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Barczak K, Droździk A, Bosiacki M, Łagocka R, Cenariu D, Uriciuc WA, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. CCL5's Role in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17332. [PMID: 38139161 PMCID: PMC10744061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent host inflammatory and immune responses to biofilm play a critical role in the mechanisms that govern soft and hard tissue destruction in periodontal disease. Among the less explored facets of these mechanisms are chemokines, including CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5), also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), a proinflammatory CC subfamily chemokine synthesized by T lymphocytes. Despite its importance, there is currently no comprehensive review of the role of CCL5 in periodontitis in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to fill this gap by summarizing the existing knowledge on the involvement of CCL5 in the onset and progression of periodontitis. In addition, we aim to stimulate interest in this relatively overlooked factor among periodontitis researchers, potentially accelerating the development of drugs targeting CCL5 or its receptors. The review examines the association of CCL5 with periodontitis risk factors, including aging, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and obesity. It discusses the involvement of CCL5 in pathological processes during periodontitis, such as connective tissue and bone destruction. The data show that CCL5 expression is observed in affected gums and gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients, with bacterial activity contributing significantly to this increase, but the reviewed studies of the association between CCL5 expression and periodontal disease have yielded inconclusive results. Although CCL5 has been implicated in the pathomechanism of periodontitis, a comprehensive understanding of its molecular mechanisms and significance remains elusive, hindering the development of drugs targeting this chemokine or its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Droździk
- Laboratory of Preclinical Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Ryta Łagocka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Diana Cenariu
- MEDFUTURE—Research Center for Advanced Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Willi Andrei Uriciuc
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (I.B.-B.)
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Panahipour L, Botta S, Abbasabadi AO, Afradi Z, Gruber R. Enamel Matrix Derivative Suppresses Chemokine Expression in Oral Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13991. [PMID: 37762294 PMCID: PMC10530986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells in periodontitis patients increasingly express chemokines, suggesting their active involvement in the inflammatory process. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is an extract of porcine fetal tooth germs clinically applied to support the regrowth of periodontal tissues. Periodontal regeneration might benefit from the potential anti-inflammatory activity of EMD for epithelial cells. Our aim was, therefore, to set up a bioassay where chemokine expression is initiated in the HSC2 oral squamous carcinoma cell line and then test EMD for its capacity to lower the inflammatory response. To establish the bioassay, HSC2 cells being exposed to TNFα and LPS from E. coli (Escherichia coli) or P. gingivalis (Porphyromonas gingivalis) were subjected to RNAseq. Here, TNFα but not LPS caused a robust increase of chemokines, including CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, CCL5, and CCL20 in HSC2 cells. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed the increased expression of the respective chemokines in cells exposed to TNFα and IL-1β. Under these conditions, EMD reduced the expression of all chemokines at the transcriptional level and CXCL8 by immunoassay. The TGF-β receptor type I kinase-inhibitor SB431542 reversed the anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, EMD-activated TGF-β-canonical signaling was visualized by phosphorylation of smad3 and nuclear translocation of smad2/3 in HSC2 cells and blocked by SB431542. This observation was confirmed with primary oral epithelial cells where EMD significantly lowered the SB431542-dependent expression of CXCL8. In summary, our findings suggest that TGF-β signaling mediates the effects of EMD to lower the forced expression of chemokines in oral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.A.); (Z.A.)
| | - Sara Botta
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.A.); (Z.A.)
| | - Azarakhsh Oladzad Abbasabadi
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.A.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zohreh Afradi
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.A.); (Z.A.)
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.A.); (Z.A.)
