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Ishikawa K, Toru S, Tsunemi T, Li M, Kobayashi K, Yokota T, Amino T, Owada K, Fujigasaki H, Sakamoto M, Tomimitsu H, Takashima M, Kumagai J, Noguchi Y, Kawashima Y, Ohkoshi N, Ishida G, Gomyoda M, Yoshida M, Hashizume Y, Saito Y, Murayama S, Yamanouchi H, Mizutani T, Kondo I, Toda T, Mizusawa H. An autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia linked to chromosome 16q22.1 is associated with a single-nucleotide substitution in the 5' untranslated region of the gene encoding a protein with spectrin repeat and Rho guanine-nucleotide exchange-factor domains. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:280-96. [PMID: 16001362 PMCID: PMC1224530 DOI: 10.1086/432518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) is a group of heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders. By positional cloning, we have identified the gene strongly associated with a form of degenerative ataxia (chromosome 16q22.1-linked ADCA) that clinically shows progressive pure cerebellar ataxia. Detailed examination by use of audiogram suggested that sensorineural hearing impairment may be associated with ataxia in our families. After restricting the candidate region in chromosome 16q22.1 by haplotype analysis, we found that all patients from 52 unrelated Japanese families harbor a heterozygous C-->T single-nucleotide substitution, 16 nt upstream of the putative translation initiation site of the gene for a hypothetical protein DKFZP434I216, which we have called "puratrophin-1" (Purkinje cell atrophy associated protein-1). The full-length puratrophin-1 mRNA had an open reading frame of 3,576 nt, predicted to contain important domains, including the spectrin repeat and the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases, followed by the Dbl-homologous domain, which indicates the role of puratrophin-1 in intracellular signaling and actin dynamics at the Golgi apparatus. Puratrophin-1--normally expressed in a wide range of cells, including epithelial hair cells in the cochlea--was aggregated in Purkinje cells of the chromosome 16q22.1-linked ADCA brains. Consistent with the protein prediction data of puratrophin-1, the Golgi-apparatus membrane protein and spectrin also formed aggregates in Purkinje cells. The present study highlights the importance of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) in identification of genes of human disease, suggests that a single-nucleotide substitution in the 5' UTR could be associated with protein aggregation, and indicates that the GEF protein is associated with cerebellar degeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Ishikawa
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shuta Toru
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Taiji Tsunemi
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mingshun Li
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Amino
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Owada
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroto Fujigasaki
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Sakamoto
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomimitsu
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Minoru Takashima
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jiro Kumagai
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noguchi
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawashima
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Norio Ohkoshi
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Gen Ishida
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Manabu Gomyoda
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamanouchi
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshio Mizutani
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kondo
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Science, Pathology, and Audiovestibular Science, Graduate School, and The 21st Century Center of Excellence Program on Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Laboratory, National Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; and Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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