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Michel KH, Treffers RD, O'Malley E, Adler SS. Overview of State Laws Restricting Alcohol Outlet Density in the United States. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024; 30:558-566. [PMID: 38870373 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Complementing the extensive research literature demonstrating that increased alcohol outlet density is associated with excessive alcohol consumption and related harms, this article synthesizes information on the types of alcohol outlet density restrictions in US state-level laws. DESIGN Statutes and regulations related to alcohol outlet density in all 50 states and the District of Columbia in effect as of January 1, 2022, were collected using Westlaw. State-level density restrictions were coded according to 4 variables and overlaid with existing research on state-specific local authority to regulate outlet density. Alcohol outlet density laws in Michigan and Massachusetts were analyzed in detail as case studies. SETTING United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE US state-level licensing laws restricting alcohol outlet density. RESULTS Thirty-three states and the District of Columbia have state-level licensing laws that limit alcohol outlet density. Of those, 25 have population-based restrictions, 8 have distance-based restrictions, 7 have quotas, and 6 require the licensing agency to consider density-related factors. Within the same group of 34 jurisdictions, 22 apply restrictions to both on- and off-premises outlets, 5 apply them only to on-premises outlets, and 7 apply them only to off-premises outlets. Among the 32 states where localities lack authority to license alcohol outlets, two-thirds have state-level laws restricting outlet density. State-level density restrictions also exist in approximately two-thirds of the states where localities have licensing authority. Case studies of Michigan and Massachusetts highlight how state-level density restrictions operate in practice. CONCLUSIONS Two-thirds of jurisdictions have state-level alcohol outlet density restrictions, with population-based restrictions being the most common. In addition, outlet density restrictions may exist regardless of limits on local control and whether localities with authority to enact density restrictions have done so. Policymakers and others can reference this assessment to identify examples and opportunities to strengthen the alcohol policy environment in any given state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie H Michel
- Author Affiliations: ChangeLab Solutions, Oakland (Drs Michel, O'Malley, and Adler); and Legal & Policy Research Consultant, Morgan Hill, California (Dr Treffers)
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Doyle A, Foley R, Houghton F. A spatial examination of alcohol availability and the level of disadvantage of schools in Ireland. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:795. [PMID: 38481175 PMCID: PMC10938707 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of alcohol is a major factor in underage drinking and according to the alcohol harm paradox, those living in more deprived communities are more susceptible to the negative consequences of alcohol use, despite drinking the same or less than those from more affluent areas. Alcohol availability within the vicinity of the home or school normalises alcohol for schoolchildren. For the first time in the Republic of Ireland, this study examines the number of premises licensed to sell alcohol within 300 m of all schools in Ireland and differences in this number between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged schools. METHODS Using publicly available data from the Department of Education and Revenue, the addresses of all schools (n = 3,958) and all premises with at least one liquor licence (n = 14,840) were geocoded and analysed using the Geographic Information System software, Quantum GIS (QGIS). Schools were identified by their disadvantaged classification using the HP Pobal Deprivation Index and the number of liquor licences within 300 m of each school type was examined. To test for significant differences between schools' level of disadvantage, a combination of Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests and Dunn-Bonferroni tests were used. RESULTS There was a mean of two licenced premises within 300 m of all schools in Ireland, but when disadvantaged schools were compared to non-disadvantaged schools, there was a significantly higher number of licenced premises around disadvantaged schools (p < .001). Primary schools are further classified according to their level of disadvantage and the results indicated that those schools classified as the most disadvantaged had a significantly greater number of liquor licences within 300 meters (p < .001). There was no significant difference in density of licenced premises when comparing disadvantaged secondary schools with non-disadvantaged secondary schools (p = .705). CONCLUSION Ireland is considering increasing alcohol availability through the Sale of Alcohol Bill, 2022. However, this analysis indicates already problematic numbers of licenced premises within close proximity of schools in Ireland. It is essential that the harms associated with alcohol availability are considered, especially for those living and attending school in disadvantaged communities, where higher numbers of licenced premises were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Doyle
- Health Research Board, Grattan House 67-72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ronan Foley
- Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Frank Houghton
- Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick, Ireland
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Imtiaz S, Nigatu YT, Sanches M, Ali F, Boak A, Douglas L, Hamilton HA, Rehm J, Rueda S, Schwartz RM, Wells S, Elton-Marshall T. Effects of cannabis legalisation on patterns of cannabis consumption among adolescents in Ontario, Canada (2001-2019). Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:764-774. [PMID: 38015010 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis legalisation was enacted on 17 October 2018 in Canada. Accordingly, the effects of cannabis legalisation on patterns of cannabis consumption were examined among adolescents, including on cannabis initiation, any cannabis use, daily cannabis use and cannabis dependence. METHODS Data from a biennial population-based, cross-sectional survey of students in Ontario were pooled in a pre-post design (2001-2019; N = 89,238). Participants provided self-reports of cannabis initiation, any cannabis use, daily cannabis use and cannabis dependence. Long-term trends in these patterns of cannabis consumption over two decades of observation were characterised to provide a broader context of usage. The effects of cannabis legalisation on patterns of cannabis consumption were quantified using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Long-term trends over the two decades of observation indicated that cannabis initiation decreased and then increased (p = 0.0220), any cannabis use decreased and daily cannabis use decreased (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively) and cannabis dependence remained unchanged (p = 0.1187). However, in comparisons between the pre-cannabis legalisation period (2001-2017) and the post-cannabis legalisation period (2019), cannabis legalisation was not associated with cannabis initiation (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval 1.00; 0.79-1.27), but it was associated with an increased likelihood of any cannabis use (1.31; 1.12-1.53), daily cannabis use (1.40; 1.09-1.80) and cannabis dependence (1.98; 1.29-3.04). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Cannabis legalisation was not associated with cannabis initiation, but it was associated with an increased likelihood of any cannabis use, daily cannabis use and cannabis dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Imtiaz
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yeshambel T Nigatu
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcos Sanches
- Biostatistical Support Unit, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Farihah Ali
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Boak
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura Douglas
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hayley A Hamilton