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Fernandes D, Khambata RS, Massimo G, Ruivo E, Gee LC, Foster J, Goddard A, Curtis M, Barnes MR, Wade WG, Godec T, Orlandi M, D'Aiuto F, Ahluwalia A. Local delivery of nitric oxide prevents endothelial dysfunction in periodontitis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106616. [PMID: 36566926 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Increased cardiovascular disease risk underlies elevated rates of mortality in individuals with periodontitis. A key characteristic of those with increased cardiovascular risk is endothelial dysfunction, a phenomenon synonymous with deficiencies of bioavailable nitric oxide (NO), and prominently expressed in patients with periodontitis. Also, inorganic nitrate can be reduced to NO in vivo to restore NO levels, leading us to hypothesise that its use may be beneficial in reducing periodontitis-associated endothelial dysfunction. Herein we sought to determine whether inorganic nitrate improves endothelial function in the setting of periodontitis and if so to determine the mechanisms underpinning any responses seen. METHODS AND RESULTS Periodontitis was induced in mice by placement of a ligature for 14 days around the second molar. Treatment in vivo with potassium nitrate, either prior to or following establishment of experimental periodontitis, attenuated endothelial dysfunction, as determined by assessment of acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aortic rings, compared to control (potassium chloride treatment). These beneficial effects were associated with a suppression of vascular wall inflammatory pathways (assessed by quantitative-PCR), increases in the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and reduced tissue oxidative stress due to attenuation of xanthine oxidoreductase-dependent superoxide generation. In patients with periodontitis, plasma nitrite levels were not associated with endothelial function indicating dysfunction. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that inorganic nitrate protects against, and can partially reverse pre-existing, periodontitis-induced endothelial dysfunction through restoration of nitrite and thus NO levels. This research highlights the potential of dietary nitrate as adjunct therapy to target the associated negative cardiovascular outcomes in patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rayomand S Khambata
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gianmichele Massimo
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ernesto Ruivo
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lorna C Gee
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Julie Foster
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alison Goddard
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mike Curtis
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - William G Wade
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK; Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas Godec
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marco Orlandi
- Periodontology Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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A therapeutic oxygen carrier isolated from Arenicola marina decreased P. gingivalis induced inflammation and tissue destruction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14745. [PMID: 32901057 PMCID: PMC7479608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of inflammation and infection is crucial for periodontal wound healing and regeneration. M101, an oxygen carrier derived from Arenicola marina, was tested for its anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious potential based on its anti-oxidative and tissue oxygenation properties. In vitro, no cytotoxicity was observed in oral epithelial cells (EC) treated with M101. M101 (1 g/L) reduced significantly the gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, NF-κΒ and RANKL in P. gingivalis-LPS stimulated and P. gingivalis-infected EC. The proteome array revealed significant down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-8) and chemokine ligands (RANTES and IP-10), and upregulation of pro-healing mediators (PDGF-BB, TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-2, IL-4, IL-11 and IL-15) and, extracellular and immune modulators (TIMP-2, M-CSF and ICAM-1). M101 significantly increased the gene expression of Resolvin-E1 receptor. Furthermore, M101 treatment reduced P. gingivalis biofilm growth over glass surface, observed with live/dead analysis and by decreased P. gingivalis 16 s rRNA expression (51.7%) (p < 0.05). In mice, M101 reduced the clinical abscess size (50.2%) in P. gingivalis-induced calvarial lesion concomitant with a decreased inflammatory score evaluated through histomorphometric analysis, thus, improving soft tissue and bone healing response. Therefore, M101 may be a novel therapeutic agent that could be beneficial in the management of P. gingivalis associated diseases.
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Kasai S, Onizuka S, Katagiri S, Nakamura T, Hanatani T, Kudo T, Sugata Y, Ishimatsu M, Usui M, Nakashima K. Associations of cytokine levels in gingival crevicular fluid of mobile teeth with clinical improvement after initial periodontal treatment. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:189-196. [PMID: 32132326 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is useful for evaluating periodontal status. In this study, clinical variables related to tooth mobility, and multiple cytokine levels in proximate GCF, were measured at four time points during initial periodontal treatment: before treatment (baseline), after supragingival scaling, after occlusal adjustment, and after scaling and root planing (SRP); 20 teeth from 13 patients with periodontitis were included. Baseline interleukin (IL)-10 level in GCF was significantly higher around teeth that showed substantial improvement in periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) after SRP than around teeth without PESA improvement. IL-3 and IL-16 levels in GCF at baseline were significantly higher around teeth with a periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) of 0 mm2 after SRP than around teeth without PISA improvement. In addition, baseline IL-7, IL-11, and IL-12p40 levels in GCF were significantly lower around teeth with decreased mobility after occlusal adjustment than around teeth without decreased mobility. These results suggest that pre-treatment cytokine levels in GCF are useful in predicting the effects of initial periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kasai
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Satoru Onizuka
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Sayaka Katagiri
