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Sable L, Vidal J, Estrada-Goic C, Cárcamo RA. How Dangerous? Substance Use Risk Perceptions in Chilean Preadolescents. J Genet Psychol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39127980 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2024.2386010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Early substance use initiation among children represents a significant risk to public health. Research suggests that early positive perceptions and cognitions of elementary students toward substance use may predict later use during adolescence. Studies among adolescent populations have shown an inverse relationship between substance use and risk perceptions. To gain insight into alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana risk perceptions prior to adolescence, we analyzed data from the Chilean Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey (ELPI). In a sample of 5,278 families (mean age of preadolescents 10.63 years, SD = .64; 50.5% males), our findings showed that an important proportion of Chilean 10 years old did not perceive occasional tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana use to be high-risk activities. However, the majority of respondents did consider daily substance use to be a high-risk activity, with some variation across substances. Overall, older preadolescents were more likely to consider substance use to be less risky compared to their slightly younger counterparts. Our analysis also demonstrated that past month substances use by caregivers were all found to be predictive of low-medium risk perceptions among preadolescents surveyed, while conversely, caregivers' negative reactions to finding out their child had used a substance decreased the likelihood of holding low-medium risk perceptions. Individuals from single-parent households were less likely to consider substance use as being high-risk compared to their peers. Preadolescents with caregivers reporting higher average incomes were also more likely to hold lower risk perceptions of occasional substance use. Implications for public policies to prevent substance use in the pre-adolescent population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leba Sable
- Sociedad Chilena de Desarrollo Emocional, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Vidal
- Facultad de Psicología y Humanidades, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo A Cárcamo
- Facultad de Psicología y Humanidades, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Valdivia, Chile
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Andrews JA, Gordon JS, Westling E, Smith D. Assessing the Pragmatic Effectiveness and Implementation of Click City: Tobacco: A School-Based Prevention Program Targeting Youth Cigarette and E-cigarette Use. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:861-869. [PMID: 38070146 PMCID: PMC11190058 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the rapid increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use among youth, we updated Click City: Tobacco, an existing, efficacious, online tobacco prevention program for 5th graders with a 6th-grade booster, to also target e-cigarette use. METHODS To evaluate the effectiveness of the updated 5th-grade program within a "real world" setting, we conducted a pragmatic randomized trial with 5th-grade students in 43 schools across Arizona and Oregon, assessing change in intentions and willingness to use e-cigarettes/cigarettes, from baseline to one-week post-intervention. Students in intervention schools (n = 1327) received the updated version of Click City: Tobacco; students in control schools (n = 1346) received their usual tobacco prevention curriculum. RESULTS Students in intervention schools significantly decreased their intentions and willingness to use e-cigarettes and cigarettes, compared to students in control schools. The intervention also significantly changed all targeted etiological mechanisms predictive of intentions and willingness. The intervention was more effective for at-risk students, as defined by student's previous tobacco use, current family use of tobacco, and/or high in sensation-seeking. The effects of the intervention on all outcomes were similar as a function of state, gender, ethnicity, and historical timing (before COVID-19 pandemic school closures vs. after schools re-opened). Close to 90% of the students in the intervention condition completed the entire program, supporting fidelity of implementation, and teachers reported satisfaction with the program. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that Click City: Tobacco is effective for all 5th-grade students and can be delivered with fidelity across school settings. IMPLICATIONS The results of a randomized pragmatic effectiveness trial showed that the updated Click City: Tobacco program decreased intentions and willingness to both vape e-cigarettes and smoke cigarettes among 5th-grade students, particularly for those at high risk. Program effectiveness and lack of differences because of factors such as state, gender, ethnicity, and historical timing have universal implications, suggesting that all students can benefit from this program. Click City: Tobacco received high ratings of program satisfaction from teachers and was implemented with fidelity. Findings suggest that Click City: Tobacco is effective and can be easily implemented in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Andrews
- Influents Innovations, Springfield, OR, USA
- Oregon Research Institute, Springfield, OR, USA
| | | | - Erika Westling
- Influents Innovations, Springfield, OR, USA
- Oregon Research Institute, Springfield, OR, USA
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Cappelli C, Pike JR, Xie B, Michaels AJ, Stacy AW. Adolescent's explicit and implicit cigarette cognitions predict experimentation with both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024; 50:401-412. [PMID: 38768439 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2335979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background: Past year, month, and lifetime adolescent e-cigarette use rates remain persistently high, despite falling cigarette use rates. Previous investigations have noted a strong relationship between an individual's positive and negative cognitions related to a behavior, and subsequent initiation of that behavior.Objective: This investigation was conducted to determine the impact positive and negative explicit and implicit cigarette-related cognitions may have on the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among at-risk, cigarette-naive adolescents.Methods: A three-year longitudinal investigation evaluated the relationship between cigarette-related cognitions and subsequent cigarette and e-cigarette use among 586 alternative high school students (female: 50.8%; mean age: 17.4 years; Hispanic/Latino: 75.0%) who had never smoked cigarettes at the baseline assessment. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to generate demographics-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Results: Students with higher positive explicit cigarette cognitions at the baseline had greater odds of subsequent cigarette use (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.11-2.68). If students also reported an increase over time in positive (OR = 3.45, 95% CI 2.10-5.68) or negative (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.03-3.61) explicit cigarette cognitions, the odds of cigarette use increased. The odds of dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were greater among students who had higher negative implicit cigarette cognitions at the baseline (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.03-4.17) compared to those with lower levels of negative implicit cognitions.Conclusion: Prevention programming that focuses on decreasing positive cognitions related to nicotine and tobacco use may have greater overall effect on decreasing use compared to programs that only focus on increasing negative cognitions individuals form surrounding cigarette or e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cappelli
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Russell Pike
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bin Xie
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Jenna Michaels
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alan W Stacy
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Pears KC, Tiberio SS, Kim HK. Reducing Suicidal Ideation in Preadolescents With a History of Foster Care by Promoting School Readiness in Early Childhood. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2024; 29:165-175. [PMID: 35835729 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Preadolescents with a history of foster care placement report suicidal ideation (SI) at higher rates than their peers, which increases their risk for suicide attempts in adolescence. Despite these increased risks, few interventions have been shown to reduce SI in these youth. This study examined the main and mediated long-term effects of a program to increase school readiness in children in foster care at age 5 years on SI when the children were ages 9-11 years, 4-6 years after the intervention ended. Children who received the intervention were less likely to report SI, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. The intervention reduced SI indirectly through its positive effect on children's self-esteem at age 9 years. Implications for programming to reduce SI and subsequent suicide attempts in youth with a history of foster care are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Pears
- Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR, USA
- OSLC Developments, Inc, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Hyoun K Kim
- Department of Child & Family Studies, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Korea
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Sheer VC. The State of Norm-Based Antismoking Research: Conceptual Frameworks, Research Designs, and Implications for Interventions. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:310-325. [PMID: 34256674 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1950296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This synthesis review examined 189 qualified studies on norms and smoking in terms of conceptual frameworks, types of social norms, research designs, dependent variables, independent variables and covariates, and findings related to norms. Results show that 7.9% were experimental, and the remaining were cross-sectional. By far, the reasoned action approach (RAA) was the most-cited theory, but RAA was not used to guide experimental designs. The social norms approach, norm focus theory, social cognitive theory guided the intervention experiments. Harmful norms were more frequently examined than healthful norms. Pro-smoking norms positively predicted smoking intentions and behaviors, whereas antismoking norms positively predicted antismoking intentions and behaviors. The over-application of RAA in cross-sectional antismoking research has yielded repetitive findings. Norm-based experiments can adopt other theoretical perspectives to offer insights into antismoking interventions. The RAA constructs are still applicable and can be integrated into intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C Sheer