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergio Rueda
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert M Schwartz
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samantha Wells
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
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Witherspoon DP, White RMB, Bámaca MY, Browning CR, Leech TGJ, Leventhal T, Matthews SA, Pinchak N, Roy AL, Sugie N, Winkler EN. Place-Based Developmental Research: Conceptual and Methodological Advances in Studying Youth Development in Context. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2023; 88:7-130. [PMID: 37953661 PMCID: PMC10651169 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have, for some time, recognized that development unfolds in numerous settings, including families, schools, neighborhoods, and organized and unorganized activity settings. Since the turn of the 20th century, the body of mainstream neighborhood effects scholarship draws heavily from the early 20th century Chicago School of Sociology frameworks and have been situating development in neighborhood contexts and working to identify the structures and processes via which neighborhoods matter for a range of developmental outcomes, especially achievement, behavioral and emotional problems, and sexual activity. From this body of work, two new areas of developmental scholarship are emerging. Both areas are promising for advancing an understanding of child development in context. First, cultural-developmental neighborhood researchers are advancing neighborhood effects research that explicitly recognizes the ways that racial, ethnic, cultural, and immigrant social positions matter for neighborhood environments and for youths' developmental demands, affordances, experiences, and competencies. This body of work substantially expands the range of developmental outcomes examined in neighborhood effects scholarship to recognize normative physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social, and cultural competencies that have largely been overlooked in neighborhood effects scholarship that espoused a more color-blind developmental approach. Second, activity space neighborhood researchers are recognizing that residential neighborhoods have important implications for broader activity spaces-or the set of locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, including, for example, schools, work, organized activities, and hang-outs. They are using newer technologies and geographic frameworks to assess exposure to residential neighborhood and extra-neighborhood environments. These perspectives recognize that time (i.e., from microtime to mesotime) and place are critically bound and that exposures can be operationalized at numerous levels of the ecological system (i.e., from microsystems to macrosystems). These frameworks address important limitations of prior development in context scholarship by addressing selection and exposure. Addressing selection involves recognizing that families have some degree of choice when selecting into settings and variables that predict families' choices (e.g., income) also predict development. Considering exposure involves recognizing that different participants or residents experience different amounts of shared and nonshared exposures, resulting in both under-and over-estimation of contextual effects. Activity space scholars incorporate exposure to the residential neighborhood environments, but also to other locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, like schools, after-school settings, work, and hang-outs. Unfortunately, the cultural-development and activity space streams, which have both emerged from early 20th century work on neighborhood effects on development, have been advancing largely independently. Thus, the overarching aim of this monograph is to integrate scholarship on residential neighborhoods, cultural development, and activity spaces to advance a framework that can support a better understanding of development in context for diverse groups. In Chapters I and II we present the historical context of the three streams of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological research. We also advance a comprehensive cultural-developmental activity space framework for studying development in context among children, youth, and families that are ethnically, racially, and culturally heterogeneous. This framework actively recognized diversity in ethnic, racial, immigrant, and socioeconomic social positions. In Chapters III-V we advance specific features of the framework, focusing on: (1) the different levels of nested and nonnested ecological systems that can be captured and operationalized with activity space methods, (2) the different dimensions of time and exposures or experiences that can be captured and operationalized by activity space methods, and (3) the importance of settings structures and social processes for identifying underlying mechanisms of contextual effects on development. Structures are setting features related to the composition and spatial arrangement of people and institutions (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantage, ethnic/racial compositions). Social processes represent the collective social dynamics that take place in settings, like social interactions, group activities, experiences with local institutions, mechanisms of social control, or shared beliefs. In Chapter VI, we highlight a range of methodological and empirical exemplars from the United States that are informed by our comprehensive cultural-developmental activity space framework. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. The exemplars also highlight the application of the framework across four different samples from populations that vary in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), geographic region, and urbanicity. They capture activity space characteristics and features in a variety of ways, in addition to incorporating family shared and nonshared activity space exposures. Finally, in Chapter VII we summarize the contributions of the framework for advancing a more comprehensive science of development in context, one that better realizes major developmental theories emphasizing persons, processes, contexts, and time. Additionally, we offer a place-based, culturally informed developmental research agenda to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population.
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Kerr DCR, Owen LD, Tiberio SS, Dilley JA. Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Proximity to Cannabis Retailers as Risk Factors for Adolescents' Cannabis Use. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1058-1067. [PMID: 36538207 PMCID: PMC10332794 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Within-person studies are lacking regarding how recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) and the numbers of neighborhood cannabis retailers relate to adolescents' cannabis use. Study participants were 146 offspring (55% girls; 77% White non-Latinx) of men recruited in childhood from neighborhoods with high delinquency rates. Youth were assessed for past-year cannabis and alcohol use one or more times from ages 13 to 20 years (age M[SD] = 16.4 [2.1] years across 422 observations), while they were living in Oregon or Washington from 2005 to 2019 (where cannabis retail stores opened to adults ages 21 years and older in 2014 and 2015, respectively). We calculated distances between addresses of licensed cannabis retailers and participants' homes. Multilevel models that accounted for effects of age on cannabis use did not support that the number of retail stores within 2-, 5-, 10-, or 20-mile radii of adolescents' homes increased likelihood of past-year cannabis use at the within- or between-subjects levels. Likewise, primary models did not support a greater likelihood of cannabis use among youth whose adolescence coincided more fully with the post-RCL period. A secondary model suggested that after adjusting for adolescents' concurrent alcohol use as a marker of general substance use risk, RCL was associated with cannabis use (between-subjects B [95% CI] = .35 [.05-.66], p = .024). Further research is needed with larger prospective samples, at-risk subgroups, and as cannabis markets mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C R Kerr
- Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97401, USA.