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Taiji Nakamura
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Tomoya Hanatani
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Takahiro Kudo
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Yuou Sugata
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Michie Ishimatsu
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University
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Martínez-Aguilar VM, Carrillo-Ávila BA, Sauri-Esquivel EA, Guzmán-Marín E, Jiménez-Coello M, Escobar-García DM, Pozos-Guillén A. Quantification of TNF- α in Patients with Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7984891. [PMID: 31355282 PMCID: PMC6637683 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7984891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to compare variations in quantified tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in patients with periodontitis stage 2 grade B (POD2B) and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to identify any relationships between this cytokine and these diseases. METHODS Levels of the cytokine TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with POD2B and/or T2D were evaluated. A total of 160 subjects were distributed into four groups: those with POD2B (n=44); those with T2D (n=37); those with POD2B/T2D (n=40); and healthy subjects (n=39). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood glucose (BG) levels were quantified in each subject. Data were collected on body mass index (BMI), loss of insertion (LI), and probe depth (PD). Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the most acutely affected periodontal pocket and gingival sulcus in each subject, and TNF-α was quantified by multiplex analysis. RESULTS Kruskal Wallis tests was used to identify differences in TNF-α levels, LI, PD, BMI, BG, and HbA1c by group. Differences (p<0.001) were found for LI, PD, BG, and HbA1c. A Spearman test was used to calculate possible correlations between TNF-α levels and LI or PD identified a weak but significant negative correlation of TNF-α with LI (Rho=-0199; p=0.012), and a moderately positive correlation of LI with PD (Rho=0.509; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS No variation was found between TNF-α levels and the presence of POD2B, POD2B/T2D, or T2D, suggesting the absence of any direct relationship between progression of these diseases and TNF-α levels. However, a correlation was present between low TNF-α concentrations and greater LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Martínez-Aguilar
- Department of Specialization in Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, YUC 97000, Mexico
| | - Bertha A. Carrillo-Ávila
- Department of Specialization in Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, YUC 97000, Mexico
| | - Eduardo A. Sauri-Esquivel
- Department of Specialization in Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, YUC 97000, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Guzmán-Marín
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Regional Research Center “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, University of Yucatan, Mérida, YUC 97000, Mexico
| | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Regional Research Center “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, University of Yucatan, Mérida, YUC 97000, Mexico
| | - Diana María Escobar-García
- Basic Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78290, Mexico
| | - Amaury Pozos-Guillén
- Basic Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78290, Mexico
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Gürkan A, Eren G, Çetinkalp Ş, Akçay YD, Emingil G, Atilla G. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, RANTES and macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in gingival crevicular fluid of metabolic syndrome patients with gingivitis. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 69:82-8. [PMID: 27270225 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted protein (RANTES) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in metabolic syndrome patients with gingivitis. DESIGN Twenty metabolic syndrome patients with gingivitis (MSG), 20 MetS patients with clinically healthy periodontium (MSH), 20 systemically healthy subjects with gingivitis and 20 subjects who were both systemically and periodontally healthy were included. Periodontal and systemical parameters were recorded. GCF MCP-1, RANTES and MIF levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS MSG and MSH groups had elevated blood pressure, triglyceride, waist circumference and fasting glucose values in comparison to gingivitis and healthy groups (P<0.0001). Clinical periodontal parameters were higher in MSG and gingivitis groups when compared to those of the MSH and healthy groups (P<0.0001). MCP-1 and RANTES levels (ng/mg total protein) of MSG group were higher than those of the MSH groups (P=0.005, P=0.0001, respectively). Also gingivitis group had higher MCP-1, RANTES and MIF levels compared to the healthy group (P=0.011, P=0.0001, P=0.011 respectively). The RANTES level of MSG group was significantly higher than those of the gingivitis group (P=0.01), but MCP-1 and MIF levels were similar in the MSG and gingivitis groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Elevated levels of GCF RANTES in MetS patients with gingivitis might associate with the presence of increased gingival inflammation by MetS. Low-grade systemic inflammation associated with MetS and adipose tissue-derived RANTES might lead to altered GCF RANTES levels in the presence of gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gürkan
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Gülnihal Eren
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şevki Çetinkalp
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Delen Akçay
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gül Atilla
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İzmir, Turkey
