inhibition on cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis compared to the DDP-alone group in both A549 and A549DDP cells. The synergic actions were associated with activation of AMPK; inhibition of AKT, mTOR, and downstream P709S6K; and S6 phosphorylation in the AKT pathway compared with DDP alone. Collectively, combination of Cor and DDP has a synergistic effect in inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of NSCLC cells in the presence or absence of DDP resistance. The antitumor activity is associated with activation of AMPK and inhibition of the AKT pathway to enhance DDP inhibition on NSCLC. Our results suggested that Cor in combination with DDP could be an additional therapeutic option for the treatment of DDP-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhong Liao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Lei Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Ting Tao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu-Ying Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Rui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Fang He
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Nisar S, Hashem S, Macha MA, Yadav SK, Muralitharan S, Therachiyil L, Sageena G, Al-Naemi H, Haris M, Bhat AA. Exploring Dysregulated Signaling Pathways in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:429-445. [PMID: 31939726 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115095937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell biology takes advantage of identifying diverse cellular signaling pathways that are disrupted in cancer. Signaling pathways are an important means of communication from the exterior of cell to intracellular mediators, as well as intracellular interactions that govern diverse cellular processes. Oncogenic mutations or abnormal expression of signaling components disrupt the regulatory networks that govern cell function, thus enabling tumor cells to undergo dysregulated mitogenesis, to resist apoptosis, and to promote invasion to neighboring tissues. Unraveling of dysregulated signaling pathways may advance the understanding of tumor pathophysiology and lead to the improvement of targeted tumor therapy. In this review article, different signaling pathways and how their dysregulation contributes to the development of tumors have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.,Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Lubna Therachiyil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hamda Al-Naemi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
The presence of actin in the nucleus has been a matter of debate for many years. In recent years many important roles of actin in the nucleus (transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, cell division, maintenance of nuclear architecture) have been identified, and the precise control of nuclear actin levels has been demonstrated. The vital importance of the actin driven processes in the cell make it highly likely that dysregulation of nuclear actin dynamics and structure can be linked to tumor induction and -progression. In this chapter I summarize our current knowledge about nuclear actin in the cancer context.
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Huang CC, Hwang JM, Tsai JH, Chen JH, Lin H, Lin GJ, Yang HL, Liu JY, Yang CY, Ye JC. Aqueous Ocimum gratissimum extract induces cell apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:338-346. [PMID: 32132869 PMCID: PMC7053345 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.39436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has exhibited a poor overall survival rate of only six to ten months, and the urgency of the development of more effective novel agents is ever present. In this line of research, we aimed to investigate the effects and inhibitive mechanisms of aqueous Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract (OGE), the extract of Ocimum gratissimum, which is commonly used as a therapeutic herb for its numerous pharmacological properties, on malignant HCC cells. Our results showed that OGE decreased the cell viability of HCC SK-Hep1 and HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner (from 400 to 800 µg/mL), while there is little effect on Chang liver cells. Moreover, cell-cycle analysis shows increased Sub-G1 cell count in SK-Hep1 and HA22T cells which is not observed in Chang liver cells. These findings raise suspicion that the OGE-induced cell death may be mediated through proteins that regulate cell cycle and apoptosis in SK-Hep1 and HA22T cells, and further experimentation revealed that OGE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in caspase 3 and PARP expressions and in CDK4and p-ERK1/2expressions. Moreover, animal tests also exhibited decreased HCC tumor growth by OGE treatment. We therefore suggest that the inhibition of cell viability and tumor growth induced by OGE may be correlated to the alteration of apoptosis-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ming Hwang
- School of Applied Chemistry, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsiang Tsai
- Basic Medical Science Education Center, College of Medicine and Health, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing Huei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Geng-Jhih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuh Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Ying Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Je-Chiuan Ye
- Department of Bachelor's Degree Program for Indigenous Peoples in Senior Health and Care Management, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
- Master Program in Biomedical Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
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Chrysin enhances anticancer drug-induced toxicity mediated by the reduction of claudin-1 and 11 expression in a spheroid culture model of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13753. [PMID: 31551535 PMCID: PMC6760125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of claudins (CLDNs), which are tight junctional proteins, is seen in various solid tumors, but the regulatory mechanisms and their pathophysiological role are not well understood. Both CLDN1 and CLDN11 were highly expressed in human lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Chrysin, found in high concentration in honey and propolis, decreased CLDN1 and CLDN11 expression in RERF-LC-AI cells derived from human lung SCC. The phosphorylation level of Akt was decreased by chrysin, but those of ERK1/2 and c-Jun were not. LY-294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and decreased the expression levels of CLDN1 and CLDN11. The association between phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt was inhibited by chrysin, but the phosphorylation of PDK1 was not. Immunoprecipitation and quartz-crystal microbalance assays revealed that biotinylated-chrysin binds directly to Akt. The knockdown of CLDN1 and CLDN11 using small interfering RNAs increased the transepithelial flux of doxorubicin (DXR), an anthracycline anticancer drug. Similarly, both chrysin and LY-294002 increased DXR flux. Neither CLDN1 knockdown, CLDN11 knockdown, nor chrysin changed the anticancer drug-induced cytotoxicity in a two-dimensional culture model, whereas they enhanced cytotoxicity in a spheroid culture model. Taken together, chrysin may bind to Akt and inhibit its phosphorylation, resulting in the elevation of anticancer drug-induced toxicity mediated by reductions in CLDN1 and CLDN11 expression in RERF-LC-AI cells. We suggest that chrysin may be useful as an adjuvant chemotherapy in lung SCC.
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Yu Y, Xiong Y, Ladeiras D, Yang Z, Ming XF. Myosin 1b Regulates Nuclear AKT Activation by Preventing Localization of PTEN in the Nucleus. iScience 2019; 19:39-53. [PMID: 31349190 PMCID: PMC6660601 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-induced AKT activation is dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase and opposed by tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Our previous study demonstrates that myosin 1b (MYO1B) mediates arginase-II-induced activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 that is regulated by AKT. However, the role of MYO1B in AKT activation is unknown. Here we show that silencing MYO1B in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) inhibits insulin-induced nuclear but not cytoplasmic AKT activation accompanied by elevated nuclear PTEN level. Co-immunoprecipitation, co-immunostaining, and proximity ligation assay show an interaction of MYO1B and PTEN resulting in reduced nuclear PTEN. Moreover, the elevated nuclear PTEN upon silencing MYO1B promotes apoptosis of MEFs and melanoma B16F10 cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that MYO1B, by interacting with PTEN, prevents nuclear localization of PTEN contributing to nuclear AKT activation and suppression of cell apoptosis. This may present a therapeutic approach for cancer treatment such as melanoma. MYO1B, by interacting with PTEN, prevents PTEN localization in the nucleus MYO1B prevents nuclear localization of PTEN depending on its motor activity This contributes to nuclear AKT activation and suppression of cell apoptosis Targeting MYO1B may represent a therapeutic approach for cancer treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Ladeiras
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Xiu-Fen Ming
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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AKT/protein kinase B associates with β-actin in the nucleus of melanoma cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181312. [PMID: 30643008 PMCID: PMC6356016 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine-threonine kinase AKT/PKB is a critical regulator of various essential cellular processes, and dysregulation of AKT has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer. Despite AKT action is known to function mainly in the cytoplasm, AKT has been reported to translocate to the nucleus. However, very little is known about the mechanism required for the nuclear import of AKT as well as its function in this cellular compartment. In the present study, we characterized the presence of endogenous nuclear AKT in human melanoma cells and addressed the possible role of AKT by exploring its potential association with key interaction nuclear partners. Confocal and Western blot analyses showed that both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of AKT are present in melanoma cells nuclei. Using mass spectrometry in combination with protein-crosslinking and co-immunoprecipitation, we identified a series of putative protein partners of nuclear AKT, including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP), cytoskeleton proteins β-actin, γ-actin, β-actin-like 2 and vimentin. Confocal microscopy and biochemical analyses validated β-actin as a new nuclear AKT-interacting partner. Cofilin and active RNA Polymerase II, two proteins that have been described to interact and work in concert with nuclear actin in transcription regulation, were also found associated with nuclear AKT. Overall, the present study uncovered a yet unrecognized nuclear coupling of AKT and provides insights into the involvement of AKT in the interaction network of nuclear actin.