| | - Lee D Owen
- Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97401, USA
| | - Stacey S Tiberio
- Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97401, USA
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Feinn R, Armeli S, Tennen H. Individual Differences in Affect Dynamics and Alcohol-Related Outcomes. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:967-974. [PMID: 37070645 PMCID: PMC10200030 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2201829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: To examine whether individual differences in intensive longitudinal data-derived affective dynamics (i.e. positive and negative affect variability and inertia and positive affect-negative affect bipolarity) - posited to be indicative of emotion dysregulation - are uniquely related to drinking level and affect-regulation drinking motives after controlling for mean levels of affective states. Method: We used a large sample of college student drinkers (N = 1640, 54% women) who reported on their affective states, drinking levels and drinking motives daily for 30 days using a web-based daily diary. We then calculated from the daily data positive and negative affect variability, inertia, affect bipolarity and mean levels of affect and used these as predictors of average drinking level and affect-regulation drinking motives (assessed using both retrospective and daily reporting methods). Results: Findings from dynamic structural equation models indicated that mean levels of affect were uniquely related to drinking motives, but not drinking level. Few dynamic affect predictors were uniquely related to outcomes in the predicted direction after controlling for mean affect levels. Conclusion: Our results add to the inconsistent literature regarding the associations between affective dynamics and alcohol-related outcomes, suggesting that any effects of these indicators, after controlling for mean affect levels, might be more complex than can be detected with simple linear models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Feinn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephen Armeli
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, New Jersey, USA
| | - Howard Tennen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Kristina Wharton M, Balassone A, Thomas S, Treffers R, Paschall MJ, Lam L, Lipperman-Kreda S. Covid-19 Shelter-in-Place, Modified Reopening Orders, and Order Compliance Impact on Adolescent Alcohol Use and Drinking Contexts in California: A Longitudinal Analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107707. [PMID: 36989700 PMCID: PMC10037914 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how Shelter-in-Place (SIP), modified reopening orders, and self-reported compliance with these orders have affected adolescent alcohol frequency and quantity of use across contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Differences-in-differences (DID) models and multi-level modeling analyses were conducted on longitudinal data collected as part of a larger study on alcohol among adolescents in California. 1,350 adolescents at baseline contributed 7,467 observations for a baseline and 5 six-month follow-up surveys. Analytic samples ranged from 3,577-6,245 participant observations based on models. Alcohol use outcomes included participant frequency (days) and quantity (number of whole drinks) of alcohol use in past 1-month and past 6-month periods. Context-specific alcohol use outcomes included past 6-month frequency and quantity of use at: restaurants, bars/nightclubs, outside, one’s own home, another’s home, and fraternities/sororities. Participant self-reported compliance with orders in essential business/retail spaces and at outdoor/social settings were also assessed. Results: Our DID results indicated that being under a modified reopening order was associated with decreases in past 6-month quantity of alcohol use (IRR=0.72, CI=0.56-0.93, p<0.05). Higher self-reported compliance with SIP orders related to social outdoor/social settings was associated with decreases in overall drinking frequency and quantity as well as decreased frequency and quantity of alcohol use in all contexts in the past six months. Compliance with SIP orders impacting essential businesses and retail spaces was associated with decreased frequency and quantity of use at other’s home and outdoors. Conclusions: Results suggest that SIP and modified reopening policies may not directly affect adolescent alcohol use or drinking contexts, and that individual compliance with such orders may be a protective factor for alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristina Wharton
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck St. Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; University of California - Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
| | - Anna Balassone
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck St. Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Sue Thomas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, National Capital Region Center 4061 Powder Mill Road, Suite 350, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ryan Treffers
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, National Capital Region Center 4061 Powder Mill Road, Suite 350, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mallie J Paschall
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck St. Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Lee Lam
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck St. Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck St. Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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Caryl FM, Pearce J, Mitchell R, Shortt NK. Inequalities in children's exposure to alcohol outlets in Scotland: a GPS study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1749. [PMID: 36109778 PMCID: PMC9479265 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a leading cause of harm in young people and increases the risk of alcohol dependence in adulthood. Alcohol use is also a key driver of rising health inequalities. Quantifying inequalities in exposure to alcohol outlets within the activity spaces of pre-adolescent children-a vulnerable, formative development stage-may help understand alcohol use in later life. METHODS GPS data were collected from a nationally representative sample of 10-and-11-year-old children (n = 688, 55% female). The proportion of children, and the proportion of each child's GPS, exposed to alcohol outlets was compared across area-level income-deprivation quintiles, along with the relative proportion of exposure occurring within 500 m of each child's home and school. RESULTS Off-sales alcohol outlets accounted for 47% of children's exposure, which was higher than expected given their availability (31% of alcohol outlets). The proportion of children exposed to alcohol outlets did not differ by area deprivation. However, the proportion of time children were exposed showed stark inequalities. Children living in the most deprived areas were almost five times more likely to be exposed to off-sales alcohol outlets than children in the least deprived areas (OR 4.83, 3.04-7.66; P < 0.001), and almost three times more likely to be exposed to on-sales alcohol outlets (OR 2.86, 1.11-7.43; P = 0.03). Children in deprived areas experienced 31% of their exposure to off-sales outlets within 500 m of their homes compared to 7% for children from less deprived areas. Children from all areas received 22-32% of their exposure within 500 m of schools, but the proportion of this from off-sales outlets increased with area deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Children have little control over what they are exposed to, so policies that reduce inequities in alcohol availability should be prioritised to ensure that all children have the opportunity to lead healthy lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M. Caryl