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Kayar NA, Alptekin NO, Haliloglu S. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum in nonsmoking women with preterm low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:109-116. [PMID: 25713493 PMCID: PMC4319285 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.149655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum (S) in nonsmoking women with normal birth (NB), preterm low birth weight (PLBW), and intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this unmatched case-control study design, 64 women with NB, 45 women with PLBW, and 47 women with IUGR were recruited within 24 h delivery. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. IL-1 β and IL-1ra levels in GCF (pg/30 s) and serum (pg/ml) of were evaluated using commercial enzyme immunoassay and ELISA kits. RESULTS Greater pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were observed in PLBW and IUGR women than in NB women (P < 0.05). The total amounts of IL-1ra and IL-β of GCF were higher levels in NB women than PLBW and IUGR women (P < 0.05). The lowest total amount of IL-1ra of GCF was found in IUGR women (P < 0.05). The concentrations of IL-1ra in serum samples were not statistically significant for any of the study groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be suggested that worse periodontal conditions and the low levels of IL-1ra in GCF may be an important factor in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezahat Arzu Kayar
- Department of Periodontology, Oral and Dental Health Center, The Ministry Health of Turkey, Antalya, Turkiye
| | - Nilgun Ozlem Alptekin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Seyfullah Haliloglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkiye
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Impact of periodontitis on chemokines in smokers. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:979-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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La VD, Zhao L, Epifano F, Genovese S, Grenier D. Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Potential of Citrus Auraptene. J Med Food 2013; 16:961-4. [PMID: 24070132 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Dang La
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. D'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. D'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Santos J, Marquis A, Epifano F, Genovese S, Curini M, Grenier D. Collinin ReducesPorphyromonas gingivalisGrowth and Collagenase Activity and Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophage Inflammatory Response and Osteoclast Differentiation and Function. J Periodontol 2013; 84:704-11. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Murphy EC, Frick IM. Gram-positive anaerobic cocci--commensals and opportunistic pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 37:520-53. [PMID: 23030831 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria associated with clinical infections, the Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are the most prominent and account for approximately 25-30% of all isolated anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens. Still, routine culture and identification of these slowly growing anaerobes to the species level has been limited in the diagnostic laboratory, mainly due to the requirement of prolonged incubation times and time-consuming phenotypic identification. In addition, GPAC are mostly isolated from polymicrobial infections with known pathogens and therefore their relevance has often been overlooked. However, through improvements in diagnostic and in particular molecular techniques, the isolation and identification of individual genera and species of GPAC associated with specific infections have been enhanced. Furthermore, the taxonomy of GPAC has undergone considerable changes over the years, mainly due to the development of molecular identification methods. Existing species have been renamed and novel species have been added, resulting in changes of the nomenclature. As the abundance and significance of GPAC in clinical infections grow, knowledge of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns of different species becomes more important. The present review describes recent advances of GPAC and what is known of the biology and pathogenic effects of Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Parvimonas, Peptoniphilus and Peptostreptococcus, the most important GPAC genera isolated from human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carmel Murphy
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Connective tissue graft plus resin-modified glass ionomer restoration for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesions: microbiological and immunological results. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:67-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Desjardins J, Grenier D. Neutralizing effect of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate on nicotine-induced toxicity and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 secretion in human oral epithelial cells and fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:189-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2011.00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Repeke CE, Ferreira SB, Vieira AE, Silveira EM, Avila-Campos MJ, da Silva JS, Santos CF, Campanelli AP, Trombone APF, Garlet GP. Dose-response met-RANTES treatment of experimental periodontitis: a narrow edge between the disease severity attenuation and infection control. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22526. [PMID: 21799885 PMCID: PMC3140528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors have been implicated in the selective migration of leukocyte subsets to periodontal tissues, which consequently influences the disease outcome. Among these chemoattractants, the chemokines CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 and its receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, have been associated with increased disease severity in mice and humans. Therefore, in this study we investigated the modulation of experimental periodontitis outcome by the treatment with a specific antagonist of CCR1 and 5 receptors, called met-RANTES. C57Bl/6 mice was orally infected with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and treated with 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.5 and 5 mg doses of met-RANTES on alternate days, and evaluated by morphometric, cellular, enzymatic and molecular methods. At 0.5 mg up to 5 mg doses, a strong reduction in the alveolar bone loss and inflammatory cell migration were observed. Interestingly, 5 mg dose treatment resulted in the maximum inhibition of inflammatory cell migration, but resulted in a similar inhibition of bone loss when compared with the lower doses, and also resulted in increased bacterial load and CRP response. When 0.5 and 5 mg therapy regimens were compared it was observed that both therapeutic protocols were able to downregulate the levels of pro-inflammatory, Th1-type and osteoclastogenic cytokines, and CD3+ and F4/80+ cells migration to periodontal tissues, but the high dose modulates host response in a more pronounced and unspecific and excessive way, interfering also with the production of antimicrobial mediators such as MPO, iNOS and IgG, and with GR1+ and CD19+ cells migration. Our results demonstrate a thin line between beneficial immunoregulation and impaired host defense during experimental periodontitis, and the determination of the exact equilibrium point is mandatory for the improvement of immune-targeted therapy of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Repeke