- Department of Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University
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Zhou A, Li X, Song Y, Hu B, Chen Y, Cui P, Li J. Academic Performance and Peer or Parental Tobacco Use among Non-Smoking Adolescents: Influence of Smoking Interactions on Intention to Smoke. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1048. [PMID: 36673810 PMCID: PMC9859142 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intention to smoke is an important predictor of future smoking among adolescents. The purpose of our study was to examine the interaction between academic performance and parents/peer tobacco use on adolescents' intention to smoke. METHODS A multi-stage stratified sampling was used to select participants, involving 9394 students aged between 9-16 years in Changchun city, northeastern China. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the individual effect of academic performance and peer/parental smoking behavior. Stratified logistic regressions were conducted to examine the protective effect of academic performance based on peer or parental smoking. Interaction effects of academic performance × peer/parental smoking on adolescents' intention to smoke were tested. RESULTS Of all the non-smoking students sampled, 11.9% intended to smoke within the next five years. The individual effect of academic performance and peer/parental smoking was significant. The protective effect of academic performance on the intention to smoke was significant regardless of whether peers smoked or not. However, the protective effect was not significant among adolescents with only maternal smoking and both parental smoking. The current study found the significant interaction effects of academic performance × peer smoking and the academic performance × both parents' smoking. Students with poor academic performance were more likely to intend to smoke if their peers or both parents smoked. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest that peer smoking or smoking by both parents reinforces the association between low academic performance and the intention to smoke among adolescents. Enhancing school engagement, focusing on social interaction among adolescents with low academic performance, and building smoke-free families may reduce adolescents' intention to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinghua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Maiya S, Whiteman SD, Serang S, Dayley JC, Maggs JL, Mustillo SA, Kelly BC. Associations between older siblings' substance use and younger siblings' substance use intentions: Indirect effects via substance use expectations. Addict Behav 2023; 136:107493. [PMID: 36137447 PMCID: PMC10782623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the direct and indirect effects of older siblings' substance use behaviors (i.e., cannabis and e-cigarettes) on younger siblings' later substance use intentions via their substance use expectations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were collected from 682 families (N = 2,046) with two adolescent siblings (older siblings: M age = 15.67 years, 51% female; younger siblings: M age = 13.14 years, 48% female) and one parent (M age = 45.15 years; 85% female). Participants completed annual online surveys at two occasions. Older siblings reported on their cannabis and e-cigarette use frequencies (Time 1) and younger siblings reported on their substance use expectations (Time 1) and intentions (Time 1 and 2); parents reported on adolescents' sociodemographic characteristics and their own substance use (Time 2). RESULTS Structural equation modeling results suggested that older siblings' cannabis and e-cigarette use was indirectly related to younger siblings' later intentions to use these substances through their positive expectations about substances, after accounting for younger siblings' earlier intentions to use substances and control variables including parents' and friends' use. There were no significant direct relations between older siblings' cannabis or e-cigarette use and younger siblings' intentions to use them. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that older siblings are critical and unique socialization agents of younger siblings' expectations and intentions to use substances. Intervention and prevention programs that target adolescents' substance use should consider the ways in which siblings shape each other's substance use.
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Meisel SN, Colder CR, Hopwood CJ. Assessing Parent-Adolescent Substance Use Discussions Using the Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics. J Pers Assess 2022; 104:800-812. [PMID: 35025716 PMCID: PMC9276846 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.2019051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessing parent-child interactions is critical for understanding family dynamics, however tools available for capturing these dynamics are limited. The current study sought to examine the validity of the Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics (CAID) for understanding the dynamics of parent-adolescent substance use discussions. Specifically, we examined how CAID parameters were related to indicators of parenting and substance use. Sixty-one parent-adolescent dyads (M adolescent age = 14.02, 57% female; M parent age = 46.40; 98% female) completed three 9-minute video-taped conflict, alcohol, and cannabis discussions as well as self-report measures of parenting (e.g., monitoring, psychological control) and substance use behaviors (e.g., intentions, use with parental permission). Interactions were coded using the CAID which provides continuous assessments of parent and adolescent warmth and dominance. Parental warmth, adolescent warmth, and dominance complementarity CAID parameters were positively associated with adaptive parenting and negatively associated with maladaptive parenting factors. Parental warmth in the cannabis discussion was negatively associated with the substance use and intentions factor. These findings support CAID as a reliable and valid assessment of interpersonal dynamics that characterize parent-adolescent substance use discussions and suggest that substance use conversations may be most effective when parents and adolescents act warmly throughout the discussion and exhibit dominance complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Meisel
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
- E. P. Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI
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Sutherland BD, Sutherland MT, Trucco EM. Electronic Cigarette Use Intentions Mediate the Association between Low Self-Control and Future Use by Internalizing Symptoms. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1797-1807. [PMID: 36041007 PMCID: PMC9560985 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2115848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adolescent electronic (e-)cigarette use intentions are related to initiation. Low self-control is also a risk factor for early stages of substance use. Yet, the impact of low self-control on use through intentions may vary across individuals; depression and anxiety may affect this association. Methods: A sample of 200 adolescents who completed waves 1 and 2 of an ongoing longitudinal study were assessed. We hypothesized that high internalizing symptoms would moderate the indirect effect of low self-control on actual e-cigarette use through e-cigarette use intentions. Results: The mediation pathway was significant at high levels of internalizing symptoms, but not at low or moderate levels. Conclusion: Specifically, those with low self-control and high internalizing symptomatology endorsed the highest e-cigarette use intentions and were more likely to subsequently use e-cigarettes. Youth low in self-control and high in depression and anxiety might be at increased risk to initiate e-cigarette use compared to youth high in self-control and high in internalizing symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjelene D. Sutherland
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, 33199 USA
| | - Matthew T. Sutherland
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, 33199 USA
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Elisa M. Trucco
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, 33199 USA
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Bourduge C, Brousse G, Morel F, Pereira B, Lambert C, Izaute M, Teissedre F. “Intervention Program Based on Self”: A Proposal for Improving the Addiction Prevention Program “Unplugged” through Self-Concept. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158994. [PMID: 35897365 PMCID: PMC9367710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The “Intervention Program based on Self” (IPSELF) project was created to address the gap between the acquisition of life skills during prevention programs and their application with a session for developing one’s self-concept included in the European program “Unplugged”. The present study evaluated its effectiveness. A total of 157 middle school students (94 girls, 63 boys, MAGE= 12.89, SD = 0.45) from three schools in France participated in this study. The participants attended one of two programs (Unplugged/IPSELF). The effectiveness of the IPSELF add-on session was measured with the Self-Concept Clarity Scale, and the differences between the two programs was measured with the prototype willingness model. Adolescents in IPSELF rated the typical nonsmoker and cannabis nonsmoker more favorably, and the typical drinker less favorably. They felt more different from the typical smoker and drinker after participation in IPSELF. More alcohol experimenters were observed in Unplugged. The knowledge gained in IPSELF appeared to help adolescents more than that gained in Unplugged to change their smoking behavior. Furthermore, IPSELF had a more beneficial effect for girls, who felt that they had gained more control over their alcohol and cannabis use than boys, whereas Unplugged had a more positive effect on boys, who gained better control over their consumption. Moreover, the girls felt that they had gained more knowledge about the substances discussed in IPSELF than in Unplugged. We therefore recommend the use of IPSELF especially with female audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrine Bourduge
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.I.); (F.T.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’addictologie et Pathologies Duelles, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Georges Brousse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Florence Morel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’addictologie et Pathologies Duelles, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques (DRCI), F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (B.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques (DRCI), F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (B.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Marie Izaute
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.I.); (F.T.)
| | - Frédérique Teissedre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.I.); (F.T.)