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Yang Z, Gao X, Wang J, Xu L, Zheng Y, Xu Y. Interleukin-33 enhanced the migration and invasiveness of human lung cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:843-849. [PMID: 29497316 PMCID: PMC5820469 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s155905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Interleukin-33 (IL-33), belonging to IL-1 family cytokines, has been reported to participate in cancer growth and metastasis. The clinical values of IL-33 in lung cancer have been previously investigated. We aimed to elucidate the probable role of IL-33 in the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Methods Cell migration and invasiveness were tested by Transwell assay. Western blotting analysis was performed to detect protein expression. Results We found that IL-33 treatment in human lung A549 cells dose-dependently enhanced their migratory and invasive ability, accompanied by elevated expression of matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9. Meanwhile, IL-33-induced cell migration and invasion were significantly abolished by small interfering RNA-targeting ST2, the specific receptor of IL-33. Furthermore, IL-33 exposure induced the phosphorylation of AKT. Pretreatment with an AKT inhibitor LY294002 markedly attenuated IL-33-induced cell migration and invasion. Conclusion IL-33/ST2 promoted the migration and invasiveness of lung cancer cells through AKT pathway. Our findings strongly suggest that IL-33 may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Yang
- Department of Oncology (04-F-14), The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Oncology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou
| | | | - Longsheng Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufen Xu
- Department of Oncology (04-F-14), The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing
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Chen H, Gao J, Du Z, Zhang X, Yang F, Gao W. Expression of factors and key components associated with the PI3K signaling pathway in colon cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5465-5472. [PMID: 29552187 PMCID: PMC5840680 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully elucidated. The dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway frequently contributes to the tumorigenesis and progression of human cancer. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression and clinical significance of a number of associated factors and key components of the PI3K signaling pathway, including phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit α (p110α), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) Ser473, p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) Ser2448, cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)4, RELA proto-oncogene, nuclear factor-κβ subunit (p65), Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in human CRC. The expression of target proteins was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 65 CRC cases and 15 colonic adenoma cases. The association between the expression of target proteins and clinical pathological parameters was analyzed using a χ2 test. IHC results revealed that the expression of all target proteins was significantly increased in CRC tissues compared with in colonic adenoma tissues (P<0.05). No significant associations were observed between the expression of p110α, p-Akt Ser473, p-mTOR Ser2448 and sex, age, differentiation, lymph node metastasis or Tumor-Node-Metastasis staging (P>0.05). Cyclin D1, CDK4 and Ras were revealed to be expressed significantly higher in poorly differentiated CRC compared with moderately differentiated CRC (P<0.05). Expression of p65 and ERK1/2 were significantly increased in cancer tissues with lymph node metastasis compared with cancer tissues without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). These results suggest that the target proteins may all participate in the tumorigenesis of CRC. Furthermore, cyclin D1, CDK4, Ras, p65 and ERK1/2 may be important in the progression of CRC. The results of the present study may provide novel predictive factors and therapeutic targets for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Gao
- Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Du
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Xuequn Zhang
- Graduate School, Taishan Medical University, Xintai, Shandong 271200, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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11
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Dou X, Wang Z, Wang L, Lu W, Ma Y, Xu S. [Analysis of Efficacy of Surgical Treatment for IIIa Small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 20:88-92. [PMID: 28228219 PMCID: PMC5972969 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for nearly 15% of all cases of cancer. As a type of highly invasive tumors, SCLC has high degree of malignancy, early and extensive metastasis, and is sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The early treatment response rate of SCLC is high but it can also relapse rapidly without any treatment. Its median survival time is merely four to six months. Although many studies on SCLC have been conducted in recent years, its clinical treatment strategies have remained unchanged. The treatment of SCLC is still confined to chemotherapy regimens of etoposide plus cisplatin (EP) and other classic treatments because the surgical treatment of SCLC, particularly for IIIa treatment, has yet to reach a consensus. This study investigated the prognostic factors and clinical therapy effect in the comprehensive treatment of IIIa SCLC after surgical treatment. METHODS This study was conducted through the retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 78 patients with SCLC who underwent surgical treatment in Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 1995 and December 1995. Through follow-up, we performed statistical analysis of each patient's gender, age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging, surgical methods, and adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. RESULTS The median survival in this clinical trial team was 13.93 months. Among the participants, 47 patients accepted neoadjuvant chemotherapy and their median survival were 14.25 months. By contrast, 31 patients accepted postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and their median survival were 13.83 months. No statistical difference was observed between the two groups. Moreover, 28 patients were of single Lymph node metastasis and their median survival was 17.1 months. By contrast, 50 patients were of multiple lymph node metastasis and their median survival was 11.9 months. Significant statistical difference was observed between the two groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In performing further evaluation of the status and value of surgical treatment in the comprehensive treatment of SCLC, several patients benefitted from IIIa SCLC surgery with comprehensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Dou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunlei Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing 101149, China
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Dinglin X, Ding L, Li Q, Liu Y, Zhang J, Yao H. RYBP Inhibits Progression and Metastasis of Lung Cancer by Suppressing EGFR Signaling and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:280-287. [PMID: 28254703 PMCID: PMC5331146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is a common lethal malignancy with rapid progression and metastasis, and Ring1 and YY1 binding protein (RYBP) has been shown to suppress cell growth in human cancers. This study aimed to investigate the role of RYBP in LC progression and metastasis. In this study, a total of 149 LC patients were recruited, and the clinical stage of their tumors, metastasis status, survival time, presence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, and RYBP expression levels were measured. RYBP silencing and overexpression were experimentally performed in LC cell lines and in nude mice, and the expressions of genes in EGFR-related signaling pathways and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detected. The results showed that RYBP was downregulated in LC compared with adjacent normal tissues, and low RYBP expression was associated with a more severe clinical stage, high mortality, high metastasis risk, and poor survival. Cell proliferation and xenograft growth were inhibited by RYBP overexpression, whereas proliferation and xenograft growth were accelerated by RYBP silencing. EGFR and phosphorylated-EGFR levels were upregulated when RYBP was silenced, whereas EGFR, p-EGFR, p-AKT, and p-ERK were downregulated when RYBP was overexpressed. Low RYBP expression was related to a high metastasis risk, and metastasized tumors showed low RYBP levels. Cell migration and invasion were promoted by silencing RYBP but were inhibited by overexpressed RYBP. In addition, the EMT marker vimentin showed diminished expression, and E-cadherin was promoted by the overexpression of RYBP. In conclusion, our data suggest that RYBP suppresses cell proliferation and LC progression by impeding the EGFR-ERK and EGFR-AKT signaling pathways and thereby inhibiting cell migration and invasion and LC metastasis through the suppression of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Dinglin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lin Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qingjian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuanbin Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center of National Respiratory Diseases; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease (GIRD China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease), the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiexia Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center of National Respiratory Diseases; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease (GIRD China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease), the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Herui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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13