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Barros Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia Espindola Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elcia Maria Silveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Julio Avila-Campos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo University - ICB/USP, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University - FMRP/USP, Riberao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Capelli J, Kantarci A, Haffajee A, Teles RP, Fidel R, Figueredo CM. Matrix metalloproteinases and chemokines in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Orthod 2011; 33:705-11. [PMID: 21389074 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and monocyte chemoattractants are key modulators of the biological mechanisms triggered in the periodontium by mechanical forces. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) provides a non-invasive method to assess longitudinally the release of inflammatory mediators during orthodontic tooth movement. The goal of this study was to examine the GCF levels of MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 and of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and regulated on activation normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) at different time points during orthodontic tooth movement. Fourteen subjects (three males and 11 females, 18.8 ± 4.8 years of age; range from 12 to 28 years) had their maxillary canines retracted. Thirty-second GCF samples were collected from the tension and pressure sides 7 days prior to the activation of the orthodontic appliance, on the day of activation, and after 1 and 24 hours, and 14, 21, and 80 days of constant force application. The volume of GCF was measured and samples analysed using a multiplexed bead immunoassay for the content of the six target molecules. Differences in the mean GFC volumes and mean level for each analyte over time were assessed using the Friedman test, and differences between the tension and pressure sides at each time point with the Mann-Whitney test. The mean levels of the three MMPs changed significantly over time but only at the compression side (P < 0.05, Friedman test). The GCF levels of the three chemokines were not affected by the application of mechanical stress. The levels of MMPs in GCF at the pressure side are modulated by the application of orthodontic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Capelli
- Department of Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil.
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Feldman M, Tanabe S, Epifano F, Genovese S, Curini M, Grenier D. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of 4-hydroxycordoin: potential therapeutic benefits. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:26-31. [PMID: 21158427 DOI: 10.1021/np100547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxycordoin (1), a natural isopentenyloxychalcone, is a plant secondary metabolite that is relatively rare. Since there are very few reports about the biological activities of 1, its potential benefits for periodontal disease were investigated. A marked and dose-dependent antibacterial activity of 1 was observed against the three major periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia. Moreover, compound 1 showed an antiadhesion effect, since it inhibited attachment of P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells. Finally, using a macrophage model, the ability of 1 to inhibit the secretion of inflammatory mediators induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide was demonstrated. The anti-inflammatory effect observed was associated with reduced activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 Rue de la Terrasse, Québec City, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
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La VD, Tanabe SI, Bergeron C, Gafner S, Grenier D. Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase and Cytokine Production by Licorice Isolates Licoricidin and Licorisoflavan A: Potential Therapeutic Approach for Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:122-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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La VD, Lazzarin F, Ricci D, Fraternale D, Genovese S, Epifano F, Grenier D. Active principles of Grindelia robusta exert antiinflammatory properties in a macrophage model. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1687-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ford PJ, Gamonal J, Seymour GJ. Immunological differences and similarities between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 53:111-23. [PMID: 20403108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis and anti-inflammatory activities of A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1778-84. [PMID: 20176905 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01432-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (AC-PACs) have recently been reported to be beneficial for human health, especially urinary tract health. The effect of these proanthocyanidins on periodontitis, a destructive disease of tooth-supporting tissues, needs to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AC-PACs on various virulence determinants of Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as on the inflammatory response of oral epithelial cells stimulated by this periodontopathogen. We examined the effects of AC-PACs on P. gingivalis growth and biofilm formation, adherence to human oral epithelial cells and protein-coated surfaces, collagenase activity, and invasiveness. We also tested the ability of AC-PACs to modulate the P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory response by human oral epithelial cells. Our results showed that while AC-PACs neutralized all the virulence properties of P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent fashion, they did not interfere with growth. They also inhibited the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) but did not affect the secretion of IL-6 by epithelial cells stimulated with P. gingivalis. This anti-inflammatory effect was associated with reduced activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 pathway. AC-PACs may be potentially valuable bioactive molecules for the development of new strategies to treat and prevent P. gingivalis-associated periodontal diseases.