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jamie Pearce
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Research On Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rich Mitchell
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Niamh K. Shortt
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Research On Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Rodrigues P, Hébert M, Philibert M. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and dating violence: does spatial scale matter? Int J Health Geogr 2022; 21:6. [PMID: 35725471 PMCID: PMC9210619 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-022-00306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dating violence (DV) is a public health problem that could have serious repercussions for the health and well-being of a large number of adolescents. Several neighborhood characteristics could influence these behaviors, but knowledge on such influences is still limited. This study aims at (1) evaluating the associations between neighborhood characteristics and DV, and (2) assessing how spatial scale influences the estimations of the latter associations. Methods The Québec Health Survey of High School Students (2016–2017) was used to describe DV. Neighborhoods were operationalized with polygon-based network buffers of varying sizes (ranging from 250 to 1000 m). Multiple data sources were used to describe neighborhood characteristics: crime rate, alcohol outlet density (on-premises and off-premises), walkability, greenness, green spaces density, and youth organizations density. Gendered-stratified logistic regressions were used for assessing the association between neighborhood characteristics and DV. Results For boys, off-premises alcohol outlet density (500 m) is associated with an increase in perpetrating psychological DV. Crime rate (500 m) is positively associated with physical or sexual DV perpetration, and crime rate (250 m) is positively associated with physical or sexual DV victimization. Greenness (1000 m) has a protective effect on psychological DV victimization. For girls, walkability (500 m to 1000 m) is associated with a decrease in perpetrating and experiencing psychological DV, and walkability (250 m) is negatively associated with physical or sexual DV victimization. Conclusions Several neighborhood characteristics are likely to influence DV, and their effects depend on the form of DV, gender, and spatial scale. Public policies should develop neighborhood-level interventions by improving neighborhood living conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12942-022-00306-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rodrigues
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Case postale 8888, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Martine Hébert
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Case postale 8888, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mathieu Philibert
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Case postale 8888, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Li Y, Mallinson PAC, Aggarwal A, Kulkarni B, Kinra S. Association of Neighborhood Alcohol Environment With Alcohol Intake and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in India: Cross-Sectional Evidence From APCAPS. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:844086. [PMID: 35571211 PMCID: PMC9099288 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.844086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more and more proofs about the impact of neighborhood alcohol environment on alcohol-associated events. The relationship between the neighborhood availability and accessibility of alcohol outlet with individual level of alcohol consumption along with 11 cardiovascular risk factors was explored for the first time in India using data from the 3rd follow-up of the Andhra Pradesh children and parents study (APCAPS) (n = 6156, for liquor intake and 5,641 for heart and blood vessel risk elements). In fully adjusted models, volunteers in the lowest tertile performed worse than volunteers in the highest tertile of distance to the closest alcohol outlet were more probably to exhibit less alcohol consumption (-14.40 g/day, 95% CI: -26.21, -2.59). A unit per km2 rise in alcohol outlet density in 400 m buffering area was related to a rise in waist circumference (1.45 mm, 95% CI: 0.13, 2.77), SBP (0.29 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.49), and DBP (0.19 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.35). A unit per 100 m rise in distance to the closest alcohol outlet was related to a rise in waist circumference (-2.39 mm, 95% CI: -4.18, -0.59), SBP (-0.41 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.68, -0.15), and DBP (-0.29 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.51, -0.07). Neighborhood availability of alcohol outlets within immediate locality of participants' households had a closer relationship with cardiovascular risk factors than that within the whole village. Public health policies designed to limit neighborhood availability and accessibility of alcohol outlets ought to be advocated in southern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hangzhou Medical College School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Poppy Alice Carson Mallinson
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aastha Aggarwal
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Freisthler B, Wernekinck U. Examining how the geographic availability of alcohol within residential neighborhoods, activity spaces, and destination nodes is related to alcohol use by parents of young children. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109352. [PMID: 35176631 PMCID: PMC8957591 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol outlet density and drinking behaviors have been assessed based on where people live, but exposure may differ based on where people spend time. We assessed the relationship between alcohol outlet density (using three measures of geographic availability), frequency of use, and continued volume of alcohol among parents. Parents are a unique population of drinkers where the risk for harm to others can be higher as they are caring for minor children. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional telephone and web-based survey of 1599 parents in 2015 across 30 cities in California. Participants provided information on drinking, residential addresses, and locations of daily activities. We created three measures of alcohol availability using residential neighborhoods, convex hull polygons, and destination nodes. Data were analyzed using zero-inflated negative binomial models. RESULTS Density of bars in residential neighborhoods were related to more frequent drinking (b = 0.0139, 95% CI = 0.0016, 0.0261) and higher continued volume (b = 0.0295, 95% CI = 0.0067, 0.0522). Density of bars (b = 0.0070, 95% CI = 0.0019, 0.0121) and restaurants (b = 0.0018, 95% CI = 0.0003, 0.0033) in destination nodes were related to drinking a higher continued volume of alcohol. Higher off-premise outlet density was related to a lower continued volume (b = -0.0026, 95% CI = -0.0049, -0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Outlet densities in residential neighborhood and destination nodes are related to frequency of drinking and continued volume of alcohol. Future work should seek to determine why and how residential neighborhoods and nodes are related to alcohol use behaviors and if they differ for parents compared to other adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Freisthler
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 340C Stillman Hall, 1947 College Rd. N, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Uwe Wernekinck