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Chaves FN, Bezerra TMM, de Barros Silva PG, Oliveira FAF, Sousa FB, Costa FWG, Alves APNN, Pereira KMA. Evaluation of the p-AKT, p-JNK and FoxO3a function in oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Dis 2017; 23:367-378. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FN Chaves
- School of Dentistry; Federal University of Ceara/Sobral; Sobral Ceara Brazil
| | - TMM Bezerra
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - PG de Barros Silva
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - FAF Oliveira
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - FB Sousa
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - FWG Costa
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - APNN Alves
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - KMA Pereira
- School of Dentistry; Federal University of Ceara/Sobral; Sobral Ceara Brazil
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14
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Franks SE, Briah R, Jones RA, Moorehead RA. Unique roles of Akt1 and Akt2 in IGF-IR mediated lung tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3297-316. [PMID: 26654940 PMCID: PMC4823107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT is a serine-threonine kinase that becomes hyperactivated in a number of cancers including lung cancer. Based on AKT's association with malignancy, molecules targeting AKT have entered clinical trials for solid tumors including lung cancer. However, the AKT inhibitors being evaluated in clinical trials indiscriminately inhibit all three AKT isoforms (AKT1-3) and it remains unclear whether AKT isoforms have overlapping or divergent functions. Using a transgenic mouse model where IGF-IR overexpression drives lung tumorigenesis, we found that loss of Akt1 inhibited while loss of Akt2 enhanced lung tumor development. Lung tumors that developed in the absence of Akt2 were less likely to appear as discrete nodules and more frequently displayed a dispersed growth pattern. RNA sequencing revealed a number of genes differentially expressed in lung tumors lacking Akt2 and five of these genes, Actc1, Bpifa1, Mmp2, Ntrk2, and Scgb3a2 have been implicated in human lung cancer. Using 2 human lung cancer cell lines, we observed that a selective AKT1 inhibitor, A-674563, was a more potent regulator of cell survival than the pan-AKT inhibitor, MK-2206. This study suggests that compounds selectively targeting AKT1 may prove more effective than compounds that inhibit all three AKT isoforms at least in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ritesh Briah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Jones
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger A Moorehead
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Akizuki R, Shimobaba S, Matsunaga T, Endo S, Ikari A. Claudin-5, -7, and -18 suppress proliferation mediated by inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:293-302. [PMID: 27884700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of claudin (CLDN) subtypes has been reported in various solid cancers. However, it is unknown which subtype plays a key role in the regulation of proliferation in cancer cells. The expression of CLDN3-5, 7, and 18 in human lung squamous carcinoma tissues was lower than that in normal tissue. Here, we examined which combination of exogenous CLDNs expression inhibits proliferation and the molecular mechanism using human lung squamous RERF-LC-AI cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that CLDN3-5, 7, and 18 are little expressed in RERF-LC-AI cells. In the exogenously transfected cells, CLDN5, 7, and 18 were distributed in the cell-cell contact areas concomitant with ZO-1, a tight junctional scaffolding protein, whereas CLDN3 and 4 were not. Cell proliferation was individually and additively suppressed by CLDN5, 7, and 18. The expression of these CLDNs showed no cytotoxicity compared with mock cells. CLDN5, 7, and 18 increased p21 and decreased cyclin D1, resulting in the suppression of cell cycle G1-S transition. The expression of these CLDNs inhibited phosphorylation of Akt without affecting phosphorylated ERK1/2. Furthermore, these CLDNs inhibited the nuclear localization of Akt and its association with 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1). The suppression of G1-S transition caused by CLDN5, 7, and 18 was rescued by the expression of constitutively active-Akt. We suggest that the reduction of CLDN5, 7, and 18 expression loses the suppressive ability of interaction between PDK1 and Akt and causes sustained phosphorylation of Akt, resulting in the disordered proliferation in lung squamous carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Akizuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shun Shimobaba
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University.
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16
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Malanga D, De Marco C, Guerriero I, Colelli F, Rinaldo N, Scrima M, Mirante T, De Vitis C, Zoppoli P, Ceccarelli M, Riccardi M, Ravo M, Weisz A, Federico A, Franco R, Rocco G, Mancini R, Rizzuto A, Gulletta E, Ciliberto G, Viglietto G. The Akt1/IL-6/STAT3 pathway regulates growth of lung tumor initiating cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42667-86. [PMID: 26486080 PMCID: PMC4767462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report that the PI3K/Akt1/IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway regulates generation and stem cell-like properties of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) tumor initiating cells (TICs). Mutant Akt1, mutant PIK3CA or PTEN loss enhances formation of lung cancer spheroids (LCS), self-renewal, expression of stemness markers and tumorigenic potential of human immortalized bronchial cells (BEAS-2B) whereas Akt inhibition suppresses these activities in established (NCI-H460) and primary NSCLC cells. Matched microarray analysis of Akt1-interfered cells and LCSs identified IL-6 as a critical target of Akt signalling in NSCLC TICs. Accordingly, suppression of Akt in NSCLC cells decreases IL-6 levels, phosphorylation of IkK and IkB, NF-kB transcriptional activity, phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of STAT3 whereas active Akt1 up-regulates them. Exposure of LCSs isolated from NSCLC cells to blocking anti-IL-6 mAbs, shRNA to IL-6 receptor or to STAT3 markedly reduces the capability to generate LCSs, to self-renew and to form tumors, whereas administration of IL-6 to Akt-interfered cells restores the capability to generate LCSs. Finally, immunohistochemical studies in NSCLC patients demonstrated a positive correlative trend between activated Akt, IL-6 expression and STAT3 phosphorylation (n = 94; p < 0.05). In conclusion, our data indicate that aberrant Akt signalling contributes to maintaining stemness in lung cancer TICs through a NF-kB/IL-6/STAT3 pathway and provide novel potential therapeutic targets for eliminating these malignant cells in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Malanga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Ilaria Guerriero
- Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Fabiana Colelli
- Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Nicola Rinaldo
- Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Marianna Scrima
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Teresa Mirante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia De Vitis
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Miriam Riccardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Dipartimento di Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" Ospedale S. Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elio Gulletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Biogem scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
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17
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Moore J, Megaly M, MacNeil AJ, Klentrou P, Tsiani E. Rosemary extract reduces Akt/mTOR/p70S6K activation and inhibits proliferation and survival of A549 human lung cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:725-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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18
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Targeting the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Lung Cancer. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:507-516. [PMID: 27865299 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in its prevention and management, the prognosis of patients with lung cancer remains poor. Therefore, much attention is being given to factors that contribute to the development of this disease, the mechanisms that drive oncogenesis and tumor progression and the search for novel targets that could lead to the development of more effective treatments. One cellular pathway implicated in lung cancer development and progression is that of the mammalian target of rapamycin. Studies involving human tissues have linked lung cancer with abnormalities in this pathway. Furthermore, studies in vitro and in vivo using animal models of lung cancer reveal that targeting this pathway might represent an effective means of treating this disease. As a result, there is significant effort invested in the development of drugs targeting mammalian target of rapamycin and related pathways in the clinical setting.