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Individual-, peer-, and parent-level substance use-related factors among 9- and 10-year-olds from the ABCD Study: Prevalence rates and sociodemographic differences. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 3:100037. [PMID: 35445220 PMCID: PMC9015678 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Although a relatively large body of research has identified multiple factors associated with adolescent substance use, less is known about earlier substance-related factors during preadolescence, including curiosity to use substances. The present study examined individual-, peer-, and parent-level domains pertaining to substance use and how these domains vary by sociodemographic subgroups and substance type. Methods Participants were 11,864 9- and 10-year-olds from the baseline sample of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Youth-reported measures were curiosity to use substances and perceived peer substance use. Parent-reported measures were availability of and rules about substances. Generalized logistic mixed models (GLMM) were used to compare these measures across alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana and across sociodemographic subgroupings (sex, race/ethnicity, household income, and family history of alcohol problems). GLMM was then used to examine predictors of curiosity to use by substance type. Results The most striking descriptive differences were found between race/ethnicity and income categories (e.g., positive associations between greater income and greater availability of alcohol). In multivariable analyses, greater curiosity to use alcohol was associated with being male, higher household income, perceived peer alcohol use, and easy alcohol availability; greater curiosity to use nicotine was associated with being male, perceived peer cigarette use, easy availability of cigarettes, and no parental rules about cigarette use. Conclusions This study identified substance use-related individual-, peer-, and parent-level factors among a diverse, national sample. Findings highlight the importance of considering sociodemographic and substance-specific variability and may help identify risk and protective factors preceding adolescent substance use.
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Litt DM, Lowery A, LoParco C, Lewis MA. Alcohol-related cognitions: Implications for concurrent alcohol and marijuana use and concurrent alcohol and prescription stimulant misuse among young adults. Addict Behav 2021; 119:106946. [PMID: 33866222 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the associations between alcohol-related cognitions within the social reaction pathway of the Prototype Willingness Model and concurrent (use of two or more substances within a specified time period) use of 1) alcohol and marijuana and 2) alcohol and prescription stimulant misuse. METHODS A convenience sample of 1,062 emerging adults in the U.S. (18-20 years old; 54.5% female) who reported past 3-month alcohol use completed a baseline survey as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. RESULTS Results indicate that controlling for age, biological sex, race, ethnicity, and college enrollment, perceived descriptive norms and willingness to drink were associated with past 3-month concurrent alcohol and marijuana use and concurrent alcohol and prescription stimulant misuse. However, alcohol prototype similarity and alcohol-related perceived vulnerability were not associated with either concurrent use outcome examined. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that alcohol-related perceived descriptive norms and willingness to drink are associated with concurrent substance use among young adults. Thus, it is possible that existing efficacious alcohol interventions that target descriptive norms and willingness to drink may have the added benefit of also reducing concurrent substance cognitions and ultimately use.
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Caputo A. Comparing Theoretical Models for the Understanding of Health-Risk Behaviour: Towards an Integrative Model of Adolescent Alcohol Consumption. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 16:418-436. [PMID: 33680191 PMCID: PMC7909499 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present manuscript is to test and compare the theory of reasoned action (TRA), theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and prototype-willingness model (PWM) in predicting risky alcohol consumption among adolescents and to build an integrative model to get a more comprehensive understanding of such risky behaviour. A total sample of 518 adolescents (55% females; 13-19 aged) recruited from Italian schools (7th to 12th grade) participated in a cross-sectional research study and completed an online questionnaire. Risky alcohol use assessed through the AUDIT-C was the dependent variable; whereas, variables from the TRA, TPB, and PWM (i.e. attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, intention, prototype favourability and similarity, and willingness to alcohol use) were used as predictors. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings show that the integrative model had greater explanatory power and provided a better fit to the data, compared to the TRA, TPB, and PWM, indicating attitudes and subjective norms as the best predictors. In conclusion, perceived social approval from significant others and the volitional component have a central role in understanding adolescents’ alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caputo
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Epperson AE, Wallander JL, Song AV, Depaoli S, Peskin MF, Elliott MN, Schuster MA. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in adolescent intentions and willingness to smoke cigarettes: Evaluation of a structural equation model. J Health Psychol 2021; 26:605-619. [PMID: 30773937 PMCID: PMC6698224 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319829536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-process theories may be effective at predicting adolescent smoking; however, little is known about the effectiveness of these models across race/ethnicity and gender. Adolescents (N = 4035) completed biopsychosocial and tobacco-related perception measures in Grade 7 and reported on smoking initiation in Grade 10. Using structural equation modeling and comparing models by gender and race/ethnicity showed differences, where both intentions and willingness predicted smoking initiation for only Black and male adolescents, compared to their Latino and White and female counterparts. Intentions and willingness appear to play a role in whether an adolescent will initiate smoking in the future, but this does not apply universally across gender and race/ethnicity.
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Franzese AT, Blalock DV, Blalock KM, Wilson SM, Medenblik A, Costanzo PR, Strauman TJ. Regulatory Focus and Substance Use in Adolescents: Protective Effects of Prevention Orientation. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:33-38. [PMID: 33078977 PMCID: PMC8320403 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1833926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Substance use is a major risk factor for negative health and functioning outcomes among middle schoolers. The purpose of this study was to assess whether individual differences in the adolescents' goal orientation are associated with elevated or attenuated risk for substance use. Regulatory focus theory stipulates that individuals vary in their strength of orientation toward promotion goals ("making good things happen") and prevention goals ("keeping bad things from happening"). Objectives: We sought to examine the association between individual differences in regulatory focus and adolescents' reports of their own and their friends' substance use. Methods: Participants were 241 seventh grade students who completed measures of regulatory focus (promotion and prevention orientation), self-reported substance use, perceived substance use habits of peers, and demographics. Logistic regression models were used to examine adjusted odds of lifetime tobacco use, alcohol use, and marijuana use for both participants' own use and their reports of friends' use. Results: Prevention orientation was associated with lower odds of all self-reported lifetime substance use outcomes (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana). Prevention orientation was also associated with lower odds of reporting all types of substance use among friends. Promotion orientation was not associated with any self-reported substance use outcome, and was only associated with higher odds of reporting lifetime alcohol use among friends. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of regulatory focus as it relates to adolescent substance use. Future research may seek to incorporate regulatory focus within interventions intended to prevent or delay initiation of substance use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan V Blalock
- Center to Advance Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Kyla M Blalock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- Center to Advance Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Alyssa Medenblik
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Philip R Costanzo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Bashirian S, Barati M, Karami M, Hamzeh B, Ezati E. Predictors of shisha smoking among adolescent females in Western Iran in 2019: Using the Prototype-Willingness Model. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 6:50. [PMID: 32954063 PMCID: PMC7493647 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/125357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the increasing prevalence of shisha smoking (SS) in adolescent females, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing adolescent’s choice of shisha. This study aimed to determine predictors of shisha smoking among adolescent females in Western Iran based on the Prototype-Willingness Model (PWM). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1302 adolescent females in Kermanshah city, western Iran, in 2019. The method was multi-stage sampling with a systematic random approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic questions, history of shisha smoking, and Prototype-Willingness Model structure-based questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Statistical tests included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, and linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The prevalence of current consumers of shisha was 20.4%. Attitude and behavioral willingness and subjective norms were the most important predictors of behavioral intentions, whereas subjective norms, attitudes, and prototypes were the most important predictors for behavioral willingness. The results obtained from the logistic regression analysis revealed that both pathways of PWM constructs (behavioral intention OR=1.37; behavioral willingness OR=1.32) were significant predicting factors for shisha smoking among adolescent females. CONCLUSIONS Given the efficient role of behavioral willingness and intention for shisha smoking (SS) in adolescent females, it is necessary to consider these structures in designing educational strategies for the prevention of adolescent smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Bashirian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Majid Barati
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinacies of Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Ezati