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1947 College Rd. N, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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12
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Martín-Turrero I, Valiente R, Molina-de la Fuente I, Bilal U, Lazo M, Sureda X. Accessibility and availability of alcohol outlets around schools: An ecological study in the city of Madrid, Spain, according to socioeconomic area-level. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112323. [PMID: 34774513 PMCID: PMC8875292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood accessibility and availability of alcohol products has been associated with increased alcohol consumption and harms among adolescents. This availability has been shown to be higher in neighborhoods with lower socio-economic status (SES). The aim of this study was to examine inequalities in alcohol outlet density and proximity around schools by area-level SES in Madrid, Spain. Data on schools, SES, alcohol outlets and population density at census tract level were obtained through public databases from the local government of Madrid. We examined (1) density as the number of alcohol outlets around schools within 3 buffers (i.e. 200 m, 400 m and 800 m) and (2) proximity as the distance from schools to their nearest alcohol outlet. We performed multilevel analyses to examine the associations between alcohol outlet density and proximity and SES, adjusted by population density. Secondary schools (n = 576) located in less deprived areas had lower densities of alcohol outlets at walking distances of 200 and 400 m (50% and 37% lower, respectively p < 0.05). No significant differences were found for the proximity measures. The socioeconomic level of the area in which adolescents go to school is a determinant of their exposure to alcohol, where those who study in high SES areas have lower exposure to alcohol outlets. This study highlights the need to prioritize equity in the design and implementation of policies to limit alcohol accessibility among adolescents, including establishing minimum distances between schools and alcohol outlets or limiting the number of outlets per inhabitant in neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martín-Turrero
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Valiente
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Molina-de la Fuente
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Malaria and NTDs Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Usama Bilal
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mariana Lazo
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Johns Hopkins, Center for Health Equity, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10027, United States; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Cardoza LMS, Santos DSD, Hofelmann DA. [Classification of alcohol outlets in the area surrounding state schools]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:4813-4822. [PMID: 34787177 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320212611.3.35402018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the environments of Curitiba's state schools in relation to commercialization of alcoholic beverages and investigate the association with local socio-economic indicators. A cross-sectional study in commercial establishments was carried out around 30 state-owned schools. We applied a survey to characterize the locations in relation to the availability of alcoholic beverages. Differentiation between school environments regarding income was estimated by multilevel mixed-effects model. We evaluated 200 commercial establishments, 66.0% commercialized alcohol. Of them, 52 (39.4%) were off-premise alcohol outlets and 80 (60.6%) on-premise. In on-premise category, neighborhood markets (16.5%) and gas stations (10.1%) had higher presence and half of schools had this type of this establishment in their environment. These establishment had more variety of alcoholic beverages and lower prices. In school's environments located in lower income's neighborhoods, the number of neighborhood market and bars were higher. It was observed the presence of establishments that commercialized alcoholic beverages and with attendance to the public during the classes period, near the evaluated schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Milagros Salazar Cardoza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Padre Camargo 280, 3º andar, Alto da Glória. 80060-240 Curitiba PR Brasil.
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Salagay OO, Soshkina KV, Brun EA, Kekelidze Z I, Klimenko T V, Kobyakova OS, Khalturina DA, Zykov V A. Scientifc assessment of the degree of implementation of the state policy to reduce abuse of alcoholic products and prevent alcoholism among the population of the Russian Federation until 2020. Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.21045/2782-1676-2021-1-2-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Goal. The goal of this study was to assess the scale of the implementation of the measures of the Concept to Reduce Alcohol Abuse Alcohol Dependence among the Population of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020.Methods. Research methods included legal analysis, as well as epidemiological and sociological data analysis.Results. The goals and the indicators of the Concept were achieved generally. According to our assessment, 15 (71%) out of 21 of the Concept’s measures have been implemented, among them 12 were fully, and 3 were partially (14%) implemented. Out of the 17 evidence-based measures of the Concept, 15 (88%) were implemented in full or in part.Alcohol consumption decreased from 15,7 to 9,1 liters of ethanol per capita (or by 42%) in 2008–2019. Mortality from accidental alcohol poisoning decreased by 60% (from 16,9 to 7 per 100.000) between 2008 and 2020. There was a signifcant decrease in the indicators of alcoholism in Russia during the period of the implementation of the Concept.Conclusions. The study shows that the goals, the objectives, the measures and the indicators of the Concept have been largely achieved. This was accompanied by the decrease in morbidity and mortality associated with alcohol consumption in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. A. Brun
- Moscow Research and PracticalCentre for Narcology of the Department of Public Health of Moscow
| | - Z. I. Kekelidze
- V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology
| | - T. V. Klimenko
- V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology
| | - O. S. Kobyakova
- Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - D. A. Khalturina
- Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - V. A. Zykov
- Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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Cardoza LS, Machado CO, Santos CTD, Höfelmann DA. Alcohol outlets availability in school neighborhoods and alcohol use among adolescents. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 36:e00062919. [PMID: 33146263 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00062919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the association between alcohol use by adolescents and the availability of alcohol outlets in the neighborhood of public schools. We collected primary data including variables at individual and school neighborhood level. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for alcohol use with the exposure variables. A total of 18.4% (95%CI: 13.2; 24.1) of adolescents reported using alcohol, which was associated with variables on the individual level such as being 18 years or older, working, and having previously smoked. Lower alcohol use was observed among adolescents from schools that were located 250m or more from alcohol outlets (OR = 0.29; 95%CI: 0.17; 0.48). Actions to reduce the use of alcohol among adolescents should take student's and school neighborhood's characteristics into account.