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Dezerega A, Pozo P, Hernández M, Oyarzún A, Rivera O, Dutzan N, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Overall CM, Garrido M, Alcota M, Ortiz E, Gamonal J. Chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-3 in Progressive Periodontal Lesions in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2010; 81:267-76. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Tanabe SI, Bodet C, Grenier D. Treponema denticolapeptidoglycan induces the production of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in macrophage-like cells. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:503-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Rhamnus alpinus Leaf Extract Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced, Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Chemokine Secretion. Inflammation 2008; 31:313-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-008-9080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Tanabe SI, Bodet C, Grenier D. Peptostreptococcus micros cell wall elicits a pro-inflammatory response in human macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:219-26. [PMID: 17956940 DOI: 10.1177/0968051907081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptostreptococcus micros is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium associated with periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting tissues. In the present study, we investigated the response of human macrophages to stimulation with a cell wall preparation from P. micros. In addition, the effect of the preparation on the phosphorylation of macrophage kinases was studied. The preparation, which was non-toxic for macrophages, significantly increased the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6. It also increased the secretion of two potent chemokines IL-8 and, to a lesser extent, RANTES. Lastly, stimulation of macrophages by the P. micros cell wall preparation induced a significant increase in MMP-9 secretion but had no effect on the production of prostaglandin E2. The phosphorylation of macrophage kinases, including cAMP-dependent protein-serine kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit beta, G protein-coupled receptor-serine kinase 2, mitogen-activated protein-serine kinase p38 alpha (p38a MAPK), extracellular regulated protein-serine kinase 2 (ERK2) and Jun N-terminus protein-serine kinases (JNK), increased following stimulation with cell wall. In summary, our study showed that the P. micros cell wall preparation induced intracellular signaling pathways, leading to an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and MMP-9 by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Tanabe
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Kurtiş B, Tüter G, Serdar M, Akdemir P, Uygur C, Firatli E, Bal B. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2006; 76:1849-55. [PMID: 16274303 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a well-known chemotactic cytokine that regulates mononuclear inflammatory cell recruitment. This recruitment has particular importance in the oral cavity because inflammatory cells will be challenged with periodontopathogenic bacteria during infections. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that induces bone resorption by stimulating proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts' progenitors and also stimulates MCP-1 expression. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of MCP-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and to examine the possible correlations between the GCF levels of MCP-1 and TNF-alpha. METHODS Twenty-five CP, 20 AgP, and 20 healthy control (C) patients were selected for the study. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) measurements were recorded from each sampling area. Assays for GCF MCP-1 and TNF-alpha were carried out by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS The concentration (nanograms per microliters) and total MCP-1 and TNF-alpha (nanograms per site) were not statistically significant between CP and AgP groups, but total MCP-1 and TNF-alpha was statistically different between CP and C and between AgP and C groups (P <0.001). All clinical parameters were statistically different between CP and C and between AgP and C groups (P <0.001). A positive statistical correlation was detected between the levels of MCP-1 and TNF-alpha, and there was also a positive correlation between all clinical parameters and total MCP-1 and TNF-alpha levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MCP-1 could have an important role in the activation and recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells in periodontal diseases, and both AgP and CP patients may have the same pattern of MCP-1 expression. A strong positive correlation between the GCF levels of MCP-1 and TNF-alpha may account for the mechanism of amplification of inflammatory events in gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Kurtiş