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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17
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Nicholls AR, Levy AR, Meir R, Sanctuary C, Jones L, Baghurst T, Thompson MA, Perry JL. The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1564. [PMID: 32754092 PMCID: PMC7366030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are few high-profile cases of adolescent athletes being caught doping, up to a third of young athletes may dope. In order to generate a more accurate understanding of why adolescent athletes dope, it is important to validate models that help to explain this behavior. The aims of this study were 3-fold: firstly, to test the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes (SDCM-AA); secondly, to generate athlete profiles that would help quantify the proportion of athletes who are at risk of doping; and thirdly, to create norm values for the Adolescent Sport Doping Inventory (ASDI), which would allow national doping organizations, sporting organizations, and clubs to benchmark the scores of their athletes for key psycho-social variables linked to doping. A total of 2208 adolescent athletes from the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, and the United States completed the ASDI. The data presented an appropriate fit to the SDCM-AA model, in which 54% of the variance in susceptibility to doping was explained in the model, and 44.8% of attitudes toward doping was accounted for. Four distinct clusters of athletes emerged: the Susceptibles (i.e., identified with the benefits of doping, were willing to cheat, and viewed little threat), the Chancers (i.e., identified with the benefits of doping, scored high on willingness to cheat, and were highly influenced by their reference group, but had an average score for threat, self-esteem, and legitimacy), the Pragmatists (i.e., did not engage with any aspects of doping, but were more susceptible than the fair players), and Fair Players (i.e., high levels of sportspersonship, unwilling to cheat, and viewed doping as a threat). The revised SDCM-AA appears a valid model that helps explain the factors associated with doping attitudes and doping susceptibility. Adolescent athletes can be classified into one of four clusters, in relation to doping. Their cluster group could influence the content of the anti-doping education they receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Nicholls
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Levy
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi Meir
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Colin Sanctuary
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Leigh Jones
- Hong Kong Rugby Foot-Ball Union, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Baghurst
- College of Education, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Mark A. Thompson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - John L. Perry
- Department of Psychology, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, Ireland
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18
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The effects of the iPlayClean education programme on doping attitudes and susceptibility to use banned substances among high-level adolescent athletes from the UK: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 82:102820. [PMID: 32563179 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background This study examined the effects of the iPlayClean anti-doping intervention on attitudes towards doping and susceptibility, and whether delivery mode affected the results. Methods A total of 1081 high-level UK athletes (14-18 years old, 904 males, 177 females) were cluster-randomised to the control (11 teams/organisations/schools, 314 athletes), face-to-face group presentation (8 teams/organisations/schools, 254 athletes), online (11 teams/organisations/schools, 251 athletes), or face-to-face presentation with online access (5 teams/organisations/schools, 262 athletes). Results Compared to the control group, all modes of the iPlayClean anti-doping education programme reduced favourable attitudes towards doping immediately after the intervention, which was sustained across all intervention groups 8 weeks later. All delivery modes impacted doping susceptibility immediately after the intervention, in comparison to the control group, but the effects were only sustained for the face-to-face presentation group. Conclusion Contrary to findings within previous anti-doping interventions, we have shown that doping attitudes can be changed and that the results can be sustained across all modes of delivery, 8 weeks later. Research is required to assess for how long these changes are sustained, and how often anti-doping education should be delivered to high-level athletes to reinforce clean play values.
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19
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Parental smoking, changes in smoker image, and susceptibility to smoking in nonsmoking 10- to 12-year-olds. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Epperson AE, Wallander JL, Elliott MN, Schuster MA. Tobacco use among Latinx adolescents: exploring the immigrant paradox. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:379. [PMID: 30501626 PMCID: PMC6271399 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research suggests that an immigrant paradox exists where those who were not born in the United States (1st generation) have significantly better health than those who were born in the U.S. (2nd generation or more). The aim of the current study was to examine the immigrant paradox with respect to tobacco-related perceptions and parenting influences in smoking initiation among Latinx adolescents. Methods Data came from the 7th and 10th grade Healthy Passages™ assessments of Latinx participants in three U.S. urban areas (N = 1536) who were first (18%), second (60%), and third (22%) generation. In addition to demographics, measures included perceived cigarette availability and peer smoking, intentions and willingness to smoke, and general monitoring by parents. Parents reported on generational status and their own tobacco use. The primary outcome was participant’s reported use of cigarettes. Results By 10th grade, 31% of Latinx youth had tried a cigarette, compared to 8% in 7th grade. After controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status, regression analyses indicated that there were no significant differences related to generational status in cigarette smoking initiation in either 7th or 10th grade. Youth tobacco-related perceptions, general parental monitoring, and parental tobacco use predicted Latinx adolescent cigarette use initiation by 10th grade. Conclusions Latinx adolescents might not have deferential smoking rates based on generation status, suggesting that the immigrant paradox concept may not hold for smoking initiation among Latinx adolescents. Rather, factors influencing cigarette initiation generally in adolescents as a group appear to apply to Latinxs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Epperson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jan L Wallander
- Psychological Sciences and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, 5200 Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Marc N Elliott
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA
| | - Mark A Schuster
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, 100 S. Los Robles Avenue, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
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21
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Dickter CL, Forestell CA, Volz S. The effect of parental smoking on preadolescents' implicit and explicit perceptions of smoking-related cues. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2018; 32:759-769. [PMID: 30451518 PMCID: PMC6266873 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Children of smokers are significantly more likely to experiment with cigarettes and become habitual smokers than children of nonsmokers. The current study examined the effect of parental smoking on children's implicit and explicit responses toward smoking behavior and smoking-related cues with the goal of identifying potential mechanisms for this relationship. A sample of 8-12-year-old children of smokers (n = 57) and children of nonsmokers (n = 86) completed a dot probe task to assess implicit attentional bias toward smoking cues and the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) to assess implicit affective responses to smoking cues. In addition, children indicated their explicit perceptions of smokers and smoking behavior. Results demonstrated that children of smokers showed more sustained implicit attentional bias toward pictures of smoking stimuli presented alone than children of nonsmokers. Overall, participants showed negative implicit affective responses to smoking stimuli regardless of parental smoking. Children of smokers indicated that smokers would experience fewer negative consequences than children of nonsmokers; these relationships were moderated by age. Together, our findings suggest that parental smoking affects the ways that preadolescent children implicitly process smoking cues and their perceptions about smoking and its consequences. These findings help us understand the environmental mechanisms associated with smoking behavior in this vulnerable population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Volz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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22
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Cleveland MJ, Turrisi R, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Marzell M. The Effects of Mothers' Protective Parenting and Alcohol Use on Emerging Adults' Alcohol Use: Testing Indirect Effects Through Prototype Favorability Among African American Youth. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1291-1303. [PMID: 29878386 PMCID: PMC6570492 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined how mothers' protective parenting and alcohol use influenced changes in offspring's heavy drinking among a sample of African American youth. The conceptual model also tested indirect effects of mothers' behaviors, through changes in the youths' social images (i.e., prototypes) of heavy drinkers, derived from the prototype willingness (PW) model. METHODS Participants were 686 emerging adults (55% female) from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS), an ongoing prospective study of African American families. Three waves of FACHS data were used as follows: T3 during 10th grade (M age = 16.3 years), T4 shortly after high school (M age = 19.4 years), and T5 3 years later (M age = 22.1 years). Mothers' self-reports of protective parenting and alcohol use were assessed at T4. Two separate path models tested the study hypotheses. The first model specified direct and indirect effects of mothers' protective parenting and alcohol use. The second model added interaction terms between the protective parenting behaviors and mothers' alcohol use. The analyses were first conducted using the full sample and then repeated separately for female and male participants. RESULTS Maternal alcohol use had a positive and direct effect on offspring's alcohol use. Mothers' endorsement of alcohol-related rules inhibited normative increases in the favorability of the offspring's social image of heavy drinkers (prototype) while her warmth was positively related to these increases. Maternal alcohol use amplified the positive association between mothers' warmth and the daughters' increased drinking. For sons, maternal alcohol use increased the positive association between alcohol-related rules and increased prototype favorability. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated clear gender differences in how mothers' behaviors influence her offspring's alcohol use during the transition to emerging adulthood. Interventions that target culturally specific risk and protective factors within the family environment are needed to reduce health disparities among this vulnerable population of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cleveland