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García-Ramírez G, Paschall MJ, Grube JW. Retail Availability of Recreational Marijuana and Alcohol in Oregon Counties and Co-Use of Alcohol and Marijuana and Related Beliefs among Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:345-352. [PMID: 33435786 PMCID: PMC7920629 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1858104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We investigated whether recreational marijuana legalization (RML) in Oregon in 2015 and recreational marijuana and alcohol retail outlet density levels in Oregon counties were associated with increased alcohol and marijuana co-use and beliefs supportive of alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents. Method: We conducted secondary analyses of biennial data collected from 11th graders who participated in the Student Wellness Survey (SWS) in 36 Oregon counties from 2010 to 2018 (N = 71,870). Multi-level logistic regression analyses assessed changes in past-30-day co-use of alcohol and marijuana, and alcohol- and marijuana-related beliefs after RML in counties with low, medium, and high densities of licensed recreational marijuana and alcohol retail outlets. We used post-RML 2016 and 2018 SWS data to examine whether beliefs accounted for any relationship of recreational marijuana and alcohol outlet density with alcohol and marijuana co-use. Results: We found a significant post-RML increase in past-30-day alcohol and marijuana co-use in 2016 in counties with the highest density of recreational marijuana and alcohol retail outlets. There were significant post-RML increases in perceived risk and parent approval of alcohol and marijuana use. Analyses with 2016 and 2018 SWS data indicated that the relationship between level of recreational marijuana and alcohol retail outlet density and past-30-day alcohol and marijuana co-use was accounted for beliefs about marijuana and alcohol availability, approval by parents, and risk. Conclusion: RML and greater retail availability of recreational marijuana and alcohol were positively associated with alcohol and marijuana co-use among adolescents, and with beliefs favorable to alcohol and marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisel García-Ramírez
- University of California – Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Ave., Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Mallie J. Paschall
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Ave., Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Joel W. Grube
- University of California – Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Ave., Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704
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Bares CB, Chartier KG, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Aliev F, Mustanski B, Dick D. Exploring how Family and Neighborhood Stressors Influence Genetic Risk for Adolescent Conduct Problems and Alcohol Use. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:1365-1378. [PMID: 31407187 PMCID: PMC7012717 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that genetic risk factors may predispose to conduct problems and alcohol use in adolescence. Whether genetic risk factors interact with social contexts has not been well characterized among African American adolescents. Data came from a subsample of the Genes, Environment, and Neighborhood Initiative study comprising 501 African American adolescents, including 151 lifetime drinkers (56% female, mean age = 16.3, SD = 1.4). Genetic risk was assessed with polygenic risk scores for alcohol dependence. Analyses explored interactions between genetic risk and self-reported alcohol use, conduct problems, life stressors, and other covariates. The effects of two gene-environment interactions (G × E) were tested in the sample of alcohol exposed adolescents; one on conduct problems and the other on alcohol use. There were significant associations between polygenic risk for alcohol dependence and conduct problems. A significant G × E interaction showed the impact of genetic risk on conduct problems was stronger under conditions of high exposure to family and neighborhood stressors. Among this sample of African American adolescents, genetic risk for alcohol dependence was not directly associated with alcohol use but was related to more conduct problems. Further, the effect of genetic risk interacted with stressors from the family and neighborhood, so that the effect of genetic risk on conduct problems was stronger for individuals who reported greater stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina B Bares
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080S. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Karen G Chartier
- School of Social Work and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Avenue, P.O. Box 842027, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Katherine J Karriker-Jaffe
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 817W. Franklin, Suite B-16, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
- Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, 625N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 14-061, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800W. Franklin, Room 202, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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Weitzman M, Lee L. Similarities Between Alcohol and Tobacco Advertising Exposure and Adolescent Use of Each of These Substances. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:97-105. [PMID: 32079565 PMCID: PMC7063999 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underage alcohol use is a major public health problem and substantial corporate money supports alcohol advertising across multiple venues. A diverse research literature demonstrates that adolescent exposure to such advertising is associated with drinking attitudes and behavior, but no scientific body has determined these associations to be causal. The objective of this study was to assess the association between alcohol advertising and teen drinking in the context of the "Analogy" criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria and consider a determination that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol use is causal. METHOD This study was a narrative review on the association between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and subsequent alcohol use in the context of domains utilized in the Surgeon General's 2012 Report, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults, which concluded, "Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults." RESULTS In every aspect compared (i.e., adolescent knowledge; attitudes toward; initiation of use; continuation of use; mediums of advertisement; the use of mascots, celebrities, and themes; and frequency and density of advertisements and retailers), the findings for both tobacco and alcohol and their association with exposure to advertising are analogous. CONCLUSIONS Application of the Analogy criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria comparing alcohol and tobacco supports a judgment that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and increased adolescent knowledge, attitudes toward, initiation, and continuation of alcohol use are causal in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Lily Lee
- Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York
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Carvalho BGCD, Andrade ACDS, Andrade RGD, Mendes LL, Velasquez-Melendez G, Xavier CC, Proietti FA, Caiaffa WT. Densidade de estabelecimentos que comercializam bebidas alcoólicas na área residencial está associada ao consumo de álcool em adolescentes? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2020; 23:e200089. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Objetivos: Investigar a associação entre a densidade de estabelecimentos de venda de bebidas alcoólicas no entorno da residência dos adolescentes e a prevalência de consumo de álcool na vida e atual, ajustado por fatores individuais e familiares. Métodos: As informações provêm da pesquisa domiciliar por amostragem probabilística estratificada e por conglomerados em três estágios (setor censitário, domicílio, adulto e adolescente), realizada em Belo Horizonte, Brasil (Saúde em Beagá, 2008-9) e de fontes oficiais de estabelecimentos que comercializam bebidas alcoólicas, devidamente georreferenciados. O desfecho foi o autorrelato de consumo de álcool na vida e atual pelos adolescentes. A variável de exposição foi a densidade de estabelecimentos definida como número de locais de venda de bebida dentro do buffer de 200 metros da residência dos adolescentes. A associação foi estimada pela regressão de Poisson ajustada por fatores individuais e familiares. Resultados: Participaram 601 adolescentes de 14-17 anos; 53,3% eram homens e 71% tinham renda familiar até cinco salários mínimos. A prevalência de consumo de álcool na vida foi de 57,0% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 51,5 - 62,6) e o atual de 11,9% (IC95% 8,7 - 15,0). Na análise multivariada, verificou-se associação significativa entre o consumo atual de bebidas alcoólicas e a densidade de lanchonetes (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,13; IC95% 1,03 - 1,24), bares (RP = 1,21; IC95% 1,05 - 1,38) e restaurantes (RP = 1,11; IC95% 1,02 - 1,21). Interações significativas entre densidade de estabelecimentos com sexo e idade foram encontradas. Conclusão: O consumo atual de álcool pode ser potencializado pela presença de alguns tipos de estabelecimentos localizados no buffer de 200 metros da residência dos adolescentes.