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19
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Puglisi M, Stewart A, Thavasu P, Frow M, Carreira S, Minchom A, Punwani R, Bhosle J, Popat S, Ratoff J, de Bono J, Yap TA, O''Brien M, Banerji U. Characterisation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Isolated from Pleural Effusions. Oncology 2016; 90:280-8. [PMID: 27082424 DOI: 10.1159/000444928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesised that it was possible to quantify phosphorylation of important nodes in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in cancer cells isolated from pleural effusions of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and study their correlation to somatic mutations and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were immunomagnetically separated from samples of pleural effusion in patients with NSCLC. p-AKT, p-S6K and p-GSK3β levels were quantified by ELISA; targeted next-generation sequencing was used to characterise mutations in 26 genes. RESULTS It was possible to quantify phosphoproteins in cells isolated from 38/43 pleural effusions. There was a significant correlation between p-AKT and p-S6K levels [r = 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.73-0.92), p < 0.0001], but not p-AKT and p-GSK3β levels [r = 0.19 (95% confidence interval -0.16 to 0.5), p = 0.3]. A wide range of mutations was described and p-S6K was higher in samples that harboured at least one mutation compared to those that did not (p = 0.03). On multivariate analysis, p-S6K levels were significantly associated with poor survival (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our study has shown a correlation between p-AKT levels and p-S6K, but not GSK3β, suggesting differences in regulation of the distal PI3K pathway by AKT. Higher p-S6K levels were associated with adverse survival, making it a critically important target in NSCLC.
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20
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Zhang P, Wang C, Ma T, You S. O-GlcNAcylation enhances the invasion of thyroid anaplastic cancer cells partially by PI3K/Akt1 pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3305-13. [PMID: 26635480 PMCID: PMC4646590 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s82845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PI3K family participates in multiple signaling pathways to regulate cellular functions. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development. O-GlcNAcylation, a posttranslational modification, is thought to modulate a wide range of biological processes, such as transcription, cell growth, signal transduction, and cell motility. O-GlcNAcylation is catalyzed by the nucleocytoplasmic enzymes, OGT and OGA, which adds or removes O-GlcNAc moieties, respectively. Abnormal O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in a variety of human diseases. However, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in tumorigenesis and progression of cancer is still under-investigated. Understanding the O-GlcNAc-associated molecular mechanism might be significant for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Methods Human thyroid anaplastic cancer 8305C cells were used to evaluate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in tumorigenesis and progression of cancer. The global O-GlcNAc level of intracellular proteins was up-regulated by OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G treatment or OGT over-expression. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Invasion in vitro was determined by Transwell assay, and phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 was assessed by Western blot for activity of Akt1. PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 and RNA interference of Akt1 were used to investigate the impact of PI3K/Akt signaling on the regulation of O-GlcNAcylation during tumor progression. Results Cell models with remarkably up-regulated O-GlcNAcylation were constructed, and then cell proliferation and invasion were determined. The results indicated that the proliferation was not affected by OGA inhibition or OGT overexpression, while the invasion of 8305C cells with OGA inhibition or OGT overexpression was obviously increased. Akt1 activity was stimulated by elevated O-GlcNAcylation by mediating phosphorylation at Ser473. The enhanced invasion of thyroid cancer cells by Thiamet-G treatment or OGT overexpression was significantly depressed by PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Moreover, silence of Akt1 remarkably attenuated the increase of cell invasion induced by Thiamet-G treatment, but the invasion was still higher compared to Akt1-silenced only cells. In other words, Thiamet-G restored the invasion of Akt1-silenced thyroid cancer cells, but it was still lower relative to Thiamet-G-treated only cells. Conclusion Taken together, our findings suggested that O-GlcNAcylation enhanced the invasion of thyroid anaplastic cancer cells partially by PI3K/Akt signaling, which might be a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid anaplastic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- General Surgery Department, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Wang
- General Surgery Department, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ma
- General Surgery Department, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyi You
- General Surgery Department, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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21
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Yip PY. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 4:165-76. [PMID: 25870799 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a devastating disease with poor prognosis. Systemic chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment in advanced disease for many decades. Personalized targeted therapy such as epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) and crizotinib has significantly changed the treatment paradigm in NSCLC. The future success of development of molecular targeted therapy relies on the understanding of signal transduction pathways. The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway is commonly deregulated in human malignancy including NSCLC. Therefore, this pathway is a target for many therapeutic developments. This review will provide an overview of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, genetic alterations activating the pathway and clinical therapeutic development of pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Yee Yip
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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22
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Zhou YH, Feng JY, You LS, Meng HT, Qian WB. Matrine and CYC116 synergistically inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 21:635-9. [PMID: 25804197 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-1975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether CYC116 can potentiate matrine-dependent growth inhibition and apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. METHODS The dose response relationship of matrine to dexamethasone-resistant and dexamethasone-sensitive MM cells was first established. Myeloma RPMI8226 cells were treated with matrine alone or combined with CYC116 for 24 h. Cell proliferation was measured using an MTT assay and apoptosis induction was evaluated by flow cytometry. Activation of the caspase pathway and expression of apoptosis regulator proteins were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Matrine significantly induced growth arrest and apoptosis in both drug-resistant and drug-sensitive MM cells. Treatment with the combination of matrine and CYC116 had a stronger cytotoxic effect on MM cells than did single drug treatments. Enhanced apoptosis observed following the combined treatment of matrine and CYC116 was associated with higher levels of activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) and down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 and the signaling proteins p-Akt and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). CONCLUSION CYC116 enhances the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of matrine on MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hong Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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23
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Fan M, Sun J, Wang W, Fan J, Wang L, Zhang X, Yang A, Wang W, Zhang R, Li J. Tropomyosin-related kinase B promotes distant metastasis of colorectal cancer through protein kinase B-mediated anoikis suppression and correlates with poor prognosis. Apoptosis 2014; 19:860-70. [PMID: 24549576 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-0968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence demonstrated that the neurotrophic receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) plays a critical role in the development and progression of multiple types of cancer. However, its underlying mechanism in distant metastasis through the circulatory and lymphatic systems in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unclear. Here we showed that downregulation of TrkB using short hairpin RNA obviously increased anoikis (detachment-induced apoptosis resulting from loss of cell-matrix interactions) sensitivity of CRC cells in vitro. Furthermore, using tail vein injection model, we confirmed that silencing TrkB significantly inhibited metastasis of CRC cells in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of TrkB obviously protected CRC cells from anoikis in vitro. Both loss- and gain-of-functional experiments indicated that TrkB could be a functional molecule in anti-anoikis of CRC cells. Mechanistically, we found that protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) signaling pathway was a functional link in TrkB-induced anoikis suppression in CRC cells. Phosphorylation levels of Akt are closely related with the expression pattern of TrkB in CRC cells and inhibition of Akt activation robustly induces anoikis of CRC cells in vitro. In addition, our clinical investigation showed that high TrkB expression levels in CRC patients were associated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and unfavourable prognosis. Thus, based on our results, this study suggests that an important function of TrkB is to protect CRC cells from anoikis in the circulatory and lymphatic systems, and that TrkB could be a promising candidate in CRC therapy, especially in the inhibition of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Fan
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Zhong LR, Chen X, Wei KM. Radix tetrastigma hemsleyani flavone induces apoptosis in human lung carcinoma a549 cells by modulating the MAPK pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:5983-7. [PMID: 24289612 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Tetrastigma Hemsleyani Flavone (RTHF) is widely used as a traditional herb for its detoxification and anti-inflammation activity. Recently, several studies have shown that RTHF can inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms are not completely understood yet. In this study we investigated the potential effects of RTHF on growth and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells as well as its mechanisms. A549 cells were treated with RTHF at various concentrations for different times. In vitro the MTT assay showed that RTHF had obvious anti-proliferation effects on A549 cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Cell morphological changes observed by inverted microscope and Hoechst33258 methods were compared with apoptotic changes observed by fluorescence microscope. Cell apoptosis inspected by flow cytometry showed significant increase in the treatment group over the control group (P<0.01). Expression of apoptosis related Bax/Bcl-2, caspases and MAPK pathway proteins were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that RTHF up-regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cle-caspase3/9, cle-PARP expression in a dose- dependent manner. Expression of p-p38 increased, p-ERK decreased significantly and that of p-JNK was little changed in the RTHF group when compared with the control group. These results suggest that RTHF might exert anti-growth and apoptosis activity against lung cancer A549 cells through activation of caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins and the MAPK pathway, therefore presenting as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Rui Zhong
- TongDe Hospital of ZheJiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China E-mail :
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25
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Akt and p53R2, partners that dictate the progression and invasiveness of cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 22:24-9. [PMID: 25086499 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase or the so-called "Akt" is a key regulatory molecule of signaling pathway that regulates various cellular processes. Many intracellular proteins are involved in the activation or inhibition of Akt signaling and the hyperactivation of Akt signaling pathway is found to be frequently involved in various types of human cancers. Furthermore, while p53R2, a p53-inducible peptide involved in the synthesis of dNTPs normally works toward suppression of cancer through elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway and providing dNTPs for DNA repair, the overexpression of p53R2 is reported to be associated with cancer progression and resistance to therapy. In this review article, we will discuss the situation in which cancer cells with hyperactive PI3K/Akt signaling can recruit p53R2 in favor of cancer progression and resistance to therapy. In the hyperactive state of PI3K/Akt signaling (which happens in the absence of deactivation or excess of activation), p53R2 can be used by cancer cells to promote proliferation. Therefore, the hyperactivity of PI3K/Akt pathway and elevated levels of p53R2 can give rise to highly invasive cancers.