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Rob Turrisi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederick X Gibbons
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Meg Gerrard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Miesha Marzell
- The Department of Social Work, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
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23
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Foster DW, Ye F, O'Malley SS, Chung T, Hipwell AE, Sartor CE. Longitudinal Associations Between Alcohol-Related Cognitions and Use in African American and European American Adolescent Girls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:962-971. [PMID: 29484671 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American (AA) girls initiate alcohol use later and drink less than European American (EA) girls, potentially reflecting differences in the development of drinking behaviors. This study examined alcohol-related cognitions: expectancies, attitudes, and intention to drink, as possible sources of variation by race in alcohol use. The aim of this study was to characterize the nature and degree of association between cognitions and use over time and by race in EA and AA girls. METHODS Data were drawn from the longitudinal Pittsburgh Girls Study (N = 2,450), an urban population-based sample of girls and their caregivers recruited when girls were between ages 5 and 8, and assessed annually through adolescence. Cross-lagged panel models were conducted separately by race (56.2% AA, 43.8% EA) to identify patterns of association between alcohol use and cognitions from ages 12 to 17 in 2,173 girls. RESULTS Endorsement of cognitions and use was higher overall in EA than AA girls but the magnitude of cross-lagged path coefficients did not differ significantly by race. In both groups, bidirectional effects emerged between intentions and use, and alcohol use largely predicted cognitions across ages. However, intention to drink was the only alcohol-related cognition that consistently predicted subsequent use (odds ratios ranged from 1.55 to 2.71). CONCLUSIONS Although rates of alcohol use and endorsement of cognitions were greater in EA than AA girls, the anticipated racial differences in longitudinal associations between cognitions and use did not emerge, indicating that variation in associations between use and cognitions does not account for the lower prevalence of alcohol use in AA compared with EA girls. Furthermore, our finding that intention to drink is a consistent, robust predictor of subsequent alcohol use suggests the need to investigate potentially modifiable factors that influence intention to drink across racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn W Foster
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Feifei Ye
- RAND Corporation , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tammy Chung
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison E Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychology , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Chang LY, Chang HY, Wu WC, Lin LN, Wu CC, Yen LL. Dual Trajectories of Sleep Duration and Cigarette Smoking during Adolescence: Relation to Subsequent Internalizing Problems. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Janssen T, Cox MJ, Merrill JE, Barnett NP, Sargent JD, Jackson KM. Peer norms and susceptibility mediate the effect of movie alcohol exposure on alcohol initiation in adolescents. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 32:442-455. [PMID: 29251950 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Movie alcohol exposure is a known and consistent predictor of adolescent alcohol use initiation and escalation. Nearly 90% of the top U.S. movies contain alcohol content. Social-cognitive theory posits reciprocal links among environmental influences (e.g., movie alcohol exposure), social-cognitive processes (e.g., perceived norms, susceptibility, alcohol outcome expectancies), and behavior (alcohol use), but these links have been tested in only 1 direction. In the current study, we assessed movie alcohol exposure, alcohol cognitions, and alcohol initiation among adolescents (N = 1,023; 52% female, mean age = 13.7 years) in 4 annual survey waves. Cross-lagged panel models tested bidirectional relations between cognitions and movie alcohol exposure. Finally, we tested bidirectional mediation effects in the prospective prediction of alcohol initiation. Movie alcohol exposure prospectively predicted increases in descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and susceptibility but not positive or negative alcohol outcome expectancies. All factors predicted subsequent alcohol initiation. Close friend injunctive and descriptive norms, peer descriptive norms, and susceptibility mediated the effect of earlier movie alcohol exposure on subsequent alcohol initiation. Movie alcohol exposure mediated the effect of earlier close friend descriptive norms on subsequent alcohol initiation. Movie alcohol exposure and social-cognitive processes are interrelated facets that impact alcohol initiation. Permissive cognitions infrequently predicted higher subsequent exposure to movie alcohol. Clinical and preventative implications of this work are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Melissa J Cox
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | | | - James D Sargent
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
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Jones SC, Gordon CS. A systematic review of children's alcohol-related knowledge, attitudes and expectancies. Prev Med 2017; 105:19-31. [PMID: 28823687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of, and transitions in, young children's alcohol-related knowledge and attitudes is important to determining the age at which we should start educating children about alcohol and informing our understanding of the focus of such education. This paper aimed to explore current literature on the alcohol-related knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and expectancies of children aged 12years and under. Electronic databases were searched for papers published from January 2000-August 2016. Further papers were identified by a manual review of reference lists, and contacting corresponding authors of included papers. Papers that reported on children's knowledge or beliefs about alcohol, attitudes towards alcohol and/or expectancies regarding alcohol consumption were included. Seventeen cross-sectional, experimental or observational studies and seven longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria. Data on key measures was tabulated. From a very young age children are aware of and able to identify alcohol, and have some knowledge of its effects; their attitudes become more positive with increasing age and these shifts appear to precede drinking initiation by some years. The small number of available studies, with different measures of knowledge, attitudes and expectancies, made assessment of bias unfeasible. Only three studies were published in the last five years. Children's knowledge of, and attitudes towards, alcohol form before they initiate alcohol use, and are likely acquired through observation. Alcohol-related education should commence before children begin drinking, and should encourage the delay of alcohol initiation, address social norms, and reduce positive expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jones
- Centre for Health and Social Research (CHaSR), Australian Catholic University, Australia.
| | - Chloe S Gordon
- Centre for Health and Social Research (CHaSR), Australian Catholic University, Australia
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27
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Rhodes N, Loiewski C, Potocki B, Ralston R. Prototypes of drinkers and accessibility of injunctive norms predict college drinking. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:823-832. [PMID: 28810384 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316683240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-report survey of first-year college students ( n = 421; 46% female) included measures of perceived prototype, attitude and injunctive norm accessibility, past drinking behavior, and future drinking intention. Both norm accessibility and prototype perception were significant predictors of intention to drink in the future among first-year college students. The effect of prototypes on drinking diminished as pro-drinking norms became more accessible, indicating greater automaticity of drinking decision-making. Theoretical models of drinking intention should include both normative constructs and prototypes. Implications for interventions to reduce college student drinking are discussed.
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Gordon JS, Andrews JA, Hampson SH, Gunn B, Christiansen SM, Jacobs T. Postintervention Effects of Click City ® : Alcohol on Changing Etiological Mechanisms Related to the Onset of Heavy Drinking. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2017; 44:626-637. [PMID: 28058851 PMCID: PMC5529045 DOI: 10.1177/1090198116683678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol consumption, including heavy drinking, is the fourth leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Youth who engage in heavy drinking are likely to experience a number of problems associated with their use. In 2015, U.S. prevalence of heavy drinking was 17% among 12th graders. These data suggest a clear need for conducting alcohol prevention activities among youth. METHOD We designed the Click City®: Alcohol program for 7th graders, with a booster in 8th grade. We conducted an efficacy trial in 25 schools in three counties in Oregon. Schools were randomized to either the Click City: Alcohol ( n = 12) or Usual Curriculum condition ( n = 13). We present the results of a short-term evaluation, assessing change in outcomes from baseline to 1 week following the intervention among students in Click City: Alcohol schools versus those in Usual Curriculum schools. RESULTS Students who used the Click City: Alcohol program significantly decreased their intentions to drink heavily in the future, as compared with students in the Usual Curriculum control condition, although the effect size was small. Changes in the targeted mechanisms were in the expected direction and were significant for all but one mechanism, with moderate effect sizes. CONCLUSION Our short-term findings provide preliminary support for the efficacy of the Click City: Alcohol program to change adolescents' intentions to engage in heavy drinking. If the results are maintained over time, the program has the potential to prevent the onset of heavy drinking among teens and reduce the negative consequences associated with heavy drinking, including neurological and other health consequences.