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Lankenau SE, Tabb LP, Kioumarsi A, Ataiants J, Iverson E, Wong CF. Density of Medical Marijuana Dispensaries and Current Marijuana Use among Young Adult Marijuana Users in Los Angeles. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1862-1874. [PMID: 31154889 PMCID: PMC6681649 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1618332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: While tobacco and alcohol studies have focused on density of outlets as a determinant of consumption, research has begun examining the effects of medical marijuana (MM) dispensaries on marijuana use. Objectives: Examine the relationship between density of MM dispensaries and frequency of marijuana use among young adult medical marijuana patients (MMP) and nonpatient users (NPU). Methods: Young adult marijuana users (n = 329) aged 18- to 26-year old were sampled in Los Angeles in 2014-2015 and separated into MMP (n = 198) and NPU (n = 131). In 2014, 425 operational MM dispensaries were identified within the City of Los Angeles. Sequential multilevel Poisson random effect models examined density of MM dispensaries per square mile and 90 d marijuana use among MMP and NUP at the ZIP code level while controlling for demographic, behavioral, and community characteristics. Results: Density of MM dispensaries was not related to 90 d use of marijuana (days of use or hits per day) among either MMP or NPU. MMP reported significantly greater days of marijuana use in the past 90 d compared to NPU but no differences were found for hits per day. African-Americans reported significantly greater hits per day compared to whites. Hispanics reported significantly fewer hits per day compared to non-Hispanics. Conclusion: Concentration of MM dispensaries surrounding young adult marijuana users in Los Angeles was unrelated to days of marijuana use irrespective of having a MM recommendation or not. Rather, individual factors related to consumer choices and behaviors were more important in determining recent marijuana use among MMP and NPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Lankenau
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Loni Philip Tabb
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Avat Kioumarsi
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Janna Ataiants
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, 433 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10010
| | - Ellen Iverson
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Carolyn F. Wong
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Research on Children, Youth, & Families, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027
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Understanding social factors in alcohol reward and risk for problem drinking. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Mori-Gamarra F, Moure-Rodríguez L, Sureda X, Carbia C, Royé D, Montes-Martínez A, Cadaveira F, Caamaño-Isorna F. [Alcohol outlet density and alcohol consumption in Galician youth]. GACETA SANITARIA 2018; 34:15-20. [PMID: 30583974 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence that alcohol outlet density, off- and on-alcohol premises, and alcohol consumption wield on the consumption patterns of young pre-university students in Galicia (Spain). METHOD A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of students of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Compostela Cohort 2016) was carried out. Consumption prevalence were calculated for each of the municipalities from the first-cycle students' home residence during the year prior to admission. The association with risky alcohol consumption (RC) and binge-drinking (BD) was assessed with a logistic model considering as independent variables the municipality population, alcohol outlet density of off- premises, density of off- and on- premises and total density of both types of premises in the municipality. RESULTS The prevalence of RC was 60.5% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 58.4-62.5) and the BD was 28.5% (95%CI: 26.7-30.2). A great variability was observed according to the municipality of provenance. The multivariate logistic model showed municipalities with a density of 8.42-9.34 of both types of premises per thousand inhabitants presented a higher risk of RC (odds ratio [OR]: 1,39; 95%CI: 1.09-1.78) and BD (OR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.01-1.66). CONCLUSION These data suggest the importance of including environmental information when studying alcohol consumption. Knowing our environment better could help plan policies that encourage healthier behaviour in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mori-Gamarra
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - Lucía Moure-Rodríguez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España; Área de Investigación e Innovación del Complexo Hospitalario de Ourense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Pontevedra, España.