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Barron CC, Moore J, Tsakiridis T, Pickering G, Tsiani E. Inhibition of human lung cancer cell proliferation and survival by wine. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:6. [PMID: 24456610 PMCID: PMC3937230 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compounds of plant origin and food components have attracted scientific attention for use as agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Wine contains polyphenols that were shown to have anti-cancer and other health benefits. The survival pathways of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), and the tumor suppressor p53 are key modulators of cancer cell growth and survival. In this study, we examined the effects of wine on proliferation and survival of human Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and its effects on signaling events. METHODS Human NSCLC adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cells were used. Cell proliferation was assessed by thymidine incorporation. Clonogenic assays were used to assess cell survival. Immunoblotting was used to examine total and phosphorylated levels of Akt, Erk and p53. RESULTS In A549 cells red wine inhibited cell proliferation and reduced clonogenic survival at doses as low as 0.02%. Red wine significantly reduced basal and EGF-stimulated Akt and Erk phosphorylation while it increased the levels of total and phosphorylated p53 (Ser15). Control experiments indicated that the anti-proliferative effects of wine were not mediated by the associated contents of ethanol or the polyphenol resveratrol and were independent of glucose transport into cancer cells. White wine also inhibited clonogenic survival, albeit at a higher doses (0.5-2%), and reduced Akt phosphorylation. The effects of both red and white wine on Akt phosphorylation were also verified in H1299 cells. CONCLUSIONS Red wine inhibits proliferation of lung cancer cells and blocks clonogenic survival at low concentrations. This is associated with inhibition of basal and EGF-stimulated Akt and Erk signals and enhancement of total and phosphorylated levels of p53. White wine mediates similar effects albeit at higher concentrations. Our data suggest that wine may have considerable anti-tumour and chemoprevention properties in lung cancer and deserves further systematic investigation in animal models of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St, Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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27
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Ito S, Igishi T, Takata M, Ueda Y, Matsumoto S, Kodani M, Takeda K, Izumi H, Sakamoto T, Yamaguchi K, Makino H, Touge H, Chikumi H, Shimizu E. Synergistic cell growth inhibition by the combination of amrubicin and Akt-suppressing agents in K-ras mutation-harboring lung adenocarcinoma cells: implication of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:685-92. [PMID: 24399305 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that Akt-suppressing agents, combined with amrubicin, synergistically inhibited the growth of small cell lung cancer cells. The combined effects of chemotherapeutic agents and Akt-suppressing agents, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, were evaluated in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells harboring K-ras mutation and wild-type EGFR. Only amrubicin and not other chemotherapeutics (cisplatin, pemetrexed and paclitaxel) synergistically inhibited cell growth when combined with an Akt inhibitor, LY294002. The combination of amrubicin and LY294002 enhanced Annexin V binding to cells. A non-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, suppressed Akt and showed synergistic interaction in combination with amrubicin. Two EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, suppressed Akt activity at clinically achievable concentrations and demonstrated synergism when combined with amrubicin. The suppression of K-ras expression by siRNA interfered with this synergism and inhibited both EGFR and Akt activity in A549 cells. In Ma10 cells, which harbor wild-type EGFR and K-ras, EGFR-TKIs neither suppressed Akt activity nor exhibited such synergism when combined with amrubicin. We concluded that the synergism by the combination of EGFR-TKI and amrubicin is attributable, at least partially, to K-ras mutation in A549 cells. The combination of EGFR-TKI and amrubicin may be a promising treatment for lung cancer with wild-type EGFR and K-ras mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Ito
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Tadashi Igishi
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Miyako Takata
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuto Ueda
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kodani
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takeda
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroki Izumi
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamaguchi
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Makino
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Touge
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroki Chikumi
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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Yip PY, Cooper WA, Kohonen-Corish MRJ, Lin BPC, McCaughan BC, Boyer MJ, Kench JG, Horvath LG. Phosphorylated Akt expression is a prognostic marker in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Pathol 2013; 67:333-40. [PMID: 24265323 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prognostic significance of pAkt expression in order to identify high-risk stage IB patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in an exploratory study. METHODS We identified 471 consecutive patients with stage IB primary NSCLC according to the American Joint Commission on Cancer 6th edition tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system, who underwent surgical resection between 1990 and 2008. Patients who received neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatments were excluded. Pathology reports were reviewed, and pathological characteristics were extracted. Expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in both cytoplasmic and nuclear locations was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and clinicopathological factors were analysed against 10-year overall survival using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS 455 (96.6%) cancers were adequate for pAkt immunohistochemical analysis. The prevalence of pAkt expression in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cancers was 60.7% and 43.7%, respectively. Patients whose cancers expressed higher levels of cytoplasmic pAkt had a trend towards longer overall survival than those with lower levels (p=0.06). Conversely, patients whose cancers expressed higher levels of nuclear pAkt had a poorer prognosis than those with lower levels of expression (p=0.02). Combined low cytoplasmic/high nuclear expression of pAkt was an independent predictor of overall survival (HR=2.86 (95% CI 1.35 to 6.04); p=0.006) when modelled with age (HR=1.05 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.07); p<0.001), extent of operation (HR=2.11 (95% CI 1.48 to 3.01); p<0.001), visceral pleural invasion (HR=1.63 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.15); p<0.001), gender, tumour size, histopathological type and grade (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Level of expression of pAkt in the cytoplasm and nucleus is an independent prognostic factor that may help to select patients with high-risk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Yip
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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De Marco C, Rinaldo N, Bruni P, Malzoni C, Zullo F, Fabiani F, Losito S, Scrima M, Marino FZ, Franco R, Quintiero A, Agosti V, Viglietto G. Multiple genetic alterations within the PI3K pathway are responsible for AKT activation in patients with ovarian carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55362. [PMID: 23408974 PMCID: PMC3567053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is activated in multiple cancers including ovarian carcinoma (OC). However, the relative contribution of the single components within the PI3K pathway to AKT activation in OC is still unclear. We examined 98 tumor samples from Italian OC patients for alterations in the members of the PI3K pathway. We report that AKT is significantly hyperactive in OC compared to normal tissue (n = 93; p<0.0001) and that AKT activation is preferentially observed in the elderly (>58 years old; n = 93; p<0.05). The most frequent alteration is the overexpression of the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K (63/93, ∼68%); less frequent alterations comprise the loss of PTEN (24/89, 27%) and the overexpression of AKT1 (18/96, 19%) or AKT2 (11/88,12.5%). Mutations in the PIK3CA or KRAS genes were detected at lower frequency (12% and 10%, respectively) whereas mutations in AKT1 or AKT2 genes were absent. Although many tumors presented a single lesion (28/93, of which 23 overexpressed PIK3CA, 1 overexpressed AKT and 4 had lost PTEN), many OC (35/93) presented multiple alterations within the PI3K pathway. Apparently, aberrant PI3K signalling was mediated by activation of the canonical downstream AKT-dependent mTOR/S6K1/4EBP1 pathway and by regulation of expression of oncogenic transcription factors that include HMGA1, JUN-B, FOS and MYC but not by AKT-independent activation of SGK3. FISH analysis indicated that gene amplification of PIK3CA, AKT1 and AKT2 (but not of PI3KR1) and the loss of PTEN are common and may account for changes in the expression of the corresponding proteins. In conclusion, our results indicate that p110α overexpression represents the most frequent alteration within the PI3K/AKT pathway in OC. However, p110α overexpression may not be sufficient to activate AKT signalling and drive ovarian tumorigenesis since many tumors overexpressing PI3K presented at least one additional alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Marco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Nicola Rinaldo