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Scull TM, Kupersmidt JB, Weatherholt TN. The effectiveness of online, family-based media literacy education for substance abuse prevention in elementary school children: Study of the Media Detective Family program. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:796-809. [PMID: 28989205 PMCID: PMC5628508 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.21893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effectiveness of a family-based, online media literacy education (MLE) program for substance abuse prevention in children from rural areas. A total of 83 families were randomly assigned to receive Media Detective Family (MDF) (n = 47) or a control computer program (n = 36) between pre- and posttest questionnaires. Fifty-one percent (N=42) completed a three-month follow-up questionnaire. Children receiving MDF reported a significant reduction in their use of substances over time compared to children in the control group (d = -.80). Parents receiving MDF reported that the program was convenient and engaging. The current study showed that an online substance use prevention program using MLE and designed for families is an effective intervention method for reducing children's substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Scull
- Innovation Research & Training, 5316 Highgate Drive, Suite 121, Durham, NC 27713,
| | - Janis B Kupersmidt
- Innovation Research & Training, 5316 Highgate Drive, Suite 121, Durham, NC 27713,
| | - Tara N Weatherholt
- Research Education Analyst, International Education, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, (919) 316-3175
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Teunissen HA, Spijkerman R, Kuntsche E, Engels RCME, Scholte RHJ. Cool or Fool? The Association Between Drinker Prototypes and Alcohol Consumption Using Multiple Time-Point Diary Assessments in Adolescent Males. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:656-665. [PMID: 28139157 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1253743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is still limited understanding of how different kinds of drinker prototypes are associated with adolescent drinking. This study uses the strengths of multiple time-point diary measures (enhanced validity of alcohol use measurement) to test the predictive value of abstainer, moderate and heavy drinker prototypes in social situations. We examined whether the favorability of these prototypes (i.e., "prototype evaluation"), the perceived similarity of these prototypes to one's self-image (i.e., "prototype similarity") assessed at baseline, and their interaction predict alcohol use assessed in social situations. METHODS Drinker prototypes were assessed in a baseline sample of 599 adolescents. Subsequently, a sample of 77 alcohol-using 16 to 18-year-old males reported their Friday and Saturday evening drinking behavior the next day during eight weeks (resulting in 495 daily measures). Alcohol use was assessed in the company of peers. RESULTS The more adolescents perceived themselves as similar to heavy drinker prototypes the higher their alcohol consumption in social situations. The more adolescents held favorable abstainer prototypes, the lower their alcohol consumption. The interaction between prototype evaluation and similarity was not significant. CONCLUSIONS By using a more reliable and valid method to assess adolescents' alcohol use, the present study showed that more "extreme" drinker prototypes (i.e., heavy drinker and abstainer prototypes) are most predictive of adolescent alcohol use in social situations. Increasing the perceived dissimilarity to heavy drinker prototypes and the favorability of abstainer prototypes may therefore be important targets in interventions aimed at reducing adolescents' alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke A Teunissen
- a Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Renske Spijkerman
- b Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC), Brijder Addiction Care , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- a Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Addiction Switzerland, Research Institute , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- d Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction) , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Scholte
- a Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,e Praktikon , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Patrick ME, Wray-Lake L, Maggs JL. Early life predictors of alcohol-related attitudes among 11-year-old never drinkers. Addict Behav 2017; 66:26-32. [PMID: 27863324 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-related attitudes are evident before children have personal experience drinking alcohol and represent key proximal predictors of alcohol use, but relatively little is known about how early life characteristics predict these attitudes. Among late childhood lifetime alcohol abstainers (Mage=10.67years; 51% girls), we examine predictors of positive alcohol expectancies and perceived risk of alcohol use. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study, an ongoing nationally representative longitudinal study of children born in the UK, were available from 11,097 children who completed the self-report survey at modal age 11 and reported never drinking alcohol. A sequential structural model suggested that sociodemographic factors were distal predictors of age 11 alcohol attitudes that operated, in part, through family and child risk factors (measured at ages 3 to 7). Alcohol attitudes varied by sociodemographics; for example, boys had higher positive expectancies than girls and White British children had higher positive expectancies and lower perceived risk than Black British and Asian British children. In terms of family factors, parent alcohol problems predicted children's lower perceived risk, and higher parent-child conflict predicted more positive expectancies. For child factors, children's greater cognitive skills predicted higher perceived risk, and internalizing problems predicted more positive expectancies. Indirect effects from sociodemographics through parent-child conflict and internalizing problems predicted positive expectancies; indirect effects through parent alcohol problems and cognitive skills predicted perceived risk. Future research should delve further into mechanisms underlying the development of alcohol attitudes and their potential as malleable targets for prevention.
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Anderson KG, Garcia TA, Dash GF. Drinking Motives and Willingness to Drink Alcohol in Peer Drinking Contexts. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2017; 5:16-26. [PMID: 36969094 PMCID: PMC10038358 DOI: 10.1177/2167696816636503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Drinking motives are important proximal predictors of alcohol consumption in adolescents and emerging adults (EAs). Despite the importance of peer context on alcohol use decision-making, research on drinking motives is commonly divorced from the contexts where such decisions are made. Behavioral willingness (BW), or openness to engaging in a given behavior, is a contextually dependent aspect of nondeliberative decision-making for youth. As BW and drinking motives are proximal predictors of alcohol use, it was hypothesized that they would interact in the prediction of later drinking. Eighty-seven EAs reported their BW in simulated drinking contexts, drinking motives, and alcohol consumption upon entering college as well as drinking patterns 8 months later. Context-specific BW potentiated coping motives' impact on increased alcohol consumption and potentially hazardous drinking at the end of participants' first year. These findings support the importance of BW and context in understanding motivation's role in drinking behavior for EAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen G. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Adolescent Health Research Program, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tracey A. Garcia
- Adolescent Health Research Program, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
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Racic M, Tanovic S, Joksimovic VR, Joksimovic BN, Ristic S. Prevalence and determinants of smoking initiation among school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2016; 27:397-403. [PMID: 25427060 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2014-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking amongst the young is a matter of public health concern because of the immediate and long-term health consequences associated with tobacco use, such as asthma, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of smoking initiation among a sample of high school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina. METHODS The study was conducted among 198 high school students in Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during April 2013. A self-administered, pre-tested, structured, close-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. RESULTS Fourth grade students mainly initiated smoking in high school (45%), while the majority of third and second grade students initiated smoking in primary school. Among students who smoke, an average duration of the smoking habit was <2 years. A multivariate analysis showed that males were 5.27 times more likely to have initiated smoking. For every unit increase in pro-smoking attitude towards smoking, students were 5.3 times more likely to have initiated smoking. Those with parents and friends who are smokers were 6.106 and 5.175 times, respectively, more likely to have initiated smoking. CONCLUSION This study indicates that a high proportion of 15-18 year olds in the town of Zvornik are current smokers. Gender, age, and parent and peer influence were identified as important associations with smoking. Interventions should not only be confined to the secondary school environment but they should also extend to their places of residence so that influences in the home environment and social surroundings that contribute to tobacco use are also tackled.