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Inflammatory responses of a macrophage/epithelial cell co-culture model to mono and mixed infections with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:27-35. [PMID: 16153871 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence points to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia as three major etiologic agents of chronic periodontitis. Epithelial cells and macrophages play a major role in the host response to periodontopathogens, and the secretion of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by these host cells is believed to contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory response of a macrophage/epithelial cell co-culture model following mono or mixed infections with the above three periodontopathogens. An in vitro co-culture model composed of epithelial-like transformed cells (HeLa cell line) and macrophage-like cells (phorbol myristic acid-differentiated U937 monocytic cell line) was challenged with whole cells or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia, individually and in combination. Following stimulation, the production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and MMP-9 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunoassays. We observed that mono or mixed infections of the co-culture model induced the secretion of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, and MMP-9. P. gingivalis and T. forsythia induced an increase in RANTES secretion, whereas T. denticola alone or in combination resulted in a significant decrease in RANTES levels. All LPS challenges induced an increase in chemokine, MMP-9, and PGE2 production. No synergistic effect on the production of cytokines, chemokines, PGE2, and MMP-9 was observed for any of the bacterial or LPS mixtures tested. This study supports the view that P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia may induce high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and MMP-9 in periodontal lesions, thus contributing to the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Modulation of cytokine production by Porphyromonas gingivalis in a macrophage and epithelial cell co-culture model. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:448-56. [PMID: 15811635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells and macrophages play a major role in the host response to Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis. Secretion of high levels of cytokines by these cells is believed to contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. To investigate the interactions between P. gingivalis and these two major cell types, we characterized the production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) by an in vitro co-culture model composed of epithelial-like transformed cells (HeLa cell line) and macrophage-like cells (phorbol myristic acid-differentiated U937 cell line) following a challenge with different strains of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis cells stimulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8 and RANTES) in the co-culture model. Responses to P. gingivalis infection were influenced by the macrophage/epithelial cell ratios of the cultures. In addition, the level of secretion of these inflammatory mediators was dependent on the bacterial strain and the multiplicity of infection (MOI) used. The use of a gingipain-deficient mutant of P. gingivalis or the addition of a cysteine protease inhibitor suggested that the level of cytokines secreted by the co-culture model was underestimated due to an extensive proteolytic degradation. This study showed that P. gingivalis can modulate the levels of inflammatory mediators, which may contribute to the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Que., Canada, G1K 7P4
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Vernal R, Chaparro A, Graumann R, Puente J, Valenzuela MA, Gamonal J. Levels of Cytokine Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Untreated Chronic Periodontitis Patients. J Periodontol 2004; 75:1586-91. [PMID: 15732858 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANK-L) is a cytokine involved in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis in bone remodeling and inflammatory osteolysis. One of the major causes of tooth loss in humans is bone destruction. The aim of our study was to determine the presence of RANK-L in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from adult patients with untreated chronic periodontitis and in healthy controls. We also identified the RANK-L present in lesions undergoing episodic attachment loss from GCF. METHODS GCF samples were collected from two periodontally affected sites (probing depth > or = 5 mm, attachment loss > or = 3 mm) in 20 patients (N = 40). After monitoring for 4 months, seven patients showed active periodontal disease, and GCF samples were collected from one active and one inactive site (N = 14 samples). The comparison with healthy controls was carried out by collecting GCF samples from 12 healthy volunteers (N = 24 samples). GCF was collected using a paper strip, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the total amount of RANK-L. RESULTS RANK-L was found in a higher proportion (85%) of samples from patients than from controls (46%). The total amount of RANK-L was significantly higher in patients (115.53 +/- 78.18 picograms [pg]) than in healthy subjects (63.08 +/- 55.08 pg) (P = 0.003). Active sites, presumably associated with tissue destruction, had significantly higher levels of RANK-L than their inactive counterparts (125.95 pg versus 91.80 pg, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION GCF total amount of RANK-L is significantly increased in periodontal disease, supporting its role in the alveolar bone loss developed in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Vernal