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Casa di Cura “Malzoni-Villa dei Platani”, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Zullo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernanda Fabiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Losito
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Scrima
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Renato Franco
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfina Quintiero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valter Agosti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Martelli AM, Tabellini G, Bressanin D, Ognibene A, Goto K, Cocco L, Evangelisti C. The emerging multiple roles of nuclear Akt. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:2168-78. [PMID: 22960641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Niu S, Wang Z, Ge D, Zhang G, Li Y. Prediction of functional phosphorylation sites by incorporating evolutionary information. Protein Cell 2012; 3:675-90. [PMID: 22802047 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous protein post-translational modification, which plays an important role in cellular signaling systems underlying various physiological and pathological processes. Current in silico methods mainly focused on the prediction of phosphorylation sites, but rare methods considered whether a phosphorylation site is functional or not. Since functional phosphorylation sites are more valuable for further experimental research and a proportion of phosphorylation sites have no direct functional effects, the prediction of functional phosphorylation sites is quite necessary for this research area. Previous studies have shown that functional phosphorylation sites are more conserved than non-functional phosphorylation sites in evolution. Thus, in our method, we developed a web server by integrating existing phosphorylation site prediction methods, as well as both absolute and relative evolutionary conservation scores to predict the most likely functional phosphorylation sites. Using our method, we predicted the most likely functional sites of the human, rat and mouse proteomes and built a database for the predicted sites. By the analysis of overall prediction results, we demonstrated that protein phosphorylation plays an important role in all the enriched KEGG pathways. By the analysis of protein-specific prediction results, we demonstrated the usefulness of our method for individual protein studies. Our method would help to characterize the most likely functional phosphorylation sites for further studies in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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32
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Scrima M, De Marco C, Fabiani F, Franco R, Pirozzi G, Rocco G, Ravo M, Weisz A, Zoppoli P, Ceccarelli M, Botti G, Malanga D, Viglietto G. Signaling networks associated with AKT activation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): new insights on the role of phosphatydil-inositol-3 kinase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30427. [PMID: 22363436 PMCID: PMC3281846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of PI3K/AKT signalling represents one of the most common molecular alterations in lung cancer, though the relative contribution of the single components of the cascade to the NSCLC development is still poorly defined. In this manuscript we have investigated the relationship between expression and genetic alterations of the components of the PI3K/AKT pathway [KRAS, the catalytic subunit of PI3K (p110α), PTEN, AKT1 and AKT2] and the activation of AKT in 107 surgically resected NSCLCs and have analyzed the existing relationships with clinico-pathologic features. Expression analysis was performed by immunohistochemistry on Tissue Micro Arrays (TMA); mutation analysis was performed by DNA sequencing; copy number variation was determined by FISH. We report that activation of PI3K/AKT pathway in Italian NSCLC patients is associated with high grade (G3–G4 compared with G1–G2; n = 83; p<0.05) and more advanced disease (TNM stage III vs. stages I and II; n = 26; p<0.05). In addition, we found that PTEN loss (41/104, 39%) and the overexpression of p110α (27/92, 29%) represent the most frequent aberration observed in NSCLCs. Less frequent molecular lesions comprised the overexpression of AKT2 (18/83, 22%) or AKT1 (17/96, 18%), and KRAS mutation (7/63, 11%). Our results indicate that, among all genes, only p110α overexpression was significantly associated to AKT activation in NSCLCs (p = 0.02). Manipulation of p110α expression in lung cancer cells carrying an active PI3K allele (NCI-H460) efficiently reduced proliferation of NSCLC cells in vitro and tumour growth in vivo. Finally, RNA profiling of lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) expressing a mutant allele of PIK3 (E545K) identified a network of transcription factors such as MYC, FOS and HMGA1, not previously recognised to be associated with aberrant PI3K signalling in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Scrima
- Biogem scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Biogem scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernanda Fabiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pirozzi
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Biogem scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Studies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Biogem scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Studies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Biogem scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Biogem scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino (Avellino), Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia Catanzaro, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Lee D, Do IG, Choi K, Sung CO, Jang KT, Choi D, Heo JS, Choi SH, Kim J, Park JY, Cha HJ, Joh JW, Choi KY, Kim DS. The expression of phospho-AKT1 and phospho-MTOR is associated with a favorable prognosis independent of PTEN expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:131-9. [PMID: 21874010 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AKT1 signaling pathway is important for the regulation of protein synthesis and cell survival with implications in carcinogenesis. In this study, we explored the prognostic significance of AKT1 pathway in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. We investigated the status of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), phosphorylated (p) AKT1 (p-AKT1), p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-MTOR), p-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p-RPS6KB2) and p-eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (p-EIF4EBP1) in 101 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis was performed to verify the expression levels of p-AKT1 and p-MTOR. The relationship of protein expression with clinicopathological data and the correlations of protein expression levels were explored. The overexpression of p-AKT1, p-MTOR, and PTEN was associated with a better survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (P=0.0137, 0.0194, and 0.0337, respectively). In a multivariate analysis, PTEN was an independent prognostic factor, and p-AKT1 showed tendency (P=0.032 and 0.051, respectively). The overexpression of p-MTOR was correlated with well-to-moderately differentiated tumors (P<0.001) and tumors without metastasis (P=0.046). Expression levels of the AKT1 signaling pathway proteins in this study showed positive correlations with each other, except for PTEN. Aberrant expressions of p-AKT1 and p-MTOR in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were associated with a favorable prognosis, possibly in a PTEN-independent manner. Our results indicate that dysregulation of the AKT1 pathway may have an important role in the development of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, but not necessarily in the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wojtalla A, Arcaro A. Targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:278-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Ma Y, Hao X, Zhang S, Zhang J. The in vitro and in vivo effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the growth of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:473-85. [PMID: 21947651 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to detect the effect and possible mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) on the in vitro and in vivo growth of stem cells isolated from primary human breast cancer cells and cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Primary human breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were sorted in vitro using flow cytometry, and the ESA+, CD44+, CD24-/low cells were isolated as breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). The inhibitory effect of hUCMSCs on CSCs was examined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 cell proliferation and soft agar colony formation assay. In vivo tumor inhibition was studied using a severe combined immunodeficient xenograft mouse model transplanted with MDA-MB-231 breast CSCs. The expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT was examined in the xenograft tumors using immunohistochemistry. The number of colonies formed by breast CSCs co-cultured with hUCMSCs at the bottom of soft agar was significantly lower than those formed by the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the CSCs co-cultured with hUCMSCs showed a higher number of cells in the G2-M phase (P < 0.05) and an increased number of apoptotic cells (P < 0.01). The mice in the medium- and high-concentration hUCMSC treatment groups exhibited clearly reduced tumor volume and tumor weight, compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the saline group, the xenograft tumor tissues from the mice treated with different concentrations of hUCMSCs showed significantly reduced levels of PI3K and AKT proteins (P < 0.001). In conclusion, hUCMSC significantly inhibited the growth of breast CSCs in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanism is likely related to cell cycle arrest, induction of tumor cell apoptosis, and suppressed activities of PI3K and AKT protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Custodio A, Méndez M, Provencio M. Targeted therapies for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: current status and future implications. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 38:36-53. [PMID: 21592673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality worldwide, with over one million cases diagnosed yearly. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for >80% of all lung cancers. Because lung cancer is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage, chemotherapy (CT) is the mainstay of management. Conventional treatment of NSCLC has apparently reached a plateau of effectiveness in improving survival of patients, and treatment outcomes must still be considered disappointing. Hence, considerable efforts have been made in order to identify novel targeted agents that interfere with other dysregulated pathways in advanced NSCLC patients. In order to further improve the results of targeted therapy, we should not forget that lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple mutations, and it is unlikely that any single signaling pathway drives the oncogenic behaviour of all tumours. The relative failure of some targeted therapies may be a result of multilevel cross-stimulation among the targets of the new biological agents along several pathways of signal transduction that lead to neoplastic events. Thus, blocking only one of these pathways allows others to act as salvage or escape mechanisms for cancer cells. We summarize the most promising research approaches to the treatment of NSCLC, with particular attention to drugs with multiple targets or combining targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Custodio
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Rengan R, Maity AM, Stevenson JP, Hahn SM. New Strategies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Improving Outcomes in Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Disease: Figure 1. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4192-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) of NSCLC is heterogeneous with variable blood flow through leaky immature vessels resulting in regions of acidosis and hypoxia. Hypoxia has been documented in NSCLC directly by polarographic needle electrodes and indirectly by assessing tissue and plasma hypoxia markers. In general, elevated expression of these markers portends poorer outcomes in NSCLC. Impaired vascularity and hypoxia can lead to increased metastasis and treatment resistance. Compounds that directly target hypoxic cells such as tirapazamine have been tested in clinical trials for NSCLC with mixed results. Preclinical data, however, suggest other ways of exploiting the abnormal TME in NSCLC for therapeutic gain. The inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha or vascular endothelial growth factor may increase local control after radiation. Inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, such as erlotinib or PI-103, may "normalize" tumor vessels, allowing for increased chemotherapy delivery or improved oxygenation and radiation response. To select patients who may respond to these therapies and to evaluate the effects of these agents, a noninvasive means of imaging the TME is critical. Presently, there are several promising modalities to image hypoxia and the tumor vasculature; these include dynamic perfusion imaging and positron emission tomography scanning with radiolabled nitroimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Ocimum gratissimum Aqueous Extract Induces Apoptotic Signalling in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell A549. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20953389 PMCID: PMC2952322 DOI: 10.1155/2011/739093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ocimum gratissimum (OG) is widely used as a traditional herb for its antibacterial activity in Taiwan. Recently, antitumor effect of OG on breast cancer cell is also reported; however, the effects of OG on human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell A549 remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether aqueous OG extract (OGE) affects viability of A549 cells and the signals induced by OGE in A549 cells. Cell viability assays revealed that OGE significantly and dose-dependently decreased the viability of A549 cell but not that of BEAS-2B cell. Morphological examination and DAPI staining indicated that OGE induced cell shrinkage and DNA condensation for A549 cells. Further investigation showed that OGE enhanced activation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and caspase-8 and increased protein level of Apaf-1 and Bak, but diminished the level of Bcl-2. Additionally, OGE inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) yet enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase (p38). In conclusion, our findings indicate that OGE suppressed the cell viability of A549 cells, which may result from the activation of apoptotic signaling and the inhibition of anti-apoptotic signaling, suggesting that OGE might be beneficial to lung carcinoma treatment.
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Kaira K, Yamamoto N. Prognostic and predictive factors in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:373-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2010.506214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nakachi I, Naoki K, Soejima K, Kawada I, Watanabe H, Yasuda H, Nakayama S, Yoda S, Satomi R, Ikemura S, Terai H, Sato T, Ishizaka A. The Combination of Multiple Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Overcomes Erlotinib Resistance in Lung Cancer Cell Lines through c-Met Inhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1142-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nickens KP, Patierno SR, Ceryak S. Chromium genotoxicity: A double-edged sword. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:276-88. [PMID: 20430016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Certain forms of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are known respiratory carcinogens that induce a broad spectrum of DNA damage. Cr(VI)-carcinogenesis may be initiated or promoted through several mechanistic processes including, the intracellular metabolic reduction of Cr(VI) producing chromium species capable of interacting with DNA to yield genotoxic and mutagenic effects, Cr(VI)-induced inflammatory/immunological responses, and alteration of survival signaling pathways. Cr(VI) enters the cell through non-specific anion channels, and is metabolically reduced by agents including ascorbate, glutathione, and cysteine to Cr(V), Cr(IV), and Cr(III). Cr(III) has a weak membrane permeability capacity and is unable to cross the cell membrane, thereby trapping it within the cell where it can bind to DNA and produce genetic damage leading to genomic instability. Structural genetic lesions produced by the intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) include DNA adducts, DNA-strand breaks, DNA-protein crosslinks, oxidized bases, abasic sites, and DNA inter- and intrastrand crosslinks. The damage induced by Cr(VI) can lead to dysfunctional DNA replication and transcription, aberrant cell cycle checkpoints, dysregulated DNA repair mechanisms, microsatelite instability, inflammatory responses, and the disruption of key regulatory gene networks responsible for the balance of cell survival and cell death, which may all play an important role in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. Several lines of evidence have indicated that neoplastic progression is a result of consecutive genetic/epigenetic changes that provide cellular survival advantages, and ultimately lead to the conversion of normal human cells to malignant cancer cells. This review is based on studies that provide a glimpse into Cr(VI) carcinogenicity via mechanisms including Cr(VI)-induced death-resistance, the involvement of DNA repair mechanisms in survival after chromium exposure, and the activation of survival signaling cascades in response to Cr(VI) genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Nickens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, United States
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Magesh V, Lee JC, Ahn KS, Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Lee EO, Shim BS, Jung HJ, Kim JS, Kim DK, Choi SH, Ahn KS, Kim SH. Ocimum sanctum induces apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells and suppresses the in vivo growth of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Phytother Res 2010; 23:1385-91. [PMID: 19277950 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although Ocimum sanctum has been used extensively for its medicinal values in India and China, its antitumor activity against human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cells has not been investigated until now. Therefore, the antitumor mechanism of ethanol extracts of Ocimum sanctum (EEOS) was elucidated in A549 cells in vitro and the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) animal model. EEOS exerted cytotoxicity against A549 cells, increased the sub-G1 population and exhibited apoptotic bodies in A549 cells. Furthermore, EEOS cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), released cytochrome C into cytosol and simultaneously activated caspase-9 and -3 proteins. Also, EEOS increased the ratio of proapoptotic protein Bax/antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) in A549 cancer cells. In addition, it was found that EEOS can suppress the growth of LLC inoculated onto C57BL/6 mice in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these results demonstrate that EEOS induces apoptosis in A549 cells via a mitochondria caspase dependent pathway and inhibits the in vivo growth of LLC, suggesting that EEOS can be applied to lung carcinoma as a chemopreventive candidate.