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Reducing Children’s Susceptibility to Alcohol Use: Effects of a Home-Based Parenting Program. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 17:615-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pears KC, Kim HK, Fisher PA. Decreasing Risk Factors for Later Alcohol Use and Antisocial Behaviors in Children in Foster Care by Increasing Early Promotive Factors. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2016; 65:156-165. [PMID: 27158175 PMCID: PMC4857707 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Children in foster care are at high risk for poor psychosocial outcomes, including school failure, alcohol and other substance abuse, and criminal behaviors. Promoting healthy development by increasing broad-impact positive skills may help reduce some of the risk factors for longer-term negative outcomes. School readiness has been linked to a number of positive outcomes across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and may also boost intermediary positive skills such as self-competence. This paper presents findings from a longitudinal study involving 192 children in foster care who were 5 years old at the start of the study. They participated in a randomized controlled trial of a school readiness program to prepare them for kindergarten. Outcomes were assessed at third grade (9 years old) on variables associated with risk for later involvement in substance use and delinquency. These included positive attitudes towards alcohol use, positive attitudes towards antisocial behaviors, and involvement with deviant peers. Results showed that the intervention decreased positive attitudes towards alcohol use and antisocial behaviors. Further, the mediating role of children's self-competence was tested. The intervention positively influenced children's third-grade self-competence, which in turn, decreased their involvement with deviant peers. Findings suggest that promoting school readiness in children in foster care can have far-reaching, positive effects and that increased self-competence may be a mechanism for reducing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Pears
- Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401, USA, , , ,
| | - Hyoun K Kim
- Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401, USA, , , , ; Yonsei University, Department of Child and Family Studies, College of Human Ecology, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea,
| | - Philip A Fisher
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA, , ,
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Ennett ST, Jackson C, Choi S, Hayes KA, Dickinson DM, Bowling JM. A Parenting Program to Promote an Alcohol-Free Childhood: Influence on Parents' Readiness to Prevent Child Sipping. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 77:327-36. [PMID: 26997191 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study reports effects of a parenting program to increase parents' readiness to socialize their children against early alcohol use. METHOD A two-group randomized controlled trial was conducted with a nonprobability sample of 816 mothers. Participants were recruited from school districts located primarily in North Carolina and completed telephone interviews at baseline and 6 and 18 months after delivery of a parenting program to the treatment group mothers. Mothers reported on psychological indicators of readiness to prevent child alcohol use (e.g., attitude toward child sipping) and on parenting behaviors with potential to prevent such use (e.g., setting rules about child sipping). Multivariate analysis of variance models tested program effects on composite sets of psychological and behavioral outcomes; step-down analysis identified the individual outcomes driving overall program effects. Moderation of program effects by mother's alcohol use, established beliefs about the consequences of child sipping, educational attainment, and race/ethnicity was tested. RESULTS The program had significant overall effects on each composite set of psychological and behavioral outcomes. Effects on psychological outcomes were moderated by mother's alcohol use, beliefs about the consequences of child sipping, and educational attainment; effects on the behavioral outcomes were moderated by mother's race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS The parenting program had favorable, sustained effects on targeted outcomes intended to increase parental readiness to socialize children against early alcohol use. Mothers expected to be least receptive to the program-those who, at baseline, believed that allowing children to sip alcohol can have beneficial consequences-were most changed by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Seulki Choi
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | - J Michael Bowling
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Armenta BE, Whitbeck LB, Gentzler KC. Interactive effects within the prototype willingness model: Predicting the drinking behavior of indigenous early adolescents. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:194-202. [PMID: 26999351 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on the Prototype/Willingness Model of Adolescent Risk Behavior, we used longitudinal data collected from North American Indigenous early adolescents (ages 10-12 years) to examine the interactive effects of favorable drinker prototypes, perceived drinking norms, and past-year drinking behavior on subsequent drinking behavior (i.e., drinking behavior 1 year later and growth in drinking behavior from 1-5 years later). We found that the positive association between favorable drinker prototypes and drinking 1 year later was strongest for adolescents who were high in past-year drinking and perceived low drinking norms. The interaction pattern for growth in drinking was more complex and suggested an important pattern; specifically, favorable drinker prototypes were positively associated with drinking 5 years later, but only for adolescents who reported no past-year drinking and perceived low drinking norms. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
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Fite PJ, Gabrielli J, Cooley JL, Rubens SL, Pederson CA, Vernberg EM. Associations Between Physical and Relational Forms of Peer Aggression and Victimization and Risk for Substance Use Among Elementary School-Age Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016; 25:1-10. [PMID: 26702250 PMCID: PMC4684829 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.872589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined associations between physical and relational forms of aggression and victimization and risk for willingness to engage in substance use and actual use in a sample of 231 (50% Male) 2nd thru 4th grade students (Mean age = 8.3 years). Physical aggression was more strongly associated with risk for substance use outcomes than physical victimization. Neither relational aggression nor victimization were linked to risk for substance use. Specifically targeting physical aggression for the prevention of early substance use among elementary school-age youth appears to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - John L Cooley
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Sonia L Rubens
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Casey A Pederson
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Eric M Vernberg
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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Hampson SE, Andrews JA, Barckley M, Gerrard M, Gibbons FX. Harsh Environments, Life History Strategies, and Adjustment: A Longitudinal Study of Oregon Youth. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016; 88:120-124. [PMID: 26451065 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We modeled the effects of harsh environments in childhood on adjustment in early emerging adulthood, through parenting style and the development of fast Life History Strategies (LHS; risky beliefs and behaviors) in adolescence. Participants were from the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project (N = 988; 85.7% White). Five cohorts of children in Grades 1-5 at recruitment were assessed through one-year post high school. Greater environmental harshness (neighborhood quality and family poverty) in Grades 1-6 predicted less parental investment at Grade 8. This parenting style was related to the development of fast LHS (favorable beliefs about substance users and willingness to use substances at Grade 9, and engagement in substance use and risky sexual behavior assessed across Grades 10-12). The indirect path from harsh environment through parenting and LHS to (less) psychological adjustment (indicated by lower life satisfaction, self-rated health, trait sociability, and higher depression) was significant (indirect effect -.024, p = .011, 95% CI = -.043, -.006.). This chain of development was comparable to that found by Gibbons et al. (2012) for an African-American sample that, unlike the present study, included perceived racial discrimination in the assessment of harsh environment.
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Beckmeyer JJ, Weybright EH. Perceptions of alcohol use by friends compared to peers: Associations with middle adolescents' own use. Subst Abus 2015; 37:435-440. [PMID: 26713492 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2015.1134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the authors (a) distinguished between adolescents' perceptions of their peers' and friends' alcohol use to examine the unique associations these perceptions have on adolescents' own alcohol use and (b) tested if the ability to resist peer influence moderated those associations. METHODS Data were from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 876, all aged 15). Adolescents reported (a) perceptions of alcohol use by their peers, (b) perceptions of alcohol use by their friends, (c) their own alcohol use in the last year, and (d) a measure of their ability to resist peer influence. Data were analyzed with hierarchical logistic regression (HLR), controlling for demographic variables and parental knowledge. RESULTS Three HLR models were computed: 1 for the full sample, 1 for only males, and 1 for only females. In all models, perceptions of alcohol use by friends (odds ratios [ORs]: ORFull = 10.17, ORFemale = 15.51, ORMale = 7.25) were associated with a greater likelihood of adolescents using alcohol themselves. Perceptions of alcohol use by peers (ORFull = 1.13, ORFemale = 1.11, ORMale = 1.14) were not significantly associated with adolescents' own alcohol use. The ability to resist peer influence did not moderate any of those associations. CONCLUSIONS It appears that when adolescents perceive more of their friends, but not their peers, consume alcohol, they themselves are at greater risk for alcohol use, and those associations do not depend upon their ability to resist peer influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J Beckmeyer
- a Department of Applied Health Science , Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
| | - Elizabeth H Weybright
- b Department of Human Development , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington , USA
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Abstract
Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) emphasizes the use of core theoretical principles, such as the verbatim-gist distinction, to predict new findings about cognitive development that are counterintuitive from the perspective of other theories or of common-sense. To the extent that such predictions are confirmed, the range of phenomena that are explained expands without increasing the complexity of the theory's assumptions. We examine research on recent examples of such predictions during four epochs of cognitive development: childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and late adulthood. During the first two, the featured predictions are surprising developmental reversals in false memory (childhood) and in risky decision making (adolescence). During young adulthood, FTT predicts that a retrieval operation that figures centrally in dual-process theories of memory, recollection, is bivariate rather than univariate. During the late adulthood, FTT identifies a retrieval operation, reconstruction, that has been omitted from current theories of normal memory declines in aging and pathological declines in dementia. The theory predicts that reconstruction is a major factor in such declines and that it is able to forecast future dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development and Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University