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Emingil G, Atilla G, Hüseyinov A. Gingival crevicular fluid monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and RANTES levels in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:829-34. [PMID: 15367184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local and systemic inflammatory and immune mechanisms may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the aggressive forms of periodontal disease. Chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted), are involved in the activation and recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells to the infected sites and thereby mediating a variety of pathophysiological conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of MCP-1 and RANTES in patients with generalized agressive periodontitis (G-AgP). METHODS MCP-1 and RANTES levels were investigated in GCF samples of 10 patients with G-AgP and 10 periodontally healthy subjects. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, clinical attachment loss, presence of bleeding on probing and plaque. In the G-AgP group, GCF samples were collected from the two approximal sites; from one single-rooted tooth and from one first molar tooth with > or =6 mm probing depth. In the healthy group, GCF samples were collected from one of the single-rooted teeth. GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS The G-AgP patients had significantly higher GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels compared to the healthy group (p<0.05). GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels were positively correlated with both probing depth and clinical attachment loss (p<0.05). There was no correlation between GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels and the percentage of sites with bleeding (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that MCP-1 and RANTES could play key roles in both activation and recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells in periodontal environment of G-AgP patients. In conclusion, these CC chemokines may be considered in the biological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of G-AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Gemmell E, Seymour GJ. Immunoregulatory control of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:21-41. [PMID: 15107056 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gemmell
- Oral Biology and Pathology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Armitage
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Folwaczny M, Glas J, Török HP, Fricke K, Folwaczny C. Prevalence of the chemokine receptor CCR5-Δ32 gene mutation in periodontal disease. Clin Immunol 2003; 109:325-9. [PMID: 14697747 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 32-base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene was previously shown to influence the susceptibility for several infectious diseases. The present study compared the frequency of the CCR5-Delta32 mutation among subjects with periodontal disease and healthy control individuals. The prevalence of the CCR5-Delta32 mutation was determined in 81 patients with generalized periodontitis and 121 healthy controls. Standardized clinical and radiographic criteria were used for the diagnosis of periodontitis for each subject. The CCR5-Delta32 mutation was identified by PCR amplification and subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotype and allele frequencies among both study groups were compared using Fisher's exact test at a level of significance of 5% (P<0.05). The frequency of the CCR5-Delta32 allele was 9.9% (16/162) for periodontitis patients and 10.7% (26/216) for the healthy controls. The allele frequencies between periodontitis patients and the control group for the CCR5-Delta32 mutation were not significantly different (P=0.801). The present study revealed no association between the CCR5-Delta32 mutation and susceptibility to periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Folwaczny
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.
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Fokkema SJ, Loos BG, van der Velden U. Monocyte-derived RANTES is intrinsically elevated in periodontal disease while MCP-1 levels are related to inflammation and are inversely correlated with IL-12 levels. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:477-83. [PMID: 12605701 PMCID: PMC1808657 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria colonizing tooth surfaces are essential in the induction of an inflammatory response in the periodontal tissues, but do not cause periodontitis in everyone, implicating differences in the host immune response. These possible differences were studied using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell cultures (WBCC), which revealed a down regulation of monocyte derived interleukin-12 (IL-12p70) in untreated periodontitis patients and an up regulation after therapy. IL-12p70 is a crucial factor in the differentiation of Th1 cell responses. Since CC chemokines are able to influence the T cell differentiation via cytokine secretion in antigen-presenting cells, the production of CC chemokines in periodontitis was evaluated. Therefore WBCC were stimulated with LPS from Escherichia coli for 18 h and the levels of IL-12p70 and CC chemokines were measured in the supernatants by ELISA. Untreated periodontitis patients released 2 fold more RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) (P = 0.01) and lower levels of IL-12p70 in comparison to controls (P < 0.05). A trend towards higher levels of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (P = 0.07) was also seen in untreated periodontitis patients; while similar levels of monocyte derived chemokine (MDC) and macrophage inflammatory proteins-1 alpha and -1 beta (MIP-1 alpha and -1 beta) were found. After periodontal therapy no changes were seen with regard to MDC, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta and RANTES, whereas the MCP-1 levels decreased (P < 0.05) and the IL-12p70 levels strongly increased (P < 0.01). The data showed a consistent inverse correlation between the levels of MCP-1 and IL-12p70, and their proportional changes after therapy correlated with the clinical inflammatory response after therapy. This indicates that the disease state regulates the release of IL-12p70 and MCP-1 in E. coli LPS-stimulated WBCC. In contrast, the persistent augmented levels of RANTES after therapy are suggestive for an intrinsic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Fokkema
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands
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