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología Social y Cardiovascular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
| | - Carina Carbia
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - Dominic Royé
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España; Departamento de Geografía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España; Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de O Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agustín Montes-Martínez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - Francisco Caamaño-Isorna
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
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Riva K, Allen-Taylor L, Schupmann WD, Mphele S, Moshashane N, Lowenthal ED. Prevalence and predictors of alcohol and drug use among secondary school students in Botswana: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1396. [PMID: 30572874 PMCID: PMC6302490 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and illicit drug use has been recognized as a growing problem among adolescents in Botswana. Little is known about factors affecting alcohol and drug use among Botswana's secondary school students. To aid the design and implementation of effective public health interventions, we sought to determine the prevalence of alcohol and drug use in secondary school students in urban and peri-urban areas of Botswana, and to evaluate risk and protective factors for substance use. METHODS We performed a 72-item cross-sectional survey of students in 17 public secondary schools in Gaborone, Lobatse, Molepolole and Mochudi, Botswana. The World Health Organization's (WHO) Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to define hazardous drinking behavior. Using Jessor's Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) as our conceptual framework, we culturally-adapted items from previously validated tools to measure risk and protective factors for alcohol and drug use. Between-group differences of risk and protective factors were compared using univariate binomial and multinomial-ordinal logit analysis. Relative risks of alcohol and drug use by demographic, high risks and low protections were calculated. Multivariate ordinal-multinomial cumulative logit analysis, multivariate nominal-multinomial logit analysis, and binominal logit analysis were used to build models illustrating the relationship between risk and protective factors and student alcohol and illicit drug use. Clustered data was adjusted for in all analyses using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) methods. RESULTS Of the 1936 students surveyed, 816 (42.1%) reported alcohol use, and 434 (22.4%) met criteria for hazardous alcohol use. Illicit drug use was reported by 324 students (16.7%), with motokwane (marijuana) being the most commonly used drug. Risk factors more strongly associated with alcohol and drug use were reported alcohol availability, individual and social vulnerability factors, and poor peer modeling. Individual and social controls protections appear to mitigate risk of student alcohol and drug use. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol and illicit drug use is prevalent among secondary school students in Botswana. Our data suggest that interventions that reduce the availability of alcohol and drugs and that build greater support networks for adolescents may be most helpful in decreasing alcohol and drug use among secondary school students in Botswana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Riva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Lynne Allen-Taylor
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 516B Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Will D Schupmann
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 2716 South St, Room 11242, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Seipone Mphele
- Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Neo Moshashane
- Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Elizabeth D Lowenthal
- Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 2716 South St, Room 11242, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
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Chambers T, Pearson A, Kawachi I, Stanley J, Smith M, Barr M, Mhurchu CN, Signal L. Children's home and school neighbourhood exposure to alcohol marketing: Using wearable camera and GPS data to directly examine the link between retailer availability and visual exposure to marketing. Health Place 2018; 54:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bermea AM, Lardier DT, van Eeden-Moorefield B, Garcia-Reid P, Reid RJ. Exposure to gangs in low-income urban communities and substance use among Hispanic youth. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2018; 19:190-207. [PMID: 30102124 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1489749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A third of Hispanic youth live below the poverty line, making them vulnerable for exposure to gangs, substances, and violence, all of which have been associated with substance use. The aim of the present study was to test the link between these variables, using a multiple mediation model. Results suggest that the relationship between gang exposure and adolescent substance use was mediated by both access to substances and exposure to violence. Findings provide insight into how gang exposure impacts outcomes for low-income youth. Implications for prevention and policy are discussed.
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Pedersen ER, Zander-Cotugno M, Shih RA, Tucker JS, Dunbar MS, D'Amico EJ. Online Methods for Locating Medical Marijuana Dispensaries: Practical Considerations for Future Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1:22-35. [PMID: 31304464 PMCID: PMC6625809 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowing the names, locations, and signage of medical marijuana dispensaries is critical for assessing how marijuana availability affects neighborhood quality and marijuana use, yet no detailed methods for locating and coding dispensaries are published. Limitations regarding accuracy of official records, unregulated businesses, and the size of areas where dispensaries are located make it difficult to accurately capture all open dispensaries in any area. In this study, we test a practical and feasible method to collect a point-in-time portrayal of medical marijuana dispensaries in a large urban area lacking an official record of these businesses. Using publicly-available Internet sources alone, we collected the name, address, phone number, signage, and open/closed status of medical marijuana dispensaries in Los Angeles County between October 2016 and February 2017. Data were verified by calling a subset of dispensaries and comparing data against a list of licensed dispensaries. Our methods yielded 872 unique dispensaries in Los Angeles County, of which 470 were open. Most open stores were discernable by a green cross sign; however, few had names that clearly indicated the store sold marijuana. Data verification procedures showed that Internet sources were able to locate nearly all dispensaries in the county that were then verified with non-Internet methods, such as calling the businesses to confirm information. This study is significant as it provides methodology that can be replicated in other metropolitan areas, facilitating comparisons across databases in different locations and regulatory environments. However, caution should be taken when solely using Internet sources. Accurate information on dispensary names, locations, and signage can advance research and provide important information for policy decisions. Methods for enhancing the online methods described in this study are discussed.
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW. Impacts of Marijuana Commercialization on Adolescents' Marijuana Beliefs, Use, and Co-use With Other Substances. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:5-6. [PMID: 30060857 PMCID: PMC6347575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Joel W. Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
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28
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Chung T, Creswell KG, Bachrach R, Clark DB, Martin CS. Adolescent Binge Drinking. Alcohol Res 2018; 39:5-15. [PMID: 30557142 PMCID: PMC6104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge drinking, commonly defined as consuming five or more standard drinks per occasion for men and four or more drinks for women, typically begins in adolescence. Adolescents, although they may drink less often, tend to consume higher quantities of alcohol per occasion compared with adults. This developmental difference in pattern of alcohol consumption may result, in part, from maturational changes that involve an adolescent-specific sensitivity to certain alcohol effects and greater propensity for risk-taking behaviors, such as binge drinking. Adolescent binge drinking is associated with a range of acute alcohol-related harms, some of which may persist into adulthood. The prevalence of binge drinking, including high-intensity drinking (i.e., 10 or more and 15 or more drinks per occasion), has declined among adolescents in recent years. Overall, however, the proportion of youth who engage in binge drinking remains high. This article reviews the definition and prevalence of binge drinking in adolescence, trajectories of binge drinking and their correlates, and implications for prevention.
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