| | - Valerie F Reyna
- Department of Human Development and Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University
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Melander LA, Tyler KA, Schmitz RM. An Inside Look at Homeless Youths' Social Networks: Perceptions of Substance Use Norms. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2015; 25:78-88. [PMID: 26989340 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2014.918003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use among homeless young people is a pervasive problem, and there have been many efforts to understand more about the dynamics of this health compromising behavior. The current study examined perceived substance use norms within homeless youths' social networks utilizing in-depth interviews. The sample included 19 homeless individuals aged 16 to 21. Four elements of substance use within networks emerged: substance use choices, drug use safety issues, encouragement and/or discouragement, and appropriate situations in which substance use is condoned. These findings provide unique insight into the norms associated with drug and alcohol use within homeless youths' social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Melander
- Kansas State University, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
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Fuchs T, Steinhilber A, Dohnke B. Apple or Chocolate – Intentional and Social-Reactive Processes in Eating Behavior Among Adolescents. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Two studies examined the main assumption of the Prototype/Willingness Model for eating behavior. Accordingly, health-behavior in adolescents results from intentional and social-reactive processes, namely behavioral intentions and behavioral willingness. The hypothesis was that willingness explains eating behavior over and above intentions with respect to eating behavior in general and in the peer context. This was tested in a cross-sectional (N = 286) and a longitudinal (N = 335) study. Intentions and willingness were assessed for healthy and unhealthy eating, eating behavior using an eating pattern index, and observed food consumption in the peer context. Willingness explained variance in eating behavior over and above intentions. Intentional as well as social-reactive processes contribute to adolescents’ eating behavior. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Fuchs
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | | | - Birte Dohnke
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Hampson SE, Andrews JA, Severson HH, Barckley M. Prospective Predictors of Novel Tobacco and Nicotine Product Use in Emerging Adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2015; 57:186-91. [PMID: 26206439 PMCID: PMC4514910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether risk factors for cigarette smoking assessed in adolescence predict the use of novel tobacco and nicotine products (hookah, little cigars, and e-cigarettes) in early emerging adulthood. METHODS In a longitudinal study (N = 862), risk factors were measured in middle and high school, and novel product use was measured in emerging adulthood (mean age 22.4 years). Structural equation modeling was used to test a model predicting lifetime use of any of hookah, little cigars, and e-cigarettes in early emerging adulthood from distal predictors (gender, maternal smoking through Grade 8; already tried alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana by Grade 8; and sensation seeking at Grade 8) and potential mediators (intentions to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or smoke marijuana at Grade 9, and smoking trajectory across high school). RESULTS The most prevalent novel tobacco product was hookah (21.7%), followed by little cigars (16.8%) and e-cigarettes (6.6%). Maternal smoking, having already tried substances, and sensation seeking each predicted the use of at least one of these products via an indirect path through intentions to use substances and membership in a high-school smoking trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for cigarette smoking were found to predict novel tobacco use, suggesting that interventions to prevent cigarette smoking could be extended to include common novel tobacco products.
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Jackson KM, Roberts ME, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Abar CC, Merrill JE. Willingness to drink as a function of peer offers and peer norms in early adolescence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 75:404-14. [PMID: 24766752 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to explore the effect of subjective peer norms on adolescents' willingness to drink and whether this association was moderated by sensitivity to peer approval, prior alcohol use, and gender. METHOD The sample was 1,023 middle-school students (52% female; 76% White; 12% Hispanic; M(age) = 12.22 years) enrolled in a prospective study of drinking initiation and progression. Using web-based surveys, participants reported on their willingness to drink alcohol if offered by (a) a best friend or (b) a classmate, peer norms for two referent groups (close friends and classmates), history of sipping or consuming a full drink of alcohol, and sensitivity to peer approval (extreme peer orientation). Items were re-assessed at two follow-ups (administered 6 months apart). RESULTS Multilevel models revealed that measures of peer norms were significantly associated with both willingness outcomes, with the greatest prediction by descriptive norms. The association between norms and willingness was magnified for girls, those with limited prior experience with alcohol, and youths with low sensitivity to peer approval. CONCLUSIONS Social norms appear to play a key role in substance use decisions and are relevant when considering more reactive behaviors that reflect willingness to drink under conducive circumstances. Prevention programs might target individuals with higher willingness, particularly girls who perceive others to be drinking and youths who have not yet sipped alcohol but report a higher perceived prevalence of alcohol consumption among both friends and peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Megan E Roberts
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Caitlin C Abar
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Litt DM, Lewis MA. Examining the role of abstainer prototype favorability as a mediator of the abstainer-norms-drinking-behavior relationship. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2014; 29:467-72. [PMID: 25437152 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Past research has indicated that peer influence is associated with risky health behaviors, such as alcohol and other substance use (e.g., Maxwell, 2002; Santor, Messervey, & Kusumakar, 2000). Specifically, research has indicated that believing that more of one's peers use alcohol predicts more favorable prototypes (risk images) of the typical alcohol user (Litt & Stock, 2011; Teunissen et al., 2014). However, it is unclear if this same relationship would hold when considering abstainer (i.e., people who do not use alcohol) cognitions. The primary goal of the present study was to determine whether normative perceptions of peer abstinence from alcohol predict alcohol consumption and whether this relationship is mediated by abstainer prototypes. Results from 2,095 college students (42% male) indicated that the relation between abstainer norms and drinking behavior was mediated by abstainer prototypes such that believing that more peers abstained from alcohol use predicted more favorable prototypes of the typical alcohol abstainer, which in turn predicted lower alcohol use. Results from this study provide important first steps to delineating the relationship between abstainer cognitions and alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Litt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Dohnke B, Steinhilber A, Fuchs T. Adolescents’ eating behaviour in general and in the peer context: Testing the prototype-willingness model. Psychol Health 2014; 30:381-99. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.974604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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van Lettow B, de Vries H, Burdorf A, van Empelen P. Quantifying the strength of the associations of prototype perceptions with behaviour, behavioural willingness and intentions: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2014; 10:25-43. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.941997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Lettow B, de Vries H, Burdorf A, Conner M, van Empelen P. Explaining young adults' drinking behaviour within an augmented Theory of Planned Behaviour: temporal stability of drinker prototypes. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 20:305-23. [PMID: 24799297 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prototypes (i.e., social images) predict health-related behaviours and intentions within the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). This study tested the moderating role of temporal stability of drinker prototype perceptions on prototype-intentions and prototype-behaviour relationships, within an augmented TPB. The study examined abstainer, moderate drinker, heavy drinker, tipsy, and drunk prototypes. DESIGN AND METHODS An online prospective study with 1-month follow-up was conducted among 410 young adults (18-25 years old, Mage = 21.0, SD = 2.14, 21.7% male). Assessed were prototype perceptions (favourability and similarity, T1, T2), stability of prototype perceptions, TPB variables (T1), intentions (T2), and drinking behaviour (T2). Intention analyses were corrected for baseline behaviour; drinking behaviour analyses were corrected for intentions and baseline behaviour. RESULTS Hierarchical regressions showed that prototype stability moderated the relationships of drunk and abstainer prototype similarity with intentions. Similarity to the abstainer prototype explained intentions to drink sensibly more strongly among individuals with stable perceptions than among those with unstable perceptions. Conversely, intentions were explained stronger among individuals with stable perceptions of dissimilarity to the drunk prototype than among those with unstable perceptions. No moderation effects were found for stability of favourability or for relationships with behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Stable prototype similarity perceptions were more predictive of intentions than unstable perceptions. These perceptions were most relevant in enhancing the explanation of young adults' intended drinking behaviour. Specifically, young adults' health intentions seem to be guided by the dissociation from the drunk prototype and association with the abstainer prototype. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Prototypes have augmented the Theory of Planned Behaviour in explaining risk behaviour. Temporal stability has been shown to successfully extend the TPB in explaining intentions. Temporal stability of TPB variables can moderate the relationships with behaviour and intentions. What does this study add? Stability of prototype perceptions moderates the prototype-intentions relationship. Stability of abstainer and drunk prototype similarity enhances the explanation of (intentional) drinking. Stable prototype perceptions are more explanatory than unstable perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt van Lettow
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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