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许 绍. [mTOR and non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:69-72. [PMID: 20672708 PMCID: PMC6000679 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- 绍发 许
- />101149 北京 北京市结核病胸部肿瘤研究所Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
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The PI3-K/AKT-Pathway and Radiation Resistance Mechanisms in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4:761-7. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181a1084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang XW, Qin W, Guo WJ, Li JF, Liu BY, Zhang FC. Effect of Bmi-1 gene on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and its mechanism. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:1390-1393. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i14.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of Bmi-1 knock-down on Akt/PKB activity, P16INK4a expression, cell proliferation and cell senescence.
METHODS: Bmi-1 expression in AGS was down-regulated using SiRNA approach; Bmi-1 protein and related proteins (pAkt, Akt, P16INK4a) were detected by Western blot. SA-β-Gal activity assay was applied for detection of the senescent cells, and soft-agar growth assay was used to detect the clone formation.
RESULTS: In the SA-β-Gal activity assay, the average senescent cell rate in Bmi-1 i group was 28% ± 3.5%, compared with 16% ± 2.7% in Ctrl i group (P < 0.01). In the soft-agar growth assay, the average clone formation number was 3.4 ± 1.4, compared with 11 ± 2.3 in Ctrl i group (P < 0.01). The Bmi-1 protein level was down-regulated significantly in the Bmi-1 i group, Akt activity was down-regulated and P16INK4a protein was up-regulated.
CONCLUSION: Bmi-1 knock-down may promote cell senescence and inhibit cell proliferation via down-regulating Akt/PKB activity and up-regulating P16INK4a.
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Yamauchi M, Gotoh N. Theme: Oncology - Molecular mechanisms determining the efficacy of EGF receptor-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors help to identify biomarker candidates. Biomark Med 2009; 3:139-51. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer is a major subtype of lung cancer, which is the most common and fatal cancer in the world. Gefitinib (Iressa™) and later erlotinib (Tarceva™), specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors for EGF receptors (EGFRs), have been demonstrated to be effective for some non-small-cell lung cancer patients and used in clinics as pioneers of molecule-based targeted drugs for cancer. There has been an urgent need to develop biomarkers and to select appropriate patients who should benefit from treatment with these drugs because of the high sensitivity of target cancer cells. However, problems of acquired resistance after long-term treatment with these drugs have been recognized. Emerging evidence indicates that the efficacy of these drugs is partly dependent on somatic mutations in the EGFR. In this review, we summarize recent understandings of the molecular mechanisms that determine the efficacy of EGFR–tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Towards the end of this article, we discuss recent ongoing projects validating potential biomarkers and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Yamauchi
- Division of Systems Biomedical Technology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Systems Biomedical Technology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Hosgood HD, Menashe I, Shen M, Yeager M, Yuenger J, Rajaraman P, He X, Chatterjee N, Caporaso NE, Zhu Y, Chanock SJ, Zheng T, Lan Q. Pathway-based evaluation of 380 candidate genes and lung cancer susceptibility suggests the importance of the cell cycle pathway. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1938-43. [PMID: 18676680 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Common genetic variation may play an important role in altering lung cancer risk. We conducted a pathway-based candidate gene evaluation to identify genetic variations that may be associated with lung cancer in a population-based case-control study in Xuan Wei, China (122 cases and 111 controls). A total of 1260 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 380 candidate genes for lung cancer were successfully genotyped and assigned to one of 10 pathways based on gene ontology. Logistic regression was used to assess the marginal effect of each SNP on lung cancer susceptibility. The minP test was used to identify statistically significant associations at the gene level. Important pathways were identified using a test of proportions and the rank truncated product methods. The cell cycle pathway was found as the most important pathway (P = 0.044) with four genes significantly associated with lung cancer (PLA2G6 minP = 0.001, CCNA2 minP = 0.006, GSK3 beta minP = 0.007 and EGF minP = 0.013), after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Interestingly, most cell cycle genes that were associated with lung cancer in this analysis were concentrated in the AKT signaling pathway, which is essential for regulation of cell cycle progression and cellular survival, and may be important in lung cancer etiology in Xuan Wei. These results should be viewed as exploratory until they are replicated in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Milton DT, Riely GJ, Azzoli CG, Gomez JE, Heelan RT, Kris MG, Krug LM, Pao W, Pizzo B, Rizvi NA, Miller VA. Phase 1 trial of everolimus and gefitinib in patients with advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Cancer 2007; 110:599-605. [PMID: 17577220 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway restores gefitinib sensitivity in resistant cancer cell lines. A phase 1 study was conducted of the combination of everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, and gefitinib to determine a daily dose of everolimus with gefitinib in patients with advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Oral everolimus and gefitinib were both administered daily to patients with progressive NSCLC. Patients were enrolled in 3-patient cohorts at everolimus dose levels of 5 and 10 mg daily. All patients received gefitinib 250 mg daily. RESULTS Ten patients were enrolled. The maximum tolerated dose of everolimus was 5 mg when administered daily with gefitinib 250 mg. Two patients who were treated at the 10 mg dose level of everolimus experienced dose-limiting toxicity, including grade 5 hypotension and grade 3 stomatitis. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated no consistent, significant interaction on the t(max), C(max), and AUC(0-8h) of either agent. Two partial radiographic responses were identified among the 8 response-evaluable patients. CONCLUSIONS For further study, everolimus at a dose of 5 mg daily in combination with daily gefitinib 250 mg is recommended. The 2 radiographic responses identified are encouraging. A phase 2 trial in patients with NSCLC is under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Milton
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Jeong EG, Lee SH, Kim SS, Ahn CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Immunohistochemical analysis of phospho-BAD protein and mutational analysis of BAD gene in gastric carcinomas. APMIS 2007; 115:976-81. [PMID: 17696955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that deregulation of apoptosis contributes to the development of human cancers. BAD, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, regulates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. The aim of this study was to explore whether alterations of phospho-BAD (p-BAD) protein that antagonizes apoptosis function of BAD and mutation of BAD gene are characteristics of human gastric cancers. We analyzed expression of p-BAD in 60 gastric adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Also, we analyzed BAD gene for detection of somatic mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay. p-BAD expression was detected well in normal gastric mucosal epithelial cells, whereas it was detected in only 51% (31 of the 60) of the cancers. There was no somatic mutation of BAD gene in the 60 gastric cancer samples. The decreased expression of p-BAD in malignant gastric epithelial cells compared to normal mucosal epithelial cells suggested that loss of p-BAD expression may play a role in gastric tumorigenesis. The data also suggest that BAD mutation may not be a direct target of inactivation in gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Goo Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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